Cellulase activities of Anoplophora glabripennis （Motsch.） adults from two host plants （Populus simonii x p pyramidliscr cv. Opera Hsu. and Salix matsudana Koidz） fed on three different host tree species （Acer ne...Cellulase activities of Anoplophora glabripennis （Motsch.） adults from two host plants （Populus simonii x p pyramidliscr cv. Opera Hsu. and Salix matsudana Koidz） fed on three different host tree species （Acer negundo Linn., S. matsudana Koidz and P simonii x P pyramidliscr cv. Opera Hsu.） were investigated. Enzyme activities of endoglucanase and β-glucosidase in the intestines of the insects were measured. The results show that there are no statistically significant differences in the enzyme activities of endoglucanase between male and female insects from the two host plants fed on three host trees, neither inβ-glucosidase. No statistically significant differences in the enzyme activities of endoglucanase and β-glucosidase were found between males and females from the two plants fed on three host tree species, except that the endoglucanase activity in males from the opera poplar fed on Hankow willow is lower than that fed on ash-leaf maple and opera poplar.展开更多
In order to investigate different kinds of cellulase in insect pests, we selected male and female adults of Anoplophora glabripennis （Motschulsky） emerging from four different host species （Populus alba var. pyrami...In order to investigate different kinds of cellulase in insect pests, we selected male and female adults of Anoplophora glabripennis （Motschulsky） emerging from four different host species （Populus alba var. pyramidalis, P. nigra var. thevestina （Dode） Bean., P. simonii × P. pyramidliscr cv. Opera 8277 Hsu. and Salix matsudana f. lobato-glandulosa） as our research material. The enzyme activitives of three kinds of cellulase in the intestines of the adult insects were measured. The Cx-cellulase isozymes were detected with a CMC-incorporated polyacrylamide gel. The results show that： there are no statistically significant differences between the enzyme activities of males and females emerging from the different host species. The order of magnitude in activity is： Cx-cellulase 〉 β-glycosidase 〉 C1-cellulase. When the adults emerge from the same host species, there are no statistically significant differences between male and female enzyme activities of β-glycosidase and C1-cellulase, but the enzyme activity of Cx-cellulase of males is clearly higher than that of females. The patterns and migration of Cx-cellulase isozymes of males and females emerging from differ-ent hosts trees are clearly not different, and neither are they different when emerging from the same hosts.展开更多
The Asian longhorned beetle （ALB）, Anoplophora glabripennis （Motschulsky） is a polyphagous woodborer of hardwood trees. In order to well understand the oviposition preference of A. glabripennis emerging from diffe...The Asian longhorned beetle （ALB）, Anoplophora glabripennis （Motschulsky） is a polyphagous woodborer of hardwood trees. In order to well understand the oviposition preference of A. glabripennis emerging from different larval host tree species, we selected five common host tree species in the field and evaluated its oviposition preferences. The five host tree species are Acer negundo （AN）, Salix matsudana f. lobato-glandulosa （SM）, Populus nigra L. var. thevestina （Dode） Bean （PN）, P. simonii × P. pyramidalis cv. Opera 8277 （PS） and P. alba var. pyramidalis （PA）. Results show that adult beetles emerging from these five tree species almost have the same oviposition phenomenon. All adult beetles, except those emerging from PS, chewed the highest potential sites and laid most eggs on AN trees. Adult beetles emerging from AN, PN, PS and PA did not chew any sites nor laid any eggs on PA trees. These results showed that adult A. glabripennis emerging from the five host tree species did not show any clear oviposition preference for their larval host tree species in the field but they did present the most obvious preference for AN and the lowest preference for PA.展开更多
Invasions by exotic insects and diseases are one of the most important threats to the stability and productivity of forest ecosystems around the world. Lymantria dispar （Lepidoptera： Lymantriidae） in Iran was obser...Invasions by exotic insects and diseases are one of the most important threats to the stability and productivity of forest ecosystems around the world. Lymantria dispar （Lepidoptera： Lymantriidae） in Iran was observed for the first time in 1937 by Jalal Afshar in oak forests of the Guilan state region. Since its introduction, gypsy moth has spread to the northern, western and south-western regions of Iran. The largest outbreaks of gypsy moth occurred in the Talesh Oak forests of the Hyrcanian zone in 1975. The gypsy moth is a highly polyphagous folivore species that feeds on over 300 species of woody plants. Among its most preferred hosts are oaks and aspens. Some trees are resistant to the gypsy moth including honey locust, black locust, silver maple, green ash, dogwood, sycamore, horse chestnut, firs, and tulip trees. Defoliation during severe outbreaks alters the appearance of forest habitats and leads to tree mortality and changes in stand composition. This study was conducted during 2008 and 2009 in an effort to determine the primary host tree species that the gypsy moth infests in the Hyrcanian forests of lran. For that purpose all egg masses in the area were counted and conclusively significant differences in defoliation levels among tree species were found. The primary host tree species of gypsy moth in Iran was Persian ironweed, Parrotia persica.展开更多
Dead wood is a habitat for many insects and other small animals, some of which may be rare or endangered and in need of effective protection. In this paper, saproxylic beetle assemblages associated with different host...Dead wood is a habitat for many insects and other small animals, some of which may be rare or endangered and in need of effective protection. In this paper, saproxylic beetle assemblages associated with different host trees in the subtropical forests in southwestern China were investigated. A total of 277 species （1 439 specimens） in 36 beetle families were collected from 117 dead wood samples, of which 101 samples were identified and respectively belonged to 12 tree genera. The number of saproxylic beetle species varied greatly among logs of different tree genera, with the highest diversity on logs of Juglans. Generally, broad-leaved trees had a higher richness and abundance of saproxylic species than coniferous trees. Cluster analysis revealed that assemblages from broad-leaved tree genera were generally similar （except for Betula） and assemblages from coniferous trees formed another distinct cluster. The subsequent indicator analysis proposed that there are different characteristic species for different cluster groups of host tree genera. In our study, log diameter has no positive influence on beetle species density. Conversely, comparisons of individual-based rarefaction curves suggested that beetle species richness was highest in the small diameter class both in coniferous and broad-leaved tree genera. With increased wood decay, proportion of habitat specialists （saproxylic beetles living on one tree genus） decreased, whereas proportion of habitat generalists （living on more than three tree genera） increased. The beetle species density was found to be higher in early stages, and decreased in later stages as well. A negative influence of altitude on saproxylic beetle species richness and abundance was detected. It was indicated that different tree genera and altitudes possibly display cross effects in modulating the altitudinal distribution and host preference of the beetles.展开更多
为筛选诱杀树沙枣Elaeagnus angustifolia和抗性树种新疆杨Populus alba var.pyramidalis合理配植比例,实现生态自控光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis灾害,以甘肃河西走廊和新疆部分地区的已有光肩星天牛长期危害,且包括沙枣树和新...为筛选诱杀树沙枣Elaeagnus angustifolia和抗性树种新疆杨Populus alba var.pyramidalis合理配植比例,实现生态自控光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis灾害,以甘肃河西走廊和新疆部分地区的已有光肩星天牛长期危害,且包括沙枣树和新疆杨等多树种混交林为研究对象,调查、对比和分析沙枣自然调控天牛种群的能力,筛选和提炼出可实现“有虫不成灾”的诱杀树沙枣与抗性树种新疆杨的合理配植模式。结果显示:混交林内沙枣树上光肩星天牛的刻槽数远高于抗性树种新疆杨,表现出显著的引诱功能;沙枣树对光肩星天牛的卵和初孵幼虫的杀灭率在99.8%以上,具有很强的诱杀能力,发挥了对新疆杨的高效保护作用;在不同沙枣配比的林带中,沙枣树对光肩星天牛种群的调控能力有较大差别,防护林带中沙枣树与新疆杨行间或株间配植比例约为2∶8,园林绿化林中沙枣树与新疆杨以块状或带状配植比例约为3∶7时,可达到“有虫不成灾”,实现光肩星天牛灾害的生态自控。在防护林建设中,应充分发挥沙枣对光肩星天牛的诱杀功能,合理配植诱杀树种沙枣与抗性树种新疆杨,使光肩星天牛种群数量稳定在成灾水平之下,为服务“三北”防护林工程区林业有害生物防治提供借鉴。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30571503)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in Universities (PCSIRT0607)
文摘Cellulase activities of Anoplophora glabripennis （Motsch.） adults from two host plants （Populus simonii x p pyramidliscr cv. Opera Hsu. and Salix matsudana Koidz） fed on three different host tree species （Acer negundo Linn., S. matsudana Koidz and P simonii x P pyramidliscr cv. Opera Hsu.） were investigated. Enzyme activities of endoglucanase and β-glucosidase in the intestines of the insects were measured. The results show that there are no statistically significant differences in the enzyme activities of endoglucanase between male and female insects from the two host plants fed on three host trees, neither inβ-glucosidase. No statistically significant differences in the enzyme activities of endoglucanase and β-glucosidase were found between males and females from the two plants fed on three host tree species, except that the endoglucanase activity in males from the opera poplar fed on Hankow willow is lower than that fed on ash-leaf maple and opera poplar.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 30571503） the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in Universities （IRT0607）.
文摘In order to investigate different kinds of cellulase in insect pests, we selected male and female adults of Anoplophora glabripennis （Motschulsky） emerging from four different host species （Populus alba var. pyramidalis, P. nigra var. thevestina （Dode） Bean., P. simonii × P. pyramidliscr cv. Opera 8277 Hsu. and Salix matsudana f. lobato-glandulosa） as our research material. The enzyme activitives of three kinds of cellulase in the intestines of the adult insects were measured. The Cx-cellulase isozymes were detected with a CMC-incorporated polyacrylamide gel. The results show that： there are no statistically significant differences between the enzyme activities of males and females emerging from the different host species. The order of magnitude in activity is： Cx-cellulase 〉 β-glycosidase 〉 C1-cellulase. When the adults emerge from the same host species, there are no statistically significant differences between male and female enzyme activities of β-glycosidase and C1-cellulase, but the enzyme activity of Cx-cellulase of males is clearly higher than that of females. The patterns and migration of Cx-cellulase isozymes of males and females emerging from differ-ent hosts trees are clearly not different, and neither are they different when emerging from the same hosts.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 30571503） the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in Universities （IRT0607）.
文摘The Asian longhorned beetle （ALB）, Anoplophora glabripennis （Motschulsky） is a polyphagous woodborer of hardwood trees. In order to well understand the oviposition preference of A. glabripennis emerging from different larval host tree species, we selected five common host tree species in the field and evaluated its oviposition preferences. The five host tree species are Acer negundo （AN）, Salix matsudana f. lobato-glandulosa （SM）, Populus nigra L. var. thevestina （Dode） Bean （PN）, P. simonii × P. pyramidalis cv. Opera 8277 （PS） and P. alba var. pyramidalis （PA）. Results show that adult beetles emerging from these five tree species almost have the same oviposition phenomenon. All adult beetles, except those emerging from PS, chewed the highest potential sites and laid most eggs on AN trees. Adult beetles emerging from AN, PN, PS and PA did not chew any sites nor laid any eggs on PA trees. These results showed that adult A. glabripennis emerging from the five host tree species did not show any clear oviposition preference for their larval host tree species in the field but they did present the most obvious preference for AN and the lowest preference for PA.
文摘Invasions by exotic insects and diseases are one of the most important threats to the stability and productivity of forest ecosystems around the world. Lymantria dispar （Lepidoptera： Lymantriidae） in Iran was observed for the first time in 1937 by Jalal Afshar in oak forests of the Guilan state region. Since its introduction, gypsy moth has spread to the northern, western and south-western regions of Iran. The largest outbreaks of gypsy moth occurred in the Talesh Oak forests of the Hyrcanian zone in 1975. The gypsy moth is a highly polyphagous folivore species that feeds on over 300 species of woody plants. Among its most preferred hosts are oaks and aspens. Some trees are resistant to the gypsy moth including honey locust, black locust, silver maple, green ash, dogwood, sycamore, horse chestnut, firs, and tulip trees. Defoliation during severe outbreaks alters the appearance of forest habitats and leads to tree mortality and changes in stand composition. This study was conducted during 2008 and 2009 in an effort to determine the primary host tree species that the gypsy moth infests in the Hyrcanian forests of lran. For that purpose all egg masses in the area were counted and conclusively significant differences in defoliation levels among tree species were found. The primary host tree species of gypsy moth in Iran was Persian ironweed, Parrotia persica.
基金We thank S.-Y. Wang, H.-B. Liang, L.-J. Zhang and T.-H. Luo （Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences） for some species identification John P. Ball （Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden）, Joshua M. Jacobs （Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta） and anonymous referees for con- structive suggestions to improve the manuscript and the staff of Fengtongzai Natural Reserve and Wolong Natural Reserve, Sichuan province, for assistance in field investigations. This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （NSFC-30570215, 30670285）, KFBG （Kadoorie Farm ＆ Botanic Garden） Biodiversity Studentship of Hongkong, International Foundation for Sciences （D/3684-1, IFS, Stockholm, Sweden）, and National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research （Special subjects in animal taxonomy, NSFC- J0630964/J0109）.
文摘Dead wood is a habitat for many insects and other small animals, some of which may be rare or endangered and in need of effective protection. In this paper, saproxylic beetle assemblages associated with different host trees in the subtropical forests in southwestern China were investigated. A total of 277 species （1 439 specimens） in 36 beetle families were collected from 117 dead wood samples, of which 101 samples were identified and respectively belonged to 12 tree genera. The number of saproxylic beetle species varied greatly among logs of different tree genera, with the highest diversity on logs of Juglans. Generally, broad-leaved trees had a higher richness and abundance of saproxylic species than coniferous trees. Cluster analysis revealed that assemblages from broad-leaved tree genera were generally similar （except for Betula） and assemblages from coniferous trees formed another distinct cluster. The subsequent indicator analysis proposed that there are different characteristic species for different cluster groups of host tree genera. In our study, log diameter has no positive influence on beetle species density. Conversely, comparisons of individual-based rarefaction curves suggested that beetle species richness was highest in the small diameter class both in coniferous and broad-leaved tree genera. With increased wood decay, proportion of habitat specialists （saproxylic beetles living on one tree genus） decreased, whereas proportion of habitat generalists （living on more than three tree genera） increased. The beetle species density was found to be higher in early stages, and decreased in later stages as well. A negative influence of altitude on saproxylic beetle species richness and abundance was detected. It was indicated that different tree genera and altitudes possibly display cross effects in modulating the altitudinal distribution and host preference of the beetles.
文摘为筛选诱杀树沙枣Elaeagnus angustifolia和抗性树种新疆杨Populus alba var.pyramidalis合理配植比例,实现生态自控光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis灾害,以甘肃河西走廊和新疆部分地区的已有光肩星天牛长期危害,且包括沙枣树和新疆杨等多树种混交林为研究对象,调查、对比和分析沙枣自然调控天牛种群的能力,筛选和提炼出可实现“有虫不成灾”的诱杀树沙枣与抗性树种新疆杨的合理配植模式。结果显示:混交林内沙枣树上光肩星天牛的刻槽数远高于抗性树种新疆杨,表现出显著的引诱功能;沙枣树对光肩星天牛的卵和初孵幼虫的杀灭率在99.8%以上,具有很强的诱杀能力,发挥了对新疆杨的高效保护作用;在不同沙枣配比的林带中,沙枣树对光肩星天牛种群的调控能力有较大差别,防护林带中沙枣树与新疆杨行间或株间配植比例约为2∶8,园林绿化林中沙枣树与新疆杨以块状或带状配植比例约为3∶7时,可达到“有虫不成灾”,实现光肩星天牛灾害的生态自控。在防护林建设中,应充分发挥沙枣对光肩星天牛的诱杀功能,合理配植诱杀树种沙枣与抗性树种新疆杨,使光肩星天牛种群数量稳定在成灾水平之下,为服务“三北”防护林工程区林业有害生物防治提供借鉴。
