The tubing hanger is an important component of the subsea Christmas tree, experiencing big temperature difference which will lead to very high thermal stresses. On the basis of API 17D/ISO 13628-4 and ASME VIII-1, and...The tubing hanger is an important component of the subsea Christmas tree, experiencing big temperature difference which will lead to very high thermal stresses. On the basis of API 17D/ISO 13628-4 and ASME VIII-1, and by comprehensively considering the erosion of oil and the gravity load of the tubing, a calculation model is established by regarding design pressure and thermal stress, and the method for designing the tubing hanger of the horizontal Christmas tree under big temperature difference condition is developed from the fourth strength theory. The proposed theory for strength design of the tubing hanger in big temperature difference is verified by numerical results from ABAQUS.展开更多
The hangers of suspension bridges can be placed in two forms: vertical or inclined form. Inclined hangers are more liable to fatigue. Vertical hangers are subjected to greater fluctuations of stress resulting from bri...The hangers of suspension bridges can be placed in two forms: vertical or inclined form. Inclined hangers are more liable to fatigue. Vertical hangers are subjected to greater fluctuations of stress resulting from bridge wind loads. To improve aerodynamic stability, inclined hangers can be used instead of vertical ones. Some inclined hangers show considerable signs of distress and some of them show slackness due to their location against loads. In this paper a pedestrian suspension bridge with vertical hangers has been studied as a case study. Then, the same bridge has been studied with inclined hangers. To reduce internal forces, fatigue and slackness in hangers, horizontal cables have been added to inclined hangers. This modification is proposed by the present authors. The added horizontal cables transfer the tensile load from overstressed hangers to adjacent slacked hangers. Three different hanger patterns have been analyzed under nonlinear static analysis for symmetrical and nonsymmetrical live load plus dead load. Results showed that the modified hanger system had been improved considerably in comparison with vertical or inclined hangers and wherever that there is no improvement some solutions have been proposed.展开更多
This article discussed how to improve constant force performance of the large capacity constant spring support hangers. Large deviations have been found between product testing results and theoretical calculations aft...This article discussed how to improve constant force performance of the large capacity constant spring support hangers. Large deviations have been found between product testing results and theoretical calculations after years of research and testing. The deviations mainly are caused by internal frictions inside the constant spring support hangers. By reducing or properly using internal frictions, consistent results between testing and theoretical calculation have been achieved. Based on product performance testing results recently, constant force performance of hangers has been improved greatly by adopting new methodology.展开更多
The back of the mirror is mainly decorated with dragon patterns,in which the head of the dragon is perking up.and the body of the dragon stretches freely.This is the largest ancient copper mirror ever seen.The bronze ...The back of the mirror is mainly decorated with dragon patterns,in which the head of the dragon is perking up.and the body of the dragon stretches freely.This is the largest ancient copper mirror ever seen.The bronze mirror is used to reflect the human image.SO the surface must be bright and fiat.For sucha casting with a large flat surface,it is extremely difficult to control the mirror surface without warpingdeformation.展开更多
A three - dimenslonal finite element model is developed to deal with the polymeric liquid flow in coat - hanger die. This model is used to predict the flow behavior of the 2％ CMC/watsr solution in the coat - hanger d...A three - dimenslonal finite element model is developed to deal with the polymeric liquid flow in coat - hanger die. This model is used to predict the flow behavior of the 2％ CMC/watsr solution in the coat - hanger die with linearly taper manifolds and its validity is experimentally verified quantitatively and qualitatively by using Laser Doppler Velocimetry and Particle Image Velocimetry respectively.展开更多
In liner cementing,the upper cement plug and inner components of a common hanger needs to be drilled out after cementing,which will result in a poor cementing quality or even gas leakage at the flare opening.Therefore...In liner cementing,the upper cement plug and inner components of a common hanger needs to be drilled out after cementing,which will result in a poor cementing quality or even gas leakage at the flare opening.Therefore,a new packer-type drilling-free liner hanger has been developed,and a hydraulic setting-control packer,a flexible drilling-free seal box,and an auxiliary bearing back-off mechanism that go with the line hanger have been designed at the same time.Specific operation procedures include:(1)run in the liner string to the designed depth,then fully circulate the drilling fluid,finally drop the ball.When the tripping ball gets into the seat,the pressure will go up to cut off the hanging control pin and set the hanger;(2)continue to hold the pressure and cut off the ball seat pin to form circulation;(3)trip in the drill pipe to exert pressure on the hanger,back off to release the hanger from the running tool;(4)lower the drill pipe plug upon the completion of cement in-jection,cut off the releasing control pin of hollow casing plug,and run down further to bump with the bumping assembly;(5)remove the cementing head and connect the kelly driver,hold pressure again,then slowly pull up the drill tools,exert hydraulic pressure on the setting hydraulic cylinder of the packer assembly to cut off the setting control pin and set the packer;and(6)pull up the tools to the flare opening and wash out excessive cement slurry by circulating to realize free drilling of the whole hole.The successful application of the liner hanger in 127 mm diameter liner in Well BQ203-H1 indicates that the packer-type liner hanger has such advantages as easy hanging and back-off,accurate bumping,simple setting,and sound sealing performance.展开更多
Hangers play a crucial role in transferring loads in suspension bridges,yet their condition often deteriorates faster than expected due to corrosion and fatigue effects.Premature hanger failure poses serious risks to ...Hangers play a crucial role in transferring loads in suspension bridges,yet their condition often deteriorates faster than expected due to corrosion and fatigue effects.Premature hanger failure poses serious risks to bridge safety and results in significant economic loss due to frequent replacement and traffic interruption.To address these challenges,this study proposes an integrated framework to evaluate the life-cycle safety and operational cost of bridge hangers.Traffic data obtained from Weigh-in-Motion(WIM)systems are used to simulate dynamic hanger responses.A wire-to-hanger deterioration model is then employed to capture the time-dependent interaction between corrosion and fatigue under varying environmental conditions.The failure probability of hangers is incorporated into a cost model that accounts for inspection,maintenance,replacement,and traffic disruptions associated with failure.A case study of the Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge is conducted based on its WIM data and inspection records.The simulation results showthat corrosion-fatigue interaction significantly accelerates hanger degradation.However,timely and effective maintenance measures including anchorage dehumidification can extend service life and reduce total operational costs.The proposed framework provides a practical tool for designing cost-effectivemaintenance strategies and improving the long-term performance of suspension bridge hangers.展开更多
Recently,inverted T-beams have been used in reinforced concrete(RC)bridges to support transverse precast stringers.Inverted T-beams,contrary to practice with conventional beams,are loaded on the flanges upper surface....Recently,inverted T-beams have been used in reinforced concrete(RC)bridges to support transverse precast stringers.Inverted T-beams,contrary to practice with conventional beams,are loaded on the flanges upper surface.This loading configuration causes hanger failure due to the generation of vertical tensile stresses near the bottom of the web.The key purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of vertical external prestressing stainless-steel bars in mitigating non-ductile hanger failure in reinforced concrete inverted T-beams.An experimental study on six inverted-T beams,including two un-strengthened specimens,was carried out.The study showed that the value of the prestressing level had a considerable impact on the performance of hanger mechanism in relation to crack pattern,ultimate loads,cracking behavior,load-deflection,strains,and ductility.The experimental results indicated that the suggested method for strengthening inverted T-beams had efficacy in reducing the seriousness of the non-ductile hanger failure and resulted in a strength increase of up to 53% when compared to that of the un-strengthened specimen.Additionally,two analytical models for estimating the hanger capacity and the average crack width of the strengthened RC inverted T-beams were proposed.The models that were proposed exhibited a high degree of agreement with the experimental results.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(Grant No.2011ZX05026-003-02)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,Grant No.2012AA09A205)
文摘The tubing hanger is an important component of the subsea Christmas tree, experiencing big temperature difference which will lead to very high thermal stresses. On the basis of API 17D/ISO 13628-4 and ASME VIII-1, and by comprehensively considering the erosion of oil and the gravity load of the tubing, a calculation model is established by regarding design pressure and thermal stress, and the method for designing the tubing hanger of the horizontal Christmas tree under big temperature difference condition is developed from the fourth strength theory. The proposed theory for strength design of the tubing hanger in big temperature difference is verified by numerical results from ABAQUS.
文摘The hangers of suspension bridges can be placed in two forms: vertical or inclined form. Inclined hangers are more liable to fatigue. Vertical hangers are subjected to greater fluctuations of stress resulting from bridge wind loads. To improve aerodynamic stability, inclined hangers can be used instead of vertical ones. Some inclined hangers show considerable signs of distress and some of them show slackness due to their location against loads. In this paper a pedestrian suspension bridge with vertical hangers has been studied as a case study. Then, the same bridge has been studied with inclined hangers. To reduce internal forces, fatigue and slackness in hangers, horizontal cables have been added to inclined hangers. This modification is proposed by the present authors. The added horizontal cables transfer the tensile load from overstressed hangers to adjacent slacked hangers. Three different hanger patterns have been analyzed under nonlinear static analysis for symmetrical and nonsymmetrical live load plus dead load. Results showed that the modified hanger system had been improved considerably in comparison with vertical or inclined hangers and wherever that there is no improvement some solutions have been proposed.
文摘This article discussed how to improve constant force performance of the large capacity constant spring support hangers. Large deviations have been found between product testing results and theoretical calculations after years of research and testing. The deviations mainly are caused by internal frictions inside the constant spring support hangers. By reducing or properly using internal frictions, consistent results between testing and theoretical calculation have been achieved. Based on product performance testing results recently, constant force performance of hangers has been improved greatly by adopting new methodology.
文摘The back of the mirror is mainly decorated with dragon patterns,in which the head of the dragon is perking up.and the body of the dragon stretches freely.This is the largest ancient copper mirror ever seen.The bronze mirror is used to reflect the human image.SO the surface must be bright and fiat.For sucha casting with a large flat surface,it is extremely difficult to control the mirror surface without warpingdeformation.
文摘A three - dimenslonal finite element model is developed to deal with the polymeric liquid flow in coat - hanger die. This model is used to predict the flow behavior of the 2％ CMC/watsr solution in the coat - hanger die with linearly taper manifolds and its validity is experimentally verified quantitatively and qualitatively by using Laser Doppler Velocimetry and Particle Image Velocimetry respectively.
基金2011 Overall Project of China National Petroleum Corpo-ration(No.2011T-0501).
文摘In liner cementing,the upper cement plug and inner components of a common hanger needs to be drilled out after cementing,which will result in a poor cementing quality or even gas leakage at the flare opening.Therefore,a new packer-type drilling-free liner hanger has been developed,and a hydraulic setting-control packer,a flexible drilling-free seal box,and an auxiliary bearing back-off mechanism that go with the line hanger have been designed at the same time.Specific operation procedures include:(1)run in the liner string to the designed depth,then fully circulate the drilling fluid,finally drop the ball.When the tripping ball gets into the seat,the pressure will go up to cut off the hanging control pin and set the hanger;(2)continue to hold the pressure and cut off the ball seat pin to form circulation;(3)trip in the drill pipe to exert pressure on the hanger,back off to release the hanger from the running tool;(4)lower the drill pipe plug upon the completion of cement in-jection,cut off the releasing control pin of hollow casing plug,and run down further to bump with the bumping assembly;(5)remove the cementing head and connect the kelly driver,hold pressure again,then slowly pull up the drill tools,exert hydraulic pressure on the setting hydraulic cylinder of the packer assembly to cut off the setting control pin and set the packer;and(6)pull up the tools to the flare opening and wash out excessive cement slurry by circulating to realize free drilling of the whole hole.The successful application of the liner hanger in 127 mm diameter liner in Well BQ203-H1 indicates that the packer-type liner hanger has such advantages as easy hanging and back-off,accurate bumping,simple setting,and sound sealing performance.
基金supported by the Academician Project Foundation of CCCC(YSZX-01-2022-01-B,YSZX-03-2025-02-B).
文摘Hangers play a crucial role in transferring loads in suspension bridges,yet their condition often deteriorates faster than expected due to corrosion and fatigue effects.Premature hanger failure poses serious risks to bridge safety and results in significant economic loss due to frequent replacement and traffic interruption.To address these challenges,this study proposes an integrated framework to evaluate the life-cycle safety and operational cost of bridge hangers.Traffic data obtained from Weigh-in-Motion(WIM)systems are used to simulate dynamic hanger responses.A wire-to-hanger deterioration model is then employed to capture the time-dependent interaction between corrosion and fatigue under varying environmental conditions.The failure probability of hangers is incorporated into a cost model that accounts for inspection,maintenance,replacement,and traffic disruptions associated with failure.A case study of the Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge is conducted based on its WIM data and inspection records.The simulation results showthat corrosion-fatigue interaction significantly accelerates hanger degradation.However,timely and effective maintenance measures including anchorage dehumidification can extend service life and reduce total operational costs.The proposed framework provides a practical tool for designing cost-effectivemaintenance strategies and improving the long-term performance of suspension bridge hangers.
文摘Recently,inverted T-beams have been used in reinforced concrete(RC)bridges to support transverse precast stringers.Inverted T-beams,contrary to practice with conventional beams,are loaded on the flanges upper surface.This loading configuration causes hanger failure due to the generation of vertical tensile stresses near the bottom of the web.The key purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of vertical external prestressing stainless-steel bars in mitigating non-ductile hanger failure in reinforced concrete inverted T-beams.An experimental study on six inverted-T beams,including two un-strengthened specimens,was carried out.The study showed that the value of the prestressing level had a considerable impact on the performance of hanger mechanism in relation to crack pattern,ultimate loads,cracking behavior,load-deflection,strains,and ductility.The experimental results indicated that the suggested method for strengthening inverted T-beams had efficacy in reducing the seriousness of the non-ductile hanger failure and resulted in a strength increase of up to 53% when compared to that of the un-strengthened specimen.Additionally,two analytical models for estimating the hanger capacity and the average crack width of the strengthened RC inverted T-beams were proposed.The models that were proposed exhibited a high degree of agreement with the experimental results.
