This study comprehensively measures the ecological resilience level of seven provinces in the strategic hinterland of Western China during 2013-2023.It constructs an ecological resilience evaluation system covering th...This study comprehensively measures the ecological resilience level of seven provinces in the strategic hinterland of Western China during 2013-2023.It constructs an ecological resilience evaluation system covering the three dimensions of"Resistance-Adaptability-Recovery"and adopts the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method for objective weighting and comprehensive ranking.The results show that:(1)The overall ecological resilience of the strategic hinterlands in Western China presents a steady upward trend,evolving from a low resilience level to a medium resilience range over the decade,with continuous investment in ecological governance and institutional supply gradually transformed into resilience enhancement effects in the long run;(2)Ecological resilience exhibits a typical pattern characterized by"high-level stability of Resistance,continuous improvement of Recovery,and relative lag of Adaptability,"among which Recovery shows the most remarkable growth rate,while Adaptability fluctuates significantly and constitutes a key bottleneck for overall leapfrog development;(3)As core carrying areas,Sichuan and Shaanxi perform outstandingly,and Guizhou demonstrates a remarkable upward momentum,while Qinghai,Ningxia,Gansu and other regions still face constraints such as limited ecological governance capacity and relatively strong structural pressures.Based on the differentiated evolutionary characteristics of the three dimensions,the study proposes enhancement paths including constructing a cross-regional ecological security barrier,breaking through the bottleneck of Adaptability,and driving high-quality resilient growth with Recovery.展开更多
The purpose for the Development of Western Hinterland lies not only in promoting the economic development of the western hinterland, but also in the transformation of social structures of the western hinterland. Entra...The purpose for the Development of Western Hinterland lies not only in promoting the economic development of the western hinterland, but also in the transformation of social structures of the western hinterland. Entrance to WTO will propel the economic development of western regions and the transformation of social structure, and provide a rare chance for the development strategy of Jiangsu Province. Jiangsu Province is advancing towards the world while marching towards the western hinterland, seeking for growing itself while pushing on the western development, so as to realize the harmonious development of both the eastern and western regions, and advance to the strategic objective of WTO side by side of the eastern region and the western region of China.展开更多
Understanding the characteristics of the structure of desert atmospheric boundary layer and its land surface process is of great importance to the simulations of regional weather and climate. To investigate the atmosp...Understanding the characteristics of the structure of desert atmospheric boundary layer and its land surface process is of great importance to the simulations of regional weather and climate. To investigate the atmospheric boundary layer structure and its forming mechanism of Taklimakan Desert, and to improve the accuracy and precision of regional weather and climate simulations, we carried out a GPS radiosonde observation experiment in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert from 25 June to 3 July, 2015. Utilizing the densely observed sounding data, we analyzed the vertical structures of daytime convective boundary layer and nighttime stable boundary layer in summer over this region, and also discussed the impacts of sand-dust and precipitation events on the desert atmospheric boundary layer structure. In summer, the convective boundary layer in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert developed profoundly and its maximum height could achieve 4,000 m; the stable boundary layer at nighttime was about 400-800-m thick and the residual mixing layer above it could achieve a thickness over 3,000 m. Sand-dust weather would damage the structures of nighttime stable boundary layer and daytime convective boundary layer, and the dust particle swarm can weak the solar radiation absorbed by the ground surface and further restrain the strong development of convective boundary layer in the daytime. Severe convective precipitation process can change the heat from the ground surface to the atmosphere in a very short time, and similarly can damage the structure of desert atmospheric boundary layer remarkably. Moreover, the height of atmospheric boundary layer was very low when raining. Our study verified the phenomenon that the atmospheric boundary layer with supernormal thickness exists over Taklimakan Desert in summer, which could provide a reference and scientific bases for the regional numerical models to better represent the desert atmospheric boundary layer structure.展开更多
Exploration practices show that the Jurassic System in the hinterland region of the Junggar Basin has a low degree of exploration but huge potential, however the oil/gas accumulation rule is very complicated, and it i...Exploration practices show that the Jurassic System in the hinterland region of the Junggar Basin has a low degree of exploration but huge potential, however the oil/gas accumulation rule is very complicated, and it is difficult to predict hydrocarbon-bearing properties. The research indicates that the oil and gas is controlled by structure facies belt and sedimentary system distribution macroscopically, and hydrocarbon-bearing properties of sand bodies are controlled by lithofacies and petrophysical facies microscopically. Controlled by ancient and current tectonic frameworks, most of the discovered oil and gas are distributed in the delta front sedimentary system of a palaeo-tectonic belt and an ancient slope belt. Subaqueous branch channels and estuary dams mainly with medium and fine sandstone are the main reservoirs and oil production layers, and sand bodies of high porosity and high permeability have good hydrocarbon-bearing properties; the facies controlling effect shows a reservoir controlling geologic model of relatively high porosity and permeability. The hydrocarbon distribution is also controlled by relatively low potential energy at the high points of local structure macroscopically, while most of the successful wells are distributed at the high points of local structure, and the hydrocarbon-bearing property is good at the place of relatively low potential energy; the hydrocarbon distribution is in close connection with faults, and the reservoirs near the fault in the region of relatively low pressure have good oil and gas shows; the distribution of lithologic reservoirs at the depression slope is controlled by the distribution of sand bodies at positions of relatively high porosity and permeability. The formation of the reservoir of the Jurassic in the Junggar Basin shows characteristics of favorable facies and low-potential coupling control, and among the currenffy discovered reservoirs and industrial hydrocarbon production wells, more than 90% are developed within the scope of facies- potential index FPI〉0.5, while the FPI and oil saturation of the discovered reservoir and unascertained traps have relatively good linear correlation. By establishing the relation model between hydrocarbon- bearing properties of traps and FPI, totally 43 favorable targets are predicted in four main target series of strata and mainly distributed in the Badaowan Formation and the Sangonghe Formation, and the most favorable targets include the north and east of the Shinan Sag, the middle and south of the Mobei Uplift, Cai-35 well area of the Cainan Oilfield, and North-74 well area of the Zhangbei fault-fold zone.展开更多
In the hinterland of the Junggar Basin, there are multiple depressions with multiple sets of source rocks. Therefore, the conditions of hydrocarbon sources are complex, and the geochemical characteristics and sources ...In the hinterland of the Junggar Basin, there are multiple depressions with multiple sets of source rocks. Therefore, the conditions of hydrocarbon sources are complex, and the geochemical characteristics and sources of hydrocarbon vary in different structural belts. The evolution of the Che- Mo palaeohigh affected the formation of hydrocarbon source kitchens and hydrocarbon migration. We studied the combination and superimposition of hydrocarbon source kitchens, using as an example the hinterland of the Junggar Basin （including the Yongjin, Zhengshacun, Moxizhuang and Luliang uplift areas）. The study was based on geochemical analyses of crude oil and fluid inclusions, and the histories of tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon generation. The results indicated that before the Paleogene there were two hydrocarbon-generating depressions： the Western Well Penl depression and the Changji depression on the south and north sides of the Che-Mo palaeohigh, respectively. The Permian source kitchen had been generating hydrocarbon continuously since Triassic and reached high maturity stage in the Cretaceous period. After Paleogene, the adjustment of the Che-Mo palaeohigh led to the subsidence of the Changji depression and the Jurassic source rocks reached mature stage and became the main source kitchens. However, the Jurassic source rocks in the Western Well Penl depression were still in a low maturity stage and did not generate oil because of the adjustment of tectonic movements. As a result, in the central and southern parts of the Junggar Basin, Jurassic source rocks generated oil, but in the Luliang uplift, the crude oil was from the Permian source rocks in the Western Well Penl depression and the Jurassic source rocks did not contribute. The crude oil in the central Zhengshacun-Moxizhuang belt was from the Permian source rocks in two depressions, and partially from the Jurassic source rocks. The crude oil in the Luliang uplift was from the source rocks of the lower Permian Fengcheng Formation and middle Permian Wuerhe Formation, which is characterized by superimposition of two sets of source kitchens and three accumulation stages. The crude oil in the Yongjin tectonic belt was from the lower Permian, middle Permian and Jurassic source rocks, which is characterized by superimposition of three sets of source kitchens and two accumulation stages. The crude oil in the Zhengshacun tectonic belt was from a combination of source kitchens of lower Permian and middle Permian in the Western Well Penl depression in the early stage and from the superimposition of Jurassic source rocks in the Changji depression in the late stage.展开更多
Two well-developed mesoscopic folds, D_2 and D_3, which postdate the middle amphibolite metamorphism, were recognized in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. NW–SE trending D_2 folds developed during NE–SW horiz...Two well-developed mesoscopic folds, D_2 and D_3, which postdate the middle amphibolite metamorphism, were recognized in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. NW–SE trending D_2 folds developed during NE–SW horizontal bulk shortening followed by NE–SW trending D_3 folds, which developed during SE–NW shortening. Micro- to mesoscopically the NW–SE trending S2 crenulation cleavage, boudins and mineral stretching lineations are overprinted by D_3. The newly established NW–SE trending micro- to mesoscopic structures in Munda termed D_2, which postdated F_1/F_2, is synchronously developed with F3 structures in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. We interpret that D2 and D3 folds are counterclockwise rotated in the tectonic event that has evolved the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis after the main phase Indian plate and Kohistan Island Arc collision. Chlorite replacement by biotite in the main matrix crenulation cleavages indicates prograde metamorphism related with D2. The inclusion of muscovite and biotite in garnet porphyroblasts and the presence of staurolite in these rocks indicate that the Barrovian metamorphic conditions predate D2 and D3. We interpret that garnet, staurolite and calcite porphyroblasts grew before D2 because the well developed S2 crenulation cleavage wraps around these porphyroblasts.展开更多
Microscopic to mesoscopic structural investigations and foliation intersection axes（FIAs） preserved in porphyroblasts reveal a very complex history of deformation and tectonism within the southwestern part of the we...Microscopic to mesoscopic structural investigations and foliation intersection axes（FIAs） preserved in porphyroblasts reveal a very complex history of deformation and tectonism within the southwestern part of the western hinterland zone along the northern margin of the Indian plate, NW Pakistan. D_1, D_2, and D_3 related structures in the southwestern part resemble the F_1/F_2, F_3, and F_4 related structures in the northeastern part of the western hinterland zone. These structures developed at the same time through the same changes in the direction of bulk shortening in southwestern and northeastern parts of the western hinterland zone. FIA set 1 indicates NW-SE shortening. The D_2 fabrics, mineral lineations and fold axes indicate E-W shortening. FIA set 2, D_3 fold axes and mineral lineations indicate NNE-SSW shortening. D_3 deformation event is equivalent to the F_4 deformation event in the northeastern part of the western hinterland zone. D_4 fold axes, mineral stretching lineations and axial plane foliation suggest ENE-WSW shortening. The D_4 NNW-SSE fabrics, which formed in the region after the formation of the MMT（main mantle thrust）, Khairabad-Panjal thrust fault, Hissartang thrust fault and MBT（main boundary thrust）, likely resulted from ENE-WSW bulk shortening related to development of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis.展开更多
The Asmari Formation is a thick carbonate sequence of the Oligocene-Miocene in the Zagros Basin, southwest of Iran. This formation is located in Bandar Abbas and Coastal Fars regions on the following two sections: Ang...The Asmari Formation is a thick carbonate sequence of the Oligocene-Miocene in the Zagros Basin, southwest of Iran. This formation is located in Bandar Abbas and Coastal Fars regions on the following two sections: Anguro anticline (west-northwest of Bandar Abbas) and Gavbast anticline (southwest of Lar County). The Asmari Formation has diameters of 68 and 26 m in the Anguro and Gavbast sections, respectively. This formation is composed of limestone, dolomitic limestone and an altered form of marl. Based on the results of petrographic analyses, 7 facies were identified in the Anguro and Gavbast sections in the study region. The facies were deposited on the following 3 belts: tidal flat (MF 1 - 3), lagoon (MF 4 - 5) and open marine (MF 6, 7). According to evidence such as the gradual change of microfacies, the lack of main reef barriers, and the lack of slumping and sliding features, the Asmari Formation was formed in a marine environment of carbonate homoclinal ramp type. This environment is composed of the following two subenvironments: the inner ramp and the middle ramp. The comparison of the facies identified in the Anguro and Gavbast sections indicates that Gavbast section is mainly composed of lagoon facies. Moreover, the Anguro section demonstrates more facies diversity than Gavbast section.展开更多
Ulsan port is the hugest industry-oriented port in South Korea. It has the third highest traffic volume of cargo, and also it has the most liquid bulk in Korea. However, on account of thoughtless development, there ar...Ulsan port is the hugest industry-oriented port in South Korea. It has the third highest traffic volume of cargo, and also it has the most liquid bulk in Korea. However, on account of thoughtless development, there are other cases like Ulsan port that liquid cargo and general cargo are simultaneously handled. The demurrage ratio takes up to 12.5% of probability on average. In 2010, it has less room at berths for liquid bulk than general cargo and it totally has 107% of processing ratio （throughput）. This indicates that Ulsan port concentrates on liquid cargo more than general cargo depending on the characteristics of the port. This research suggests the effects as alternatives for efficiency and effectivity at both ports, Ulsan port and Pohang port in the case that the general cargo handled in Ulsan port is relocated to Pohang port in terms of the characteristics of products which Pohang port and its hinterland the most focused on. Namely, we estimate volume of relocated volume suitable for relocation in assumption that volume handled in Ulsan port is relocated to Pohang port scenario by scenario, analyze the effects of relocated volume, and suggest alternatives for vitalizing Ulsan port.展开更多
Chinese had noticed regional differences in ancient times and thus arouse the concept of regional sustainable development which was successfully applied to delta cultivation and civilzation.Over the long term of regio...Chinese had noticed regional differences in ancient times and thus arouse the concept of regional sustainable development which was successfully applied to delta cultivation and civilzation.Over the long term of regional development and regional exchange, much experience therefore was accumulated based on coastal zones, toward both inner land and open ocean. Regionalization, a basic job Preceding sustainable development of a region, has also been carried out in China since ancient times.More important, Patterns of regionalization were retained, these presents serve as references even today. Reflections on China’s historical enlightenment can assist us in locating the breakthroughs in regional development in the 21st century: facing the oceans with the seaport cities as nucleuses.展开更多
Container ports and hinterland manufacturing are two important forces of the local participation in economic globalization.This study,taking the Pearl River Delta(PRD),China with an export-oriented economy as an examp...Container ports and hinterland manufacturing are two important forces of the local participation in economic globalization.This study,taking the Pearl River Delta(PRD),China with an export-oriented economy as an example,applies Huff and panel regres-sion models to evaluate the impact of hinterland manufacturing on the development of container ports during the period of 1993–2019.The results show that 1)the spatial patterns of hinterlands for hub ports help to determine the distribution range and scale of economic variables that affect port throughput;2)the hinterland’s gross manufacturing output has universally positive influence on port through-put,wherein export-oriented processing and the entire manufacturing industry have significantly positive impact on port throughput in 1993–2011 and 2001–2019,respectively;3)the two internal structural factors related to an export-oriented economy,labor-intensive sectors and foreign-funded terminals,have positively moderate the direct influence of hinterland manufacturing on port throughput.Our results highlight the importance of local context in understanding port-manufacturing relationship in developing economies.Based on our findings,policy implications are further proposed to enhance port network organization in PRD.展开更多
Bangladesh has the lucrative maritime load centers or seaports to provide maritime logistics support as well as to do port transport business regionally with India, Nepal and Bhutan and internationally with China and ...Bangladesh has the lucrative maritime load centers or seaports to provide maritime logistics support as well as to do port transport business regionally with India, Nepal and Bhutan and internationally with China and Myanmar. Existing land ports as alternatives of dry ports are main strength of Bangladesh to connect with the seaports and offer port transport business for earning foreign exchange and able to play a vital role to develop the South Asia, SW part of China and Myanmar by serving the maritime logistics facilities timely and economically. In here, dry port concept is the main theme for developing port transport business where road, rail and waterways are the connectors or modes of transportation and seaports are the linking points with the sea world, Innovation is the key of success of a business idea and plan where maritime logistics business is the new opportunity of Bangladesh by using natural resources or seaport by mounting infrastructure facilities of nodes （seaport and dry port） and modes （road, rail and waterways） and adding speedy port transport for all. The intermodal freight transportation system is the new concept for creating the new era in the port transport business by using nodes, modes and technology innovatively. This research aims to find out the possible ways and innovations in maritime logistics for doing port transport business by using seaports and land ports by applying qualitative research methodology. The paper also describes the innovations of Rotterdam port as case study that facilitated the needs of a hinterland in Europe to explore the innovations for Bangladesh maritime logistics industry.展开更多
Efficient and effective movement of goods is very critical in today’s competitive environment especially for developing countries suffering from crippling logistics costs which limit their competitive ability in the ...Efficient and effective movement of goods is very critical in today’s competitive environment especially for developing countries suffering from crippling logistics costs which limit their competitive ability in the global economy. Putting in place an optimal logistics network design offers great potential for logistics cost reduction and service quality improvement [1]. Therefore, this paper presents a model for effective integration of inland intermodal terminal into logistics network. The model simultaneously determines the number and location of inland terminals in network that minimize the total cost of freight flow to hinterland. The model uses Abidjan port in Cote d’Ivoire as the case study for solving numeric examples. The problem will be formulated in the case of a rail-road network where post-routing is done by road and rail link between terminal. We present a linear optimization model which is implemented using LINGO Mathematical Modeling Language.展开更多
Major problem considered in this study was the intermodal routing problem of regional freight transportation in West Africa ECOWAS (Economic Community Of West Africa States), which can be defined as the problem of det...Major problem considered in this study was the intermodal routing problem of regional freight transportation in West Africa ECOWAS (Economic Community Of West Africa States), which can be defined as the problem of determining the freight flow quantity, the transportation mode in each transit corridor while satisfying the freight demand at each West Africa transit country (Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger). The objective was to minimize in land transportation costs. In order to solve optimally and represent the problem, this research employed a linear programming model. The model was solved using Lingo Mathematic Application. The model results showed that port oriented freight logistics in west Africa ECOWAS region do not flow along optimal path and such incur longer time and higher logistics cost than is geographically necessary.展开更多
A strong tectono-magmatic thermal event has been revealed by field observations of granitic, migmatiticand metamorphic rocks in the hinterland of the Dabie Mountains. K-Ar, Ar-Ar and Rb-Sr determinationsshow that the ...A strong tectono-magmatic thermal event has been revealed by field observations of granitic, migmatiticand metamorphic rocks in the hinterland of the Dabie Mountains. K-Ar, Ar-Ar and Rb-Sr determinationsshow that the event took place 133-117 Ma ago (Yanshanian). Contemporaneously, a southwestwardthrust-type ductile shearing at multiple levels occurred in the lower crust or at even deeper levels, suggestingthat the Dabie Mountains region was still under the influence ot strong continent-continent overlappingtectonism of the Yangtze block under the Sino-Korean block at depth. Metamorphic rocks of amphibolitefacies, migmatites and deep structural deformations resulting from this tectonothermal event are now exposedto the surface. The present features of the Dabie Mountains thus have appeared only since ca. 100 Ma B.P. Theblock composed of the Dabie Group is not an uplift or shield which would have undergone a long-continuederosion.展开更多
The port railway operation in Germany and Europe is not least due to its long history of technological and regulatory developments characterized by a high number of players and a lack of comprehensive planning and opt...The port railway operation in Germany and Europe is not least due to its long history of technological and regulatory developments characterized by a high number of players and a lack of comprehensive planning and optimization of all relevant processes.Innovative technologies and business processes are therefore useful and needed to achieve key steps on the way to an overall optimization of rail transport within global supply chains.A substantial part of the European rail freight transport has its origin or its destination in an inland or sea port.Considering the railway system,ports play a more important role for urgently needed innovations than the pure interfaces between sea and land transport.Especially ports with their own railway system have an own responsibility in this matter.Insofar the goal of the Bremen Port Railway—which already now has a leading share of railway in modal split in Europe—is to exploit the opportunities offered by digitalization.Significant steps for this are the optimization and gradually automatization of rail operational processes on the last mile including modern and transparent IT systems and the designing of autonomous shunting processes.Together with research partners ISL(Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics Bremen),BIBA(Bremen Institute for Production and Logistics)and IVE(Institute for Transport,Railway Construction and Operation in Brunswick)and in connection with associated business partners the project Rang-E has been applied for at the Ministry of Transport in the funding initiative IHATEC(Innovated HArbour TEChnologies)—and had won a grant to perform the proposed work.Basic thoughts are outlined in the following.展开更多
EDITOR'S NOTE:The author wasblessed with a rarechance to be with31 Living Buddhas,kampo abbots andsutra teaches-hail-ing from Tibet andthe areas inhabitedby the Tibetans inSichuan,Qinghai,Gansu and YunnanProvince...EDITOR'S NOTE:The author wasblessed with a rarechance to be with31 Living Buddhas,kampo abbots andsutra teaches-hail-ing from Tibet andthe areas inhabitedby the Tibetans inSichuan,Qinghai,Gansu and YunnanProvinces,andrecorded the follow-ing stories．展开更多
文摘This study comprehensively measures the ecological resilience level of seven provinces in the strategic hinterland of Western China during 2013-2023.It constructs an ecological resilience evaluation system covering the three dimensions of"Resistance-Adaptability-Recovery"and adopts the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method for objective weighting and comprehensive ranking.The results show that:(1)The overall ecological resilience of the strategic hinterlands in Western China presents a steady upward trend,evolving from a low resilience level to a medium resilience range over the decade,with continuous investment in ecological governance and institutional supply gradually transformed into resilience enhancement effects in the long run;(2)Ecological resilience exhibits a typical pattern characterized by"high-level stability of Resistance,continuous improvement of Recovery,and relative lag of Adaptability,"among which Recovery shows the most remarkable growth rate,while Adaptability fluctuates significantly and constitutes a key bottleneck for overall leapfrog development;(3)As core carrying areas,Sichuan and Shaanxi perform outstandingly,and Guizhou demonstrates a remarkable upward momentum,while Qinghai,Ningxia,Gansu and other regions still face constraints such as limited ecological governance capacity and relatively strong structural pressures.Based on the differentiated evolutionary characteristics of the three dimensions,the study proposes enhancement paths including constructing a cross-regional ecological security barrier,breaking through the bottleneck of Adaptability,and driving high-quality resilient growth with Recovery.
文摘The purpose for the Development of Western Hinterland lies not only in promoting the economic development of the western hinterland, but also in the transformation of social structures of the western hinterland. Entrance to WTO will propel the economic development of western regions and the transformation of social structure, and provide a rare chance for the development strategy of Jiangsu Province. Jiangsu Province is advancing towards the world while marching towards the western hinterland, seeking for growing itself while pushing on the western development, so as to realize the harmonious development of both the eastern and western regions, and advance to the strategic objective of WTO side by side of the eastern region and the western region of China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41575008,41305035)the Project for Public Good Dedicated to the Meteorological Sector in China(GYHY201406001)
文摘Understanding the characteristics of the structure of desert atmospheric boundary layer and its land surface process is of great importance to the simulations of regional weather and climate. To investigate the atmospheric boundary layer structure and its forming mechanism of Taklimakan Desert, and to improve the accuracy and precision of regional weather and climate simulations, we carried out a GPS radiosonde observation experiment in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert from 25 June to 3 July, 2015. Utilizing the densely observed sounding data, we analyzed the vertical structures of daytime convective boundary layer and nighttime stable boundary layer in summer over this region, and also discussed the impacts of sand-dust and precipitation events on the desert atmospheric boundary layer structure. In summer, the convective boundary layer in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert developed profoundly and its maximum height could achieve 4,000 m; the stable boundary layer at nighttime was about 400-800-m thick and the residual mixing layer above it could achieve a thickness over 3,000 m. Sand-dust weather would damage the structures of nighttime stable boundary layer and daytime convective boundary layer, and the dust particle swarm can weak the solar radiation absorbed by the ground surface and further restrain the strong development of convective boundary layer in the daytime. Severe convective precipitation process can change the heat from the ground surface to the atmosphere in a very short time, and similarly can damage the structure of desert atmospheric boundary layer remarkably. Moreover, the height of atmospheric boundary layer was very low when raining. Our study verified the phenomenon that the atmospheric boundary layer with supernormal thickness exists over Taklimakan Desert in summer, which could provide a reference and scientific bases for the regional numerical models to better represent the desert atmospheric boundary layer structure.
基金funded by the China 973 Key Foundation Research Development Project(Grant No. 2001CB209108)China National Natural Science Foundation Program(Grant No.40802029)
文摘Exploration practices show that the Jurassic System in the hinterland region of the Junggar Basin has a low degree of exploration but huge potential, however the oil/gas accumulation rule is very complicated, and it is difficult to predict hydrocarbon-bearing properties. The research indicates that the oil and gas is controlled by structure facies belt and sedimentary system distribution macroscopically, and hydrocarbon-bearing properties of sand bodies are controlled by lithofacies and petrophysical facies microscopically. Controlled by ancient and current tectonic frameworks, most of the discovered oil and gas are distributed in the delta front sedimentary system of a palaeo-tectonic belt and an ancient slope belt. Subaqueous branch channels and estuary dams mainly with medium and fine sandstone are the main reservoirs and oil production layers, and sand bodies of high porosity and high permeability have good hydrocarbon-bearing properties; the facies controlling effect shows a reservoir controlling geologic model of relatively high porosity and permeability. The hydrocarbon distribution is also controlled by relatively low potential energy at the high points of local structure macroscopically, while most of the successful wells are distributed at the high points of local structure, and the hydrocarbon-bearing property is good at the place of relatively low potential energy; the hydrocarbon distribution is in close connection with faults, and the reservoirs near the fault in the region of relatively low pressure have good oil and gas shows; the distribution of lithologic reservoirs at the depression slope is controlled by the distribution of sand bodies at positions of relatively high porosity and permeability. The formation of the reservoir of the Jurassic in the Junggar Basin shows characteristics of favorable facies and low-potential coupling control, and among the currenffy discovered reservoirs and industrial hydrocarbon production wells, more than 90% are developed within the scope of facies- potential index FPI〉0.5, while the FPI and oil saturation of the discovered reservoir and unascertained traps have relatively good linear correlation. By establishing the relation model between hydrocarbon- bearing properties of traps and FPI, totally 43 favorable targets are predicted in four main target series of strata and mainly distributed in the Badaowan Formation and the Sangonghe Formation, and the most favorable targets include the north and east of the Shinan Sag, the middle and south of the Mobei Uplift, Cai-35 well area of the Cainan Oilfield, and North-74 well area of the Zhangbei fault-fold zone.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program in China (2006CB202300)
文摘In the hinterland of the Junggar Basin, there are multiple depressions with multiple sets of source rocks. Therefore, the conditions of hydrocarbon sources are complex, and the geochemical characteristics and sources of hydrocarbon vary in different structural belts. The evolution of the Che- Mo palaeohigh affected the formation of hydrocarbon source kitchens and hydrocarbon migration. We studied the combination and superimposition of hydrocarbon source kitchens, using as an example the hinterland of the Junggar Basin （including the Yongjin, Zhengshacun, Moxizhuang and Luliang uplift areas）. The study was based on geochemical analyses of crude oil and fluid inclusions, and the histories of tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon generation. The results indicated that before the Paleogene there were two hydrocarbon-generating depressions： the Western Well Penl depression and the Changji depression on the south and north sides of the Che-Mo palaeohigh, respectively. The Permian source kitchen had been generating hydrocarbon continuously since Triassic and reached high maturity stage in the Cretaceous period. After Paleogene, the adjustment of the Che-Mo palaeohigh led to the subsidence of the Changji depression and the Jurassic source rocks reached mature stage and became the main source kitchens. However, the Jurassic source rocks in the Western Well Penl depression were still in a low maturity stage and did not generate oil because of the adjustment of tectonic movements. As a result, in the central and southern parts of the Junggar Basin, Jurassic source rocks generated oil, but in the Luliang uplift, the crude oil was from the Permian source rocks in the Western Well Penl depression and the Jurassic source rocks did not contribute. The crude oil in the central Zhengshacun-Moxizhuang belt was from the Permian source rocks in two depressions, and partially from the Jurassic source rocks. The crude oil in the Luliang uplift was from the source rocks of the lower Permian Fengcheng Formation and middle Permian Wuerhe Formation, which is characterized by superimposition of two sets of source kitchens and three accumulation stages. The crude oil in the Yongjin tectonic belt was from the lower Permian, middle Permian and Jurassic source rocks, which is characterized by superimposition of three sets of source kitchens and two accumulation stages. The crude oil in the Zhengshacun tectonic belt was from a combination of source kitchens of lower Permian and middle Permian in the Western Well Penl depression in the early stage and from the superimposition of Jurassic source rocks in the Changji depression in the late stage.
基金We acknowledge financial support from the Department of Geology,University of Peshawar,and some logistical support and garnetiferous NZ samples from BAK Consulting Engineers
文摘Two well-developed mesoscopic folds, D_2 and D_3, which postdate the middle amphibolite metamorphism, were recognized in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. NW–SE trending D_2 folds developed during NE–SW horizontal bulk shortening followed by NE–SW trending D_3 folds, which developed during SE–NW shortening. Micro- to mesoscopically the NW–SE trending S2 crenulation cleavage, boudins and mineral stretching lineations are overprinted by D_3. The newly established NW–SE trending micro- to mesoscopic structures in Munda termed D_2, which postdated F_1/F_2, is synchronously developed with F3 structures in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. We interpret that D2 and D3 folds are counterclockwise rotated in the tectonic event that has evolved the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis after the main phase Indian plate and Kohistan Island Arc collision. Chlorite replacement by biotite in the main matrix crenulation cleavages indicates prograde metamorphism related with D2. The inclusion of muscovite and biotite in garnet porphyroblasts and the presence of staurolite in these rocks indicate that the Barrovian metamorphic conditions predate D2 and D3. We interpret that garnet, staurolite and calcite porphyroblasts grew before D2 because the well developed S2 crenulation cleavage wraps around these porphyroblasts.
基金the National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar for providing funds and logistical support during this research
文摘Microscopic to mesoscopic structural investigations and foliation intersection axes（FIAs） preserved in porphyroblasts reveal a very complex history of deformation and tectonism within the southwestern part of the western hinterland zone along the northern margin of the Indian plate, NW Pakistan. D_1, D_2, and D_3 related structures in the southwestern part resemble the F_1/F_2, F_3, and F_4 related structures in the northeastern part of the western hinterland zone. These structures developed at the same time through the same changes in the direction of bulk shortening in southwestern and northeastern parts of the western hinterland zone. FIA set 1 indicates NW-SE shortening. The D_2 fabrics, mineral lineations and fold axes indicate E-W shortening. FIA set 2, D_3 fold axes and mineral lineations indicate NNE-SSW shortening. D_3 deformation event is equivalent to the F_4 deformation event in the northeastern part of the western hinterland zone. D_4 fold axes, mineral stretching lineations and axial plane foliation suggest ENE-WSW shortening. The D_4 NNW-SSE fabrics, which formed in the region after the formation of the MMT（main mantle thrust）, Khairabad-Panjal thrust fault, Hissartang thrust fault and MBT（main boundary thrust）, likely resulted from ENE-WSW bulk shortening related to development of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis.
文摘The Asmari Formation is a thick carbonate sequence of the Oligocene-Miocene in the Zagros Basin, southwest of Iran. This formation is located in Bandar Abbas and Coastal Fars regions on the following two sections: Anguro anticline (west-northwest of Bandar Abbas) and Gavbast anticline (southwest of Lar County). The Asmari Formation has diameters of 68 and 26 m in the Anguro and Gavbast sections, respectively. This formation is composed of limestone, dolomitic limestone and an altered form of marl. Based on the results of petrographic analyses, 7 facies were identified in the Anguro and Gavbast sections in the study region. The facies were deposited on the following 3 belts: tidal flat (MF 1 - 3), lagoon (MF 4 - 5) and open marine (MF 6, 7). According to evidence such as the gradual change of microfacies, the lack of main reef barriers, and the lack of slumping and sliding features, the Asmari Formation was formed in a marine environment of carbonate homoclinal ramp type. This environment is composed of the following two subenvironments: the inner ramp and the middle ramp. The comparison of the facies identified in the Anguro and Gavbast sections indicates that Gavbast section is mainly composed of lagoon facies. Moreover, the Anguro section demonstrates more facies diversity than Gavbast section.
文摘Ulsan port is the hugest industry-oriented port in South Korea. It has the third highest traffic volume of cargo, and also it has the most liquid bulk in Korea. However, on account of thoughtless development, there are other cases like Ulsan port that liquid cargo and general cargo are simultaneously handled. The demurrage ratio takes up to 12.5% of probability on average. In 2010, it has less room at berths for liquid bulk than general cargo and it totally has 107% of processing ratio （throughput）. This indicates that Ulsan port concentrates on liquid cargo more than general cargo depending on the characteristics of the port. This research suggests the effects as alternatives for efficiency and effectivity at both ports, Ulsan port and Pohang port in the case that the general cargo handled in Ulsan port is relocated to Pohang port in terms of the characteristics of products which Pohang port and its hinterland the most focused on. Namely, we estimate volume of relocated volume suitable for relocation in assumption that volume handled in Ulsan port is relocated to Pohang port scenario by scenario, analyze the effects of relocated volume, and suggest alternatives for vitalizing Ulsan port.
文摘Chinese had noticed regional differences in ancient times and thus arouse the concept of regional sustainable development which was successfully applied to delta cultivation and civilzation.Over the long term of regional development and regional exchange, much experience therefore was accumulated based on coastal zones, toward both inner land and open ocean. Regionalization, a basic job Preceding sustainable development of a region, has also been carried out in China since ancient times.More important, Patterns of regionalization were retained, these presents serve as references even today. Reflections on China’s historical enlightenment can assist us in locating the breakthroughs in regional development in the 21st century: facing the oceans with the seaport cities as nucleuses.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41930646)Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(No.2022A1515011572)。
文摘Container ports and hinterland manufacturing are two important forces of the local participation in economic globalization.This study,taking the Pearl River Delta(PRD),China with an export-oriented economy as an example,applies Huff and panel regres-sion models to evaluate the impact of hinterland manufacturing on the development of container ports during the period of 1993–2019.The results show that 1)the spatial patterns of hinterlands for hub ports help to determine the distribution range and scale of economic variables that affect port throughput;2)the hinterland’s gross manufacturing output has universally positive influence on port through-put,wherein export-oriented processing and the entire manufacturing industry have significantly positive impact on port throughput in 1993–2011 and 2001–2019,respectively;3)the two internal structural factors related to an export-oriented economy,labor-intensive sectors and foreign-funded terminals,have positively moderate the direct influence of hinterland manufacturing on port throughput.Our results highlight the importance of local context in understanding port-manufacturing relationship in developing economies.Based on our findings,policy implications are further proposed to enhance port network organization in PRD.
文摘Bangladesh has the lucrative maritime load centers or seaports to provide maritime logistics support as well as to do port transport business regionally with India, Nepal and Bhutan and internationally with China and Myanmar. Existing land ports as alternatives of dry ports are main strength of Bangladesh to connect with the seaports and offer port transport business for earning foreign exchange and able to play a vital role to develop the South Asia, SW part of China and Myanmar by serving the maritime logistics facilities timely and economically. In here, dry port concept is the main theme for developing port transport business where road, rail and waterways are the connectors or modes of transportation and seaports are the linking points with the sea world, Innovation is the key of success of a business idea and plan where maritime logistics business is the new opportunity of Bangladesh by using natural resources or seaport by mounting infrastructure facilities of nodes （seaport and dry port） and modes （road, rail and waterways） and adding speedy port transport for all. The intermodal freight transportation system is the new concept for creating the new era in the port transport business by using nodes, modes and technology innovatively. This research aims to find out the possible ways and innovations in maritime logistics for doing port transport business by using seaports and land ports by applying qualitative research methodology. The paper also describes the innovations of Rotterdam port as case study that facilitated the needs of a hinterland in Europe to explore the innovations for Bangladesh maritime logistics industry.
文摘Efficient and effective movement of goods is very critical in today’s competitive environment especially for developing countries suffering from crippling logistics costs which limit their competitive ability in the global economy. Putting in place an optimal logistics network design offers great potential for logistics cost reduction and service quality improvement [1]. Therefore, this paper presents a model for effective integration of inland intermodal terminal into logistics network. The model simultaneously determines the number and location of inland terminals in network that minimize the total cost of freight flow to hinterland. The model uses Abidjan port in Cote d’Ivoire as the case study for solving numeric examples. The problem will be formulated in the case of a rail-road network where post-routing is done by road and rail link between terminal. We present a linear optimization model which is implemented using LINGO Mathematical Modeling Language.
文摘Major problem considered in this study was the intermodal routing problem of regional freight transportation in West Africa ECOWAS (Economic Community Of West Africa States), which can be defined as the problem of determining the freight flow quantity, the transportation mode in each transit corridor while satisfying the freight demand at each West Africa transit country (Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger). The objective was to minimize in land transportation costs. In order to solve optimally and represent the problem, this research employed a linear programming model. The model was solved using Lingo Mathematic Application. The model results showed that port oriented freight logistics in west Africa ECOWAS region do not flow along optimal path and such incur longer time and higher logistics cost than is geographically necessary.
基金This paper is one of results of the project"Tectono-Magmatic Evolution of the Southern Margin of the Sino-Korean Paraplatform and Their Relationship to Oil and Gas-bearing Basins in Southern North China"(1989).
文摘A strong tectono-magmatic thermal event has been revealed by field observations of granitic, migmatiticand metamorphic rocks in the hinterland of the Dabie Mountains. K-Ar, Ar-Ar and Rb-Sr determinationsshow that the event took place 133-117 Ma ago (Yanshanian). Contemporaneously, a southwestwardthrust-type ductile shearing at multiple levels occurred in the lower crust or at even deeper levels, suggestingthat the Dabie Mountains region was still under the influence ot strong continent-continent overlappingtectonism of the Yangtze block under the Sino-Korean block at depth. Metamorphic rocks of amphibolitefacies, migmatites and deep structural deformations resulting from this tectonothermal event are now exposedto the surface. The present features of the Dabie Mountains thus have appeared only since ca. 100 Ma B.P. Theblock composed of the Dabie Group is not an uplift or shield which would have undergone a long-continuederosion.
文摘The port railway operation in Germany and Europe is not least due to its long history of technological and regulatory developments characterized by a high number of players and a lack of comprehensive planning and optimization of all relevant processes.Innovative technologies and business processes are therefore useful and needed to achieve key steps on the way to an overall optimization of rail transport within global supply chains.A substantial part of the European rail freight transport has its origin or its destination in an inland or sea port.Considering the railway system,ports play a more important role for urgently needed innovations than the pure interfaces between sea and land transport.Especially ports with their own railway system have an own responsibility in this matter.Insofar the goal of the Bremen Port Railway—which already now has a leading share of railway in modal split in Europe—is to exploit the opportunities offered by digitalization.Significant steps for this are the optimization and gradually automatization of rail operational processes on the last mile including modern and transparent IT systems and the designing of autonomous shunting processes.Together with research partners ISL(Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics Bremen),BIBA(Bremen Institute for Production and Logistics)and IVE(Institute for Transport,Railway Construction and Operation in Brunswick)and in connection with associated business partners the project Rang-E has been applied for at the Ministry of Transport in the funding initiative IHATEC(Innovated HArbour TEChnologies)—and had won a grant to perform the proposed work.Basic thoughts are outlined in the following.
文摘EDITOR'S NOTE:The author wasblessed with a rarechance to be with31 Living Buddhas,kampo abbots andsutra teaches-hail-ing from Tibet andthe areas inhabitedby the Tibetans inSichuan,Qinghai,Gansu and YunnanProvinces,andrecorded the follow-ing stories．
