Corn starch(CS)is a renewable,biodegradable polysaccharide valued for its film-forming ability,yet native CS films exhibit lowmechanical strength,highwater sensitivity,and limited thermal stability.This study improves...Corn starch(CS)is a renewable,biodegradable polysaccharide valued for its film-forming ability,yet native CS films exhibit lowmechanical strength,highwater sensitivity,and limited thermal stability.This study improves CS-based films by blending with poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)or glycerol(GLY)and using citric acid(CA)as a green,non-toxic cross-linker.Composite films were prepared by casting CS–PVA or CS-GLY with CA at 0%-0.20%(w/w of starch).The influence of CA on physicochemical,mechanical,optical,thermal,and water barrier properties was evaluated.CA crosslinking markedly enhanced the tensile strength,water resistance,and thermal stability of CS-PVA films while increasing transparency in CS–GLY films.At 0.20%CA,the composite achieved 34.99MPa tensile strength,reducedwater vapor permeability,andminimized water uptake.FTIR confirmed ester bond formation between CAand hydroxyl groups of CS,PVA,and GLY,whereas thermal analysis showed higher decomposition temperatures and lower weight loss in crosslinked films.Increasing CA levels also decreased opacity and improved light transmittance,indicating greater homogeneity and reduced crystallinity.This dual-polymer matrix combined with a natural crosslinking strategy provides a sustainable route to high-performance,biodegradable CS-based packaging materials.展开更多
As electronic devices continue to evolve toward higher power densities,faster speeds,and smaller form factors,the demand for high-performance electronic packaging materials has become increasingly critical.These mater...As electronic devices continue to evolve toward higher power densities,faster speeds,and smaller form factors,the demand for high-performance electronic packaging materials has become increasingly critical.These materials serve as the physical and functional interface between semiconductor components and their operating environment,impacting the overall reliability,thermal management,mechanical protection,and electrical performance of modern electronic systems.This study investigates the development,formulation,and performance evaluation of advanced packaging materials,focusing on polymer-based composites,metal and ceramic matrix systems,and nanomaterial-enhanced formulations.A comprehensive analysis of key performance metrics-including thermal conductivity,electrical insulation,mechanical robustness,and environmental resistance-is presented,alongside strategies for material optimization through interface engineering and processing innovations.Furthermore,the study explores cutting-edge integration technologies such as 3D packaging compatibility,low-temperature co-firing,and high-density interconnects.The findings provide critical insights into the structure-property-processing relationships that define the effectiveness of next-generation packaging materials and offer a roadmap for material selection and system integration in high-reliability electronic applications.展开更多
Enhancing the mechanical properties is crucial for polyimide films,but the mechanical properties(Young's modulus,tensile strength,and elongation at break)mutually constrain each other,complicating simultaneous enh...Enhancing the mechanical properties is crucial for polyimide films,but the mechanical properties(Young's modulus,tensile strength,and elongation at break)mutually constrain each other,complicating simultaneous enhancement via traditional trial-and-error methods.In this work,we proposed a materials genome approach to design and screen phenylethynyl-terminated polyimides for films with enhanced mechani-cal properties.We first established machine learning models to predict Young's modulus,tensile strength,and elongation at break to explore the chemical space containing thousands of candidate structures.The accuracies of the machine learning models were verified by molecular dynamics simulations on screened polyimides and experimental testing on three representative polyimide films.The performance advantages of the best-selected polyimides were analyzed by comparing well-known polyimides based on molecular dynamics simulations,and the structural rationale was revealed by"gene"analysis and feature importance evaluation.This work provides a cost-effective strategy for designing polyimide films withenhancedmechanical properties.展开更多
The utilization of lunar regolith for construction on the lunar surface presents a critical challenge in-situ resource utilization.This study proposes a lunar regolith manufacturing method that uses a high-performance...The utilization of lunar regolith for construction on the lunar surface presents a critical challenge in-situ resource utilization.This study proposes a lunar regolith manufacturing method that uses a high-performance resin binder characterized by a high regolith content and strong forming capabilities.A combined resin material with both thermosetting and photosetting properties was developed and mixed with lunar regolith to create a slurry.This slurry can be directly molded or additively extruded into green bodies with specific structures.These green bodies can self-cure under the high temperatures and ultraviolet radiation experienced during the lunar day,reducing energy consumption and fulfilling the requirements of lunar construction.The material-forming processes and effects of various additive types and concentrations,regolith mass ratios,and processing parameters on the properties of the slurry and the formed specimens were thoroughly investigated.The mechanical performance and microstructure of the fabricated samples were analyzed.The lunar regolith mass ratio reached 90 wt%(approximately 79 vol%),with the highest compressive strengths exceeding 60 MPa for cast specimens and 30 MPa for printed samples.This technology shows significant potential for enabling in-situ lunar regolith-based construction in future lunar missions.展开更多
Silicon-air(Si-air)batteries have received significant attention owing to their high theoretical energy density and safety profile.However,the actual energy density of the Si-air battery remains significantly lower th...Silicon-air(Si-air)batteries have received significant attention owing to their high theoretical energy density and safety profile.However,the actual energy density of the Si-air battery remains significantly lower than the theoretical value,primarily due to corrosion issues and passivation.This study used various metal-organic framework(MOF)materials,such as MIL-53(Al),MIL-88(Fe),and MIL-101(Cr),to modify Si anodes.The MOFs were fabricated to have different morphologies,particle sizes,and pore sizes by altering their central metal nodes and ligands.This approach aimed to modulate the adsorption behavior of H_(2)O,SiO_(2),and OH^(−),thereby mitigating corrosion and passivation reactions.Under a constant current of 150μA,Si-air batteries with MIL-53(Al)@Si,MIL-88(Fe)@Si,and MIL-101(Cr)@Si as anodes demonstrated lifetimes of 293,412,and 336 h,respectively,surpassing the 276 h observed with pristine silicon anodes.Among these composite anodes,MIL-88(Fe)@Si displayed the best performance due to its superior hydrophobicity and optimal pore size,which enhance OH^(−)migration.This study offers a promising strategy for enhancing Si-air battery performance by developing an anodic protective layer with selective screening properties.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries hold significant potential for large-scale energy storage applications,primarily because of their impressive energy density.Massive researches on anode materials mainly focus on carbon materials b...Sodium-ion batteries hold significant potential for large-scale energy storage applications,primarily because of their impressive energy density.Massive researches on anode materials mainly focus on carbon materials because of their high theoretical capacity and affordability.Nevertheless,the large volume change of carbon materials during the sodium ion intercalation/de-intercalation processes seriously influences their electrochemical properties and limits their practical applications.Finding stable and high performance materials remains a significant challenge in the progress of NIBs development.Herein,a pyrochlore-type oxide(A_(2)B_(2)O_(7))for sodium storage is successfully synthesized in this work,which adopts a“zigzag”structure of AO_(6) octahedra and BO_(4) tetrahedra.Density functional theory calculations and structural characterizations indicate that the material is able to host Na ions in the structure properly and maintains excellent structural stability during the intercalation and deintercalation of Na^(+),making the pyrochlore-type oxide an excellent Na storage material.Electrochemical measurements indicate that the pyrochlore-type oxide exhibits excellent electrochemical performances and extremely stable sodium storage ability(high capacity of~250 mAh g^(-1)at 30 mA g^(-1),~85% capacity retention after 25000 cycles at 5 A g^(-1)).In addition,the full cell shows excellent electrochemical performances in all climatic operation temperature ranges from-30℃ to 40℃(117 mAh g^(-1)at 40℃ and 103 mAh g^(-1)at-30℃).The high reversible capacity,impressive rate capability and outstanding cycling stability demonstrated by pyrochlore-type oxides make them a competitive choice among Na-ion anode materials.This study introduces a new type of pyrochlore-type transition metal oxide for stable Na storage,which shows high capacity,excellent rate performances and extremely long cycling life.This study is expected to significantly advance the development of anode for NIBs.展开更多
Heat dissipation and thermal switches are vital for adaptive cooling and extending the lifespan of electronic devices and batteries. In this work, we conducted high-throughput investigations on the thermal transport o...Heat dissipation and thermal switches are vital for adaptive cooling and extending the lifespan of electronic devices and batteries. In this work, we conducted high-throughput investigations on the thermal transport of 24 experimentally realized two-dimensional(2D) materials and their potential as thermal switches, leveraging machine-learning-assisted strain engineering and phonon transport simulations. We identified several highperformance thermal switches with ratios exceeding 2, with germanene(Ge) achieving an ultrahigh ratio of up to9.64 within the reversible deformation range. The underlying mechanism is strain-induced bond softening, which sensitively affects anharmonicity represented by three-and four-phonon scattering. The widespread occurrence of four-phonon scattering was confirmed in the thermal transport of 2D materials. Opposite switching trends were discovered, with 2D transition metal dichalcogenide materials showing negative responses to tensile strain while buckled 2D elemental materials showed positive responses. We further proposed a screening descriptor based on strain-induced changes in the Gr¨uneisen parameter for efficiently identifying new high-performance thermal switch materials. This work establishes a paradigm for thermal energy control in 2D materials through strain engineering, which may be experimentally realized in the future via bending, substrate mismatch, and related approaches, thereby laying a robust foundation for further developments and applications.展开更多
Bi-based transition metal oxide(Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15))has become a highly hopeful anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to its large theoretical capacity and affordable availability.Unfortunately,poor conduct...Bi-based transition metal oxide(Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15))has become a highly hopeful anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to its large theoretical capacity and affordable availability.Unfortunately,poor conductivity,as well as volume expansion and pulverization during repeated reactions will result in bad specific capacity and inferior cycling stability.Hence,Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)@C anode materials for LIBs were successfully synthesized using sucrose as a carbon source through a two-step high-temperature solid-phase method.Physical characterizations and electrochemical tests suggest that the highly conductive carbon shell derived from sucrose provides fast channels for Li^(+)transport and greatly reduces the charge transfer resistance.Moreover,ex situ scanning electron microscopy(SEM)indicates that the presence of carbon effectively suppresses the aggregation and pulverization of Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) particles in the reaction process,effectively ensuring the integrity of Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) particles.Benefiting from the above merits,the C-modified Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15),especially Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)@8%C(BNO-C3),holds charge capacity of 414.6 and 281.4 mAh·g^(−1) at 0.1 and 0.5 A·g^(−1),respectively.Additionally,the high specific capacity of 379.5 mAh·g^(−1) is much greater than that of the bare Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)(only 158.7 mAh·g^(−1))after 200 cycles.Importantly,cyclic voltammetry(CV)combined with ex situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)confirms the conversion reaction between Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) and Bi during cycling.This work provides a method for suppressing volume expansion and pulverization during cycling of Bi-based transition metal oxides and constructing high-performance LIBs anode materials.展开更多
Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding(UAG)is a novel manufacturing technology that shows promising promise for use in processing Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs).Nevertheless,analyzing the material removal process of CMCs with ...Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding(UAG)is a novel manufacturing technology that shows promising promise for use in processing Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs).Nevertheless,analyzing the material removal process of CMCs with multidirectional structure during UAG is challenging,impeding the progress and improvement of the UAG process.This work examined the impact of ultrasonic vibration on the dynamic mechanical characteristics during processing.Additionally,we experimentally elucidated the material removal mechanism of CMCs during the scratching process under the influence of vertical vibration.The results indicate that the introduction of ultrasonic vibration causes a strain rate effect,resulting in a modification of the material removal mechanism,subsequently impacting the processing quality.Ultrasonic vibration increases the dynamic strength and brittleness of the fibers in CMCs,leading to more cracks at fracture,which changes from the original bending fracture to shear fracture.In addition,ultrasonic vibration can effectively inhibit the impact of scratching depth and anisotropy on the removal mechanism of CMCs,resulting in a more uniform surface of CMCs after processing.展开更多
Standardization is necessary for the early industrialization of the new materials and technology.It is achieved by having agreed practices for the measurement of properties and other characteristics.The promising use ...Standardization is necessary for the early industrialization of the new materials and technology.It is achieved by having agreed practices for the measurement of properties and other characteristics.The promising use of graphene-based materials in fields like electronics,energy,and composites has resulted in standards for their nomenclature,the measurement of key characteristics,and their specification,etc.Among these,standards for measuring the key characteristics are crucial.The critical parameters are the number of layers,the type and concentration of defects and functional groups,elemental composition,sheet resistance,and carrier mobility.Standards for characterizing these have been analyzed by the International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee in ISO/TC229 and the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee in IEC/TC113.These give details of applicable or preferred samples,the fundamental principles of the techniques,specific precautions,and points for attention in the relevant standards.The pivotal role of the ISO/TC229 and IEC/TC113 standards is considered and challenges and future trends are outlined.展开更多
CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development o...CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development of related materials have attracted considerable research attention.Carbon-based materials,characterized by tunable pore structures,abundant active sites,high specific surface area,and excellent chemical stability,demonstrate significant potential for applications in CO_(2) capture and utilization.This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of typical carbon materials,including activated carbon,porous carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes during CO_(2) capture processes.Concerning CO_(2) utilization,emphasis is placed on recent advances in the catalytic applications of carbon-based materials in key reactions such as methanation,reverse water-gas shift,dry reforming of methane,and alcohol synthesis.Moreover,the benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials in terms of CO_(2) adsorption capacity,catalytic activity,and stability are thoroughly evaluated,and their potential applications in integrated CO_(2) capture and utilization technologies are discussed.Finally,key strategies for enhancing the performance of carbonaceous materials through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU technologies.展开更多
Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for ...Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics.In this review,we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion,electric double layer formation,and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments.A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows,highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials,conductive polymers,hydrogels,and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance,scalability,and biocompatibility.We then explore a range of device architectures,from planar and layered systems to flexible,miniaturized,and textile-integrated designs,engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration.Key challenges are analyzed,along with strategies for overcoming them.We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions,including hybrid energy systems,AI-assisted material design,and real-world deployment.This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.展开更多
Co-free Li-rich Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_(2)(LR)cathode shows the highest working capacity that can be applied to high-energy density Li-ion batteries(LIBs).However,poor cycle stability and voltage decay caused by ph...Co-free Li-rich Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_(2)(LR)cathode shows the highest working capacity that can be applied to high-energy density Li-ion batteries(LIBs).However,poor cycle stability and voltage decay caused by phase transition are always hindering its further development.Herein,a novel medium-entropy Li-rich Mn-based cathode material(LRMEF)was synthesized via a simple sol-gel method.The introduction of multivalent ions(Al^(3+)/Cu^(2+)doping at Mn sites and F−doping at O sites)effectively mitigates the Jahn-Teller distortion of Mn ions and suppresses oxygen release.High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM)images confirm that this synergistic doping strategy induces the in-situ formation of an approximately 3 nm-thick spinel surface layer,which significantly enhances structural stability and ion diffusion kinetics.Besides,a series of in-situ/ex-situ characterization methods and density functional theory(DFT)calculations have been carried out to fundamentally shed light on the optimized structure-activity relationship and reaction mechanism.As a result,the LR material with entropy regulation and anion doping exhibits excellent cycling stability(189.2 mAh g^(−1)at 1 C with 84%capacity retention after 300 cycles),rate performance(164.1 mAh g^(−1)at 5 C),and voltage retention(82.7%at 1 C after 300 cycles),demonstrating great application prospects in future high-energy-density LIBs.展开更多
The capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide by adsorbents is an important strategy to deal with the greenhouse effect.Compared with traditional CO_(2) adsorption materials like activated carbon,silica gel,and zeolite mo...The capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide by adsorbents is an important strategy to deal with the greenhouse effect.Compared with traditional CO_(2) adsorption materials like activated carbon,silica gel,and zeolite molecular sieves,covalent organic frameworks(COFs)have excellent thermal and chemical stabilities and can be produced in many different forms.Using their different possible construction units,ordered structures for specific applications can be produced,giving them broad prospects in fields such as gas storage.This review analyzes the different types of COFs that have been synthesized and their different methods of CO_(2) capture.It then discusses different ways to increase CO_(2) adsorption by changing the internal structure of COFs and modifying their surfaces.The limitations of COF-derived carbon materials in CO_(2) capture are reviewed and,finally,the key role of machine learning and computational simulation in improving CO_(2) adsorption is mentioned,and the current status and future possible uses of COFs are summarized.展开更多
Investments in eco-friendly,recyclable material solutions and innovation in bio-based nonwovens are increasingly shaping the next generation of automotive interiors.The development of nonwoven materials and associated...Investments in eco-friendly,recyclable material solutions and innovation in bio-based nonwovens are increasingly shaping the next generation of automotive interiors.The development of nonwoven materials and associated technologies is likely to lead to even wider adoption in the automotive industry,driven by rising global vehicle production,particularly in the growing electric vehicle(EV)segment,and an intensified focus on sustainable solutions.展开更多
Developing a chiral material as versatile and universal chiral stationary phase(CSP) for chiral separation in diverse chromatographic techniques simultaneously is of great significance.In this study,we demonstrated fo...Developing a chiral material as versatile and universal chiral stationary phase(CSP) for chiral separation in diverse chromatographic techniques simultaneously is of great significance.In this study,we demonstrated for the first time that a chiral metal-organic cage(MOC),[Zn_(6)M_(4)],as a universal chiral recognition material for both multi-mode high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and capillary gas chromatography(GC) enantioseparation.Two novel HPLC CSPs with different bonding arms(CSP-A with a cationic imidazolium bonding arm and CSP-B with an alkyl chain bonding arm) were prepared by clicking of functionalized chiral MOC [Zn_(6)M_(4)] onto thiolated silica via thiol-ene click chemistry.Meanwhile,a capillary GC column statically coated with the chiral MOC [Zn_(6)M_(4)] was also fabricated.The results showed that the chiral MOC exhibits excellent enantioselectivity not only in normal phase HPLC(NP-HPLC) and reversed phase(RP-HPLC) but also in GC,and various racemates were well separated,including alcohols,diols,esters,ketones,ethers,amines,and epoxides.Importantly,CSP-A and CSP-B are complementary to commercially available Chiralcel OD-H and Chiralpak AD-H columns in enantioseparation,which can separate some racemates that could not be or could not well be separated by the two widely used commercial columns,suggesting the great potential of the two prepared CSPs in enantioseparation.This work reveals that the chiral MOC is potential versatile chiral recognition materials for both HPLC and GC,and also paves the way to expand the potential applications of MOCs.展开更多
The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during pen...The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during penetrating multi-layered plates,and generating a multipeak overpressure behind the plates.Here analytical models of RMFS self-distributed energy release and equivalent deflagration are developed.The multipeak overpressure formation model based on the single deflagration overpressure expression was promoted.The impact tests of RMFS on multi-layered plates at 584 m/s,616 m/s,and819 m/s were performed to validate the analytical model.Further,the influence of a single overpressure peak and time intervals versus impact velocity is discussed.The analysis results indicate that the deflagration happened within 20.68 mm behind the plate,the initial impact velocity and plate thickness are the crucial factors that dominate the self-distributed multipeak overpressure effect.Three formation patterns of multipeak overpressure are proposed.展开更多
Coal cinder is an abundant byproduct of the extensive consumption of coal in industrial production and daily life.Making full use of the cinder is conducive to a low-carbon economy.In this study,inspired by the burnin...Coal cinder is an abundant byproduct of the extensive consumption of coal in industrial production and daily life.Making full use of the cinder is conducive to a low-carbon economy.In this study,inspired by the burning of coal,a new method for constructing a silica-based composite porous material(SiO_(2)-CPM)was developed by combusting a siloxane-modified anthracite coal gel(CSiO_(2) gel).During this process,the combustion product was directly converted into a porous material,and the calorific value of the coal remained nearly unchanged(~98%of the original calorific value was retained),demonstrating the viability of this method for energy-efficient applications.The SiO_(2)-CPM exhibited an ultra-low thermal conductivity(0.036 W/(m·K)at room temperature),outperforming conventional insulation materials(e.g.,cotton~0.05 W/(m·K)).Additionally,it showed enhanced mechanical strength(fracture stress of 41.8 kPa)compared to the powder state of the coal cinder.Experimental results indicate that the amount of siloxane,structure-directing agent,and an acidic environment were critical for mechanical enhancement.The SiO_(2)-CPM showed good dimensional stability against thermal expansion and exhibited excellent thermal insulation and fire resistance even at 900℃.Meanwhile,the SiO_(2)-CPM with complex geometry could be easily fabricated using this method owing to the excellent shaping ability of the CSiO_(2) gel.Compared to conventional methods such as sol-gel synthesis or freeze-drying,this approach for fabricating SiO_(2)-CPM is simpler and cost-effective and allows the direct utilization of coal cinder post-combustion.展开更多
Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions.While nanoscale p...Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions.While nanoscale photocatalysts offer enhanced performance due to their high surface area and abundant active sites,their small size makes them difficult to recover and prone to agglomeration.These bottlenecks severely limit industrial application.A promising solution is to immobilize the catalysts onto support surfaces.This paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in the design of immobilized photocatalysts for ammonia synthesis.It begins by outlining the key benefits of immobilization strategies,particularly in improving catalyst stability,recyclability,and overall photocatalytic performance.The working mechanisms and features of various immobilization techniques are then categorized and explained,covering physical adsorption/deposition,chemical bonding,in situ growth,and hybrid physico-chemical methods.Supported materials and common substrate types are also summarized.Furthermore,the widely used configurations of photoreactors suitable for immobilized systems are introduced.Finally,the review identifies current research limitations and challenges,and offers perspectives on future developments in the field of immobilized photocatalysis.展开更多
Laser micro-nano processing technologies have been developed to address challenges that are otherwise difficult to solve in industrial applications and diverse scientific fields.These technologies offer designable pat...Laser micro-nano processing technologies have been developed to address challenges that are otherwise difficult to solve in industrial applications and diverse scientific fields.These technologies offer designable patterning,arraying capabilities,three-dimensional(3D)processing,and high precision.Recent advancements in laser technologies have demonstrated their effectiveness as powerful tools for micro-nano processing of optoelectronic materials.By utilizing various laser techniques—such as laser-induced polymerization,laser ablation,laser-induced transfer,laser-directed assembly,and laser-assisted crystallization—broad applications in image sensors,displays,solar cells,lasers,anti-counterfeiting,and information encryption have been enabled.This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in the laser micro-nano processing of optoelectronic materials,including the technologies used for preparation,patterning,arraying,and modification.These laser fabrication methods uniquely provide capabilities such as annealing,phase transitions,and ion exchange in optoelectronic materials.We also discuss the perspectives and challenges for future developments,including the advantages,disadvantages,and potential applications of different laser micro-nano processing technologies.With the rapid advancements in laser micro-nanofabrication,we foresee significant growth in advanced,high-performance optoelectronic applications.This review aims to provide researchers with insights into the current state and future prospects of laser-based micro-nano processing,encouraging further exploration and innovation in this promising field.展开更多
基金supported through RIIM Competition funding from the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education Agency,Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia and National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia according to the contract number:61/IV/KS/5/2023 and 2131/UN6.3.1/PT.00/2023.
文摘Corn starch(CS)is a renewable,biodegradable polysaccharide valued for its film-forming ability,yet native CS films exhibit lowmechanical strength,highwater sensitivity,and limited thermal stability.This study improves CS-based films by blending with poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)or glycerol(GLY)and using citric acid(CA)as a green,non-toxic cross-linker.Composite films were prepared by casting CS–PVA or CS-GLY with CA at 0%-0.20%(w/w of starch).The influence of CA on physicochemical,mechanical,optical,thermal,and water barrier properties was evaluated.CA crosslinking markedly enhanced the tensile strength,water resistance,and thermal stability of CS-PVA films while increasing transparency in CS–GLY films.At 0.20%CA,the composite achieved 34.99MPa tensile strength,reducedwater vapor permeability,andminimized water uptake.FTIR confirmed ester bond formation between CAand hydroxyl groups of CS,PVA,and GLY,whereas thermal analysis showed higher decomposition temperatures and lower weight loss in crosslinked films.Increasing CA levels also decreased opacity and improved light transmittance,indicating greater homogeneity and reduced crystallinity.This dual-polymer matrix combined with a natural crosslinking strategy provides a sustainable route to high-performance,biodegradable CS-based packaging materials.
文摘As electronic devices continue to evolve toward higher power densities,faster speeds,and smaller form factors,the demand for high-performance electronic packaging materials has become increasingly critical.These materials serve as the physical and functional interface between semiconductor components and their operating environment,impacting the overall reliability,thermal management,mechanical protection,and electrical performance of modern electronic systems.This study investigates the development,formulation,and performance evaluation of advanced packaging materials,focusing on polymer-based composites,metal and ceramic matrix systems,and nanomaterial-enhanced formulations.A comprehensive analysis of key performance metrics-including thermal conductivity,electrical insulation,mechanical robustness,and environmental resistance-is presented,alongside strategies for material optimization through interface engineering and processing innovations.Furthermore,the study explores cutting-edge integration technologies such as 3D packaging compatibility,low-temperature co-firing,and high-density interconnects.The findings provide critical insights into the structure-property-processing relationships that define the effectiveness of next-generation packaging materials and offer a roadmap for material selection and system integration in high-reliability electronic applications.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB3707302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52394271 , 52394270).
文摘Enhancing the mechanical properties is crucial for polyimide films,but the mechanical properties(Young's modulus,tensile strength,and elongation at break)mutually constrain each other,complicating simultaneous enhancement via traditional trial-and-error methods.In this work,we proposed a materials genome approach to design and screen phenylethynyl-terminated polyimides for films with enhanced mechani-cal properties.We first established machine learning models to predict Young's modulus,tensile strength,and elongation at break to explore the chemical space containing thousands of candidate structures.The accuracies of the machine learning models were verified by molecular dynamics simulations on screened polyimides and experimental testing on three representative polyimide films.The performance advantages of the best-selected polyimides were analyzed by comparing well-known polyimides based on molecular dynamics simulations,and the structural rationale was revealed by"gene"analysis and feature importance evaluation.This work provides a cost-effective strategy for designing polyimide films withenhancedmechanical properties.
基金supported by International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.310GJH2024010GC)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52005479)the China Building Materials Federation(Grant No.2023JBGS0401)。
文摘The utilization of lunar regolith for construction on the lunar surface presents a critical challenge in-situ resource utilization.This study proposes a lunar regolith manufacturing method that uses a high-performance resin binder characterized by a high regolith content and strong forming capabilities.A combined resin material with both thermosetting and photosetting properties was developed and mixed with lunar regolith to create a slurry.This slurry can be directly molded or additively extruded into green bodies with specific structures.These green bodies can self-cure under the high temperatures and ultraviolet radiation experienced during the lunar day,reducing energy consumption and fulfilling the requirements of lunar construction.The material-forming processes and effects of various additive types and concentrations,regolith mass ratios,and processing parameters on the properties of the slurry and the formed specimens were thoroughly investigated.The mechanical performance and microstructure of the fabricated samples were analyzed.The lunar regolith mass ratio reached 90 wt%(approximately 79 vol%),with the highest compressive strengths exceeding 60 MPa for cast specimens and 30 MPa for printed samples.This technology shows significant potential for enabling in-situ lunar regolith-based construction in future lunar missions.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62464010)Spring City Plan-Special Program for Young Talents (K202005007)+3 种基金the Yunnan Talents Support Plan for Yong Talents (XDYC-QNRC-2022-0482)Yunnan Local Colleges Applied Basic Research Projects (202101BA070001-138)Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructures in Yunnan Higher Educationthe Frontier Research Team of Kunming University 2023
文摘Silicon-air(Si-air)batteries have received significant attention owing to their high theoretical energy density and safety profile.However,the actual energy density of the Si-air battery remains significantly lower than the theoretical value,primarily due to corrosion issues and passivation.This study used various metal-organic framework(MOF)materials,such as MIL-53(Al),MIL-88(Fe),and MIL-101(Cr),to modify Si anodes.The MOFs were fabricated to have different morphologies,particle sizes,and pore sizes by altering their central metal nodes and ligands.This approach aimed to modulate the adsorption behavior of H_(2)O,SiO_(2),and OH^(−),thereby mitigating corrosion and passivation reactions.Under a constant current of 150μA,Si-air batteries with MIL-53(Al)@Si,MIL-88(Fe)@Si,and MIL-101(Cr)@Si as anodes demonstrated lifetimes of 293,412,and 336 h,respectively,surpassing the 276 h observed with pristine silicon anodes.Among these composite anodes,MIL-88(Fe)@Si displayed the best performance due to its superior hydrophobicity and optimal pore size,which enhance OH^(−)migration.This study offers a promising strategy for enhancing Si-air battery performance by developing an anodic protective layer with selective screening properties.
文摘Sodium-ion batteries hold significant potential for large-scale energy storage applications,primarily because of their impressive energy density.Massive researches on anode materials mainly focus on carbon materials because of their high theoretical capacity and affordability.Nevertheless,the large volume change of carbon materials during the sodium ion intercalation/de-intercalation processes seriously influences their electrochemical properties and limits their practical applications.Finding stable and high performance materials remains a significant challenge in the progress of NIBs development.Herein,a pyrochlore-type oxide(A_(2)B_(2)O_(7))for sodium storage is successfully synthesized in this work,which adopts a“zigzag”structure of AO_(6) octahedra and BO_(4) tetrahedra.Density functional theory calculations and structural characterizations indicate that the material is able to host Na ions in the structure properly and maintains excellent structural stability during the intercalation and deintercalation of Na^(+),making the pyrochlore-type oxide an excellent Na storage material.Electrochemical measurements indicate that the pyrochlore-type oxide exhibits excellent electrochemical performances and extremely stable sodium storage ability(high capacity of~250 mAh g^(-1)at 30 mA g^(-1),~85% capacity retention after 25000 cycles at 5 A g^(-1)).In addition,the full cell shows excellent electrochemical performances in all climatic operation temperature ranges from-30℃ to 40℃(117 mAh g^(-1)at 40℃ and 103 mAh g^(-1)at-30℃).The high reversible capacity,impressive rate capability and outstanding cycling stability demonstrated by pyrochlore-type oxides make them a competitive choice among Na-ion anode materials.This study introduces a new type of pyrochlore-type transition metal oxide for stable Na storage,which shows high capacity,excellent rate performances and extremely long cycling life.This study is expected to significantly advance the development of anode for NIBs.
基金supported bythe Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant No.24CL2901702)The numerical calculations were performed at the Supercomputer Center (Project No.2024-Cb-0042)Institute for Solid State Physics,the University of Tokyo。
文摘Heat dissipation and thermal switches are vital for adaptive cooling and extending the lifespan of electronic devices and batteries. In this work, we conducted high-throughput investigations on the thermal transport of 24 experimentally realized two-dimensional(2D) materials and their potential as thermal switches, leveraging machine-learning-assisted strain engineering and phonon transport simulations. We identified several highperformance thermal switches with ratios exceeding 2, with germanene(Ge) achieving an ultrahigh ratio of up to9.64 within the reversible deformation range. The underlying mechanism is strain-induced bond softening, which sensitively affects anharmonicity represented by three-and four-phonon scattering. The widespread occurrence of four-phonon scattering was confirmed in the thermal transport of 2D materials. Opposite switching trends were discovered, with 2D transition metal dichalcogenide materials showing negative responses to tensile strain while buckled 2D elemental materials showed positive responses. We further proposed a screening descriptor based on strain-induced changes in the Gr¨uneisen parameter for efficiently identifying new high-performance thermal switch materials. This work establishes a paradigm for thermal energy control in 2D materials through strain engineering, which may be experimentally realized in the future via bending, substrate mismatch, and related approaches, thereby laying a robust foundation for further developments and applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374301)Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.E2024501010)+2 种基金Shijiazhuang Basic Research Project(No.241790667A)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N2423054)the Performance Subsidy Fund for Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province(No.22567627H).
文摘Bi-based transition metal oxide(Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15))has become a highly hopeful anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to its large theoretical capacity and affordable availability.Unfortunately,poor conductivity,as well as volume expansion and pulverization during repeated reactions will result in bad specific capacity and inferior cycling stability.Hence,Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)@C anode materials for LIBs were successfully synthesized using sucrose as a carbon source through a two-step high-temperature solid-phase method.Physical characterizations and electrochemical tests suggest that the highly conductive carbon shell derived from sucrose provides fast channels for Li^(+)transport and greatly reduces the charge transfer resistance.Moreover,ex situ scanning electron microscopy(SEM)indicates that the presence of carbon effectively suppresses the aggregation and pulverization of Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) particles in the reaction process,effectively ensuring the integrity of Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) particles.Benefiting from the above merits,the C-modified Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15),especially Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)@8%C(BNO-C3),holds charge capacity of 414.6 and 281.4 mAh·g^(−1) at 0.1 and 0.5 A·g^(−1),respectively.Additionally,the high specific capacity of 379.5 mAh·g^(−1) is much greater than that of the bare Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)(only 158.7 mAh·g^(−1))after 200 cycles.Importantly,cyclic voltammetry(CV)combined with ex situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)confirms the conversion reaction between Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) and Bi during cycling.This work provides a method for suppressing volume expansion and pulverization during cycling of Bi-based transition metal oxides and constructing high-performance LIBs anode materials.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(No.52325506)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.DUT22LAB501)。
文摘Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding(UAG)is a novel manufacturing technology that shows promising promise for use in processing Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs).Nevertheless,analyzing the material removal process of CMCs with multidirectional structure during UAG is challenging,impeding the progress and improvement of the UAG process.This work examined the impact of ultrasonic vibration on the dynamic mechanical characteristics during processing.Additionally,we experimentally elucidated the material removal mechanism of CMCs during the scratching process under the influence of vertical vibration.The results indicate that the introduction of ultrasonic vibration causes a strain rate effect,resulting in a modification of the material removal mechanism,subsequently impacting the processing quality.Ultrasonic vibration increases the dynamic strength and brittleness of the fibers in CMCs,leading to more cracks at fracture,which changes from the original bending fracture to shear fracture.In addition,ultrasonic vibration can effectively inhibit the impact of scratching depth and anisotropy on the removal mechanism of CMCs,resulting in a more uniform surface of CMCs after processing.
文摘Standardization is necessary for the early industrialization of the new materials and technology.It is achieved by having agreed practices for the measurement of properties and other characteristics.The promising use of graphene-based materials in fields like electronics,energy,and composites has resulted in standards for their nomenclature,the measurement of key characteristics,and their specification,etc.Among these,standards for measuring the key characteristics are crucial.The critical parameters are the number of layers,the type and concentration of defects and functional groups,elemental composition,sheet resistance,and carrier mobility.Standards for characterizing these have been analyzed by the International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee in ISO/TC229 and the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee in IEC/TC113.These give details of applicable or preferred samples,the fundamental principles of the techniques,specific precautions,and points for attention in the relevant standards.The pivotal role of the ISO/TC229 and IEC/TC113 standards is considered and challenges and future trends are outlined.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2025YFE0109700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106150)。
文摘CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development of related materials have attracted considerable research attention.Carbon-based materials,characterized by tunable pore structures,abundant active sites,high specific surface area,and excellent chemical stability,demonstrate significant potential for applications in CO_(2) capture and utilization.This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of typical carbon materials,including activated carbon,porous carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes during CO_(2) capture processes.Concerning CO_(2) utilization,emphasis is placed on recent advances in the catalytic applications of carbon-based materials in key reactions such as methanation,reverse water-gas shift,dry reforming of methane,and alcohol synthesis.Moreover,the benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials in terms of CO_(2) adsorption capacity,catalytic activity,and stability are thoroughly evaluated,and their potential applications in integrated CO_(2) capture and utilization technologies are discussed.Finally,key strategies for enhancing the performance of carbonaceous materials through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52305388,BE0200030)Shanghai Pujiang Program(22PJ1407600)+1 种基金SJTU Explore X programShanghai Jiao Tong University Initiative Scientific Research Program(WH220402021)。
文摘Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics.In this review,we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion,electric double layer formation,and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments.A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows,highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials,conductive polymers,hydrogels,and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance,scalability,and biocompatibility.We then explore a range of device architectures,from planar and layered systems to flexible,miniaturized,and textile-integrated designs,engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration.Key challenges are analyzed,along with strategies for overcoming them.We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions,including hybrid energy systems,AI-assisted material design,and real-world deployment.This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.
基金financially supported by the Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1505700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22475214, 22205232, 52102216)+6 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2023J06044,2022J01625, 2022-S-002)the Talent Plan of Shanghai BranchChinese Academy of Sciences (CASSHB-QNPD-2023-020)the Selfdeployment Project Research Program of Haixi Institutes,Chinese Academy of Sciences (CXZX-2022-JQ06 and CXZX-2022-GH03)the Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology,the Major Science and Technology Projects in Anhui Province(202305a12020006)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry (2025-22)the Innovation Training Program for College Students(2025019300A, 20250193008)
文摘Co-free Li-rich Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_(2)(LR)cathode shows the highest working capacity that can be applied to high-energy density Li-ion batteries(LIBs).However,poor cycle stability and voltage decay caused by phase transition are always hindering its further development.Herein,a novel medium-entropy Li-rich Mn-based cathode material(LRMEF)was synthesized via a simple sol-gel method.The introduction of multivalent ions(Al^(3+)/Cu^(2+)doping at Mn sites and F−doping at O sites)effectively mitigates the Jahn-Teller distortion of Mn ions and suppresses oxygen release.High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM)images confirm that this synergistic doping strategy induces the in-situ formation of an approximately 3 nm-thick spinel surface layer,which significantly enhances structural stability and ion diffusion kinetics.Besides,a series of in-situ/ex-situ characterization methods and density functional theory(DFT)calculations have been carried out to fundamentally shed light on the optimized structure-activity relationship and reaction mechanism.As a result,the LR material with entropy regulation and anion doping exhibits excellent cycling stability(189.2 mAh g^(−1)at 1 C with 84%capacity retention after 300 cycles),rate performance(164.1 mAh g^(−1)at 5 C),and voltage retention(82.7%at 1 C after 300 cycles),demonstrating great application prospects in future high-energy-density LIBs.
文摘The capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide by adsorbents is an important strategy to deal with the greenhouse effect.Compared with traditional CO_(2) adsorption materials like activated carbon,silica gel,and zeolite molecular sieves,covalent organic frameworks(COFs)have excellent thermal and chemical stabilities and can be produced in many different forms.Using their different possible construction units,ordered structures for specific applications can be produced,giving them broad prospects in fields such as gas storage.This review analyzes the different types of COFs that have been synthesized and their different methods of CO_(2) capture.It then discusses different ways to increase CO_(2) adsorption by changing the internal structure of COFs and modifying their surfaces.The limitations of COF-derived carbon materials in CO_(2) capture are reviewed and,finally,the key role of machine learning and computational simulation in improving CO_(2) adsorption is mentioned,and the current status and future possible uses of COFs are summarized.
文摘Investments in eco-friendly,recyclable material solutions and innovation in bio-based nonwovens are increasingly shaping the next generation of automotive interiors.The development of nonwoven materials and associated technologies is likely to lead to even wider adoption in the automotive industry,driven by rising global vehicle production,particularly in the growing electric vehicle(EV)segment,and an intensified focus on sustainable solutions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22064020,22364022,and 22174125)the Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province (Nos.202101AT070101 and 202201AT070029)。
文摘Developing a chiral material as versatile and universal chiral stationary phase(CSP) for chiral separation in diverse chromatographic techniques simultaneously is of great significance.In this study,we demonstrated for the first time that a chiral metal-organic cage(MOC),[Zn_(6)M_(4)],as a universal chiral recognition material for both multi-mode high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and capillary gas chromatography(GC) enantioseparation.Two novel HPLC CSPs with different bonding arms(CSP-A with a cationic imidazolium bonding arm and CSP-B with an alkyl chain bonding arm) were prepared by clicking of functionalized chiral MOC [Zn_(6)M_(4)] onto thiolated silica via thiol-ene click chemistry.Meanwhile,a capillary GC column statically coated with the chiral MOC [Zn_(6)M_(4)] was also fabricated.The results showed that the chiral MOC exhibits excellent enantioselectivity not only in normal phase HPLC(NP-HPLC) and reversed phase(RP-HPLC) but also in GC,and various racemates were well separated,including alcohols,diols,esters,ketones,ethers,amines,and epoxides.Importantly,CSP-A and CSP-B are complementary to commercially available Chiralcel OD-H and Chiralpak AD-H columns in enantioseparation,which can separate some racemates that could not be or could not well be separated by the two widely used commercial columns,suggesting the great potential of the two prepared CSPs in enantioseparation.This work reveals that the chiral MOC is potential versatile chiral recognition materials for both HPLC and GC,and also paves the way to expand the potential applications of MOCs.
基金the support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12302460)the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection(Grant No.YBKT24-02)。
文摘The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during penetrating multi-layered plates,and generating a multipeak overpressure behind the plates.Here analytical models of RMFS self-distributed energy release and equivalent deflagration are developed.The multipeak overpressure formation model based on the single deflagration overpressure expression was promoted.The impact tests of RMFS on multi-layered plates at 584 m/s,616 m/s,and819 m/s were performed to validate the analytical model.Further,the influence of a single overpressure peak and time intervals versus impact velocity is discussed.The analysis results indicate that the deflagration happened within 20.68 mm behind the plate,the initial impact velocity and plate thickness are the crucial factors that dominate the self-distributed multipeak overpressure effect.Three formation patterns of multipeak overpressure are proposed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52573220)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3404201)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-IDRY-GD24-005)the State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials(No.SWR-2022-009).
文摘Coal cinder is an abundant byproduct of the extensive consumption of coal in industrial production and daily life.Making full use of the cinder is conducive to a low-carbon economy.In this study,inspired by the burning of coal,a new method for constructing a silica-based composite porous material(SiO_(2)-CPM)was developed by combusting a siloxane-modified anthracite coal gel(CSiO_(2) gel).During this process,the combustion product was directly converted into a porous material,and the calorific value of the coal remained nearly unchanged(~98%of the original calorific value was retained),demonstrating the viability of this method for energy-efficient applications.The SiO_(2)-CPM exhibited an ultra-low thermal conductivity(0.036 W/(m·K)at room temperature),outperforming conventional insulation materials(e.g.,cotton~0.05 W/(m·K)).Additionally,it showed enhanced mechanical strength(fracture stress of 41.8 kPa)compared to the powder state of the coal cinder.Experimental results indicate that the amount of siloxane,structure-directing agent,and an acidic environment were critical for mechanical enhancement.The SiO_(2)-CPM showed good dimensional stability against thermal expansion and exhibited excellent thermal insulation and fire resistance even at 900℃.Meanwhile,the SiO_(2)-CPM with complex geometry could be easily fabricated using this method owing to the excellent shaping ability of the CSiO_(2) gel.Compared to conventional methods such as sol-gel synthesis or freeze-drying,this approach for fabricating SiO_(2)-CPM is simpler and cost-effective and allows the direct utilization of coal cinder post-combustion.
基金support for carrying out this work was provided by the Doctoral Research Foundation of Weifang University(2024BS20)Science and Technology Development Plan Foundation of Weifang(2024GX017).
文摘Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions.While nanoscale photocatalysts offer enhanced performance due to their high surface area and abundant active sites,their small size makes them difficult to recover and prone to agglomeration.These bottlenecks severely limit industrial application.A promising solution is to immobilize the catalysts onto support surfaces.This paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in the design of immobilized photocatalysts for ammonia synthesis.It begins by outlining the key benefits of immobilization strategies,particularly in improving catalyst stability,recyclability,and overall photocatalytic performance.The working mechanisms and features of various immobilization techniques are then categorized and explained,covering physical adsorption/deposition,chemical bonding,in situ growth,and hybrid physico-chemical methods.Supported materials and common substrate types are also summarized.Furthermore,the widely used configurations of photoreactors suitable for immobilized systems are introduced.Finally,the review identifies current research limitations and challenges,and offers perspectives on future developments in the field of immobilized photocatalysis.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project under Grants 2020YFA0715000,62075081,and 20220402011GH。
文摘Laser micro-nano processing technologies have been developed to address challenges that are otherwise difficult to solve in industrial applications and diverse scientific fields.These technologies offer designable patterning,arraying capabilities,three-dimensional(3D)processing,and high precision.Recent advancements in laser technologies have demonstrated their effectiveness as powerful tools for micro-nano processing of optoelectronic materials.By utilizing various laser techniques—such as laser-induced polymerization,laser ablation,laser-induced transfer,laser-directed assembly,and laser-assisted crystallization—broad applications in image sensors,displays,solar cells,lasers,anti-counterfeiting,and information encryption have been enabled.This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in the laser micro-nano processing of optoelectronic materials,including the technologies used for preparation,patterning,arraying,and modification.These laser fabrication methods uniquely provide capabilities such as annealing,phase transitions,and ion exchange in optoelectronic materials.We also discuss the perspectives and challenges for future developments,including the advantages,disadvantages,and potential applications of different laser micro-nano processing technologies.With the rapid advancements in laser micro-nanofabrication,we foresee significant growth in advanced,high-performance optoelectronic applications.This review aims to provide researchers with insights into the current state and future prospects of laser-based micro-nano processing,encouraging further exploration and innovation in this promising field.
