Barley powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei （Bgh） is one of the most destructive foliar diseases of barley in the winter barley region of China. The evaluation and assessment of the virulence and...Barley powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei （Bgh） is one of the most destructive foliar diseases of barley in the winter barley region of China. The evaluation and assessment of the virulence and diversity of Bgh populations help to determine effective sources of resistance to the pathogen. 515 isolates were collected from seven populations of Bgh on cultivated barley in seven geographically distant locations in 2006. Their virulence was determined by inoculation onto 26 differential host lines. All of the isolates belonged to 58 pathotypes and 13 of which included 81% of these isolates. The most abundant pathotype was pathotype 0047 （18.3%）, the second most abundant was pathotype 0045 （11.8%） and the third most abundant was pathotype 0057 （7.8%）. Most of virulent genes investigated in this study showed similar frequencies in the seven different areas. These indicate that the seven locations may be in a uniform epidemiological region and barley cultivars in these areas may have similar genetic background. Diversities within these populations and distances between these populations measured by KOIND package were different. Correlations were not found between the genetic distance and the geographical distances between different locations. This suggested that long distance spread and local epidemics existed in the major winter barley growing regions in China.展开更多
[Objectives]To isolate and analyze alkaloids in Fructus Hordei Germinatus.[Methods]The alkaloids in the Fructus Hordei Germinatus were extracted by ultrasonic technology,and analyzed by the ultra-performance liquid ch...[Objectives]To isolate and analyze alkaloids in Fructus Hordei Germinatus.[Methods]The alkaloids in the Fructus Hordei Germinatus were extracted by ultrasonic technology,and analyzed by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) technique.[Results] According to the mass spectrometry information,compared with the literature reports,the possible structures of seven alkaloids in the Fructus Hordei Germinatus could be inferred.Compounds 1,2 and 3 were organic amine alkaloids,respectively tyramine and N-methyltyramine,hordenine,compounds 4,5,6 and 7 were indole alkaloids,respectively,tryptamine,gramine,harmine,and bufotenidine.The alkaloids in the Fructus Hordei Germinatus were separated by preparative high performance liquid chromatography(p HPLC) technique,a compound was obtained and identified by UPLC-MS/MS and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) technique as hordenine.[Conclusions]This experiment is expected to lay a foundation for the development of alkaloids in the Fructus Hordei Germinatus.展开更多
Covered smut, which is caused by Ustilago hordei（Pers.） Lagerh., is one of the most damaging diseases of highland barley（Hordeum vulgare Linn. var. nudum Hook. f） in Tibetan areas of China. To understand the molec...Covered smut, which is caused by Ustilago hordei（Pers.） Lagerh., is one of the most damaging diseases of highland barley（Hordeum vulgare Linn. var. nudum Hook. f） in Tibetan areas of China. To understand the molecular diversity of U. hordei, a total of 27 isolates, which were collected from highland barley plants from Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, and Gansu provinces/autonomous region, were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA（RAPD） and simple sequence repeat（SSR） markers. Among the 100 RAPD primers used, 24 primers exhibited polymorphism. A total of 111 fragments were amplified, of which 103 were polymorphic with a polymorphic rate of 92.79%. The average observed number of alleles（Na）, effective number of alleles（Ne）, Nei＇s genetic diversity（H）, Shannon＇s information index（I） and polymorphism information content（PIC） value in the RAPD markers were 1.9279, 1.5016, 0.2974, 0.4503 and 0.6428, respectively. For the SSR markers, 40 of the 111 primer pairs exhibited polymorphism and provided a total of 119 bands, of which 109 were polymorphic and accounted for 91.60% of the total bands. The Na, Ne, H, I and PIC values of the SSR markers were 1.9160, 1.4639, 0.2757, 0.4211 and 0.4340, respectively. The similarity coefficients ranged from 0.4957 to 0.9261 with an average of 0.7028 among all the 27 isolates used. The dendrogram, which was developed based on the RAPD and SSR combined marker dataset showed that the 27 U. hordei isolates were divided into 3 clusters at similarity coefficient of 0.7314. We determined that RAPD and SSR markers can be successfully used to assess the genetic variation among U. hordei isolates. The RAPD markers revealed higher levels of genetic polymorphism than did the SSR markers in this study. There existed a moderate genetic difference among isolates. The molecular variation and differentiation was somewhat associated with geographical origin but not for all of the isolates.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to determine the free and hidden fumonisins in Hordei Fructus Germinatus samples and to investigate the transfer rates of these mycotoxins from Hordei Fructus Germinatus to its decoction.Mat...Objective:This study aimed to determine the free and hidden fumonisins in Hordei Fructus Germinatus samples and to investigate the transfer rates of these mycotoxins from Hordei Fructus Germinatus to its decoction.Materials and Methods:The contamination levels of free and hidden fumonisins in a total of 60 Hordei Fructus Germinatus samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS).The decoction procedure was simulated with a highly contaminated Hordei Fructus Germinatus sample,and fumonisins in the resulting decoction preparation were determined by LC-MS/MS.Results:Among all the samples,8.3%were contaminated with free fumonisins(FB1 and/or FB2)and 13.3%were contaminated with total fumonisins(free+hidden,measured as hydrolyzed fumonisins,i.e.,HFB1 and/or HFB2).The concentrations of FB1 and HFB1 reached up to 83 and 95μg/kg,respectively,whereas FB2 and HFB2 were detected only in traces.The transfer rates of free and total fumonisins from Hordei Fructus Germinatus to the decoction were 71.8%and 83.3%for FB1 and FB2,respectively.In comparison,much lower transfer rates were found for total fumonisins,i.e.,38.2%and 24.7%for HFB1 and HFB2,respectively.Conclusion:The incidence and contamination levels of free and hidden fumonisins in Hordei Fructus Germinatus samples were generally low.Regarding decoction preparation,the transfer rates of free fumonisins into the decoction were high,whereas a large part of hidden fumonisins were retained in Hordei Fructus Germinatus rather than migrating into water.展开更多
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30671289)the National Key Tech-nologies R&D Program (2006B BAD0 2B 04)+1 种基金the Nationnal Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research inthe Public Interest (nyhyzx017-001-barley)the Ear-marked Fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System,China
文摘Barley powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei （Bgh） is one of the most destructive foliar diseases of barley in the winter barley region of China. The evaluation and assessment of the virulence and diversity of Bgh populations help to determine effective sources of resistance to the pathogen. 515 isolates were collected from seven populations of Bgh on cultivated barley in seven geographically distant locations in 2006. Their virulence was determined by inoculation onto 26 differential host lines. All of the isolates belonged to 58 pathotypes and 13 of which included 81% of these isolates. The most abundant pathotype was pathotype 0047 （18.3%）, the second most abundant was pathotype 0045 （11.8%） and the third most abundant was pathotype 0057 （7.8%）. Most of virulent genes investigated in this study showed similar frequencies in the seven different areas. These indicate that the seven locations may be in a uniform epidemiological region and barley cultivars in these areas may have similar genetic background. Diversities within these populations and distances between these populations measured by KOIND package were different. Correlations were not found between the genetic distance and the geographical distances between different locations. This suggested that long distance spread and local epidemics existed in the major winter barley growing regions in China.
基金Supported by Innovating Research Program of Postgraduates of Southwest Minzu University in 2017(CX2017SZ086)
文摘[Objectives]To isolate and analyze alkaloids in Fructus Hordei Germinatus.[Methods]The alkaloids in the Fructus Hordei Germinatus were extracted by ultrasonic technology,and analyzed by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) technique.[Results] According to the mass spectrometry information,compared with the literature reports,the possible structures of seven alkaloids in the Fructus Hordei Germinatus could be inferred.Compounds 1,2 and 3 were organic amine alkaloids,respectively tyramine and N-methyltyramine,hordenine,compounds 4,5,6 and 7 were indole alkaloids,respectively,tryptamine,gramine,harmine,and bufotenidine.The alkaloids in the Fructus Hordei Germinatus were separated by preparative high performance liquid chromatography(p HPLC) technique,a compound was obtained and identified by UPLC-MS/MS and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) technique as hordenine.[Conclusions]This experiment is expected to lay a foundation for the development of alkaloids in the Fructus Hordei Germinatus.
基金sponsored by the National Millet Crops Research and Development System, China (CARS-0712.5-A9)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China, (2014BAD07B03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (313 71529)
文摘Covered smut, which is caused by Ustilago hordei（Pers.） Lagerh., is one of the most damaging diseases of highland barley（Hordeum vulgare Linn. var. nudum Hook. f） in Tibetan areas of China. To understand the molecular diversity of U. hordei, a total of 27 isolates, which were collected from highland barley plants from Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, and Gansu provinces/autonomous region, were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA（RAPD） and simple sequence repeat（SSR） markers. Among the 100 RAPD primers used, 24 primers exhibited polymorphism. A total of 111 fragments were amplified, of which 103 were polymorphic with a polymorphic rate of 92.79%. The average observed number of alleles（Na）, effective number of alleles（Ne）, Nei＇s genetic diversity（H）, Shannon＇s information index（I） and polymorphism information content（PIC） value in the RAPD markers were 1.9279, 1.5016, 0.2974, 0.4503 and 0.6428, respectively. For the SSR markers, 40 of the 111 primer pairs exhibited polymorphism and provided a total of 119 bands, of which 109 were polymorphic and accounted for 91.60% of the total bands. The Na, Ne, H, I and PIC values of the SSR markers were 1.9160, 1.4639, 0.2757, 0.4211 and 0.4340, respectively. The similarity coefficients ranged from 0.4957 to 0.9261 with an average of 0.7028 among all the 27 isolates used. The dendrogram, which was developed based on the RAPD and SSR combined marker dataset showed that the 27 U. hordei isolates were divided into 3 clusters at similarity coefficient of 0.7314. We determined that RAPD and SSR markers can be successfully used to assess the genetic variation among U. hordei isolates. The RAPD markers revealed higher levels of genetic polymorphism than did the SSR markers in this study. There existed a moderate genetic difference among isolates. The molecular variation and differentiation was somewhat associated with geographical origin but not for all of the isolates.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81891014,81603241)key project at central government level The ability establishment of sustainable use for valuable Chinese medicine resources (No. 2060302)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program 250 of China (No. 2017YFC1700701)the Research Program for Basic Public Welfare of Zhejiang Province (No. LGN18H280003)。
文摘Objective:This study aimed to determine the free and hidden fumonisins in Hordei Fructus Germinatus samples and to investigate the transfer rates of these mycotoxins from Hordei Fructus Germinatus to its decoction.Materials and Methods:The contamination levels of free and hidden fumonisins in a total of 60 Hordei Fructus Germinatus samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS).The decoction procedure was simulated with a highly contaminated Hordei Fructus Germinatus sample,and fumonisins in the resulting decoction preparation were determined by LC-MS/MS.Results:Among all the samples,8.3%were contaminated with free fumonisins(FB1 and/or FB2)and 13.3%were contaminated with total fumonisins(free+hidden,measured as hydrolyzed fumonisins,i.e.,HFB1 and/or HFB2).The concentrations of FB1 and HFB1 reached up to 83 and 95μg/kg,respectively,whereas FB2 and HFB2 were detected only in traces.The transfer rates of free and total fumonisins from Hordei Fructus Germinatus to the decoction were 71.8%and 83.3%for FB1 and FB2,respectively.In comparison,much lower transfer rates were found for total fumonisins,i.e.,38.2%and 24.7%for HFB1 and HFB2,respectively.Conclusion:The incidence and contamination levels of free and hidden fumonisins in Hordei Fructus Germinatus samples were generally low.Regarding decoction preparation,the transfer rates of free fumonisins into the decoction were high,whereas a large part of hidden fumonisins were retained in Hordei Fructus Germinatus rather than migrating into water.
