The nonlinearity and fear hypothesis predicts that highly aroused vocal mammals and birds produce vocalizations(notably alarm calls and screams)which contain a variety of nonlinear phenomena(NLP).Such vocalizations of...The nonlinearity and fear hypothesis predicts that highly aroused vocal mammals and birds produce vocalizations(notably alarm calls and screams)which contain a variety of nonlinear phenomena(NLP).Such vocalizations often sound“noisy”because vocal production systems are over-blown when animals are highly aroused.While much is known about the conditions under which animals produce vocalizations containing NLP and how species respond to them,there is little research about the heritability of such behavioral traits.Using the quantitative genetic animal model,we estimated the genetic basis of“noise”in alarm calls produced by females and found significant heritability in call entropy-our measure of the noisiness.About 9%of the variance in noisiness can be accounted for by genetic differences.Taken together,these findings suggest that the degree to which marmots produce noisy calls is modestly heritable and can be thus subject to further evolution via natural selection.展开更多
Before a breeder invests selection pressure on a trait of interest, it needs to be established whether that trait is actually heritable. Some traits may not have been measured widely in pedigreed populations, for exam...Before a breeder invests selection pressure on a trait of interest, it needs to be established whether that trait is actually heritable. Some traits may not have been measured widely in pedigreed populations, for example, a disease or deformity may become more prevalent than previously, but is still relatively rare. One approach to detect inheritance would be to screen a commercial population to obtain a sample of "affecteds" (the test group) and to also obtain a random control group. These indi- viduals are then genotyped with a set of genetic markers and the relationships between individuals within each group estimated. If the relatedness is higher in the test group than in the control group, this provides initial evidence for the trait being heritable. A power simulation shows that this approach is feasible with moderate resources.展开更多
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene function that occur without alterations to the DNA sequence.Major epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation,histone modifications,chromatin remodeling,and the regula...Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene function that occur without alterations to the DNA sequence.Major epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation,histone modifications,chromatin remodeling,and the regulatory ac-tions of small RNAs and long noncoding RNAs(Allis and Jenuwein,2016).These layers of regulation are essential for modulating gene expression and are widely involved in the regulation of plant growth and development,as well as in responses to environmental cues(Hemenway and Gehring,2023).展开更多
Genome editing provides novel strategies for improving plant traits,but relies on current genetic transformation and plant regeneration procedures,which can be inefficient.We have engineered a barley stripe mosaic vir...Genome editing provides novel strategies for improving plant traits,but relies on current genetic transformation and plant regeneration procedures,which can be inefficient.We have engineered a barley stripe mosaic virus(BSMV)-based sgRNA delivery vector(BSMV-sg)that is effective in performing heritable genome editing in Cas9-transgenic wheat plants.Mutated progenies were present in the next generation at frequencies ranging from 12.9%to 100%in three different wheat varieties,and 53.8%to 100%of mutants were virus-free.We also achieved multiplex mutagenesis in progeny using a pool of BSMV-sg vectors harboring different sgRNAs.Furthermore,we devised a virus-induced transgene-free editing procedure(VITF-Edit)to generate Cas9-free wheat mutants by crossing BSMV-infected Cas9-transgenic wheat pollen with wild-type wheat.Our study provides a robust,convenient and tissue culture-free approach for genome editing in wheat through virus infection.展开更多
Plutella xylostella,a major pest of cruciferous vegetables worldwide,has developed resistance to diamide insecticides.Thiotraniliprole,a novel synthetic diamide insecticide,exhibits excellent activity against P.xylost...Plutella xylostella,a major pest of cruciferous vegetables worldwide,has developed resistance to diamide insecticides.Thiotraniliprole,a novel synthetic diamide insecticide,exhibits excellent activity against P.xylostella.In the present study,we aimed to confirm the resistance risk,cross-resistance,and mechanisms of resistance to thiotraniliprole in P.xylostella.After 40 consecutive generations of thiotraniliprole selection,we obtained a thiotraniliprole-resistance P.xylostella strain with a 5141.58-fold resistance ratio(RR)to thiotraniliprole.The overall realized heritability(h^(2))value of resistance was estimated as 0.9 using threshold trait analysis,indicating that the risk of developing resistance to thiotraniliprole is high in P.xylostella.The thiotraniliprole-resistant(TR)strain showed noticeable cross-resistance to chlorantraniliprole(RR=44670.05),cyantraniliprole(RR=7038.58),and tetrachlorantraniliprole(RR=1506.01),but no cross-resistance to tolfenpyrad,indoxacarb,diafenthiuron,or abamectin compared with the susceptible(S)strain.The enzyme assay data showed that the activities of glutathione-S transferase(GST),carboxylesterase(CarE),and the content of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase(P450s)were significantly higher in the TR strain than in the S strain.Sequencing of the full-length PxRyR cDNA revealed the gene site I4790K in the TR strain with a 100%frequency.This mutation in PxRyR likely underlies the high-level cross-resistance between thiotraniliprole and three other diamide insecticides.These findings provide valuable information for optimizing resistance management strategies to delay thiotraniliprole resistance development and ensure sustainable control of P.xylostella.展开更多
Maize is an important source of calories and protein in human lives in many countries of the world and is the main staple food in Africa, particularly in eastern Africa. In the Sudan, the low yield of maize was mainly...Maize is an important source of calories and protein in human lives in many countries of the world and is the main staple food in Africa, particularly in eastern Africa. In the Sudan, the low yield of maize was mainly due to the use of low yielding landraces. It is necessary to carry out breeding programs that deal with the production of high yielding, adaptable new varieties. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genotypic performance and interrelationships among the traits. Ten maize genotypes evaluated at White Nile Research Station Farm, Kosti, of the Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Wad Medani Sudan were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022. Most evaluated genotypes exhibited a wide and significant variation in the 11 measured traits. Genotypic coefficient of variation and genetic advance were recorded for days to 50% tasseling, ear diameter (cm), number of grains per row and grain yield (t/ha) in both seasons. High heritability and genetic advance were recorded for grain yield, ear length, ear height, plant height, number of rows per ear, ear weight, days to 50% tasseling, 100-grain weight and days to 50% silking. Moreover, there was a highly significant and positive correlation of grain yield with number of rows per ear (r = 0.479), ear length (r = 0.381), 100-grain weight (r = 0.344) and days to 50% tasseling (r = 0.214). The highest yielding five genotypes across the seasons were TZCOM1/ZDPSYN (4.2 t/ha), EEPVAH-3 (4.2 t/ha), F2TWLY131228 (4.1 t/ha), PVA SYN6F2 (3.9 t/ha) and EEPVAH-9 (3.8 t/ha) these were needed to check the adaptability, stability and to test major maize growing areas to make sound recommendations for release.展开更多
Peanut is a major cash crop in the world. In recent years, peanut pod rot has become increasingly prevalent,resulting in significant yield and quality losses. Resistance breeding is considered a cost-effective approac...Peanut is a major cash crop in the world. In recent years, peanut pod rot has become increasingly prevalent,resulting in significant yield and quality losses. Resistance breeding is considered a cost-effective approach for managing pod rot. Previous research in the United States identified significant anatomical differences in leaves and shells among peanut cultivars with varying responses to pod rot caused by Pythium myriotylum Drechs. and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. However, whether similar anatomical features correlate with resistance to peanut pod rot in Laixi, Qingdao, remained unknown, where the primary causal pathogen for the disease was F. solani. In this study, nine peanut varieties with differing disease reactions to peanut pod rot were planted in the same plots.Paraffin sections of leaves and shells were prepared and stained to evaluate anatomical features, and the main agronomic traits were assessed alongside leaf spot disease ratings. All the four anatomical features, leaf palisade cell number, palisade cell width, index(palisade cell number per mm × cell width in μm), and shell lignin staining area, were measured before the onset of pod rot and were found to be negatively correlated with pod rot scores.Given the consistent and strong correlation of these anatomical features with pod rot resistance and their high heritability estimates, the pre-existing resistance could be identified even in the absence of the disease, which is particularly valuable for fields where pod rot may not occur every year. This study provided useful anatomical indicators for selecting resistance to peanut pod rot, predominantly caused by F. solani.展开更多
The Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)is a primary shellfish species for aquaculture around the world.However,the industry of Pacific oyster has been impaired by the mass summer mortality caused by environmental pertur...The Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)is a primary shellfish species for aquaculture around the world.However,the industry of Pacific oyster has been impaired by the mass summer mortality caused by environmental perturbations,including hypoxia.Selective breeding of oysters with high hypoxia tolerance is a sustainable approach to prevent economic loss caused by hypoxia.In this study,we constructed 36 C.gigas families and executed the hypoxia stress experiment to estimate genetic parameters for hypoxia tolerance.The survival rate among 36 C.gigas families ranged from 0 to 53.33%,suggesting that high levels of phenotypic variation existed in the trait of hypoxia tolerance.Genetic parameters of hypoxia tolerance estimated by six statistical models showed a low to moderate heritability,ranging from 0.167 to 0.291.The Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients among families estimated breeding values(EBVs)were high and positive,indicating that different models resulted in similar results in the estimation of breeding values.The phenotypic correlation between growth traits and hypoxia tolerance ranged from-0.030 to 0.061,while genetic correlation ranged from 0.110 to 0.285,implying that growth and hypoxia tolerance were independent traits.This work reported the first estimation of genetic parameters for hypoxia tolerance in C.gigas,and provided valuable information for the genetic improvement of hypoxia tolerance.展开更多
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord,leading to muscle weakness,para...Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord,leading to muscle weakness,paralysis,and respiratory failure (Morgan and Orrell,2016).展开更多
From the“Six Rising Dragons”emerging at the Hangzhou Future Sci-Tech City(Haichuang Park)to the archaeological wonders of Liangzhu,widely regarded as a cradle of Chinese civilization,dating back 5000 years.Recently,...From the“Six Rising Dragons”emerging at the Hangzhou Future Sci-Tech City(Haichuang Park)to the archaeological wonders of Liangzhu,widely regarded as a cradle of Chinese civilization,dating back 5000 years.Recently,our reporter has been conducting an in-depth interview in Zhejiang.Marveling at the ingenuity of ancient civilizations,we were amazed by the cutting-edge“intelligence”of humanoid robotics,and unlocked a unique dialogue between millennia-old heritage and the technology shaping tomorrow.展开更多
Phenology allows organisms to overcome seasonally variable conditions through life-cycle adjustment. Changes in phenology can drastically modify the evolutionary tra- jectory of a population, while a shift in the repr...Phenology allows organisms to overcome seasonally variable conditions through life-cycle adjustment. Changes in phenology can drastically modify the evolutionary tra- jectory of a population, while a shift in the reproductive time may cause allochronic differentiation. The hypothesis of heritable reproductive time was experimentally tested, by studying a unique population of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoeapityocampa （Den. ＆ Schiff.） which has a shifted phenology, and however co-occurs with the typical population following the classical life cycle. When populations of both types were reared under controlled conditions, the reproductive time was maintained asynchronous, as ob- served in the field. The shifted population was manipulated in the laboratory to reproduce later than usual, yet the offspring emerged in the next year at the expected dates thus ＂com- ing back＂ to the usual cycle. Hybrids from crosses performed between the 2 populations showed an intermediate phenology. From the emergence times of parents and offspring, a high heritability of the reproductive time （h = 0.76） was observed. The offspring ob- tained from each type of cross was genetically characterized using microsatellite markers. Bayesian clustering analysis confirmed that hybrids can he successfully identified and separated from the parental genetic classes by genotyping. Findings support the hypothesis that, for this particular population, incipient allochronic speciation is due to a heritable shift in the reproductive time that further causes assortative mating and might eventually cause ecological adaptation/maladaptation in response to environmental changes.展开更多
Most behavioral traits are known to be weakly heritable,possibly due to their extreme complexity and flexibility.Despite this general pattern,within-species variation in avian colony size choice has been reported to h...Most behavioral traits are known to be weakly heritable,possibly due to their extreme complexity and flexibility.Despite this general pattern,within-species variation in avian colony size choice has been reported to have a strong additive genetic component,but we are aware of no attempts to assess the heritability of avian sociality at the finer spatial scale.Here,we used an animal model and parent-offspring regression to quantify additive genetic variance in social phenotype(local nesting density)in a nonpasserine waterbird,the common tern Sterna hirundo.For this purpose,we used a novel experimental framework,where variation in the social environment was generated by providing birds with artificial patches of attractive nesting substrate that markedly varied in size.During 2011-2019,we collected data on social preferences for either low or high nesting density in over 250 individuals,either kin(mostly parent-offspring relationships)or non-kin recorded breeding multiple times across years.All heritability estimates of local nesting density were low(<0.10),irrespectively of fixed effects(sex and year)included in the models,data used in the modeling(all individuals vs.early recruits),or methodological approach(animal model vs.parent-offspring regression).We conclude that avian sociality,as measured at the local scale,may be much less heritable than colony size choice,as measured at the landscape level.Our study adds to the understanding of additive genetic variance in avian behavior,and it underlines a scale dependency in the heritability of behavioral traits.展开更多
The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii distributed from tropical to subtropical regions,is a warm-water species,and its survival temperature is 14-35°C,which greatly limits its culture cycle and cul...The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii distributed from tropical to subtropical regions,is a warm-water species,and its survival temperature is 14-35°C,which greatly limits its culture cycle and culture area in China.Therefore,it is urgent to cultivate a new high quality,high yield variety with improved cold-resistance,but the genetic parameters for cold-resistance traits are unknown in M.rosenbergii.In this study,the cold-resistance of adult M.rosenbergii populations was tested using the indoor artificial cooling method.Individuals were selected from 139 families of Shufeng G3 generation and cultured for 200 days.A linear mixed model was constructed by ASReml-R to evaluate the genetic parameters of the cold-resistance trait(cooling degree hours,CDH)and growth traits(body weight,BW,and body length,BL)based on the restricted maximum likelihood(REML)method.The results show that the heritability of CDH was low(0.12±0.05),while the growth traits(BW and BL)had low to moderate heritability,with 0.20±0.06 for BW and 0.06±0.04 for BL.The phenotypic and genetic correlation between BW and BL was significantly positive,but significantly negative phenotypic and genetic correlations were detected between CDH and BW and between CDH and BL.Furthermore,the analysis of the differences between cold-resistance and phenotypic traits showed that the female reproductive status,exoskeleton hardness and claw number of adult prawns had a great influence on the cold-resistance of M.rosenbergii(P<0.05),indicating that adults with claws and hard exoskeletons are preferred as parents in subsequent breeding selection.The present results can be attributed to the selection and breeding of a new cold-resistant variety of M.rosenbergii.展开更多
Background Thermal stress in subtropical regions is a major limiting factor in beef cattle production systems with around$369 million being lost annually due to reduced performance.Heat stress causes numerous physiolo...Background Thermal stress in subtropical regions is a major limiting factor in beef cattle production systems with around$369 million being lost annually due to reduced performance.Heat stress causes numerous physiological and behavioral disturbances including reduced feed intake and decreased production levels.Cattle utilize various physiological mechanisms such as sweating to regulate internal heat.Variation in these traits can help identify genetic variants that control sweat gland properties and subsequently allow for genetic selection of cattle with greater thermotolerance.Methods This study used 2,401 Brangus cattle from two commercial ranches in Florida.Precise phenotypes that contribute to an animal's ability to manage heat stress were calculated from skin biopsies and included sweat gland area,sweat gland depth,and sweat gland length.All animals were genotyped with the Bovine GGP F250K,and BLUPF90 software was used to estimate genetic parameters and for Genome Wide Association Study.Results Sweat gland phenotypes heritability ranged from 0.17 to 0.42 indicating a moderate amount of the phenotypic variation is due to genetics,allowing producers the ability to select for favorable sweat gland properties.A weighted single-step GWAS using sliding 10 kb windows identified multiple quantitative trait loci(QTLs)explaining a significant amount of genetic variation.QTLs located on BTA7 and BTA12 explained over 1.0%of genetic variance and overlap the ADGRV1 and CCDC168 genes,respectively.The variants identified in this study are implicated in processes related to immune function and cellular proliferation which could be relevant to heat management.Breed of Origin Alleles(BOA)were predicted using local ancestry in admixed populations(LAMP-LD),allowing for identification of markers'origin from either Brahman or Angus ancestry.A BOA GWAS was performed to identify regions inherited from particular ancestral breeds that might have a significant impact on sweat gland phenotypes.Conclusions The results of the BOA GWAS indicate that both Brahman and Angus alleles contribute positively to sweat gland traits,as evidenced by favorable marker effects observed from both genetic backgrounds.Understanding and utilizing genetic traits that confer better heat tolerance is a proactive approach to managing the impacts of climate change on livestock farming.展开更多
Diversity information mining about a crop for different attributes is an essential step for effective breeding programs.The present investigation evaluates the quantum of genetic variability and determines the relatio...Diversity information mining about a crop for different attributes is an essential step for effective breeding programs.The present investigation evaluates the quantum of genetic variability and determines the relationship among the important agro-economic traits based on two years of phenotypic data of 210 accessions of linseed.The traits,capsule weight per plant,capsule per plant,husk weight per plant,and seed weight per plant exhibited comparatively higher genetic coefficient of variation(GCV)and phenotypic coefficient of variation(PCV).In contrast,oil content and seed per capsule exhibited a lower value.The high magnitude of broad sense heritability was observed for all traits except seeds per capsule and husk weight per plant.The trait,capsules per plant,plant height,and days to 50%flowering showed high genetic advance coupled with high heritability.Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 210 accessions into six distinct clusters.Out of 210,144(68.57%)accessions were grouped into three clusters(I,II,and III),in which cluster-III was the largest,containing 64 accessions followed by cluster II and cluster-I.The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters-I and V(127.85),while the lowest was between clusters-II and IV(27.09).The positive correlation of capsule weight per plant with the seed weight per plant and a negative correlation with the days to 50%flowering indicates that high yielding linseed varieties with early flowering/maturity could be developed through direct and indirect selection.Further,seed yield and oil content could be enhanced together as indicated by ghe positive association among these two important traits.In this study,high yielding accessions with moderate to high oil content such as GP36,GP31,GP14,GP54,GP26,GP24,GP34,GP21,GP37 and GP27 and early flowering(less than 70 days)accessions such as GP2,GP26,GP27,CG33,CG44,CG42,CG132,and CG31 identified as potential genetic materials that could be exploited for developing early maturing varieties with high yield.In addition,information’s on various genetic parameters will help breeders to devise suitable breeding methodology for linseed genetic improvement for targeted traits.展开更多
Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)is regarded as a superfood due to its exceptionally high nutritional value and ability to withstand stress.Six quinoa genotypes(viz.,SAU Quinoa-1,Regalona,GPBQ-1,GPBQ-2,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ...Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)is regarded as a superfood due to its exceptionally high nutritional value and ability to withstand stress.Six quinoa genotypes(viz.,SAU Quinoa-1,Regalona,GPBQ-1,GPBQ-2,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ-4)were characterized for morphological,yield,and nutritional quality attributes while being grown under the agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh.The field experiment was carried out in the winter season(November 2022–March 2023)at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy,Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh,using a randomized complete block design with three replications.Data on various qualitative and quantitative traits related to growth and yield-attributes were recorded.A large variability was observed among the genotypes for growth habit,stem color,panicle shape,and panicle color at maturity.The whitish color of the seed was found in GPBQ-3 which indicates less saponin content as confirmed by saponin test.Yield attributing quantitative traits(viz.,days to first flowering,days to maturity,plant height,stem diameter,panicle weight,1000-seed weight,yield plant^(-1),above-ground biomass,and harvest index)also showed significant variation among the genotypes studied.Genotypes SAU Quinoa-1 and GPBQ-2 were identified as early maturing genotypes.The higher yield plant^(-1) was recorded in GPBQ-1 and GPBQ-3 genotypes.The phenotypic coefficient of variation for the majority of the traits evaluated was slightly higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation.For stem diameter,panicle weight,1000-seed weight,yields plant^(-1),and above-ground biomass,high heritability and high genetic advancement were seen as percentages of the mean.Yield plant^(-1) showed significant positive correlation with days to first flowering,days to maturity,plant height,stem diameter,panicle weight,and above-ground biomass(0.568*,0.812***,0.744***,0.895***,0.993***,and 0.985***,respectively).The first two components accounted for 85.5%of the overall variation among the genotypes,according to principal component analysis.Significant variability was also found for seed mineral contents(viz.,calcium,copper,iron,potassium,magnesium,manganese,and zinc)in the studied genotypes.The SAU Quinoa-1 genotype contained the highest amount of calcium and zinc,whereas,the highest amount of potassium was recorded in the GPBQ-1 genotype.We found a non-significant variability in carbohydrate,protein,fat,fiber,and vitamins(viz.,thiamine,riboflavin,niacin,and folic acid)contents in the studied genotypes.Considering all the yield and nutritional quality traits under study,the genotypes GPBQ-1,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ-4 were selected for future variety development program.展开更多
Oil palm germplasm collected from Angola,Africa in 1991 were subjected to genetic variability potential studies.The collection was planted in the form of open-pollinated families as trials at the Malaysian Palm Oil Bo...Oil palm germplasm collected from Angola,Africa in 1991 were subjected to genetic variability potential studies.The collection was planted in the form of open-pollinated families as trials at the Malaysian Palm Oil Board(MPOB)Kluang Research Station,Johor,Malaysia,in 1994.Dura palms from 52 families and tenera palms from 44 families of MPOB-Angola were evaluated for their bunch yield and bunch quality components.The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic variability among the families and performance of MPOB-Angola germplasm for yield improvement.The analysis of variance(ANOVA)revealed highly significant differences between the dura and tenera families for most of the traits,suggesting the presence of high genetic variability,which is essential for breeding programmes.Among the duras,family AGO 02.02 displayed the best yield performance,with a high fresh fruit bunch,oil yield and total economic product at 240.40,29.46 and 37.93 kg palm^(-1)year^(-1),respectively.As for the teneras,family AGO 03.04 recorded the highest FFB yield and oil yield at 249.25 and 45.22 kg palm^(-1)year^(-1),respectively.Besides that,several families with big fruit sizes or producing a mean fruit weight of 14-17 g were also identified.Both dura and tenera from AGO 01.01 recorded the highest oil to bunch(O/B)of 17.76%and 28.65%,respectively.These findings will facilitate the selection of palms from the MPOB-Angola germplasm for future breeding programmes.展开更多
Despite hybrid dominance contributing to the genetic improvement of crops,little is known about heterosis and inheritance patterns of endogenous substances in sorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)root bleeding sap.In thi...Despite hybrid dominance contributing to the genetic improvement of crops,little is known about heterosis and inheritance patterns of endogenous substances in sorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)root bleeding sap.In this study,six sterile and six restorer lines of sorghum and 36 hybrid sorghum combinations formulated as incomplete double-row crosses were selected as test materials,and heterosis,combining ability,heritability,and their interrelationships of root bleeding sap endogenous substances in different hybrid sorghum combinations and their parents were investigated.The results showed that the root bleeding sap of the F1 generation of hybrid sorghum had a high heterosis in both soluble sugar content and amino acid content at the flowering stage,and the average high-parent heterosis was 129.34%and 74.57%,respectively.Indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),cytokinins(CTK),gibberellic acid(GA_(3)),abscisic acid(ABA),soluble sugar,amino acid,and root bleeding intensity were mainly affected by non-additive genetic effects of the genes.Soluble protein was affected by additive genetic effects of the genes and had a high narrow heritability(75.50%),which could be selected at low generations in breeding.The combining ability analyses showed that the sterile lines 521A and 170A,and the restorer lines Ji318R and 0–30 were promising parents with high general combining ability.Correlation analysis showed that all endogenous substances of root bleeding sap were positively correlated with the sum of parental general combining ability(GCA)at highly significant levels,and IAA,CTK,GA_(3),ABA,soluble sugar,amino acid,and root bleeding intensity were positively correlated with male GCA at significant or highly significant levels.Therefore,the GCA of the restorer lines root bleeding sap endogenous material or the sum of both parents’GCA can be used to predict the performance of wounding endogenous material in the F1 generation of hybrid sorghum.Overall,this study results can help elucidate heterosis mechanisms of root bleeding sap endogenous material and improve sorghum quality.展开更多
Country bean, Lablab purpureus (L.) is considered one of the most important leguminous crops, but their cultivation under drought stress condition encounters challenges. In this study, an experiment has been conducted...Country bean, Lablab purpureus (L.) is considered one of the most important leguminous crops, but their cultivation under drought stress condition encounters challenges. In this study, an experiment has been conducted among 30 genotypes under drought condition to explore morphological diversity of qualitative and quantitative, biochemical, molecular analysis. The study identified significant variations in eight traits among the genotypes examined, with phenotypic variance exceeding genotypic variance, indicating both genetic and environmental influences. High heritability and genetic advance were observed in primary, secondary, and tertiary branch lengths, suggesting these traits are likely controlled by additive gene effects, making them effective targets for selection. Principal component analysis identified three components that made a substantial contribution, accounting for approximately 73.06% of the overall quantitative variations. Among the quantitative traits, the highest coefficient of variation (CV%) has been found in number of flowers (55.05%). While number of primary branches, primary branch length, number of secondary branches, secondary branch length, number of tertiary branches, tertiary branch length has individually more than 20% of CV%. The genotypes have been grouped into three clusters based on quantitative traits. Analysis of protein reveals that the genotypes of DS28 and DS29 have higher protein content than other genotypes. Dehydrogenase responsive genotypes have been found on DS28 and DS29 from the molecular analysis. The results suggest that the genotypes DS28 and DS29 could contribute as genetic resource of high protein content and DREB responsive, and the eight quantitative traits of 30 genotypes could be used for further breeding programme.展开更多
In domestic cattle,the body size traits have important implications in terms of breed characteristics and production performance.Shuxuan cattle is a dual-purpose breed mainly raised in Sichuan province,China,for which...In domestic cattle,the body size traits have important implications in terms of breed characteristics and production performance.Shuxuan cattle is a dual-purpose breed mainly raised in Sichuan province,China,for which we have known less about the genetic parameters and underlying candidate genes in relation to the body size traits.In this study,we obtained the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)using the Illumina Bovine BeadChip in 275 Shuxuan cattle.These SNPs were first used for estimating genetic parameters for the withers height(WH)and diagonal body length(BL).Using the bivariate animal model,the estimates(±standard error)of heritabilities were 0.71±0.22 and 0.49±0.29 for BL,and their genetic correlation was 0.64±0.37.Second,the genome-wide association study(GWAS)was performed.However,these did not result into genome-wide significant SNPs for both WH and BL traits.According to a less stringent suggestive significance,some positional candidate genes were found,and some of them(such as FAM110B,TAS1R2,PAX3,and FHIT)were previously reported in literature to be associated with body size traits in cattle.In conclusion,we estimated the genetic parameters in Shuxuan cattle using genomic information for the first time,which are required for implementing the genomic selection programs in the future.展开更多
基金supported by the National Geographic Society,the University of California Los Angeles(Faculty Senate and Division of Life Sciences)an RMBL research fellowship and the U.S.National Science Foundation(NSF IDBR-0754247 and DEB-1119660 and 1557130 to D.T.B.,as well as DBI 0242960,07211346 and 1226713 to RMBL).
文摘The nonlinearity and fear hypothesis predicts that highly aroused vocal mammals and birds produce vocalizations(notably alarm calls and screams)which contain a variety of nonlinear phenomena(NLP).Such vocalizations often sound“noisy”because vocal production systems are over-blown when animals are highly aroused.While much is known about the conditions under which animals produce vocalizations containing NLP and how species respond to them,there is little research about the heritability of such behavioral traits.Using the quantitative genetic animal model,we estimated the genetic basis of“noise”in alarm calls produced by females and found significant heritability in call entropy-our measure of the noisiness.About 9%of the variance in noisiness can be accounted for by genetic differences.Taken together,these findings suggest that the degree to which marmots produce noisy calls is modestly heritable and can be thus subject to further evolution via natural selection.
文摘Before a breeder invests selection pressure on a trait of interest, it needs to be established whether that trait is actually heritable. Some traits may not have been measured widely in pedigreed populations, for example, a disease or deformity may become more prevalent than previously, but is still relatively rare. One approach to detect inheritance would be to screen a commercial population to obtain a sample of "affecteds" (the test group) and to also obtain a random control group. These indi- viduals are then genotyped with a set of genetic markers and the relationships between individuals within each group estimated. If the relatedness is higher in the test group than in the control group, this provides initial evidence for the trait being heritable. A power simulation shows that this approach is feasible with moderate resources.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32230005).
文摘Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene function that occur without alterations to the DNA sequence.Major epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation,histone modifications,chromatin remodeling,and the regulatory ac-tions of small RNAs and long noncoding RNAs(Allis and Jenuwein,2016).These layers of regulation are essential for modulating gene expression and are widely involved in the regulation of plant growth and development,as well as in responses to environmental cues(Hemenway and Gehring,2023).
基金This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the CAS(Precision Seed Design and Breeding,XDA24020310 and XDA24020100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31830106 and 31872637)+2 种基金The Project for Extramural Scientists of the State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology(2021SKLAB6-7)Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(2021TC112)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2020000003).
文摘Genome editing provides novel strategies for improving plant traits,but relies on current genetic transformation and plant regeneration procedures,which can be inefficient.We have engineered a barley stripe mosaic virus(BSMV)-based sgRNA delivery vector(BSMV-sg)that is effective in performing heritable genome editing in Cas9-transgenic wheat plants.Mutated progenies were present in the next generation at frequencies ranging from 12.9%to 100%in three different wheat varieties,and 53.8%to 100%of mutants were virus-free.We also achieved multiplex mutagenesis in progeny using a pool of BSMV-sg vectors harboring different sgRNAs.Furthermore,we devised a virus-induced transgene-free editing procedure(VITF-Edit)to generate Cas9-free wheat mutants by crossing BSMV-infected Cas9-transgenic wheat pollen with wild-type wheat.Our study provides a robust,convenient and tissue culture-free approach for genome editing in wheat through virus infection.
基金Supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Public Welfare Technology Application Research Program(No:LGN21C140001).
文摘Plutella xylostella,a major pest of cruciferous vegetables worldwide,has developed resistance to diamide insecticides.Thiotraniliprole,a novel synthetic diamide insecticide,exhibits excellent activity against P.xylostella.In the present study,we aimed to confirm the resistance risk,cross-resistance,and mechanisms of resistance to thiotraniliprole in P.xylostella.After 40 consecutive generations of thiotraniliprole selection,we obtained a thiotraniliprole-resistance P.xylostella strain with a 5141.58-fold resistance ratio(RR)to thiotraniliprole.The overall realized heritability(h^(2))value of resistance was estimated as 0.9 using threshold trait analysis,indicating that the risk of developing resistance to thiotraniliprole is high in P.xylostella.The thiotraniliprole-resistant(TR)strain showed noticeable cross-resistance to chlorantraniliprole(RR=44670.05),cyantraniliprole(RR=7038.58),and tetrachlorantraniliprole(RR=1506.01),but no cross-resistance to tolfenpyrad,indoxacarb,diafenthiuron,or abamectin compared with the susceptible(S)strain.The enzyme assay data showed that the activities of glutathione-S transferase(GST),carboxylesterase(CarE),and the content of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase(P450s)were significantly higher in the TR strain than in the S strain.Sequencing of the full-length PxRyR cDNA revealed the gene site I4790K in the TR strain with a 100%frequency.This mutation in PxRyR likely underlies the high-level cross-resistance between thiotraniliprole and three other diamide insecticides.These findings provide valuable information for optimizing resistance management strategies to delay thiotraniliprole resistance development and ensure sustainable control of P.xylostella.
文摘Maize is an important source of calories and protein in human lives in many countries of the world and is the main staple food in Africa, particularly in eastern Africa. In the Sudan, the low yield of maize was mainly due to the use of low yielding landraces. It is necessary to carry out breeding programs that deal with the production of high yielding, adaptable new varieties. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genotypic performance and interrelationships among the traits. Ten maize genotypes evaluated at White Nile Research Station Farm, Kosti, of the Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Wad Medani Sudan were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the two seasons of 2021 and 2022. Most evaluated genotypes exhibited a wide and significant variation in the 11 measured traits. Genotypic coefficient of variation and genetic advance were recorded for days to 50% tasseling, ear diameter (cm), number of grains per row and grain yield (t/ha) in both seasons. High heritability and genetic advance were recorded for grain yield, ear length, ear height, plant height, number of rows per ear, ear weight, days to 50% tasseling, 100-grain weight and days to 50% silking. Moreover, there was a highly significant and positive correlation of grain yield with number of rows per ear (r = 0.479), ear length (r = 0.381), 100-grain weight (r = 0.344) and days to 50% tasseling (r = 0.214). The highest yielding five genotypes across the seasons were TZCOM1/ZDPSYN (4.2 t/ha), EEPVAH-3 (4.2 t/ha), F2TWLY131228 (4.1 t/ha), PVA SYN6F2 (3.9 t/ha) and EEPVAH-9 (3.8 t/ha) these were needed to check the adaptability, stability and to test major maize growing areas to make sound recommendations for release.
基金support from Mining Stress Tolerant Early Maturing Peanut Genetic Resources and Breeding Processing Type Peanut Varieties in Xinjiang(2022A02008-3)China Agricultural Research System(CARS-13)+1 种基金Agricultural Science&Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXGC2024D19)Key Research&Development Program of Shandong Province(2024TSGC0532).
文摘Peanut is a major cash crop in the world. In recent years, peanut pod rot has become increasingly prevalent,resulting in significant yield and quality losses. Resistance breeding is considered a cost-effective approach for managing pod rot. Previous research in the United States identified significant anatomical differences in leaves and shells among peanut cultivars with varying responses to pod rot caused by Pythium myriotylum Drechs. and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. However, whether similar anatomical features correlate with resistance to peanut pod rot in Laixi, Qingdao, remained unknown, where the primary causal pathogen for the disease was F. solani. In this study, nine peanut varieties with differing disease reactions to peanut pod rot were planted in the same plots.Paraffin sections of leaves and shells were prepared and stained to evaluate anatomical features, and the main agronomic traits were assessed alongside leaf spot disease ratings. All the four anatomical features, leaf palisade cell number, palisade cell width, index(palisade cell number per mm × cell width in μm), and shell lignin staining area, were measured before the onset of pod rot and were found to be negatively correlated with pod rot scores.Given the consistent and strong correlation of these anatomical features with pod rot resistance and their high heritability estimates, the pre-existing resistance could be identified even in the absence of the disease, which is particularly valuable for fields where pod rot may not occur every year. This study provided useful anatomical indicators for selecting resistance to peanut pod rot, predominantly caused by F. solani.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32341060)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2022YFD2400300)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (No. 2021ZLGX03)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-49)support from the High-Performance Biological Supercomputing Center of the Ocean University of China.
文摘The Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)is a primary shellfish species for aquaculture around the world.However,the industry of Pacific oyster has been impaired by the mass summer mortality caused by environmental perturbations,including hypoxia.Selective breeding of oysters with high hypoxia tolerance is a sustainable approach to prevent economic loss caused by hypoxia.In this study,we constructed 36 C.gigas families and executed the hypoxia stress experiment to estimate genetic parameters for hypoxia tolerance.The survival rate among 36 C.gigas families ranged from 0 to 53.33%,suggesting that high levels of phenotypic variation existed in the trait of hypoxia tolerance.Genetic parameters of hypoxia tolerance estimated by six statistical models showed a low to moderate heritability,ranging from 0.167 to 0.291.The Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients among families estimated breeding values(EBVs)were high and positive,indicating that different models resulted in similar results in the estimation of breeding values.The phenotypic correlation between growth traits and hypoxia tolerance ranged from-0.030 to 0.061,while genetic correlation ranged from 0.110 to 0.285,implying that growth and hypoxia tolerance were independent traits.This work reported the first estimation of genetic parameters for hypoxia tolerance in C.gigas,and provided valuable information for the genetic improvement of hypoxia tolerance.
文摘Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord,leading to muscle weakness,paralysis,and respiratory failure (Morgan and Orrell,2016).
文摘From the“Six Rising Dragons”emerging at the Hangzhou Future Sci-Tech City(Haichuang Park)to the archaeological wonders of Liangzhu,widely regarded as a cradle of Chinese civilization,dating back 5000 years.Recently,our reporter has been conducting an in-depth interview in Zhejiang.Marveling at the ingenuity of ancient civilizations,we were amazed by the cutting-edge“intelligence”of humanoid robotics,and unlocked a unique dialogue between millennia-old heritage and the technology shaping tomorrow.
文摘Phenology allows organisms to overcome seasonally variable conditions through life-cycle adjustment. Changes in phenology can drastically modify the evolutionary tra- jectory of a population, while a shift in the reproductive time may cause allochronic differentiation. The hypothesis of heritable reproductive time was experimentally tested, by studying a unique population of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoeapityocampa （Den. ＆ Schiff.） which has a shifted phenology, and however co-occurs with the typical population following the classical life cycle. When populations of both types were reared under controlled conditions, the reproductive time was maintained asynchronous, as ob- served in the field. The shifted population was manipulated in the laboratory to reproduce later than usual, yet the offspring emerged in the next year at the expected dates thus ＂com- ing back＂ to the usual cycle. Hybrids from crosses performed between the 2 populations showed an intermediate phenology. From the emergence times of parents and offspring, a high heritability of the reproductive time （h = 0.76） was observed. The offspring ob- tained from each type of cross was genetically characterized using microsatellite markers. Bayesian clustering analysis confirmed that hybrids can he successfully identified and separated from the parental genetic classes by genotyping. Findings support the hypothesis that, for this particular population, incipient allochronic speciation is due to a heritable shift in the reproductive time that further causes assortative mating and might eventually cause ecological adaptation/maladaptation in response to environmental changes.
基金supported by the research grant of the National Science Centre in Poland(2016/23/B/NZ8/02374).
文摘Most behavioral traits are known to be weakly heritable,possibly due to their extreme complexity and flexibility.Despite this general pattern,within-species variation in avian colony size choice has been reported to have a strong additive genetic component,but we are aware of no attempts to assess the heritability of avian sociality at the finer spatial scale.Here,we used an animal model and parent-offspring regression to quantify additive genetic variance in social phenotype(local nesting density)in a nonpasserine waterbird,the common tern Sterna hirundo.For this purpose,we used a novel experimental framework,where variation in the social environment was generated by providing birds with artificial patches of attractive nesting substrate that markedly varied in size.During 2011-2019,we collected data on social preferences for either low or high nesting density in over 250 individuals,either kin(mostly parent-offspring relationships)or non-kin recorded breeding multiple times across years.All heritability estimates of local nesting density were low(<0.10),irrespectively of fixed effects(sex and year)included in the models,data used in the modeling(all individuals vs.early recruits),or methodological approach(animal model vs.parent-offspring regression).We conclude that avian sociality,as measured at the local scale,may be much less heritable than colony size choice,as measured at the landscape level.Our study adds to the understanding of additive genetic variance in avian behavior,and it underlines a scale dependency in the heritability of behavioral traits.
基金Supported by the Key Scientific and Technological Grant of Zhejiang for Breeding New Agricultural(Aquaculture)Varieties(No.2021C02069-4-3)the Major Research&Development Program(Modern Agriculture)of Jiangsu Province(No.BE2019352)+1 种基金the Earmarked Fund for the China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-48)the Innovation Project of Postgraduate Scientific Research in Huzhou University in 2022(No.2022KYCX63)。
文摘The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii distributed from tropical to subtropical regions,is a warm-water species,and its survival temperature is 14-35°C,which greatly limits its culture cycle and culture area in China.Therefore,it is urgent to cultivate a new high quality,high yield variety with improved cold-resistance,but the genetic parameters for cold-resistance traits are unknown in M.rosenbergii.In this study,the cold-resistance of adult M.rosenbergii populations was tested using the indoor artificial cooling method.Individuals were selected from 139 families of Shufeng G3 generation and cultured for 200 days.A linear mixed model was constructed by ASReml-R to evaluate the genetic parameters of the cold-resistance trait(cooling degree hours,CDH)and growth traits(body weight,BW,and body length,BL)based on the restricted maximum likelihood(REML)method.The results show that the heritability of CDH was low(0.12±0.05),while the growth traits(BW and BL)had low to moderate heritability,with 0.20±0.06 for BW and 0.06±0.04 for BL.The phenotypic and genetic correlation between BW and BL was significantly positive,but significantly negative phenotypic and genetic correlations were detected between CDH and BW and between CDH and BL.Furthermore,the analysis of the differences between cold-resistance and phenotypic traits showed that the female reproductive status,exoskeleton hardness and claw number of adult prawns had a great influence on the cold-resistance of M.rosenbergii(P<0.05),indicating that adults with claws and hard exoskeletons are preferred as parents in subsequent breeding selection.The present results can be attributed to the selection and breeding of a new cold-resistant variety of M.rosenbergii.
基金supported by USDA-NIFA Grants#2017–67007-26143,2020–67015-30820Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Hatch FLAANS-005548+1 种基金supported by USDA NIFA grant 2019–38420-28977Town Creek Farms。
文摘Background Thermal stress in subtropical regions is a major limiting factor in beef cattle production systems with around$369 million being lost annually due to reduced performance.Heat stress causes numerous physiological and behavioral disturbances including reduced feed intake and decreased production levels.Cattle utilize various physiological mechanisms such as sweating to regulate internal heat.Variation in these traits can help identify genetic variants that control sweat gland properties and subsequently allow for genetic selection of cattle with greater thermotolerance.Methods This study used 2,401 Brangus cattle from two commercial ranches in Florida.Precise phenotypes that contribute to an animal's ability to manage heat stress were calculated from skin biopsies and included sweat gland area,sweat gland depth,and sweat gland length.All animals were genotyped with the Bovine GGP F250K,and BLUPF90 software was used to estimate genetic parameters and for Genome Wide Association Study.Results Sweat gland phenotypes heritability ranged from 0.17 to 0.42 indicating a moderate amount of the phenotypic variation is due to genetics,allowing producers the ability to select for favorable sweat gland properties.A weighted single-step GWAS using sliding 10 kb windows identified multiple quantitative trait loci(QTLs)explaining a significant amount of genetic variation.QTLs located on BTA7 and BTA12 explained over 1.0%of genetic variance and overlap the ADGRV1 and CCDC168 genes,respectively.The variants identified in this study are implicated in processes related to immune function and cellular proliferation which could be relevant to heat management.Breed of Origin Alleles(BOA)were predicted using local ancestry in admixed populations(LAMP-LD),allowing for identification of markers'origin from either Brahman or Angus ancestry.A BOA GWAS was performed to identify regions inherited from particular ancestral breeds that might have a significant impact on sweat gland phenotypes.Conclusions The results of the BOA GWAS indicate that both Brahman and Angus alleles contribute positively to sweat gland traits,as evidenced by favorable marker effects observed from both genetic backgrounds.Understanding and utilizing genetic traits that confer better heat tolerance is a proactive approach to managing the impacts of climate change on livestock farming.
基金supported by the Department of Biotechnology,Government of India,New Delhi.Grant Number-BT/Ag/Network/Linseed/2019-20.
文摘Diversity information mining about a crop for different attributes is an essential step for effective breeding programs.The present investigation evaluates the quantum of genetic variability and determines the relationship among the important agro-economic traits based on two years of phenotypic data of 210 accessions of linseed.The traits,capsule weight per plant,capsule per plant,husk weight per plant,and seed weight per plant exhibited comparatively higher genetic coefficient of variation(GCV)and phenotypic coefficient of variation(PCV).In contrast,oil content and seed per capsule exhibited a lower value.The high magnitude of broad sense heritability was observed for all traits except seeds per capsule and husk weight per plant.The trait,capsules per plant,plant height,and days to 50%flowering showed high genetic advance coupled with high heritability.Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped 210 accessions into six distinct clusters.Out of 210,144(68.57%)accessions were grouped into three clusters(I,II,and III),in which cluster-III was the largest,containing 64 accessions followed by cluster II and cluster-I.The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters-I and V(127.85),while the lowest was between clusters-II and IV(27.09).The positive correlation of capsule weight per plant with the seed weight per plant and a negative correlation with the days to 50%flowering indicates that high yielding linseed varieties with early flowering/maturity could be developed through direct and indirect selection.Further,seed yield and oil content could be enhanced together as indicated by ghe positive association among these two important traits.In this study,high yielding accessions with moderate to high oil content such as GP36,GP31,GP14,GP54,GP26,GP24,GP34,GP21,GP37 and GP27 and early flowering(less than 70 days)accessions such as GP2,GP26,GP27,CG33,CG44,CG42,CG132,and CG31 identified as potential genetic materials that could be exploited for developing early maturing varieties with high yield.In addition,information’s on various genetic parameters will help breeders to devise suitable breeding methodology for linseed genetic improvement for targeted traits.
文摘Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)is regarded as a superfood due to its exceptionally high nutritional value and ability to withstand stress.Six quinoa genotypes(viz.,SAU Quinoa-1,Regalona,GPBQ-1,GPBQ-2,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ-4)were characterized for morphological,yield,and nutritional quality attributes while being grown under the agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh.The field experiment was carried out in the winter season(November 2022–March 2023)at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy,Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh,using a randomized complete block design with three replications.Data on various qualitative and quantitative traits related to growth and yield-attributes were recorded.A large variability was observed among the genotypes for growth habit,stem color,panicle shape,and panicle color at maturity.The whitish color of the seed was found in GPBQ-3 which indicates less saponin content as confirmed by saponin test.Yield attributing quantitative traits(viz.,days to first flowering,days to maturity,plant height,stem diameter,panicle weight,1000-seed weight,yield plant^(-1),above-ground biomass,and harvest index)also showed significant variation among the genotypes studied.Genotypes SAU Quinoa-1 and GPBQ-2 were identified as early maturing genotypes.The higher yield plant^(-1) was recorded in GPBQ-1 and GPBQ-3 genotypes.The phenotypic coefficient of variation for the majority of the traits evaluated was slightly higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation.For stem diameter,panicle weight,1000-seed weight,yields plant^(-1),and above-ground biomass,high heritability and high genetic advancement were seen as percentages of the mean.Yield plant^(-1) showed significant positive correlation with days to first flowering,days to maturity,plant height,stem diameter,panicle weight,and above-ground biomass(0.568*,0.812***,0.744***,0.895***,0.993***,and 0.985***,respectively).The first two components accounted for 85.5%of the overall variation among the genotypes,according to principal component analysis.Significant variability was also found for seed mineral contents(viz.,calcium,copper,iron,potassium,magnesium,manganese,and zinc)in the studied genotypes.The SAU Quinoa-1 genotype contained the highest amount of calcium and zinc,whereas,the highest amount of potassium was recorded in the GPBQ-1 genotype.We found a non-significant variability in carbohydrate,protein,fat,fiber,and vitamins(viz.,thiamine,riboflavin,niacin,and folic acid)contents in the studied genotypes.Considering all the yield and nutritional quality traits under study,the genotypes GPBQ-1,GPBQ-3,and GPBQ-4 were selected for future variety development program.
文摘Oil palm germplasm collected from Angola,Africa in 1991 were subjected to genetic variability potential studies.The collection was planted in the form of open-pollinated families as trials at the Malaysian Palm Oil Board(MPOB)Kluang Research Station,Johor,Malaysia,in 1994.Dura palms from 52 families and tenera palms from 44 families of MPOB-Angola were evaluated for their bunch yield and bunch quality components.The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic variability among the families and performance of MPOB-Angola germplasm for yield improvement.The analysis of variance(ANOVA)revealed highly significant differences between the dura and tenera families for most of the traits,suggesting the presence of high genetic variability,which is essential for breeding programmes.Among the duras,family AGO 02.02 displayed the best yield performance,with a high fresh fruit bunch,oil yield and total economic product at 240.40,29.46 and 37.93 kg palm^(-1)year^(-1),respectively.As for the teneras,family AGO 03.04 recorded the highest FFB yield and oil yield at 249.25 and 45.22 kg palm^(-1)year^(-1),respectively.Besides that,several families with big fruit sizes or producing a mean fruit weight of 14-17 g were also identified.Both dura and tenera from AGO 01.01 recorded the highest oil to bunch(O/B)of 17.76%and 28.65%,respectively.These findings will facilitate the selection of palms from the MPOB-Angola germplasm for future breeding programmes.
基金funded by the Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project(20210202001NC)of Ziyang Zhouthe Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project(CXGC2021TD011)of Ziyang Zhou。
文摘Despite hybrid dominance contributing to the genetic improvement of crops,little is known about heterosis and inheritance patterns of endogenous substances in sorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)root bleeding sap.In this study,six sterile and six restorer lines of sorghum and 36 hybrid sorghum combinations formulated as incomplete double-row crosses were selected as test materials,and heterosis,combining ability,heritability,and their interrelationships of root bleeding sap endogenous substances in different hybrid sorghum combinations and their parents were investigated.The results showed that the root bleeding sap of the F1 generation of hybrid sorghum had a high heterosis in both soluble sugar content and amino acid content at the flowering stage,and the average high-parent heterosis was 129.34%and 74.57%,respectively.Indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),cytokinins(CTK),gibberellic acid(GA_(3)),abscisic acid(ABA),soluble sugar,amino acid,and root bleeding intensity were mainly affected by non-additive genetic effects of the genes.Soluble protein was affected by additive genetic effects of the genes and had a high narrow heritability(75.50%),which could be selected at low generations in breeding.The combining ability analyses showed that the sterile lines 521A and 170A,and the restorer lines Ji318R and 0–30 were promising parents with high general combining ability.Correlation analysis showed that all endogenous substances of root bleeding sap were positively correlated with the sum of parental general combining ability(GCA)at highly significant levels,and IAA,CTK,GA_(3),ABA,soluble sugar,amino acid,and root bleeding intensity were positively correlated with male GCA at significant or highly significant levels.Therefore,the GCA of the restorer lines root bleeding sap endogenous material or the sum of both parents’GCA can be used to predict the performance of wounding endogenous material in the F1 generation of hybrid sorghum.Overall,this study results can help elucidate heterosis mechanisms of root bleeding sap endogenous material and improve sorghum quality.
文摘Country bean, Lablab purpureus (L.) is considered one of the most important leguminous crops, but their cultivation under drought stress condition encounters challenges. In this study, an experiment has been conducted among 30 genotypes under drought condition to explore morphological diversity of qualitative and quantitative, biochemical, molecular analysis. The study identified significant variations in eight traits among the genotypes examined, with phenotypic variance exceeding genotypic variance, indicating both genetic and environmental influences. High heritability and genetic advance were observed in primary, secondary, and tertiary branch lengths, suggesting these traits are likely controlled by additive gene effects, making them effective targets for selection. Principal component analysis identified three components that made a substantial contribution, accounting for approximately 73.06% of the overall quantitative variations. Among the quantitative traits, the highest coefficient of variation (CV%) has been found in number of flowers (55.05%). While number of primary branches, primary branch length, number of secondary branches, secondary branch length, number of tertiary branches, tertiary branch length has individually more than 20% of CV%. The genotypes have been grouped into three clusters based on quantitative traits. Analysis of protein reveals that the genotypes of DS28 and DS29 have higher protein content than other genotypes. Dehydrogenase responsive genotypes have been found on DS28 and DS29 from the molecular analysis. The results suggest that the genotypes DS28 and DS29 could contribute as genetic resource of high protein content and DREB responsive, and the eight quantitative traits of 30 genotypes could be used for further breeding programme.
基金Supported by the Sichuan Province Key Research and Development Project(2022YFYZ0006)the Sichuan Province Science and Technology Planning Project(2021YFYZ0001).
文摘In domestic cattle,the body size traits have important implications in terms of breed characteristics and production performance.Shuxuan cattle is a dual-purpose breed mainly raised in Sichuan province,China,for which we have known less about the genetic parameters and underlying candidate genes in relation to the body size traits.In this study,we obtained the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)using the Illumina Bovine BeadChip in 275 Shuxuan cattle.These SNPs were first used for estimating genetic parameters for the withers height(WH)and diagonal body length(BL).Using the bivariate animal model,the estimates(±standard error)of heritabilities were 0.71±0.22 and 0.49±0.29 for BL,and their genetic correlation was 0.64±0.37.Second,the genome-wide association study(GWAS)was performed.However,these did not result into genome-wide significant SNPs for both WH and BL traits.According to a less stringent suggestive significance,some positional candidate genes were found,and some of them(such as FAM110B,TAS1R2,PAX3,and FHIT)were previously reported in literature to be associated with body size traits in cattle.In conclusion,we estimated the genetic parameters in Shuxuan cattle using genomic information for the first time,which are required for implementing the genomic selection programs in the future.
