The hydrogen induced cracking （HIC） behavior of a high deformability pipeline steel was investigated with three different dual-phase microstructures, ferrite and bainite （F＋B）, ferrite and martensite/austenite is...The hydrogen induced cracking （HIC） behavior of a high deformability pipeline steel was investigated with three different dual-phase microstructures, ferrite and bainite （F＋B）, ferrite and martensite/austenite islands （F＋M/A） and ferrite and martensite （F＋M）, respectively. The HIC test was conducted in hydrogen sulfide （H2S）-saturated solution. The results showed that the steels with F＋B and F＋M/A dual-phase microstructures had both higher deformability and better HIC resistance, whereas the harder martensite phase in F＋M microstructure was responsible for the worst HIC resistance. The band-like hard phase in dual-phase mi- crostructure was believed to lead to increasing susceptibility to HIC.展开更多
The effect of cooling （laminar cooling） start temperature on the phase constitution was analyzed by quanti- tative metallography. The martensite/austenite （M/A） island distribution was fixed by colour metallograph...The effect of cooling （laminar cooling） start temperature on the phase constitution was analyzed by quanti- tative metallography. The martensite/austenite （M/A） island distribution was fixed by colour metallography. The strength and uniform elongation of the steels were tested with quasi-static tensile testing machine. The in-coordinate deformation of the soft and hard phases was analyzed using FEM. The results indicate that when the cooling start temperature is 690 ℃, the mechanical properties are the best, meeting the requirements of X80 high deformability pipeline steel.展开更多
A low carbon Nb-microalloyed high deformability pipeline steel with X100 grade has been processed by TMCP and followed two-stage cooling process.The microstructure is characterized by ferrite/bainite multiphase.The ef...A low carbon Nb-microalloyed high deformability pipeline steel with X100 grade has been processed by TMCP and followed two-stage cooling process.The microstructure is characterized by ferrite/bainite multiphase.The effective grain size is 1.85μm in average.The volume of ferrite is about 10-15% and the grains sizes are mostly less than 5μm.The bainite consists of granular-bainite and lath-bainite,with M/A islands finely dispersed.The longitudinal tensile yield strength,uniform elongation,yield ratio are 647MPa,7.6% and 0.78,respectively.Ferrite/bainite multiphase have large strain hardenability that resulting high strength and high deformability combination.Precipitation of Nb also improves the strength and uniform deformability by precipitation strengthening and grain refinement.展开更多
The high temperature deformation behaviors of α＋β type titanium alloy TC11 （Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si） with coarse lamellar starting microstructure were investigated based on the hot compression tests in the tem...The high temperature deformation behaviors of α＋β type titanium alloy TC11 （Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si） with coarse lamellar starting microstructure were investigated based on the hot compression tests in the temperature range of 950-1100 ℃ and the strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1. The processing maps at different strains were then constructed based on the dynamic materials model, and the hot compression process parameters and deformation mechanism were optimized and analyzed, respectively. The results show that the processing maps exhibit two domains with a high efficiency of power dissipation and a flow instability domain with a less efficiency of power dissipation. The types of domains were characterized by convergence and divergence of the efficiency of power dissipation, respectively. The convergent domain in a＋fl phase field is at the temperature of 950-990 ℃ and the strain rate of 0.001-0.01 s^-1, which correspond to a better hot compression process window of α＋β phase field. The peak of efficiency of power dissipation in α＋β phase field is at 950 ℃ and 0.001 s 1, which correspond to the best hot compression process parameters of α＋β phase field. The convergent domain in β phase field is at the temperature of 1020-1080 ℃ and the strain rate of 0.001-0.1 s^-l, which correspond to a better hot compression process window of β phase field. The peak of efficiency of power dissipation in ℃ phase field occurs at 1050 ℃ over the strain rates from 0.001 s^-1 to 0.01 s^-1, which correspond to the best hot compression process parameters of ,8 phase field. The divergence domain occurs at the strain rates above 0.5 s^-1 and in all the tested temperature range, which correspond to flow instability that is manifested as flow localization and indicated by the flow softening phenomenon in stress-- strain curves. The deformation mechanisms of the optimized hot compression process windows in a＋β and β phase fields are identified to be spheroidizing and dynamic recrystallizing controlled by self-diffusion mechanism, respectively. The microstructure observation of the deformed specimens in different domains matches very well with the optimized results.展开更多
The Ailaoshan-Red River（ASRR） shear zone is one of the major Southeast Asian tectonic discontinuities that have figured the present tectonic framework of the eastern Tibet.Several metamorphic massifs are distributed...The Ailaoshan-Red River（ASRR） shear zone is one of the major Southeast Asian tectonic discontinuities that have figured the present tectonic framework of the eastern Tibet.Several metamorphic massifs are distributed linearly along the shear zone,e.g.Xuelongshan,Diancangshan, Ailaoshan and Day Nui Con Voi from north to south.They bear a lot of lines of evidence for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Tibetan at different crustal levels in different tectonic stages.Controversy still exists on the deformation structures,microstructures and their relationship with metamorphisms along the ASRR.In this paper detailed microstructural and EBSD（Electron Backscattered Diffraction） fabric analysis of some highly sheared granitic rocks from different massifs along the ASRR are conducted.High temperature structures and microstructures are preserved in unsheared gneisses,in weakly sheared xenoliths or in some parts of the highly sheared rocks（mylonites）.Several types of high temperature quartz c-axis fabrics show symmetrical patterns or transitions from symmetrical to asymmetrical patterns.The former are attributed to coaxial deformation during regional shortening in an early stage of the Indian-Eurasian tectonic interaction and the latter are related to the transitions from coaxial compression to noncoaxial shearing during the post-collisional ASRR left lateral shearing.展开更多
The effect of the grain size on the tensile properties and deformation mechanisms of a nonequiatomic Fe(41)Mn(25)Ni(24)Co8 Cr2 high-entropy alloy was studied in the temperature range between 298 and 1173 K by preparin...The effect of the grain size on the tensile properties and deformation mechanisms of a nonequiatomic Fe(41)Mn(25)Ni(24)Co8 Cr2 high-entropy alloy was studied in the temperature range between 298 and 1173 K by preparing the samples with three different grain sizes through severe plastic deformation and subsequent annealing:ultrafine(sub)grain size(≤0.5μm),8.1μm and 590.2μm.In the temperature between 298 and773 K,the material with the large grain size of 590.2μm exhibited the largest tensile ductility(57%-82%)due to its high strain hardening associated with mechanical twinning,but it exhibited the lowest strength due to its large grain size.The material with the ultrafine(sub)grain size exhibited the lowest tensile ductility(3%-7%)due to a greatly reduced strain hardening ability after severe plastic deformation,but it exhibited the highest strength due to the dislocation strengthening and grain refinement strengthening.At tensile testing at temperatures above 973 K,recrystallization occurred in the material with the ultrafine(sub)grains during the sample heating and holding stage,leading to the formation of fine and equiaxed grains with the sizes of 6.8-13.5μm.The deformation behavior of the Fe(41)Mn(25)Ni(24)Co8 Cr2 with different grain sizes in the high temperature range between 973 and 1173 K,where pseudosteady-state flow was attained in the stress-strain curves,could be explained by considering the simultaneous contribution of grain boundary sliding and dislocation-climb creep to total plastic flow.The activation energies for plastic flow for the materials with different grain sizes were similar as^199 kJ/mol.In predicting the deformation mechanism,it was important to consider the change in grain size by rapid grain growth or recrystallization during the sample heating and holding stage because grain boundary sliding is a grain-size-dependent deformation mechanism.The sample with the ultrafine(sub)grains exhibited the large tensile elongations of 30%-85%due to its high strain rate sensitivity,m(0.1-0.5)at temperatures of973-1173 K.The material with the large grain size of 590.2μm exhibited the very small elongations of0.2%-8%due to its small m values(0.1-0.2)and occurrence of brittle intergranular fracture at the early stage of plastic deformation.展开更多
Cylindrical samples of Ni-based GH4037 alloy were compressed at solid temperatures(1200,1250 and 1300℃) and semi-solid temperatures(1340,1350,1360,1370 and 1380℃) with different strain rates of 0.01,0.1 and 1 s-1.Hi...Cylindrical samples of Ni-based GH4037 alloy were compressed at solid temperatures(1200,1250 and 1300℃) and semi-solid temperatures(1340,1350,1360,1370 and 1380℃) with different strain rates of 0.01,0.1 and 1 s-1.High temperature deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of GH4037 alloy were investigated.The results indicated that flow stress decreased rapidly at semi-solid temperatures compared to that at solid temperatures.Besides,the flow stress continued to increase after reaching the initial peak stress at semi-solid temperatures when the strain rate was 1 s-1.With increasing the deformation temperature,the size of initial solid grains and recrystallized grains increased.At semi-solid temperatures,the grains were equiaxed,and liquid phase existed at the grain boundaries and inside the grains.Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization(DDRX) characterized by grain boundary bulging was the main nucleation mechanism for GH4037 alloy.展开更多
Static recrystallization of a high strain rate compressed Mg-1 Zn(wt.%)alloy was investigated using electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).A novel 53°1010 structure was observed in the as-deformed alloy,which s...Static recrystallization of a high strain rate compressed Mg-1 Zn(wt.%)alloy was investigated using electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).A novel 53°1010 structure was observed in the as-deformed alloy,which showed a{1012}-{1012}double twin relationship with the matrix.When the as-deformed alloy was annealed at 200°C,the{1011}compression twins and{1011}-{1012}double twins showed a higher priority to recrystallize.In addition,the coarse{1012}tension twins and their inner double twins were preferentially to recrystallize,while the lenticular tension twins had little impact on the recrystallization.Therefore,obtaining more compression twins or coarse twins instead of lenticular tension twins can be an effective approach to manipulate recrystallization process in deformed Mg alloys.展开更多
A series of trial tests for high deformation (HD) X70 pipeline steel plates were performed in NISCO,and the technical routes as thermal mechanical controlled rolling process (TMCP),TMCP + Quenching (Q) and TMCP +Q &am...A series of trial tests for high deformation (HD) X70 pipeline steel plates were performed in NISCO,and the technical routes as thermal mechanical controlled rolling process (TMCP),TMCP + Quenching (Q) and TMCP +Q & tempering (T) were studied systematically through the plate shape quality,properties and microstructure characters.The results show that problems as plate shape and inhomogeneous microstructures are for finish rolling at low temperature and high cooling rate after the rolling by the route of TMCP.By the route of TMCP+Q,the yield strength (YS) of the trial steels is not sufficient.By the route of TMCP+QT,the YS is enhanced,as well as good toughness and plasticity due to the martensite decomposition at low temperature tempering process,and 4 sheets of HD X70 pipeline steel plates by the route TMCP+QT with superior plate shape quality,microstructure and comprehensive properties were successfully developed in NISCO.展开更多
The high temperature deformation behavior of the 9Ni steel has been studied by the Gleeble-3500 tester. The relationship between deformation resistance and deformation degree, deformation temperature and deformation r...The high temperature deformation behavior of the 9Ni steel has been studied by the Gleeble-3500 tester. The relationship between deformation resistance and deformation degree, deformation temperature and deformation rate was revealed. The results show that when the deformation degree is less than 0.2, the deformation resistance increases by about 70 to 200 MPa, while the deformation degree varied between 0.2 and 0.4, the deformation resist- ance increases by about 30--40 MPa, when the deformation degree is larger than 0.4, the deformation resistance in- creases slowly, some become stable gradually. The influence of deformation temperature on deformation resistance is larger, and deformation resistance at higher temperature is about 160 MPa smaller than at lower temperature. Higher deformation rate leads to larger deformation resistance. The deformation resistance increases about 70 to 110 MPa with the increase of the deformation rate. A new and highly accurate mathematical model of the steel was established to describe the deformation behavior during rolling.展开更多
Recrystallized grains, less than 200 nm in diameter were observed in heavily shear zones of a high strength low alloy steel and a Ni-based alloy, and Also grain refinement, less than 3 μm in diameter was made in high...Recrystallized grains, less than 200 nm in diameter were observed in heavily shear zones of a high strength low alloy steel and a Ni-based alloy, and Also grain refinement, less than 3 μm in diameter was made in high purity aluminum by ECAE at ambient temperature. The experimental results showed that high strain rate and large deformation could induce dynamic recrystallization.Based on dislocation dynamics and grain orientation change enhanced by plastic deformation,a model for the recrystallization process is developed. The model is used to explain the ultra fine grains which are formed at a temperature still much lower than that for the conventional recrystallization展开更多
Fine grained Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy was investigated by dynamic compression tests using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar under the strain rates in the range 1000-2000 s^(-1) and the temperature range 293-573 K alon...Fine grained Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy was investigated by dynamic compression tests using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar under the strain rates in the range 1000-2000 s^(-1) and the temperature range 293-573 K along the normal direction.The microstructure was measured by optical microscopy,electron back-scattering diffraction,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry.The results showed that Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy had the positive strain rate strengthening effect and thermal softening effect at high temperature.The solid solution of Gd and Y atoms in Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy reduced the asymmetry of α-Mg crystals and changed the critical shear stress of various deformation mechanisms.The main deformation mechanisms were prismatic slip and pyramidal(a)slip,{102}tension twinning,and dynamic recrystallization caused by local deformation such as particle-stimulated nucleation.c 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Chongqing University.展开更多
Yielding support is often used in the squeezing tunnel to prevent damage to the lining induced by large deformation of the surrounding rock.Highly Deformable Elements(HDE)which is often installed along the circumferen...Yielding support is often used in the squeezing tunnel to prevent damage to the lining induced by large deformation of the surrounding rock.Highly Deformable Elements(HDE)which is often installed along the circumferential direction of the shotcrete lining is a common type of yielding support.To determine the yield parameters of HDE,the support characteristic of the lining using HDE and the ground pressure considering strain-softening of soft rock were analyzed by an analytical method.The analytical solution showed that when considering the strain-softening of squeezing ground,the ground pressure has a non-zero minimum value.The minimum value of ground stress can be used to determine the constant yield stress of the HDE,and the corresponding deformation of the minimum ground pressure can be used to determine the deformation capacity of the HDE.Based on the variation in the design constant yield stress and yield displacement of HDE with the in-situ stress and the mechanical parameters of the soft rock,equations were proposed for determining of the yield parameters of the HDE.展开更多
With TEM、SEM, various high temperature deformed structures in W9Mo3Cr4V steel were investigated. The sub structures,recrystallized nuclei, as well as the dynamic precipitation were also studied and analyzed. The r...With TEM、SEM, various high temperature deformed structures in W9Mo3Cr4V steel were investigated. The sub structures,recrystallized nuclei, as well as the dynamic precipitation were also studied and analyzed. The relationship between recrystallized structures and dynamic precipitation was discussed. The results showed that the deformed structures in W9Mo3Cr4V steel are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. Because W9Mo3Cr4V steel is a high speed steel, there are a large number of residual carbides on the matrix. Also, much dynamic precipitating carbides will precipitate during deformation at high temperature.展开更多
The behavior of high temperature deformation and recrystallization of W9Mo3Cr4V steel have been studied in this paper. Dynamic precipitation during deformation has also been investigated. In W9Mo3Cr4V steel, stress ...The behavior of high temperature deformation and recrystallization of W9Mo3Cr4V steel have been studied in this paper. Dynamic precipitation during deformation has also been investigated. In W9Mo3Cr4V steel, stress strain curves exhibit many features. The deformation structures and the effects of deformation parameters on dynamic recrystallization are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. For W9Mo3Cr4V steel, there is a large number of residual carbides on the matrix at high temperature. Also, many second carbides precipitate from the matrix during high temperature deformation. These two kinds of carbides (especially the latter) make the behavior of deformation and dynamic recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V steel different from those in low alloy steels. ABSTRACT:The behavior of high temperature deformation and recrystallization of W9Mo3Cr4V steel have been studied in this paper. Dynamic precipitation during deformation has also been investigated. In W9Mo3Cr4V steel, stress strain curves exhibit many features. The deformation structures and the effects of deformation parameters on dynamic recrystallization are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. For W9Mo3Cr4V steel, there is a large number of residual carbides on the matrix at high temperature. Also, many second carbides precipitate from the matrix during high temperature deformation. These two kinds of carbides (especially the latter) make the behavior of deformation and dynamic recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V steel different from those in low alloy steels.展开更多
On the basis of the data obtained on Gleeble 1500 Thermal Simulator, the predicting models for the relation between stable flow stress during high temperature plastic deformation and deformation strain, strain rate an...On the basis of the data obtained on Gleeble 1500 Thermal Simulator, the predicting models for the relation between stable flow stress during high temperature plastic deformation and deformation strain, strain rate and temperature for 1420 Al Li alloy have been developed with BP artificial neural networks method. The results show that the model on basis of BPNN is practical and it reflects the actual feature of the deforming process. It states that the difference between the actual value and the output of the model is in order of 5%. [展开更多
Hot deformation behavior of a new type of M3∶ 2 high speed steel with niobium addition made by spray forming was investigated based on compression tests in the temperature range of 950-1 150 ℃ and strain rate of 0. ...Hot deformation behavior of a new type of M3∶ 2 high speed steel with niobium addition made by spray forming was investigated based on compression tests in the temperature range of 950-1 150 ℃ and strain rate of 0. 001-10 s^（-1）. A comprehensive constitutive equation was obtained,which could be used to predict the flow stress at different strains. Processing map was developed on the basis of the flow stress data using the principles of dynamic material model. The results showed that the flow curves were in fair agreement with the dynamic recrystallization model. The flow stresses,which were calculated by the comprehensive constitutive equation,agreed well with the test data at low strain rates（ ≤1 s^（-1））. The material constant（ α）,stress exponent（ n） and the hot deformation activation energy（ Q_（HW）） of the new steel were 0. 006 15 MPa^（-1）,4. 81 and 546 kJ·mol^（-1）,respectively. Analysis of the processing map with an observation of microstructures revealed that hot working processes of the steel could be carried out safely in the domain（ T = 1 050-1 150 ℃,ε = 0. 01- 0. 1 s^（-1））with about 33% peak efficiency of power dissipation（ η）. Cracks was expected in two domains at either lower temperatures（ 〈 1 000 ℃） or low strain rates（ 0. 001 s^（-1）） with different cracking mechanisms. Flow localization occurred when the strain rates exceeded 1 s^（-1） at all testing temperatures.展开更多
Based on the rigid-plastic finite element method（FEM）, the shear stress field of deformation region for high manganese austenite steel during hot asymmetrical rolling process was analyzed. The influences of rolling ...Based on the rigid-plastic finite element method（FEM）, the shear stress field of deformation region for high manganese austenite steel during hot asymmetrical rolling process was analyzed. The influences of rolling parameters, such as the velocity ratio of upper to lower rolls, the initial temperature of workpiece and the reduction rate, on the shear deformation of three nodes in the upper, center and lower layers were discussed. As the rolling parameters change, distinct shear deformation appears in the upper and lower layers, but the shear deformation in the center layer appears only when the velocity ratio is more than 1.00, and the absolute value of the shear stress in this layer is changed with rolling parameters. A mathematical model which reflected the change of the maximal absolute shear stress for the center layer was established, by which the maximal absolute shear stress for the center layer can be easily calculated and the appropriate rolling technology can be designed.展开更多
In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing fissures after exposure to high temperatures,fissures with different angles α were prefabricated in the plate sandstone samples,a...In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing fissures after exposure to high temperatures,fissures with different angles α were prefabricated in the plate sandstone samples,and the processed samples were then heated at 5 different temperatures.Indoor uniaxial compression was conducted to analyze the change rules of physical properties of sandstone after exposure to high temperature,and the deformation,strength and failure characteristics of sandstone containing fissures.The results show that,with increasing temperature,the volume of sandstone increases gradually while the quality and density decrease gradually,and the color of sandstone remains basically unchanged while the brightness increases markedly when the temperature is higher than 585 ℃;the peak strength of sandstone containing fissures first decreases then increases when the temperature is between 25℃and 400℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature,and the mechanical properties of sandstone show obvious deterioration after 400 ℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature;with increasing angle αof the fissure,the evolution characteristics of the macro-mechanical parameters of sandstone are closely related to the their own mechanical properties.When the temperature is 800 ℃,the correlation between the peak strength and average modulus of sandstone and the angle α of the fissure is obviously weakened.The failure modes of sandstone containing fissures after high temperature exposure are of three different kinds including:tensile crack failure,tensile and shear cracks mixed failure,and shear crack failure.Tensile and shear crack mixed failure occur mainly at low temperatures and small angles;tensile crack failure occurs at high temperatures and large angles.展开更多
The effects of plastic deformation and H2 S on fracture toughness of high strength casing steel（C110 steel） were investigated. The studied casing specimens are as follows： original casing, plastic deformation（PD）...The effects of plastic deformation and H2 S on fracture toughness of high strength casing steel（C110 steel） were investigated. The studied casing specimens are as follows： original casing, plastic deformation（PD） casing and PD casing after being immersed in NACE A solution saturated with H2S（PD＋H2S）. Instrumented impact method was employed to evaluate the impact behaviors of the specimens, meanwhile, dynamic fracture toughness（JId） was calculated by using Rice model and Schindler model. The experimental results show that dynamic fracture toughness of the casing decreases after plastic deformation. Compared with that of the original casing and PD casing, the dynamic fracture toughness decreases further when the PD casing immersed in H2 S, moreover, there are ridge-shaped feature and many secondary cracks present on the fracture surface of the specimens. Impact fracture mechanism of the casing is proposed as follows： the plastic deformation results in the increase of defect density of materials where the atomic hydrogen can accumulate in reversible or irreversible traps and even recombine to form molecular hydrogen, subsequently, the casing material toughness decreases greatly.展开更多
基金Item Sponsored by National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(2011BAE25B03)
文摘The hydrogen induced cracking （HIC） behavior of a high deformability pipeline steel was investigated with three different dual-phase microstructures, ferrite and bainite （F＋B）, ferrite and martensite/austenite islands （F＋M/A） and ferrite and martensite （F＋M）, respectively. The HIC test was conducted in hydrogen sulfide （H2S）-saturated solution. The results showed that the steels with F＋B and F＋M/A dual-phase microstructures had both higher deformability and better HIC resistance, whereas the harder martensite phase in F＋M microstructure was responsible for the worst HIC resistance. The band-like hard phase in dual-phase mi- crostructure was believed to lead to increasing susceptibility to HIC.
文摘The effect of cooling （laminar cooling） start temperature on the phase constitution was analyzed by quanti- tative metallography. The martensite/austenite （M/A） island distribution was fixed by colour metallography. The strength and uniform elongation of the steels were tested with quasi-static tensile testing machine. The in-coordinate deformation of the soft and hard phases was analyzed using FEM. The results indicate that when the cooling start temperature is 690 ℃, the mechanical properties are the best, meeting the requirements of X80 high deformability pipeline steel.
文摘A low carbon Nb-microalloyed high deformability pipeline steel with X100 grade has been processed by TMCP and followed two-stage cooling process.The microstructure is characterized by ferrite/bainite multiphase.The effective grain size is 1.85μm in average.The volume of ferrite is about 10-15% and the grains sizes are mostly less than 5μm.The bainite consists of granular-bainite and lath-bainite,with M/A islands finely dispersed.The longitudinal tensile yield strength,uniform elongation,yield ratio are 647MPa,7.6% and 0.78,respectively.Ferrite/bainite multiphase have large strain hardenability that resulting high strength and high deformability combination.Precipitation of Nb also improves the strength and uniform deformability by precipitation strengthening and grain refinement.
基金Project (51005112) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (2010ZF56019) supported by the Aviation Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Project (GJJ11156) supported by the Education Commission of Jiangxi Province, ChinaProject(GF200901008) supported by the Open Fund of National Defense Key Disciplines Laboratory of Light Alloy Processing Science and Technology, China
文摘The high temperature deformation behaviors of α＋β type titanium alloy TC11 （Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si） with coarse lamellar starting microstructure were investigated based on the hot compression tests in the temperature range of 950-1100 ℃ and the strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1. The processing maps at different strains were then constructed based on the dynamic materials model, and the hot compression process parameters and deformation mechanism were optimized and analyzed, respectively. The results show that the processing maps exhibit two domains with a high efficiency of power dissipation and a flow instability domain with a less efficiency of power dissipation. The types of domains were characterized by convergence and divergence of the efficiency of power dissipation, respectively. The convergent domain in a＋fl phase field is at the temperature of 950-990 ℃ and the strain rate of 0.001-0.01 s^-1, which correspond to a better hot compression process window of α＋β phase field. The peak of efficiency of power dissipation in α＋β phase field is at 950 ℃ and 0.001 s 1, which correspond to the best hot compression process parameters of α＋β phase field. The convergent domain in β phase field is at the temperature of 1020-1080 ℃ and the strain rate of 0.001-0.1 s^-l, which correspond to a better hot compression process window of β phase field. The peak of efficiency of power dissipation in ℃ phase field occurs at 1050 ℃ over the strain rates from 0.001 s^-1 to 0.01 s^-1, which correspond to the best hot compression process parameters of ,8 phase field. The divergence domain occurs at the strain rates above 0.5 s^-1 and in all the tested temperature range, which correspond to flow instability that is manifested as flow localization and indicated by the flow softening phenomenon in stress-- strain curves. The deformation mechanisms of the optimized hot compression process windows in a＋β and β phase fields are identified to be spheroidizing and dynamic recrystallizing controlled by self-diffusion mechanism, respectively. The microstructure observation of the deformed specimens in different domains matches very well with the optimized results.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development(973) Project (2009CB421001)National Natural Science Foundation of China(40872139)+2 种基金China Geological Survey (1212010661311)Ministry of Land and Resources (200811008)the Ministry of Education,Proiect 111 (B07011)
文摘The Ailaoshan-Red River（ASRR） shear zone is one of the major Southeast Asian tectonic discontinuities that have figured the present tectonic framework of the eastern Tibet.Several metamorphic massifs are distributed linearly along the shear zone,e.g.Xuelongshan,Diancangshan, Ailaoshan and Day Nui Con Voi from north to south.They bear a lot of lines of evidence for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Tibetan at different crustal levels in different tectonic stages.Controversy still exists on the deformation structures,microstructures and their relationship with metamorphisms along the ASRR.In this paper detailed microstructural and EBSD（Electron Backscattered Diffraction） fabric analysis of some highly sheared granitic rocks from different massifs along the ASRR are conducted.High temperature structures and microstructures are preserved in unsheared gneisses,in weakly sheared xenoliths or in some parts of the highly sheared rocks（mylonites）.Several types of high temperature quartz c-axis fabrics show symmetrical patterns or transitions from symmetrical to asymmetrical patterns.The former are attributed to coaxial deformation during regional shortening in an early stage of the Indian-Eurasian tectonic interaction and the latter are related to the transitions from coaxial compression to noncoaxial shearing during the post-collisional ASRR left lateral shearing.
基金This research was financially supported by the Basic Research Laboratory Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology(Project No.NRF 2015-041523).
文摘The effect of the grain size on the tensile properties and deformation mechanisms of a nonequiatomic Fe(41)Mn(25)Ni(24)Co8 Cr2 high-entropy alloy was studied in the temperature range between 298 and 1173 K by preparing the samples with three different grain sizes through severe plastic deformation and subsequent annealing:ultrafine(sub)grain size(≤0.5μm),8.1μm and 590.2μm.In the temperature between 298 and773 K,the material with the large grain size of 590.2μm exhibited the largest tensile ductility(57%-82%)due to its high strain hardening associated with mechanical twinning,but it exhibited the lowest strength due to its large grain size.The material with the ultrafine(sub)grain size exhibited the lowest tensile ductility(3%-7%)due to a greatly reduced strain hardening ability after severe plastic deformation,but it exhibited the highest strength due to the dislocation strengthening and grain refinement strengthening.At tensile testing at temperatures above 973 K,recrystallization occurred in the material with the ultrafine(sub)grains during the sample heating and holding stage,leading to the formation of fine and equiaxed grains with the sizes of 6.8-13.5μm.The deformation behavior of the Fe(41)Mn(25)Ni(24)Co8 Cr2 with different grain sizes in the high temperature range between 973 and 1173 K,where pseudosteady-state flow was attained in the stress-strain curves,could be explained by considering the simultaneous contribution of grain boundary sliding and dislocation-climb creep to total plastic flow.The activation energies for plastic flow for the materials with different grain sizes were similar as^199 kJ/mol.In predicting the deformation mechanism,it was important to consider the change in grain size by rapid grain growth or recrystallization during the sample heating and holding stage because grain boundary sliding is a grain-size-dependent deformation mechanism.The sample with the ultrafine(sub)grains exhibited the large tensile elongations of 30%-85%due to its high strain rate sensitivity,m(0.1-0.5)at temperatures of973-1173 K.The material with the large grain size of 590.2μm exhibited the very small elongations of0.2%-8%due to its small m values(0.1-0.2)and occurrence of brittle intergranular fracture at the early stage of plastic deformation.
基金Project(51575127)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Cylindrical samples of Ni-based GH4037 alloy were compressed at solid temperatures(1200,1250 and 1300℃) and semi-solid temperatures(1340,1350,1360,1370 and 1380℃) with different strain rates of 0.01,0.1 and 1 s-1.High temperature deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of GH4037 alloy were investigated.The results indicated that flow stress decreased rapidly at semi-solid temperatures compared to that at solid temperatures.Besides,the flow stress continued to increase after reaching the initial peak stress at semi-solid temperatures when the strain rate was 1 s-1.With increasing the deformation temperature,the size of initial solid grains and recrystallized grains increased.At semi-solid temperatures,the grains were equiaxed,and liquid phase existed at the grain boundaries and inside the grains.Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization(DDRX) characterized by grain boundary bulging was the main nucleation mechanism for GH4037 alloy.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51701121,No.51825101)Shanghai Sailing Program(17YF1408800)+2 种基金Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.18511109302)Qinghai Provincial Science and Technology Key Program(No.2018-GX-A1)Startup Fund for Youngman Research at SJTU(No.18X100040022)
文摘Static recrystallization of a high strain rate compressed Mg-1 Zn(wt.%)alloy was investigated using electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).A novel 53°1010 structure was observed in the as-deformed alloy,which showed a{1012}-{1012}double twin relationship with the matrix.When the as-deformed alloy was annealed at 200°C,the{1011}compression twins and{1011}-{1012}double twins showed a higher priority to recrystallize.In addition,the coarse{1012}tension twins and their inner double twins were preferentially to recrystallize,while the lenticular tension twins had little impact on the recrystallization.Therefore,obtaining more compression twins or coarse twins instead of lenticular tension twins can be an effective approach to manipulate recrystallization process in deformed Mg alloys.
文摘A series of trial tests for high deformation (HD) X70 pipeline steel plates were performed in NISCO,and the technical routes as thermal mechanical controlled rolling process (TMCP),TMCP + Quenching (Q) and TMCP +Q & tempering (T) were studied systematically through the plate shape quality,properties and microstructure characters.The results show that problems as plate shape and inhomogeneous microstructures are for finish rolling at low temperature and high cooling rate after the rolling by the route of TMCP.By the route of TMCP+Q,the yield strength (YS) of the trial steels is not sufficient.By the route of TMCP+QT,the YS is enhanced,as well as good toughness and plasticity due to the martensite decomposition at low temperature tempering process,and 4 sheets of HD X70 pipeline steel plates by the route TMCP+QT with superior plate shape quality,microstructure and comprehensive properties were successfully developed in NISCO.
基金Item Sponsored by National Key Technology Research and Development Program in 11th Five-Years Plan of China(2006BAE03A06)
文摘The high temperature deformation behavior of the 9Ni steel has been studied by the Gleeble-3500 tester. The relationship between deformation resistance and deformation degree, deformation temperature and deformation rate was revealed. The results show that when the deformation degree is less than 0.2, the deformation resistance increases by about 70 to 200 MPa, while the deformation degree varied between 0.2 and 0.4, the deformation resist- ance increases by about 30--40 MPa, when the deformation degree is larger than 0.4, the deformation resistance in- creases slowly, some become stable gradually. The influence of deformation temperature on deformation resistance is larger, and deformation resistance at higher temperature is about 160 MPa smaller than at lower temperature. Higher deformation rate leads to larger deformation resistance. The deformation resistance increases about 70 to 110 MPa with the increase of the deformation rate. A new and highly accurate mathematical model of the steel was established to describe the deformation behavior during rolling.
文摘Recrystallized grains, less than 200 nm in diameter were observed in heavily shear zones of a high strength low alloy steel and a Ni-based alloy, and Also grain refinement, less than 3 μm in diameter was made in high purity aluminum by ECAE at ambient temperature. The experimental results showed that high strain rate and large deformation could induce dynamic recrystallization.Based on dislocation dynamics and grain orientation change enhanced by plastic deformation,a model for the recrystallization process is developed. The model is used to explain the ultra fine grains which are formed at a temperature still much lower than that for the conventional recrystallization
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51571145,51404137)City of Ningbo"science and technology innovation 2025"major special project(new energy vehicle lightweight magnesium alloy material precision forming technology)(No.2018B10045).
文摘Fine grained Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy was investigated by dynamic compression tests using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar under the strain rates in the range 1000-2000 s^(-1) and the temperature range 293-573 K along the normal direction.The microstructure was measured by optical microscopy,electron back-scattering diffraction,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry.The results showed that Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy had the positive strain rate strengthening effect and thermal softening effect at high temperature.The solid solution of Gd and Y atoms in Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy reduced the asymmetry of α-Mg crystals and changed the critical shear stress of various deformation mechanisms.The main deformation mechanisms were prismatic slip and pyramidal(a)slip,{102}tension twinning,and dynamic recrystallization caused by local deformation such as particle-stimulated nucleation.c 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Chongqing University.
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52179113,51991392 and 52279119)the Second Comprehensive Scientific Expedition on the Tibetan Plateau(No.2019QZKK0904)。
文摘Yielding support is often used in the squeezing tunnel to prevent damage to the lining induced by large deformation of the surrounding rock.Highly Deformable Elements(HDE)which is often installed along the circumferential direction of the shotcrete lining is a common type of yielding support.To determine the yield parameters of HDE,the support characteristic of the lining using HDE and the ground pressure considering strain-softening of soft rock were analyzed by an analytical method.The analytical solution showed that when considering the strain-softening of squeezing ground,the ground pressure has a non-zero minimum value.The minimum value of ground stress can be used to determine the constant yield stress of the HDE,and the corresponding deformation of the minimum ground pressure can be used to determine the deformation capacity of the HDE.Based on the variation in the design constant yield stress and yield displacement of HDE with the in-situ stress and the mechanical parameters of the soft rock,equations were proposed for determining of the yield parameters of the HDE.
基金Project Sponsored by Ministry of Science and Technology of China(G1998061513)
文摘With TEM、SEM, various high temperature deformed structures in W9Mo3Cr4V steel were investigated. The sub structures,recrystallized nuclei, as well as the dynamic precipitation were also studied and analyzed. The relationship between recrystallized structures and dynamic precipitation was discussed. The results showed that the deformed structures in W9Mo3Cr4V steel are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. Because W9Mo3Cr4V steel is a high speed steel, there are a large number of residual carbides on the matrix. Also, much dynamic precipitating carbides will precipitate during deformation at high temperature.
文摘The behavior of high temperature deformation and recrystallization of W9Mo3Cr4V steel have been studied in this paper. Dynamic precipitation during deformation has also been investigated. In W9Mo3Cr4V steel, stress strain curves exhibit many features. The deformation structures and the effects of deformation parameters on dynamic recrystallization are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. For W9Mo3Cr4V steel, there is a large number of residual carbides on the matrix at high temperature. Also, many second carbides precipitate from the matrix during high temperature deformation. These two kinds of carbides (especially the latter) make the behavior of deformation and dynamic recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V steel different from those in low alloy steels. ABSTRACT:The behavior of high temperature deformation and recrystallization of W9Mo3Cr4V steel have been studied in this paper. Dynamic precipitation during deformation has also been investigated. In W9Mo3Cr4V steel, stress strain curves exhibit many features. The deformation structures and the effects of deformation parameters on dynamic recrystallization are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. For W9Mo3Cr4V steel, there is a large number of residual carbides on the matrix at high temperature. Also, many second carbides precipitate from the matrix during high temperature deformation. These two kinds of carbides (especially the latter) make the behavior of deformation and dynamic recrystallization in W9Mo3Cr4V steel different from those in low alloy steels.
文摘On the basis of the data obtained on Gleeble 1500 Thermal Simulator, the predicting models for the relation between stable flow stress during high temperature plastic deformation and deformation strain, strain rate and temperature for 1420 Al Li alloy have been developed with BP artificial neural networks method. The results show that the model on basis of BPNN is practical and it reflects the actual feature of the deforming process. It states that the difference between the actual value and the output of the model is in order of 5%. [
基金Item Sponsored by National Basic Research Program of China(2011CB606303)Constructed Project for Key Laboratory of Beijing of China
文摘Hot deformation behavior of a new type of M3∶ 2 high speed steel with niobium addition made by spray forming was investigated based on compression tests in the temperature range of 950-1 150 ℃ and strain rate of 0. 001-10 s^（-1）. A comprehensive constitutive equation was obtained,which could be used to predict the flow stress at different strains. Processing map was developed on the basis of the flow stress data using the principles of dynamic material model. The results showed that the flow curves were in fair agreement with the dynamic recrystallization model. The flow stresses,which were calculated by the comprehensive constitutive equation,agreed well with the test data at low strain rates（ ≤1 s^（-1））. The material constant（ α）,stress exponent（ n） and the hot deformation activation energy（ Q_（HW）） of the new steel were 0. 006 15 MPa^（-1）,4. 81 and 546 kJ·mol^（-1）,respectively. Analysis of the processing map with an observation of microstructures revealed that hot working processes of the steel could be carried out safely in the domain（ T = 1 050-1 150 ℃,ε = 0. 01- 0. 1 s^（-1））with about 33% peak efficiency of power dissipation（ η）. Cracks was expected in two domains at either lower temperatures（ 〈 1 000 ℃） or low strain rates（ 0. 001 s^（-1）） with different cracking mechanisms. Flow localization occurred when the strain rates exceeded 1 s^（-1） at all testing temperatures.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51274062)
文摘Based on the rigid-plastic finite element method（FEM）, the shear stress field of deformation region for high manganese austenite steel during hot asymmetrical rolling process was analyzed. The influences of rolling parameters, such as the velocity ratio of upper to lower rolls, the initial temperature of workpiece and the reduction rate, on the shear deformation of three nodes in the upper, center and lower layers were discussed. As the rolling parameters change, distinct shear deformation appears in the upper and lower layers, but the shear deformation in the center layer appears only when the velocity ratio is more than 1.00, and the absolute value of the shear stress in this layer is changed with rolling parameters. A mathematical model which reflected the change of the maximal absolute shear stress for the center layer was established, by which the maximal absolute shear stress for the center layer can be easily calculated and the appropriate rolling technology can be designed.
基金supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China(No.2013CB036003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51374198)the CUMT Innovation and Entrepreneurship Fund for Undergraduates(No.201509)
文摘In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing fissures after exposure to high temperatures,fissures with different angles α were prefabricated in the plate sandstone samples,and the processed samples were then heated at 5 different temperatures.Indoor uniaxial compression was conducted to analyze the change rules of physical properties of sandstone after exposure to high temperature,and the deformation,strength and failure characteristics of sandstone containing fissures.The results show that,with increasing temperature,the volume of sandstone increases gradually while the quality and density decrease gradually,and the color of sandstone remains basically unchanged while the brightness increases markedly when the temperature is higher than 585 ℃;the peak strength of sandstone containing fissures first decreases then increases when the temperature is between 25℃and 400℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature,and the mechanical properties of sandstone show obvious deterioration after 400 ℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature;with increasing angle αof the fissure,the evolution characteristics of the macro-mechanical parameters of sandstone are closely related to the their own mechanical properties.When the temperature is 800 ℃,the correlation between the peak strength and average modulus of sandstone and the angle α of the fissure is obviously weakened.The failure modes of sandstone containing fissures after high temperature exposure are of three different kinds including:tensile crack failure,tensile and shear cracks mixed failure,and shear crack failure.Tensile and shear crack mixed failure occur mainly at low temperatures and small angles;tensile crack failure occurs at high temperatures and large angles.
基金Funded by the Construction of Key Disciplines for Young Teacher Science Foundation of the Southwest Petroleum University(No.P209)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20105121120002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51004084 and 51374177)
文摘The effects of plastic deformation and H2 S on fracture toughness of high strength casing steel（C110 steel） were investigated. The studied casing specimens are as follows： original casing, plastic deformation（PD） casing and PD casing after being immersed in NACE A solution saturated with H2S（PD＋H2S）. Instrumented impact method was employed to evaluate the impact behaviors of the specimens, meanwhile, dynamic fracture toughness（JId） was calculated by using Rice model and Schindler model. The experimental results show that dynamic fracture toughness of the casing decreases after plastic deformation. Compared with that of the original casing and PD casing, the dynamic fracture toughness decreases further when the PD casing immersed in H2 S, moreover, there are ridge-shaped feature and many secondary cracks present on the fracture surface of the specimens. Impact fracture mechanism of the casing is proposed as follows： the plastic deformation results in the increase of defect density of materials where the atomic hydrogen can accumulate in reversible or irreversible traps and even recombine to form molecular hydrogen, subsequently, the casing material toughness decreases greatly.
