Introduction Chirality is defined as the absence of inversion symmetry,however,it is actually a pseudo-scalar of objects or figures,and does not depend for its definition on any connection to the physical world[1-5]. ...Introduction Chirality is defined as the absence of inversion symmetry,however,it is actually a pseudo-scalar of objects or figures,and does not depend for its definition on any connection to the physical world[1-5]. Logically,chiral molecules may possess other inherent physical quantity that guarantees the connection to the physical world[6,7].展开更多
A dual structure of composite right/left handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) is analyzed in which an inductance LR is in parallel with a capacitance CL and a shunt capacitance CR is in series with an inductance LL. B...A dual structure of composite right/left handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) is analyzed in which an inductance LR is in parallel with a capacitance CL and a shunt capacitance CR is in series with an inductance LL. Both the distributed and lumped cases are considered. The dispersion diagram and transmission properties of the dual CRLH TL are given and compared with those of a standard CRLH TL. Contrary to the frequency response of a standard CRLH TL, a dual CRLH TL has a left-handed (negative phase shift) band at higher frequencies and a right-handed (positive phase shift) band at lower frequencies. A novel dual-band balun is presented as an application.展开更多
Manipulating biomacromolecules and micro-devices with light is highly appealing.Opto driving torque can propel micro-rotors to translational motion in viscous liquid,and then separate microsystems according to their h...Manipulating biomacromolecules and micro-devices with light is highly appealing.Opto driving torque can propel micro-rotors to translational motion in viscous liquid,and then separate microsystems according to their handedness.We study the torque of dielectric loss generated by circular polarized lasers.The unwanted axial force which causes the handedness independent translational motion is cancelled by the counter propagating reflection beams.The propelling efficiency and the friction torque of water are obtained by solving the Navier-Stokes equation.In the interesting range of parameters,the numerical friction torque is found to be linear to the angular velocity with a slope depending on the radius of rotor as r^3.The time-dependent distribution of angular velocity is obtained as a solution of the Fokker-Planck equation,with which the thermal fluctuation is accounted.The results shed light on the micro-torque measurement and suggest a controllable micro-carrier.展开更多
Chiral mesoporous silica ribbons and rods with inversed handedness have been synthesized with the same enantio pure N-acylaminoacidat temperatures of 0℃and 20℃ respectively. With involving Cu^(2+)and meso-tetra(4-su...Chiral mesoporous silica ribbons and rods with inversed handedness have been synthesized with the same enantio pure N-acylaminoacidat temperatures of 0℃and 20℃ respectively. With involving Cu^(2+)and meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin(TPPS) as probes, ribbons and rods revealed opposite signals in diffuse-reflectance circular dichroism(DRCD) spectra, indicating the existence of inversed supramolecular chiral imprintings through helical stacking of amphiphiles. The structural evolution was systematically studied by the freeze-dried products sampled at different time after the addition of silica precursors. The H-bonding-depended molecular orientation probably controls the chiral sense upon forming chiral molecular stacking, which would be the origin of such handedness inversion展开更多
Hand preference of wild moor monkeys Macaca maurus was investigated in food reaching situations at the Karaenta Nature Reserve, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The frequency picking up sweet-corn grains to take into the mo...Hand preference of wild moor monkeys Macaca maurus was investigated in food reaching situations at the Karaenta Nature Reserve, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The frequency picking up sweet-corn grains to take into the mouth by either hand of monkeys was counted directly at the feeding ground where sweet-corn grains were scattered for monkeys. Among the 20 monkeys examined, 8 were right-handed, 8 were left-handed, and 4 were ambilateral. The results indicated the prevailed hand preference on individual level but not either trends of left- or right-hand preference on population level. The trend toward a higher proportion of left-handed monkeys found in Japanese and rhesus monkeys was not found. Some other characteristics found in moor monkeys are discussed in comparison with those previous findings in Japanese and Tibetan macaques in order to evaluate variations within the genus Macaca展开更多
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess the activity of supplementary motor area (SMA) in six right-handed and six left-handed healthy volunteers. Two manual tasks (self-initiated previously pr...Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess the activity of supplementary motor area (SMA) in six right-handed and six left-handed healthy volunteers. Two manual tasks (self-initiated previously practiced and unpredictable visually guided) were used. Quantitative analysis of hemispheric and bilateral SMA activation was described as mean ± standard deviation of hot spots/total spots. The two tasks induced bilateral SMA activation. The laterality of SMA activation was affected by manual dominance. Left SMA was significantly more activated in right- and left-handers while performing the motor tasks with the right hand. Right SMA was more activated in the left-handers when the left hand was used. Task complexity was the most important factor influencing the degree of SMA activation.展开更多
Twining stems of plants are very common in extant tropical and subtropical forests, and the climbing growth habit of plants may be an evolutionary innovation and ecological adaptation to either closed, shady or open, ...Twining stems of plants are very common in extant tropical and subtropical forests, and the climbing growth habit of plants may be an evolutionary innovation and ecological adaptation to either closed, shady or open, edge environments. However, the origin of handedness in climbing plants remains unclear. Here we report a Miocene (ca. 16 million years ago) macrofossil from the Shanwang Formation of Shandong Province, Eastern China, unequivocally exhibiting the first direct fossil evidence for a left-handed, stem-twining growth habit in plants. This fossil plant bears a thicker, slightly curved supporting stem (2 - 3.5 mm wide), which is loosely, spirally twined by a thinner stem (1.5 - 2 mm wide), possibly representing part of distal branches from a liana or vine.展开更多
The refraction index of the quantized lossy composite right-left handed transmission line（CRLH-TL） is deduced in the thermal coherence state. The results show that the negative refraction index（herein the left-hand...The refraction index of the quantized lossy composite right-left handed transmission line（CRLH-TL） is deduced in the thermal coherence state. The results show that the negative refraction index（herein the left-handedness） can be implemented by the electric circuit dissipative factors（i.e., the resistances R and conductances G） in a higher frequency band（1.446 GHz≤ ω ≤ 15 GHz）, and flexibly adjusted by the left-handed circuit components（Cl, Ll） and the right-handed circuit components（Cr, Lr） at a lower frequency（ω = 0.995 GHz）. The flexible adjustment for left-handedness in a wider bandwidth will be significant for the microscale circuit design of the CRLH-TL and may make the theoretical preparation for its compact applications.展开更多
In this paper we have investigated three external fields interacting with the four-level Y-type atomic system described by the density-matrix approach. The results show that left-handedness with zero absorption is ach...In this paper we have investigated three external fields interacting with the four-level Y-type atomic system described by the density-matrix approach. The results show that left-handedness with zero absorption is achieved. The zero absorption property displays the possibility of manipulation by varying the phase and the intensity of the coupling field. Also, the zero absorption property may be used to amplify the evanescent waves that have been lost in imaging by traditional lenses. We propose an approach to obtain a negative refractive medium with zero absorption and the possibility of enhaneeingthe imaging resolution in realizing ＇superlenses＇.展开更多
Study Aim: Frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha band power during rest shows increased right, and/or de-creased left, hemisphere activity under conditions of state or trait withdrawal-associated affect. Non-rig...Study Aim: Frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha band power during rest shows increased right, and/or de-creased left, hemisphere activity under conditions of state or trait withdrawal-associated affect. Non-right-handers (NRH) are more likely to have mental illnesses and dispositions that involve such withdrawal-related affect. The aim of the study was to examine whether NRH might be characterized by increased right, relative to left, hemisphere activity during rest. Methods: The present research investigated that hypothesis by examining resting EEG alpha power in consistently-right-handed (CRH) and NRH individuals. Results: In support of the hypothesis, NRH demonstrated de-creased right hemisphere alpha power, and therefore increased right hemisphere activity, during rest, compared to CRH. Conclusions: The study demonstrates further support for an association between increased right hemisphere activity and negative affect via an association between such EEG activity and NRH.展开更多
Left-handers are reputed to be shorter than right-handers. However, previous research has confounded handedness direction (left-versus right-handedness) with handedness strength (consistency with which one hand is cho...Left-handers are reputed to be shorter than right-handers. However, previous research has confounded handedness direction (left-versus right-handedness) with handedness strength (consistency with which one hand is chosen across a variety of tasks;consistent-versus inconsistent-handedness). Here, we support a relationship between handedness strength, but not direction, and stature, with increasing inconsistent-handedness associated with increasing self-reported height.展开更多
This paper tackles the wave attenuation along with a cylindrical waveguides composed of a left Handed material (LHM), surrounded by a superconducting or metal wall. I used the transcendental equations for both TE and ...This paper tackles the wave attenuation along with a cylindrical waveguides composed of a left Handed material (LHM), surrounded by a superconducting or metal wall. I used the transcendental equations for both TE and TM waves. I found out that the waveguide supports backward TE and backward TM waves since both permittivity and magnetic permeability of LHM are negative. I also illustrated the dependence of the TE and TM wave attenuation on the wave frequency and the reduced temperature of the superconducting wall (T/Tc). Attenuation constant increases by increasing the wave frequency and it shows higher values at higher T/Tc. Lowest wave attenuation and the best confinement are achieved for the thickest TE waveguide. LHM-superconductor waveguide shows lower wave attenuation than LHM-metal waveguide.展开更多
In this work, we derived the modal dispersion relation for TEm modes for a symmetric slab waveguide constructed from SiO2 dielectric guiding core material with lossy left-handed material (LHM) as cladding and substrat...In this work, we derived the modal dispersion relation for TEm modes for a symmetric slab waveguide constructed from SiO2 dielectric guiding core material with lossy left-handed material (LHM) as cladding and substrate, and the power confinement factor. The dispersion relations and the power confinement factor were numerically solved for a given set of parameters: allowed frequency range;core’s thicknesses;and TEm mode order. We found that the real part of the effective refractive index decreased with thickness and frequency increase. Moreover, the imaginary part (extinction coefficient) of the effective refractive index has very small values for all thickness in the frequency ranges, which means the waveguide structure is transparent for the used frequencies. The waveguide structure offers good guiding power for all thickness in the frequency range with low power attenuation. The real part of the effective refractive index increases with the increase of mode order, and the power confinement factor decreases with the increase of mode order.展开更多
It has been proved by the ancient and modemacupuncture practices that needling techniques are ofvital importance in the acupuncture treatment ofdiseases.At present,much has been reported aboutthe researches on acupunc...It has been proved by the ancient and modemacupuncture practices that needling techniques are ofvital importance in the acupuncture treatment ofdiseases.At present,much has been reported aboutthe researches on acupuncture techniques,which canbe roughly divided into the following three types:reinforcing,reducing,and even methods.Throughlong years of study and clinical practice,Dr.展开更多
Background:The task of document examiners is very challenging,as they need to gather all the relevant facts to make an informed decision regarding the questioned document.In the present study,a total of 300 handwritin...Background:The task of document examiners is very challenging,as they need to gather all the relevant facts to make an informed decision regarding the questioned document.In the present study,a total of 300 handwriting samples from 100 different writers(involving 50 right-handed and 50 left-handed)were collected at Bundelkhand University,Jhansi.Slant and stroke,as characteristic features of handwriting,were visually examined under a stereomicroscope to ascertain the handedness.Methods:Slants and Strokes as characteristic features were analyzed in a total of 300 handwriting samples collected from 50 left-handed and 50 right-handed writers of age 17–22 years.A reference text comprising three pangram sentences printed on A4 paper and a blue ball point pen was used for sampling.Results:The data collected during the study were analyzed using a statistical method(Chi-square test)and revealed that the left-handed writers(LHWs)had a significantly(P<0.05)different writing style than the right-handed ones.Results indicated that LHWs are more likely to make strokes in the right-to-left direction and slant of letters in the backward direction,while right-handed writers make strokes in the left-to-right direction and slant of letters in the forward direction.Conclusions:The findings of the study showed valuable insight and highlighted the significance of the direction of slant and horizontal stroke as potential indicators for the determination of handedness.展开更多
In this paper,novel dual-band (DB) branch-line couplers (BLCs) employing a composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL) and fractal geometry are presented for the first time.The CRLH TL,with specified chara...In this paper,novel dual-band (DB) branch-line couplers (BLCs) employing a composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL) and fractal geometry are presented for the first time.The CRLH TL,with specified characteristic impedance and phase shift,consists of lumped elements for the left handed (LH) part and fractal-shaped microstrip lines (MLs) for the right handed (RH) part,which can be designed separately.Two designed BLCs are involved in size reduction,one using a 3/2 fractal curve of first iteration,the other constructed based on a hybrid shape of fractal and meandered lines.A miniaturized principle for CRLH TL realization is derived and an exact design method for fractal implementation is developed.For verification,an example coupler was fabricated and measured.Consistent numerical and experimental results confirmed the design concept,showing that the BLCs obtain DB behavior centered at 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz respectively with good in-band performance,except for slightly larger coupled insertion loss for the hybrid-shaped BLC case.In addition,the proposed fractal-and hybrid-shaped BLCs obtained a 49.7% and 64.1% size reduction respectively relative to their conventional counterparts working in the lower band.The most important contributions of this article are the demonstration of compatibility between the fractal and CRLH TL techniques and the provision of an alternative approach and a new concept for designing devices.展开更多
A wideband composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL) in conjunction with its corresponding equivalent circuit model is studied based on a cascaded complementary single split ring resonator (CCSSRR).The c...A wideband composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL) in conjunction with its corresponding equivalent circuit model is studied based on a cascaded complementary single split ring resonator (CCSSRR).The characterization is performed by theory analysis,circuit simulation,and full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation.The negative refractive index (NRI) and backward wave propagation performance of the CRLH TL are demonstrated.For application,a bandpass filter (BPF) with enhanced out-of-band selectivity and harmonic suppression operating at the wireless local area network (WLAN) band is designed,fabricated,and measured by combining the CRLH TL with a complementary electric inductive-capacitive resonator (CELC).Three CELC cells with wideband stopband performance in the conductor strip and ground plane,respectively,are utilized in terms of single negative permeability.The design concept has been verified by the measurement data.展开更多
The N-terminal EF-hand calcium-binding proteins 1–3(NECAB1–3) constitute a family of predominantly neuronal proteins characterized by the presence of at least one EF-hand calcium-binding domain and a functionally le...The N-terminal EF-hand calcium-binding proteins 1–3(NECAB1–3) constitute a family of predominantly neuronal proteins characterized by the presence of at least one EF-hand calcium-binding domain and a functionally less well characterized C-terminal antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domain. All three family members were initially discovered due to their interactions with other proteins. NECAB1 associates with synaptotagmin-1, a critical neuronal protein involved in membrane trafficking and synaptic vesicle exocytosis. NECAB2 interacts with predominantly striatal G-protein-coupled receptors, while NECAB3 partners with amyloid-β A4 precursor protein-binding family A members 2 and 3, key regulators of amyloid-β production. This demonstrates the capacity of the family for interactions with various classes of proteins. NECAB proteins exhibit distinct subcellular localizations: NECAB1 is found in the nucleus and cytosol, NECAB2 resides in endosomes and the plasma membrane, and NECAB3 is present in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domain, an evolutionarily ancient component, is akin to atypical heme oxygenases in prokaryotes but is not wellcharacterized in vertebrates. Prokaryotic antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domains typically form dimers, suggesting that calcium-mediated conformational changes in NECAB proteins may induce antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domain dimerization, potentially activating some enzymatic properties. However, the substrate for this enzymatic activity remains uncertain. Alternatively, calcium-mediated conformational changes might influence protein interactions or the subcellular localization of NECAB proteins by controlling the availability of protein–protein interaction domains situated between the EF hands and the antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domain. This review summarizes what is known about genomic organization, tissue expression, intracellular localization, interaction partners, and the physiological and pathophysiological role of the NECAB family.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60171008)Shanghai Science and Technology Commit-tee(No.0452nm087).
文摘Introduction Chirality is defined as the absence of inversion symmetry,however,it is actually a pseudo-scalar of objects or figures,and does not depend for its definition on any connection to the physical world[1-5]. Logically,chiral molecules may possess other inherent physical quantity that guarantees the connection to the physical world[6,7].
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2004CB719802), and the Science and Technology De-partment of Zhejiang Province (No. 2005C31004), China
文摘A dual structure of composite right/left handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) is analyzed in which an inductance LR is in parallel with a capacitance CL and a shunt capacitance CR is in series with an inductance LL. Both the distributed and lumped cases are considered. The dispersion diagram and transmission properties of the dual CRLH TL are given and compared with those of a standard CRLH TL. Contrary to the frequency response of a standard CRLH TL, a dual CRLH TL has a left-handed (negative phase shift) band at higher frequencies and a right-handed (positive phase shift) band at lower frequencies. A novel dual-band balun is presented as an application.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2013CB933601)the National Key Research and Development Project of China(Grant No.2016YFA0202001)the Special Program for Applied Research on Super Computation of the NSFC–Guangdong Joint Fund(the second phase)
文摘Manipulating biomacromolecules and micro-devices with light is highly appealing.Opto driving torque can propel micro-rotors to translational motion in viscous liquid,and then separate microsystems according to their handedness.We study the torque of dielectric loss generated by circular polarized lasers.The unwanted axial force which causes the handedness independent translational motion is cancelled by the counter propagating reflection beams.The propelling efficiency and the friction torque of water are obtained by solving the Navier-Stokes equation.In the interesting range of parameters,the numerical friction torque is found to be linear to the angular velocity with a slope depending on the radius of rotor as r^3.The time-dependent distribution of angular velocity is obtained as a solution of the Fokker-Planck equation,with which the thermal fluctuation is accounted.The results shed light on the micro-torque measurement and suggest a controllable micro-carrier.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21471099, 21601123)
文摘Chiral mesoporous silica ribbons and rods with inversed handedness have been synthesized with the same enantio pure N-acylaminoacidat temperatures of 0℃and 20℃ respectively. With involving Cu^(2+)and meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin(TPPS) as probes, ribbons and rods revealed opposite signals in diffuse-reflectance circular dichroism(DRCD) spectra, indicating the existence of inversed supramolecular chiral imprintings through helical stacking of amphiphiles. The structural evolution was systematically studied by the freeze-dried products sampled at different time after the addition of silica precursors. The H-bonding-depended molecular orientation probably controls the chiral sense upon forming chiral molecular stacking, which would be the origin of such handedness inversion
基金sponsored by the Grant for Overseas Field Research Program of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University
文摘Hand preference of wild moor monkeys Macaca maurus was investigated in food reaching situations at the Karaenta Nature Reserve, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The frequency picking up sweet-corn grains to take into the mouth by either hand of monkeys was counted directly at the feeding ground where sweet-corn grains were scattered for monkeys. Among the 20 monkeys examined, 8 were right-handed, 8 were left-handed, and 4 were ambilateral. The results indicated the prevailed hand preference on individual level but not either trends of left- or right-hand preference on population level. The trend toward a higher proportion of left-handed monkeys found in Japanese and rhesus monkeys was not found. Some other characteristics found in moor monkeys are discussed in comparison with those previous findings in Japanese and Tibetan macaques in order to evaluate variations within the genus Macaca
文摘Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess the activity of supplementary motor area (SMA) in six right-handed and six left-handed healthy volunteers. Two manual tasks (self-initiated previously practiced and unpredictable visually guided) were used. Quantitative analysis of hemispheric and bilateral SMA activation was described as mean ± standard deviation of hot spots/total spots. The two tasks induced bilateral SMA activation. The laterality of SMA activation was affected by manual dominance. Left SMA was significantly more activated in right- and left-handers while performing the motor tasks with the right hand. Right SMA was more activated in the left-handers when the left hand was used. Task complexity was the most important factor influencing the degree of SMA activation.
文摘Twining stems of plants are very common in extant tropical and subtropical forests, and the climbing growth habit of plants may be an evolutionary innovation and ecological adaptation to either closed, shady or open, edge environments. However, the origin of handedness in climbing plants remains unclear. Here we report a Miocene (ca. 16 million years ago) macrofossil from the Shanwang Formation of Shandong Province, Eastern China, unequivocally exhibiting the first direct fossil evidence for a left-handed, stem-twining growth habit in plants. This fossil plant bears a thicker, slightly curved supporting stem (2 - 3.5 mm wide), which is loosely, spirally twined by a thinner stem (1.5 - 2 mm wide), possibly representing part of distal branches from a liana or vine.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61205205 and 6156508508)the General Program of Yunnan Provincial Applied Basic Research Project,China(Grant No.2016FB009)the Foundation for Personnel Training Projects of Yunnan Province,China(Grant No.KKSY201207068)
文摘The refraction index of the quantized lossy composite right-left handed transmission line（CRLH-TL） is deduced in the thermal coherence state. The results show that the negative refraction index（herein the left-handedness） can be implemented by the electric circuit dissipative factors（i.e., the resistances R and conductances G） in a higher frequency band（1.446 GHz≤ ω ≤ 15 GHz）, and flexibly adjusted by the left-handed circuit components（Cl, Ll） and the right-handed circuit components（Cr, Lr） at a lower frequency（ω = 0.995 GHz）. The flexible adjustment for left-handedness in a wider bandwidth will be significant for the microscale circuit design of the CRLH-TL and may make the theoretical preparation for its compact applications.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60768001 and 10464002)
文摘In this paper we have investigated three external fields interacting with the four-level Y-type atomic system described by the density-matrix approach. The results show that left-handedness with zero absorption is achieved. The zero absorption property displays the possibility of manipulation by varying the phase and the intensity of the coupling field. Also, the zero absorption property may be used to amplify the evanescent waves that have been lost in imaging by traditional lenses. We propose an approach to obtain a negative refractive medium with zero absorption and the possibility of enhaneeingthe imaging resolution in realizing ＇superlenses＇.
文摘Study Aim: Frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha band power during rest shows increased right, and/or de-creased left, hemisphere activity under conditions of state or trait withdrawal-associated affect. Non-right-handers (NRH) are more likely to have mental illnesses and dispositions that involve such withdrawal-related affect. The aim of the study was to examine whether NRH might be characterized by increased right, relative to left, hemisphere activity during rest. Methods: The present research investigated that hypothesis by examining resting EEG alpha power in consistently-right-handed (CRH) and NRH individuals. Results: In support of the hypothesis, NRH demonstrated de-creased right hemisphere alpha power, and therefore increased right hemisphere activity, during rest, compared to CRH. Conclusions: The study demonstrates further support for an association between increased right hemisphere activity and negative affect via an association between such EEG activity and NRH.
文摘Left-handers are reputed to be shorter than right-handers. However, previous research has confounded handedness direction (left-versus right-handedness) with handedness strength (consistency with which one hand is chosen across a variety of tasks;consistent-versus inconsistent-handedness). Here, we support a relationship between handedness strength, but not direction, and stature, with increasing inconsistent-handedness associated with increasing self-reported height.
文摘This paper tackles the wave attenuation along with a cylindrical waveguides composed of a left Handed material (LHM), surrounded by a superconducting or metal wall. I used the transcendental equations for both TE and TM waves. I found out that the waveguide supports backward TE and backward TM waves since both permittivity and magnetic permeability of LHM are negative. I also illustrated the dependence of the TE and TM wave attenuation on the wave frequency and the reduced temperature of the superconducting wall (T/Tc). Attenuation constant increases by increasing the wave frequency and it shows higher values at higher T/Tc. Lowest wave attenuation and the best confinement are achieved for the thickest TE waveguide. LHM-superconductor waveguide shows lower wave attenuation than LHM-metal waveguide.
文摘In this work, we derived the modal dispersion relation for TEm modes for a symmetric slab waveguide constructed from SiO2 dielectric guiding core material with lossy left-handed material (LHM) as cladding and substrate, and the power confinement factor. The dispersion relations and the power confinement factor were numerically solved for a given set of parameters: allowed frequency range;core’s thicknesses;and TEm mode order. We found that the real part of the effective refractive index decreased with thickness and frequency increase. Moreover, the imaginary part (extinction coefficient) of the effective refractive index has very small values for all thickness in the frequency ranges, which means the waveguide structure is transparent for the used frequencies. The waveguide structure offers good guiding power for all thickness in the frequency range with low power attenuation. The real part of the effective refractive index increases with the increase of mode order, and the power confinement factor decreases with the increase of mode order.
文摘It has been proved by the ancient and modemacupuncture practices that needling techniques are ofvital importance in the acupuncture treatment ofdiseases.At present,much has been reported aboutthe researches on acupuncture techniques,which canbe roughly divided into the following three types:reinforcing,reducing,and even methods.Throughlong years of study and clinical practice,Dr.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided to the corresponding author by UGC-JRF through letter no.F.15-6(DEC.2018)/2019(NET)for the advancement of knowledge and promotion of scientific inquiry.
文摘Background:The task of document examiners is very challenging,as they need to gather all the relevant facts to make an informed decision regarding the questioned document.In the present study,a total of 300 handwriting samples from 100 different writers(involving 50 right-handed and 50 left-handed)were collected at Bundelkhand University,Jhansi.Slant and stroke,as characteristic features of handwriting,were visually examined under a stereomicroscope to ascertain the handedness.Methods:Slants and Strokes as characteristic features were analyzed in a total of 300 handwriting samples collected from 50 left-handed and 50 right-handed writers of age 17–22 years.A reference text comprising three pangram sentences printed on A4 paper and a blue ball point pen was used for sampling.Results:The data collected during the study were analyzed using a statistical method(Chi-square test)and revealed that the left-handed writers(LHWs)had a significantly(P<0.05)different writing style than the right-handed ones.Results indicated that LHWs are more likely to make strokes in the right-to-left direction and slant of letters in the backward direction,while right-handed writers make strokes in the left-to-right direction and slant of letters in the forward direction.Conclusions:The findings of the study showed valuable insight and highlighted the significance of the direction of slant and horizontal stroke as potential indicators for the determination of handedness.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.60871027and 60971118)the National Basic Research Program(973) of China(No.2009CB613306)
文摘In this paper,novel dual-band (DB) branch-line couplers (BLCs) employing a composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL) and fractal geometry are presented for the first time.The CRLH TL,with specified characteristic impedance and phase shift,consists of lumped elements for the left handed (LH) part and fractal-shaped microstrip lines (MLs) for the right handed (RH) part,which can be designed separately.Two designed BLCs are involved in size reduction,one using a 3/2 fractal curve of first iteration,the other constructed based on a hybrid shape of fractal and meandered lines.A miniaturized principle for CRLH TL realization is derived and an exact design method for fractal implementation is developed.For verification,an example coupler was fabricated and measured.Consistent numerical and experimental results confirmed the design concept,showing that the BLCs obtain DB behavior centered at 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz respectively with good in-band performance,except for slightly larger coupled insertion loss for the hybrid-shaped BLC case.In addition,the proposed fractal-and hybrid-shaped BLCs obtained a 49.7% and 64.1% size reduction respectively relative to their conventional counterparts working in the lower band.The most important contributions of this article are the demonstration of compatibility between the fractal and CRLH TL techniques and the provision of an alternative approach and a new concept for designing devices.
基金Project (Nos.60871027 and 60971118) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A wideband composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL) in conjunction with its corresponding equivalent circuit model is studied based on a cascaded complementary single split ring resonator (CCSSRR).The characterization is performed by theory analysis,circuit simulation,and full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation.The negative refractive index (NRI) and backward wave propagation performance of the CRLH TL are demonstrated.For application,a bandpass filter (BPF) with enhanced out-of-band selectivity and harmonic suppression operating at the wireless local area network (WLAN) band is designed,fabricated,and measured by combining the CRLH TL with a complementary electric inductive-capacitive resonator (CELC).Three CELC cells with wideband stopband performance in the conductor strip and ground plane,respectively,are utilized in terms of single negative permeability.The design concept has been verified by the measurement data.
基金supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ME1922/14-1) to AM。
文摘The N-terminal EF-hand calcium-binding proteins 1–3(NECAB1–3) constitute a family of predominantly neuronal proteins characterized by the presence of at least one EF-hand calcium-binding domain and a functionally less well characterized C-terminal antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domain. All three family members were initially discovered due to their interactions with other proteins. NECAB1 associates with synaptotagmin-1, a critical neuronal protein involved in membrane trafficking and synaptic vesicle exocytosis. NECAB2 interacts with predominantly striatal G-protein-coupled receptors, while NECAB3 partners with amyloid-β A4 precursor protein-binding family A members 2 and 3, key regulators of amyloid-β production. This demonstrates the capacity of the family for interactions with various classes of proteins. NECAB proteins exhibit distinct subcellular localizations: NECAB1 is found in the nucleus and cytosol, NECAB2 resides in endosomes and the plasma membrane, and NECAB3 is present in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domain, an evolutionarily ancient component, is akin to atypical heme oxygenases in prokaryotes but is not wellcharacterized in vertebrates. Prokaryotic antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domains typically form dimers, suggesting that calcium-mediated conformational changes in NECAB proteins may induce antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domain dimerization, potentially activating some enzymatic properties. However, the substrate for this enzymatic activity remains uncertain. Alternatively, calcium-mediated conformational changes might influence protein interactions or the subcellular localization of NECAB proteins by controlling the availability of protein–protein interaction domains situated between the EF hands and the antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase domain. This review summarizes what is known about genomic organization, tissue expression, intracellular localization, interaction partners, and the physiological and pathophysiological role of the NECAB family.
