Despite their high theoretical capacity and energy density,lithiumsulfur(Li–S)batteries still face challenges such as soluble lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)shuttling and sluggish redox kinetics.In this work,we used a no...Despite their high theoretical capacity and energy density,lithiumsulfur(Li–S)batteries still face challenges such as soluble lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)shuttling and sluggish redox kinetics.In this work,we used a novel MoS_(2)-Mo_(2)C heterostructure anchored on a carbon sponge(CS)as a Li_(2)S host to solve these problems.A simple hydrothermal process following carbothermal reduction was used to construct the MoS_(2)-Mo_(2)C heterostructure,enabling control of the phases and integration of MoS_(2) and Mo_(2)C.Structural characterization confirmed the coherent interface of the heterostructure with a precise orientation relationship between the two phases and their uniform distribution.An evaluation of the adsorption and catalytic performance of the material showed that it has an exceptional LiPSs adsorption capacity with faster conversion from Li_(2)S_(4) to Li_(2)S_(2).Density functional theory calculations further confirmed these results.As a result,the cathode had a high initial discharge capacity of 693 mAh g^(−1) at 0.2 C and achieved stable cycling at 2 C for 500 cycles with a low decay rate of 0.107%per cycle.The heterostructure design,coupled with the macroporous CS framework,effectively prevented the shuttling and increased sulfur utilization,offering a promising way to produce practical high-energydensity Li–S batteries.展开更多
Fungi play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition,plant growth promotion,and the enhancement of resistance to both abiotic and biotic stresses.However,studies on the fungal communities associated with peas (Pisum sativ...Fungi play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition,plant growth promotion,and the enhancement of resistance to both abiotic and biotic stresses.However,studies on the fungal communities associated with peas (Pisum sativum L.) remain limited.In this study,we systematically investigated the ecological effects of host niches (soil,root,stem,leaf,and pod) and genotypes on the diversity and composition of fungal communities in peas using a multi-level approach that encompassed pattern recognition (β-diversity decomposition),mechanism validation (neutral community model testing),and dynamic tracking methods (migration pathway source-tracking).The results revealed that the dominant fungal phyla across niches and genotypes were Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,and Mortierellomycota,and the community structures of the soil–plant continuum were primarily determined by the pea niches rather than genotypes.β-diversity decomposition was largely attributed to species replacement rather than richness differences,indicating strong niche specificity and microbial replacement across microhabitats.Neutral model analysis revealed that stochastic processes influenced genotypeassociated communities,while deterministic processes played a dominant role in niche-based community assembly.Source-tracking analysis identified niche-to-niche fungal migration,with Erysiphe,Fusarium,Cephaliophora,Ascobolus,Alternaria,and Aspergillus as the key genera.Migration rates from exogenous to endogenous niches were low (1.3–61.5%),whereas those within exogenous (64.4–83.7%) or endogenous (73.9–96.4%) compartments were much higher,suggesting that the pea epidermis acts as a selective barrier that filters and enriches microbial communities prior to internal colonization.This study provides comprehensive insights into the mechanisms of host filtering,enrichment and microbial sourcing,which increases our understanding of the assembly rules of the pea-associated fungal microbiome.展开更多
The antioxidant activity of selenium-containing soybean peptides(SePPs)has been previously demonstrated,despite their limited absorption in the small intestine.This study investigates the antioxidant mechanism of a se...The antioxidant activity of selenium-containing soybean peptides(SePPs)has been previously demonstrated,despite their limited absorption in the small intestine.This study investigates the antioxidant mechanism of a selenium-containing tetrapeptide,Ser-Phe-Gln-SeM(SFQSeM),identified from SePPs,with particular emphasis on its interaction with the intestinal microbiota and its role in modulating host antioxidant defenses.The effects of SFQSeM were evaluated in a D-galactose-induced oxidative stress model and an antibiotictreated mouse model.SFQSeM supplementation significantly reduced the oxidative stress in D-galactosetreated mice.It also promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria and increased the levels of acetate,butyrate and lactate in the intestine(P<0.05).In the antibiotic-treated mouse model,depletion of the intestinal microbiota significantly reduced hepatic glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)activity(26.6%)and glutathione peroxidase 1(GPx-1)expression(48.77%)compared to normal mice supplemented with SFQSeM(P<0.05).In contrast to Na_(2)SeO_(3)and selenomethionine,SFQSeM effectively restored the diversity of the intestinal microbiota disrupted by antibiotics.Lactobacillus,Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group,and Muribaculaceae were identified as predominant bacteria in the SFQSeM group,and were strongly associated with increased hepatic GSH-Px activity and GPx-1 mRNA expression(P<0.05).In conclusion,intestinal microbiota enhances the antioxidant efficacy of SFQSeM by modulating microbial composition,producing active metabolites,and converting SFQSeM into a bioactive form of selenium.展开更多
Luminescent metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have garnered significant attention due to their structural tunability and potential applications in solid-state lighting,bioimaging,sensing,anticounterfeiting,and other field...Luminescent metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have garnered significant attention due to their structural tunability and potential applications in solid-state lighting,bioimaging,sensing,anticounterfeiting,and other fields.Nevertheless,due to the tendency of1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid(BDC)to rotate within the framework,MOFs composed of it exhibit significant non-radiative energy dissipation and thus impair the emissive properties.In this study,efficient luminescence of MIL-140A nanocrystals(NCs)with BDC rotors as ligands is achieved by pressure treatment strategy.Pressure treatment effectively modulates the pore structure of the framework,enhancing the interactions between the N,N-dimethylformamide vip molecules and the BDC ligands.The enhanced host-vip interaction contributes to the structural rigidity of the MOF,thereby suppressing the rotation-induced excited-state energy loss.As a result,the pressure-treated MIL-140A NCs displayed bright blue-light emission,with the photoluminescence quantum yield increasing from an initial 6.8%to 69.2%.This study developed an effective strategy to improve the luminescence performance of rotor ligand MOFs,offers a new avenue for the rational design and synthesis of MOFs with superior luminescent properties.展开更多
Background:Over the past few decades,a threefold increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes(T2D)has placed a heavy burden on the health-care system and society.Previous studies have shown correlations between obesity,T2D...Background:Over the past few decades,a threefold increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes(T2D)has placed a heavy burden on the health-care system and society.Previous studies have shown correlations between obesity,T2D,and neurodegenera-tive diseases,including dementia.It is imperative to further understand the relation-ship between obesity,T2D,and cognitive deficits.Methods:This investigation tested and evaluated the cognitive impact of obesity and T2D induced by high-fat diet(HFD)and the effect of the host genetic background on the severity of cognitive decline caused by obesity and T2D in collaborative cross(CC)mice.The CC mice are a genetically diverse panel derived from eight inbred strains.Results:Our findings demonstrated significant variations in the recorded phenotypes across different CC lines compared to the reference mouse line,C57BL/6J.CC037 line exhibited a substantial increase in body weight on HFD,whereas line CC005 ex-hibited differing responses based on sex.Glucose tolerance tests revealed significant variations,with some lines like CC005 showing a marked increase in area under the curve(AUC)values on HFD.Organ weights,including brain,spleen,liver,and kidney,varied significantly among the lines and sexes in response to HFD.Behavioral tests using the Morris water maze indicated that cognitive performance was differentially affected by diet and genetic background.Conclusions:Our study establishes a foundation for future quantitative trait loci map-ping using CC lines and identifying genes underlying the comorbidity of Alzheimer's disease(AD),caused by obesity and T2D.The genetic components may offer new tools for early prediction and prevention.展开更多
Aromatic nitro compounds present substantial health and environmental concerns due to their toxic nature and potential explosive properties.Consequently,the development of host–vip molecular recognition systems for...Aromatic nitro compounds present substantial health and environmental concerns due to their toxic nature and potential explosive properties.Consequently,the development of host–vip molecular recognition systems for these compounds serves a dual-purpose:enabling the fabrication of high-performance sensors for detection and guiding the design of efficient adsorbents for environmental remediation.This study investigated the host–vip recognition behavior of perethylated pillar[n]arenes toward two aromatic nitro molecules,1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and picric acid.Various techniques including^(1)H NMR,2D NOESY NMR,and UV-vis spectroscopy were employed to explore the binding behavior between pillararenes and aromatic nitro vips in solution.Moreover,valuable single crystal structures were obtained to elucidate the distinct solid-state assembly behaviors of these vips with different pillararenes.The assembled solid-state supramolecular structures observed encompassed a 1:1 host–vip inclusion complex,an external binding complex,and an exo-wall tessellation complex.Furthermore,based on the findings from these systems,a pillararene-based test paper was developed for efficient picric acid detection,and the removal of picric acid from solution was also achieved using pillararenes powder.This research provides novel insights into the development of diverse host–vip systems toward hazardous compounds,offering potential applications in environmental protection and explosive detection domains.展开更多
Theoretically,blue phosphorescent materials are capable of achieving 100%internal quantum effi-ciency.Nevertheless,the mutual constraints among efficiency,color purity,and stability remain one of the key bottlenecks i...Theoretically,blue phosphorescent materials are capable of achieving 100%internal quantum effi-ciency.Nevertheless,the mutual constraints among efficiency,color purity,and stability remain one of the key bottlenecks in the industrialization of organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs).In addition,the design and application of host materials also exert a significant impact on the overall performance of blue light-emitting de-vices.To address this issue,this study constructs a series of host materials with high triplet energy levels by designing different connection modes,based on 9-phenylcarbazole and benzimidazole units.Through a combi-nation of theoretical and experimental approaches,the correlation between the chemical structure and perfor-mance has been unraveled.It is found that the designed and synthesized blue phosphorescent bipolar host ma-terials based on different biphenyl linking sites,i.e.,9-(3'-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-bi-phenyl]-3-yl)-9H-carbazole(mCzmBI),9-(2'-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-9H-carbazole(mCzoBI)and 9-(3'-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-9H-carbazole(oCzmBI).The three compounds have a similar triplet energy level of 2.70 eV,accompanied with the glass transition temperatures of 92℃,103℃,and 93℃respectively.mCzmBI,mCzoBI and oCzmBI are regioiso-mers,but differ in the linking sites of carbazole and benzimidazole on the biphenyl linker.This difference in linking positions enables effective regulation of the host materials’properties.Constructed with the blue phos-phorescent material bis(4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato-N,C2)picolinatoiridium(Ⅲ)(FIrpic)as the vip,the influence of the three hosts on device performance is clarified.Overall,the device using mCzmBI,a host linked by biphenyl at double meta-positions,achieved a maximum current efficiency of 24.9 cd·A^(-1)and a max-imum external quantum efficiency exceeding 12.8%,it also demonstrates low efficiency roll-off under highbrightness conditions.This work offers an effective strategy to the development of high-efficiency blue phospho-rescent hosts.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered as one of the potential solutions as integrating renewable energy systems for large-scale energy storage because of their high theoretical energy density(2600 Wh·kg^(-1))an...Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered as one of the potential solutions as integrating renewable energy systems for large-scale energy storage because of their high theoretical energy density(2600 Wh·kg^(-1))and specific capacity(1675 mAh·g^(-1)).Currently,various strategies have been proposed to overcome the technical barriers,e.g.,“shuttle effect”,capacity decay and volumetric change,which impede the successful commercialization of lithium-sulfur batteries.This paper reviews the applications of metal nitrides as the cathode hosts for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries,summa-rizes the design strategies of different host materials,and discusses the relationship between the properties of metal nitrides and their electrochemical performances.Finally,reasonable suggestions for the design and development of metal nitrides,along with ideas to promote future breakthroughs,are proposed.We hope that this review could attract more attention to metal nitrides and their derivatives,and further promote the electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries.展开更多
Two tetrasubstituted carbazole derivatives TBICz and TOXDCz have been designed and synthesized,which possess the twist skeletons and exhibit excellent thermal and morphological stabilities.Utilizing these novel compou...Two tetrasubstituted carbazole derivatives TBICz and TOXDCz have been designed and synthesized,which possess the twist skeletons and exhibit excellent thermal and morphological stabilities.Utilizing these novel compounds as host material,high efficiency solution-processed green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes(PhOLEDs)have been achieved.The high triplet energies of TBICz and TOXDCz ensure efficient energy transfer from the host to the phosphor and triplet exciton confinement on the phosphor.Solution-processable green phospho⁃rescent devices employing Ir(ppy)3 as vip and the two tetrasubstituted carbazole derivatives as hosts exhibit high ef⁃ficiencies.The best EL performance is achieved for the TBICz-based device,with a maximum current efficiency of 27.3 cd/A,a maximum power efficiency of 15.9 lm/W,and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 7.8%,which provides more host material options for solution-processed OLEDs.展开更多
Plant pathogens secrete various cell wall-degrading enzymes that compromise host cell wall integrity and facilitate pathogen invasion.This study identified VdGH7a,a glycoside hydrolase family 7(GH7)cellobiohydrolase f...Plant pathogens secrete various cell wall-degrading enzymes that compromise host cell wall integrity and facilitate pathogen invasion.This study identified VdGH7a,a glycoside hydrolase family 7(GH7)cellobiohydrolase from Verticillium dahliae,which demonstrated hydrolytic activity against 1,4-β-glucan.Notably,VdGH7a induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana when signal peptides were present,though this effect was inhibited by the carbohydrate-binding type-1(CBM1)protein domain.The deletion of VdGH7a substantially reduced V.dahliae pathogenicity in cotton plants,as demonstrated by the mutants’inability to penetrate cellophane membrane.These knockout mutants also exhibited reduced carbon source utilization capacity and increased sensitivity to osmotic and cell wall stresses.Through yeast two-hybrid screening,bi-molecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC),and luciferase complementation imaging(LCI),we identified that VdGH7a interacts with an osmotin-like protein(GhOLP1)in cotton.Virus-induced gene silencing of GhOLP1 resulted in decreased salicylic acid(SA)content and reduced resistance to V.dahliae in cotton,while heterologous overexpression of GhOLP1 in Arabidopsis enhanced both resistance and SA signaling pathway gene expression.These results reveal a virulence mechanism wherein the secreted protein VdGH7a from V.dahliae interacts with GhOLP1 to activate host immunity and contribute significantly to plant resistance against V.dahliae.展开更多
Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)is the most common manifestation of oral cancer.It has been proposed that periodontal pathogens contribute to OSCC progression,mainly by their virulence factors.However,the main perio...Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)is the most common manifestation of oral cancer.It has been proposed that periodontal pathogens contribute to OSCC progression,mainly by their virulence factors.However,the main periodontal pathogen and its mechanism to modulate OSCC cells remains not fully understood.In this study we investigate the main host-pathogen pathways in OSCC by computational proteomics and the mechanism behind cancer progression by the oral microbiome.The main hostpathogen pathways were analyzed in the secretome of biopsies from patients with OSCC and healthy controls by mass spectrometry.Then,functional assays were performed to evaluate the host-pathogen pathways highlighted in oral cancer.Host proteins associated with LPS response,cell migration/adhesion,and metabolism of amino acids were significantly upregulated in the human cancer proteome,whereas the complement cascade was downregulated in malignant samples.Then,the microbiome analysis revealed large number and variety of peptides from Fusobacterium nucleatum(F.nucleatum)in OSCC samples,from which several enzymes from the L-glutamate degradation pathway were found,indicating that L-glutamate from cancer cells is used as an energy source,and catabolized into butyrate by the bacteria.In fact,we observed that F.nucleatum modulates the cystine/glutamate antiporter in an OSCC cell line by increasing SLC7A11 expression,promoting L-glutamate efflux and favoring bacterial infection.Finally,our results showed that F.nucleatum and its metabolic derivates promote tumor spheroids growth,spheroidsderived cell detachment,epithelial-mesenchymal transition and Galectin-9 upregulation.Altogether,F.nucleatum promotes protumoral mechanism in oral cancer.展开更多
Lithium metal anode is one of the ideal anode materials for the next generation of high-energy-density battery systems.Unfortunately,the uneven nucleation of Li leads to dendrite growth and volume changes during cycli...Lithium metal anode is one of the ideal anode materials for the next generation of high-energy-density battery systems.Unfortunately,the uneven nucleation of Li leads to dendrite growth and volume changes during cycling,resulting in poor electrochemical performance and potential safety hazards,which hinder its practical application.In this work,a low-cost chicken-bonederived carbon material(CBC)with a biomimetic structure was designed and synthesized using a simple one-step carbonization method.Combining theoretical calculations and experimental results,the self-doped N and S heteroatoms in CBC are demonstrated to effectively reduce the binding energy with Li atoms and lower the nucleation overpotential.After uniform nucleation,the Li metal grows in a spherical shape without dendrites,which is related to the reduction of the local current density inside the biomimetic crosslinking structure of CBC.Benefiting from this favorable Li growth behavior,the Li@CBC electrode achieves ultra-low nucleation overpotential(15.5 mV at 0.1 mA cm^(−2))and superdense lithium deposition(zero volume expansion rate at a capacity of 2 mAh cm^(−2))without introducing additional lithiophilic sites.The CBC retains a high Coulombic efficiency of over 98%in 479 cycles(1 mA cm^(−2)and 1 mAh cm^(−2))when applied in a half-cell with Li,and shows an excellent rate and cycling performance when applied in a full cell with LiFePO4 as the cathode.展开更多
Electric Vehicle Charging Systems(EVCS)are increasingly vulnerable to cybersecurity threats as they integrate deeply into smart grids and Internet ofThings(IoT)environments,raising significant security challenges.Most...Electric Vehicle Charging Systems(EVCS)are increasingly vulnerable to cybersecurity threats as they integrate deeply into smart grids and Internet ofThings(IoT)environments,raising significant security challenges.Most existing research primarily emphasizes network-level anomaly detection,leaving critical vulnerabilities at the host level underexplored.This study introduces a novel forensic analysis framework leveraging host-level data,including system logs,kernel events,and Hardware Performance Counters(HPC),to detect and analyze sophisticated cyberattacks such as cryptojacking,Denial-of-Service(DoS),and reconnaissance activities targeting EVCS.Using comprehensive forensic analysis and machine learning models,the proposed framework significantly outperforms existing methods,achieving an accuracy of 98.81%.The findings offer insights into distinct behavioral signatures associated with specific cyber threats,enabling improved cybersecurity strategies and actionable recommendations for robust EVCS infrastructure protection.展开更多
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is a promising method for sustainable fuel production,but the efficiency of metal-organic complexes(MOCs)as photocatalysts is often limited by their poor light absorption,rapid excito...Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is a promising method for sustainable fuel production,but the efficiency of metal-organic complexes(MOCs)as photocatalysts is often limited by their poor light absorption,rapid exciton recombination,and aggregation.To address these challenges,we encapsulated Ptbased MOCs within porphyrin-based metallacages,which not only prevent the aggregation of catalysts but also enable effective electron transfer from the photosensitive metallacages to the photocatalysts.The structures of the host-vip complexes were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,and one complex achieved a hydrogen generation rate of 19,786.5μmol g^(-1)h^(-1),which was among the highest values in metallacage-based photocatalytic systems.Femtosecond transient absorption and DFT calculations revealed that the enhanced performance is due to efficient photoinduced electron transfer from the porphyrin units to the Pt catalytic centers.This work demonstrates a new approach to integrating photosensitizers and photocatalysts via host-vip complexation,offering an effective pathway to improve photocatalytic hydrogen production.展开更多
Animal adaptation to environmental challenges is a complex process involving intricate interactions between the host genotype and gut microbiome composition.The gut microbiome,highly responsive to external environment...Animal adaptation to environmental challenges is a complex process involving intricate interactions between the host genotype and gut microbiome composition.The gut microbiome,highly responsive to external environmental factors,plays a crucial role in host adaptability and may facilitate local adaptation within species.Concurrently,the genetic background of host populations influences gut microbiome composition,highlighting the bidirectional relationship between host and microbiome.Despite this,our understanding of gut microbiome plasticity and its role in host adaptability remains limited,particularly in reptiles.To clarify this issue,we conducted a reciprocal translocation experiment with gravid females of the Qinghai toad-headed lizards(Phrynocephalus vlangalii)between high-altitude(2?600 m a.s.l.)and superhigh-altitude(3?600 m a.s.l.)environments on Dangjin Mountain of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China.One year later,we assessed the phenotypes and gut microbiomes of their offspring.Results revealed significant plasticity in gut microbiome diversity and structure in response to contrasting elevations.Highaltitude conditions increased diversity,and maternal effects appeared to enable high-altitude lizards to maintain elevated diversity when exposed to superhigh-altitude environments.Additionally,superhigh-altitude lizards displayed distinct gut microbiome structures with notable host specificity,potentially linked to their lower growth rates.Overall,these findings underscore the importance of the gut microbiome in facilitating reptilian adaptation to rapid environmental changes across altitudinal gradients.Furthermore,this study provides critical insights into microbial mechanisms underpinning local adaptation and adaptative plasticity,offering a foundation for future research on host-microbiome interactions in evolutionary and ecological contexts.展开更多
Plant roots interact with diverse fungi that are essential for maintaining the productivity and sustainability of pasture ecosystems,but how these root-associated fungi(RAF)differ between forage species and how they r...Plant roots interact with diverse fungi that are essential for maintaining the productivity and sustainability of pasture ecosystems,but how these root-associated fungi(RAF)differ between forage species and how they respond to nutrient enrichment and fungicide application are not well understood.Here,we constructed an 11-year experiment involving fungicide application(with or without)nested within four levels of experimental nitrogen(N)addition treatments in an alpine pasture,and the RAF communities,root traits,tissue nutrients,and shoot biomass of two dominant forage species(Carex capillifolia and Elymus nutans)were analyzed.The RAF community composition showed striking differences between the plant species and was strongly affected by both N addition level and fungicide applications.Fungicide,but not N application,dramatically reduced the RAF richness of all functional guilds in both plant species,and fungicide also simplified the co-occurrence network of the RAF for C.capillifolia.The RAF community correlated strongly with root traits,whereas their relationships became weakened or even vanished at the level of the individual plant species.The importance of RAF to plant nutrients and productivity varied between plant species,with significant contributions in C.capillifolia but not in E.nutans.This is the first report elucidating the long-term effect of fungicides on RAF in alpine pastures,and our findings emphasize the host-specific responses of RAF community structure and function to anthropogenic disturbances.展开更多
Avian brood parasitism is a unique reproductive behavior in which parasitic birds depend on other species to incubate their eggs and raise their offspring.In China,there are 20 species of cuckoos in the family Cuculid...Avian brood parasitism is a unique reproductive behavior in which parasitic birds depend on other species to incubate their eggs and raise their offspring.In China,there are 20 species of cuckoos in the family Cuculidae,order Cuculiformes,of which 17 species are parasitic cuckoos.This makes China one of the countries with the largest number of parasitic cuckoo species worldwide.Understanding the host utilization of cuckoos provides fundamental data for studying the coevolution of cuckoos with their hosts.We collected information on cuckoo hosts from the literature,photographs provided by birdwatchers,and online short video platforms,combined these data with our field observations,and summarized the parasitic cuckoos and their host species in China.A total of 1155 parasitism events were counted,involving 12 parasitic cuckoo species and 87 bird host species.These hosts belonged to 26 families,among which Muscicapidae was the most diverse with 19 species,accounting for 21.8%of the total hosts,followed by the families Phylloscopidae and Leiothrichidae with 8 species each,accounting for 9.2%of the total hosts recorded.The Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus)had the largest number of host taxa with 38 species,accounting for 43.7%of the total host species.This study adds 14 host species that have not been reported in China.However,for five species,the Jacobin Cuckoo(Clamator jacobinus),Banded Bay Cuckoo(Cacomantis sonneratii),Violet Cuckoo(Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus),Common Hawkcuckoo(Hierococcyx varius),and Whistling Hawk-cuckoo(Hierococcyx nisicolor),information regarding host utilization is still lacking.展开更多
文摘Despite their high theoretical capacity and energy density,lithiumsulfur(Li–S)batteries still face challenges such as soluble lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)shuttling and sluggish redox kinetics.In this work,we used a novel MoS_(2)-Mo_(2)C heterostructure anchored on a carbon sponge(CS)as a Li_(2)S host to solve these problems.A simple hydrothermal process following carbothermal reduction was used to construct the MoS_(2)-Mo_(2)C heterostructure,enabling control of the phases and integration of MoS_(2) and Mo_(2)C.Structural characterization confirmed the coherent interface of the heterostructure with a precise orientation relationship between the two phases and their uniform distribution.An evaluation of the adsorption and catalytic performance of the material showed that it has an exceptional LiPSs adsorption capacity with faster conversion from Li_(2)S_(4) to Li_(2)S_(2).Density functional theory calculations further confirmed these results.As a result,the cathode had a high initial discharge capacity of 693 mAh g^(−1) at 0.2 C and achieved stable cycling at 2 C for 500 cycles with a low decay rate of 0.107%per cycle.The heterostructure design,coupled with the macroporous CS framework,effectively prevented the shuttling and increased sulfur utilization,offering a promising way to produce practical high-energydensity Li–S batteries.
基金financial y supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1900902)the Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LLSSZ24C030001)+1 种基金the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-08-G-09)sponsored by the K.C.Wong Magna Fund of Ningbo University,China。
文摘Fungi play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition,plant growth promotion,and the enhancement of resistance to both abiotic and biotic stresses.However,studies on the fungal communities associated with peas (Pisum sativum L.) remain limited.In this study,we systematically investigated the ecological effects of host niches (soil,root,stem,leaf,and pod) and genotypes on the diversity and composition of fungal communities in peas using a multi-level approach that encompassed pattern recognition (β-diversity decomposition),mechanism validation (neutral community model testing),and dynamic tracking methods (migration pathway source-tracking).The results revealed that the dominant fungal phyla across niches and genotypes were Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,and Mortierellomycota,and the community structures of the soil–plant continuum were primarily determined by the pea niches rather than genotypes.β-diversity decomposition was largely attributed to species replacement rather than richness differences,indicating strong niche specificity and microbial replacement across microhabitats.Neutral model analysis revealed that stochastic processes influenced genotypeassociated communities,while deterministic processes played a dominant role in niche-based community assembly.Source-tracking analysis identified niche-to-niche fungal migration,with Erysiphe,Fusarium,Cephaliophora,Ascobolus,Alternaria,and Aspergillus as the key genera.Migration rates from exogenous to endogenous niches were low (1.3–61.5%),whereas those within exogenous (64.4–83.7%) or endogenous (73.9–96.4%) compartments were much higher,suggesting that the pea epidermis acts as a selective barrier that filters and enriches microbial communities prior to internal colonization.This study provides comprehensive insights into the mechanisms of host filtering,enrichment and microbial sourcing,which increases our understanding of the assembly rules of the pea-associated fungal microbiome.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32502106)One health Interdisciplinary Research Project,Institute of One Health Science,Ningbo University(NBUOH202502)the Ningbo Top Talent Project(215-432094250).
文摘The antioxidant activity of selenium-containing soybean peptides(SePPs)has been previously demonstrated,despite their limited absorption in the small intestine.This study investigates the antioxidant mechanism of a selenium-containing tetrapeptide,Ser-Phe-Gln-SeM(SFQSeM),identified from SePPs,with particular emphasis on its interaction with the intestinal microbiota and its role in modulating host antioxidant defenses.The effects of SFQSeM were evaluated in a D-galactose-induced oxidative stress model and an antibiotictreated mouse model.SFQSeM supplementation significantly reduced the oxidative stress in D-galactosetreated mice.It also promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria and increased the levels of acetate,butyrate and lactate in the intestine(P<0.05).In the antibiotic-treated mouse model,depletion of the intestinal microbiota significantly reduced hepatic glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)activity(26.6%)and glutathione peroxidase 1(GPx-1)expression(48.77%)compared to normal mice supplemented with SFQSeM(P<0.05).In contrast to Na_(2)SeO_(3)and selenomethionine,SFQSeM effectively restored the diversity of the intestinal microbiota disrupted by antibiotics.Lactobacillus,Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group,and Muribaculaceae were identified as predominant bacteria in the SFQSeM group,and were strongly associated with increased hepatic GSH-Px activity and GPx-1 mRNA expression(P<0.05).In conclusion,intestinal microbiota enhances the antioxidant efficacy of SFQSeM by modulating microbial composition,producing active metabolites,and converting SFQSeM into a bioactive form of selenium.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFA1406200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12274177 and 12304261)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M751076)。
文摘Luminescent metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have garnered significant attention due to their structural tunability and potential applications in solid-state lighting,bioimaging,sensing,anticounterfeiting,and other fields.Nevertheless,due to the tendency of1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid(BDC)to rotate within the framework,MOFs composed of it exhibit significant non-radiative energy dissipation and thus impair the emissive properties.In this study,efficient luminescence of MIL-140A nanocrystals(NCs)with BDC rotors as ligands is achieved by pressure treatment strategy.Pressure treatment effectively modulates the pore structure of the framework,enhancing the interactions between the N,N-dimethylformamide vip molecules and the BDC ligands.The enhanced host-vip interaction contributes to the structural rigidity of the MOF,thereby suppressing the rotation-induced excited-state energy loss.As a result,the pressure-treated MIL-140A NCs displayed bright blue-light emission,with the photoluminescence quantum yield increasing from an initial 6.8%to 69.2%.This study developed an effective strategy to improve the luminescence performance of rotor ligand MOFs,offers a new avenue for the rational design and synthesis of MOFs with superior luminescent properties.
文摘Background:Over the past few decades,a threefold increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes(T2D)has placed a heavy burden on the health-care system and society.Previous studies have shown correlations between obesity,T2D,and neurodegenera-tive diseases,including dementia.It is imperative to further understand the relation-ship between obesity,T2D,and cognitive deficits.Methods:This investigation tested and evaluated the cognitive impact of obesity and T2D induced by high-fat diet(HFD)and the effect of the host genetic background on the severity of cognitive decline caused by obesity and T2D in collaborative cross(CC)mice.The CC mice are a genetically diverse panel derived from eight inbred strains.Results:Our findings demonstrated significant variations in the recorded phenotypes across different CC lines compared to the reference mouse line,C57BL/6J.CC037 line exhibited a substantial increase in body weight on HFD,whereas line CC005 ex-hibited differing responses based on sex.Glucose tolerance tests revealed significant variations,with some lines like CC005 showing a marked increase in area under the curve(AUC)values on HFD.Organ weights,including brain,spleen,liver,and kidney,varied significantly among the lines and sexes in response to HFD.Behavioral tests using the Morris water maze indicated that cognitive performance was differentially affected by diet and genetic background.Conclusions:Our study establishes a foundation for future quantitative trait loci map-ping using CC lines and identifying genes underlying the comorbidity of Alzheimer's disease(AD),caused by obesity and T2D.The genetic components may offer new tools for early prediction and prevention.
基金supported by the fundamental research funds of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(No.22212286-Y)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LQ24B040003)。
文摘Aromatic nitro compounds present substantial health and environmental concerns due to their toxic nature and potential explosive properties.Consequently,the development of host–vip molecular recognition systems for these compounds serves a dual-purpose:enabling the fabrication of high-performance sensors for detection and guiding the design of efficient adsorbents for environmental remediation.This study investigated the host–vip recognition behavior of perethylated pillar[n]arenes toward two aromatic nitro molecules,1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and picric acid.Various techniques including^(1)H NMR,2D NOESY NMR,and UV-vis spectroscopy were employed to explore the binding behavior between pillararenes and aromatic nitro vips in solution.Moreover,valuable single crystal structures were obtained to elucidate the distinct solid-state assembly behaviors of these vips with different pillararenes.The assembled solid-state supramolecular structures observed encompassed a 1:1 host–vip inclusion complex,an external binding complex,and an exo-wall tessellation complex.Furthermore,based on the findings from these systems,a pillararene-based test paper was developed for efficient picric acid detection,and the removal of picric acid from solution was also achieved using pillararenes powder.This research provides novel insights into the development of diverse host–vip systems toward hazardous compounds,offering potential applications in environmental protection and explosive detection domains.
文摘Theoretically,blue phosphorescent materials are capable of achieving 100%internal quantum effi-ciency.Nevertheless,the mutual constraints among efficiency,color purity,and stability remain one of the key bottlenecks in the industrialization of organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs).In addition,the design and application of host materials also exert a significant impact on the overall performance of blue light-emitting de-vices.To address this issue,this study constructs a series of host materials with high triplet energy levels by designing different connection modes,based on 9-phenylcarbazole and benzimidazole units.Through a combi-nation of theoretical and experimental approaches,the correlation between the chemical structure and perfor-mance has been unraveled.It is found that the designed and synthesized blue phosphorescent bipolar host ma-terials based on different biphenyl linking sites,i.e.,9-(3'-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-bi-phenyl]-3-yl)-9H-carbazole(mCzmBI),9-(2'-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-9H-carbazole(mCzoBI)and 9-(3'-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-9H-carbazole(oCzmBI).The three compounds have a similar triplet energy level of 2.70 eV,accompanied with the glass transition temperatures of 92℃,103℃,and 93℃respectively.mCzmBI,mCzoBI and oCzmBI are regioiso-mers,but differ in the linking sites of carbazole and benzimidazole on the biphenyl linker.This difference in linking positions enables effective regulation of the host materials’properties.Constructed with the blue phos-phorescent material bis(4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato-N,C2)picolinatoiridium(Ⅲ)(FIrpic)as the vip,the influence of the three hosts on device performance is clarified.Overall,the device using mCzmBI,a host linked by biphenyl at double meta-positions,achieved a maximum current efficiency of 24.9 cd·A^(-1)and a max-imum external quantum efficiency exceeding 12.8%,it also demonstrates low efficiency roll-off under highbrightness conditions.This work offers an effective strategy to the development of high-efficiency blue phospho-rescent hosts.
文摘Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered as one of the potential solutions as integrating renewable energy systems for large-scale energy storage because of their high theoretical energy density(2600 Wh·kg^(-1))and specific capacity(1675 mAh·g^(-1)).Currently,various strategies have been proposed to overcome the technical barriers,e.g.,“shuttle effect”,capacity decay and volumetric change,which impede the successful commercialization of lithium-sulfur batteries.This paper reviews the applications of metal nitrides as the cathode hosts for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries,summa-rizes the design strategies of different host materials,and discusses the relationship between the properties of metal nitrides and their electrochemical performances.Finally,reasonable suggestions for the design and development of metal nitrides,along with ideas to promote future breakthroughs,are proposed.We hope that this review could attract more attention to metal nitrides and their derivatives,and further promote the electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries.
文摘Two tetrasubstituted carbazole derivatives TBICz and TOXDCz have been designed and synthesized,which possess the twist skeletons and exhibit excellent thermal and morphological stabilities.Utilizing these novel compounds as host material,high efficiency solution-processed green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes(PhOLEDs)have been achieved.The high triplet energies of TBICz and TOXDCz ensure efficient energy transfer from the host to the phosphor and triplet exciton confinement on the phosphor.Solution-processable green phospho⁃rescent devices employing Ir(ppy)3 as vip and the two tetrasubstituted carbazole derivatives as hosts exhibit high ef⁃ficiencies.The best EL performance is achieved for the TBICz-based device,with a maximum current efficiency of 27.3 cd/A,a maximum power efficiency of 15.9 lm/W,and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 7.8%,which provides more host material options for solution-processed OLEDs.
基金supported by the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City,China(SCKJ-JYRC-2022-75)the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province,China(322QN398).
文摘Plant pathogens secrete various cell wall-degrading enzymes that compromise host cell wall integrity and facilitate pathogen invasion.This study identified VdGH7a,a glycoside hydrolase family 7(GH7)cellobiohydrolase from Verticillium dahliae,which demonstrated hydrolytic activity against 1,4-β-glucan.Notably,VdGH7a induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana when signal peptides were present,though this effect was inhibited by the carbohydrate-binding type-1(CBM1)protein domain.The deletion of VdGH7a substantially reduced V.dahliae pathogenicity in cotton plants,as demonstrated by the mutants’inability to penetrate cellophane membrane.These knockout mutants also exhibited reduced carbon source utilization capacity and increased sensitivity to osmotic and cell wall stresses.Through yeast two-hybrid screening,bi-molecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC),and luciferase complementation imaging(LCI),we identified that VdGH7a interacts with an osmotin-like protein(GhOLP1)in cotton.Virus-induced gene silencing of GhOLP1 resulted in decreased salicylic acid(SA)content and reduced resistance to V.dahliae in cotton,while heterologous overexpression of GhOLP1 in Arabidopsis enhanced both resistance and SA signaling pathway gene expression.These results reveal a virulence mechanism wherein the secreted protein VdGH7a from V.dahliae interacts with GhOLP1 to activate host immunity and contribute significantly to plant resistance against V.dahliae.
基金supported by Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo(ANID),Chilean Government Fondecyt Regular 1211480supported by a Master ANID Scholarship+1 种基金funded by ANID/Fondecyt Regular 1211480funded by EQM150061(FONDEQUIP-ANID)。
文摘Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)is the most common manifestation of oral cancer.It has been proposed that periodontal pathogens contribute to OSCC progression,mainly by their virulence factors.However,the main periodontal pathogen and its mechanism to modulate OSCC cells remains not fully understood.In this study we investigate the main host-pathogen pathways in OSCC by computational proteomics and the mechanism behind cancer progression by the oral microbiome.The main hostpathogen pathways were analyzed in the secretome of biopsies from patients with OSCC and healthy controls by mass spectrometry.Then,functional assays were performed to evaluate the host-pathogen pathways highlighted in oral cancer.Host proteins associated with LPS response,cell migration/adhesion,and metabolism of amino acids were significantly upregulated in the human cancer proteome,whereas the complement cascade was downregulated in malignant samples.Then,the microbiome analysis revealed large number and variety of peptides from Fusobacterium nucleatum(F.nucleatum)in OSCC samples,from which several enzymes from the L-glutamate degradation pathway were found,indicating that L-glutamate from cancer cells is used as an energy source,and catabolized into butyrate by the bacteria.In fact,we observed that F.nucleatum modulates the cystine/glutamate antiporter in an OSCC cell line by increasing SLC7A11 expression,promoting L-glutamate efflux and favoring bacterial infection.Finally,our results showed that F.nucleatum and its metabolic derivates promote tumor spheroids growth,spheroidsderived cell detachment,epithelial-mesenchymal transition and Galectin-9 upregulation.Altogether,F.nucleatum promotes protumoral mechanism in oral cancer.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:22179005,92372207。
文摘Lithium metal anode is one of the ideal anode materials for the next generation of high-energy-density battery systems.Unfortunately,the uneven nucleation of Li leads to dendrite growth and volume changes during cycling,resulting in poor electrochemical performance and potential safety hazards,which hinder its practical application.In this work,a low-cost chicken-bonederived carbon material(CBC)with a biomimetic structure was designed and synthesized using a simple one-step carbonization method.Combining theoretical calculations and experimental results,the self-doped N and S heteroatoms in CBC are demonstrated to effectively reduce the binding energy with Li atoms and lower the nucleation overpotential.After uniform nucleation,the Li metal grows in a spherical shape without dendrites,which is related to the reduction of the local current density inside the biomimetic crosslinking structure of CBC.Benefiting from this favorable Li growth behavior,the Li@CBC electrode achieves ultra-low nucleation overpotential(15.5 mV at 0.1 mA cm^(−2))and superdense lithium deposition(zero volume expansion rate at a capacity of 2 mAh cm^(−2))without introducing additional lithiophilic sites.The CBC retains a high Coulombic efficiency of over 98%in 479 cycles(1 mA cm^(−2)and 1 mAh cm^(−2))when applied in a half-cell with Li,and shows an excellent rate and cycling performance when applied in a full cell with LiFePO4 as the cathode.
文摘Electric Vehicle Charging Systems(EVCS)are increasingly vulnerable to cybersecurity threats as they integrate deeply into smart grids and Internet ofThings(IoT)environments,raising significant security challenges.Most existing research primarily emphasizes network-level anomaly detection,leaving critical vulnerabilities at the host level underexplored.This study introduces a novel forensic analysis framework leveraging host-level data,including system logs,kernel events,and Hardware Performance Counters(HPC),to detect and analyze sophisticated cyberattacks such as cryptojacking,Denial-of-Service(DoS),and reconnaissance activities targeting EVCS.Using comprehensive forensic analysis and machine learning models,the proposed framework significantly outperforms existing methods,achieving an accuracy of 98.81%.The findings offer insights into distinct behavioral signatures associated with specific cyber threats,enabling improved cybersecurity strategies and actionable recommendations for robust EVCS infrastructure protection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.2217121922222112,and 22301238)Xi’an Association for Science and Technology Youth Talent Support Program(No.20240345)。
文摘Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is a promising method for sustainable fuel production,but the efficiency of metal-organic complexes(MOCs)as photocatalysts is often limited by their poor light absorption,rapid exciton recombination,and aggregation.To address these challenges,we encapsulated Ptbased MOCs within porphyrin-based metallacages,which not only prevent the aggregation of catalysts but also enable effective electron transfer from the photosensitive metallacages to the photocatalysts.The structures of the host-vip complexes were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,and one complex achieved a hydrogen generation rate of 19,786.5μmol g^(-1)h^(-1),which was among the highest values in metallacage-based photocatalytic systems.Femtosecond transient absorption and DFT calculations revealed that the enhanced performance is due to efficient photoinduced electron transfer from the porphyrin units to the Pt catalytic centers.This work demonstrates a new approach to integrating photosensitizers and photocatalysts via host-vip complexation,offering an effective pathway to improve photocatalytic hydrogen production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31861143023,31872252)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20050201)。
文摘Animal adaptation to environmental challenges is a complex process involving intricate interactions between the host genotype and gut microbiome composition.The gut microbiome,highly responsive to external environmental factors,plays a crucial role in host adaptability and may facilitate local adaptation within species.Concurrently,the genetic background of host populations influences gut microbiome composition,highlighting the bidirectional relationship between host and microbiome.Despite this,our understanding of gut microbiome plasticity and its role in host adaptability remains limited,particularly in reptiles.To clarify this issue,we conducted a reciprocal translocation experiment with gravid females of the Qinghai toad-headed lizards(Phrynocephalus vlangalii)between high-altitude(2?600 m a.s.l.)and superhigh-altitude(3?600 m a.s.l.)environments on Dangjin Mountain of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China.One year later,we assessed the phenotypes and gut microbiomes of their offspring.Results revealed significant plasticity in gut microbiome diversity and structure in response to contrasting elevations.Highaltitude conditions increased diversity,and maternal effects appeared to enable high-altitude lizards to maintain elevated diversity when exposed to superhigh-altitude environments.Additionally,superhigh-altitude lizards displayed distinct gut microbiome structures with notable host specificity,potentially linked to their lower growth rates.Overall,these findings underscore the importance of the gut microbiome in facilitating reptilian adaptation to rapid environmental changes across altitudinal gradients.Furthermore,this study provides critical insights into microbial mechanisms underpinning local adaptation and adaptative plasticity,offering a foundation for future research on host-microbiome interactions in evolutionary and ecological contexts.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF0805602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20186,32171579,32371592 and 32471674)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,China(23JRRA1029 and 23JRRA1034)。
文摘Plant roots interact with diverse fungi that are essential for maintaining the productivity and sustainability of pasture ecosystems,but how these root-associated fungi(RAF)differ between forage species and how they respond to nutrient enrichment and fungicide application are not well understood.Here,we constructed an 11-year experiment involving fungicide application(with or without)nested within four levels of experimental nitrogen(N)addition treatments in an alpine pasture,and the RAF communities,root traits,tissue nutrients,and shoot biomass of two dominant forage species(Carex capillifolia and Elymus nutans)were analyzed.The RAF community composition showed striking differences between the plant species and was strongly affected by both N addition level and fungicide applications.Fungicide,but not N application,dramatically reduced the RAF richness of all functional guilds in both plant species,and fungicide also simplified the co-occurrence network of the RAF for C.capillifolia.The RAF community correlated strongly with root traits,whereas their relationships became weakened or even vanished at the level of the individual plant species.The importance of RAF to plant nutrients and productivity varied between plant species,with significant contributions in C.capillifolia but not in E.nutans.This is the first report elucidating the long-term effect of fungicides on RAF in alpine pastures,and our findings emphasize the host-specific responses of RAF community structure and function to anthropogenic disturbances.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFF1304600)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32160242 to JL,32470513 and 32270526 to W.L.)supported by the 2023 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Youth Science and Technology Support Talent Training Project。
文摘Avian brood parasitism is a unique reproductive behavior in which parasitic birds depend on other species to incubate their eggs and raise their offspring.In China,there are 20 species of cuckoos in the family Cuculidae,order Cuculiformes,of which 17 species are parasitic cuckoos.This makes China one of the countries with the largest number of parasitic cuckoo species worldwide.Understanding the host utilization of cuckoos provides fundamental data for studying the coevolution of cuckoos with their hosts.We collected information on cuckoo hosts from the literature,photographs provided by birdwatchers,and online short video platforms,combined these data with our field observations,and summarized the parasitic cuckoos and their host species in China.A total of 1155 parasitism events were counted,involving 12 parasitic cuckoo species and 87 bird host species.These hosts belonged to 26 families,among which Muscicapidae was the most diverse with 19 species,accounting for 21.8%of the total hosts,followed by the families Phylloscopidae and Leiothrichidae with 8 species each,accounting for 9.2%of the total hosts recorded.The Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus)had the largest number of host taxa with 38 species,accounting for 43.7%of the total host species.This study adds 14 host species that have not been reported in China.However,for five species,the Jacobin Cuckoo(Clamator jacobinus),Banded Bay Cuckoo(Cacomantis sonneratii),Violet Cuckoo(Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus),Common Hawkcuckoo(Hierococcyx varius),and Whistling Hawk-cuckoo(Hierococcyx nisicolor),information regarding host utilization is still lacking.
