Testicular descent occurs in two consecutive stages:the transabdominal stage and the inguinoscrotal stage.Androgens play a crucial role in the second stage by influencing the development of the gubernaculum,a structur...Testicular descent occurs in two consecutive stages:the transabdominal stage and the inguinoscrotal stage.Androgens play a crucial role in the second stage by influencing the development of the gubernaculum,a structure that pulls the testis into the scrotum.However,the mechanisms of androgen actions underlying many of the processes associated with gubernaculum development have not been fully elucidated.To identify the androgen-regulated genes,we conducted large-scale gene expression analyses on the gubernaculum harvested from luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor knockout(Lhcgr KO)mice,an animal model of inguinoscrotal testis maldescent resulting from androgen deficiency.We found that the expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine(SPARC)-related modular calcium binding 1(Smoc1)was the most severely suppressed at both the transcript and protein levels,while its expression was the most dramatically induced by testosterone administration in the gubernacula of Lhcgr KO mice.The upregulation of Smoc1 expression by testosterone was curtailed by the addition of an androgen receptor antagonist,flutamide.In addition,in vitro studies demonstrated that SMOC1 modestly but significantly promoted the proliferation of gubernacular cells.In the cultures of myogenic differentiation medium,both testosterone and SMOC1 enhanced the expression of myogenic regulatory factors such as paired box 7(Pax7)and myogenic factor 5(Myf5).After short-interfering RNA-mediated knocking down of Smoc1,the expression of Pax7 and Myf5 diminished,and testosterone alone did not recover,but additional SMOC1 did.These observations indicate that SMOC1 is pivotal in mediating androgen action to regulate gubernaculum development during inguinoscrotal testicular descent.展开更多
We present a case report of laparoscopic herniorrhaphy in an infant with ovarian prolapse. Using this case study, we demonstrate the role of the ovarian ligamentous apparatus. A structure appearing like the male guber...We present a case report of laparoscopic herniorrhaphy in an infant with ovarian prolapse. Using this case study, we demonstrate the role of the ovarian ligamentous apparatus. A structure appearing like the male gubernaculum was identified. The anatomical and functional role of this “gubernaculum” will be the subject of discussion. Further detailed laparoscopic examinations are indicated to better understand the ligamentous anatomy of ovarian prolapse.展开更多
目的:通过体内实验研究己烯雌酚(DES)对小鼠睾丸引带中胰岛素样因子3受体LGR8的影响,从而探讨外源性雌激素对小鼠睾丸下降的影响。方法:8～10周龄KM孕鼠随机分为正常组、空白对照组和实验组(0.1、1.0、10、100μg/kg DES 4个剂量组),共6...目的:通过体内实验研究己烯雌酚(DES)对小鼠睾丸引带中胰岛素样因子3受体LGR8的影响,从而探讨外源性雌激素对小鼠睾丸下降的影响。方法:8～10周龄KM孕鼠随机分为正常组、空白对照组和实验组(0.1、1.0、10、100μg/kg DES 4个剂量组),共6组,每组20只。于孕9～17 d每天分别给予实验组妊娠小鼠不同剂量的DES(0.1、1、10、100μg/kg),空白对照组给予等体积DMSO+生理盐水,正常组不给药。应用免疫组化和RT-PCR分别检测胎鼠和幼鼠睾丸引带中LGR8蛋白和mRNA的表达。结果:HE染色可见胎鼠正常组、对照组睾丸引带发育良好,中间的间叶组织和外周的肌源细胞之间分界清楚;实验组可见睾丸引带发育不良,间叶组织和肌源细胞之间无明显分界,组织结构紊乱。幼鼠正常组和实验组睾丸引带发育未见明显不同。LGR8表达于睾丸引带肌源细胞和间叶组织细胞,以肌源细胞表达为主。实验组LGR8阳性表达较正常组弱,胎鼠各实验组和幼鼠DES 1、10、100μg组与同发育阶段的正常组相比均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DES高剂量(10、100μg)组与同发育阶段的正常组相比LGR8 mRNA表达增加(P<0.05)。各实验组PCR产物测序均未见明显突变。结论:DES可影响小鼠睾丸引带LGR8 mRNA和蛋白的表达,DES可能通过影响INSL3-LGR8信号系统干扰睾丸引带的发育,进而影响睾丸正常下降。展开更多
Aim: To study the effect of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the role of actin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on testicular gubernaculum development in fetal male Kunming mice. Methods:...Aim: To study the effect of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the role of actin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on testicular gubernaculum development in fetal male Kunming mice. Methods: Pregnant mice were randomly assigned to 6 groups and injected with DES subcutaneously from gestational day 9 (E9) to day 17 (E17) at doses of 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg·kg-1·d-1 in 0.2 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). On E17 they were sacrificed and fetuses quickly removed for fixation. Male fetuses were sliced on serial coronal plane. Histologi-cal changes were observed under the light microscope (LM) and ultrastructural changes with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM & TEM). The expression intensity of actin and PCNA in the gubernacula was quantitated by immunohistochemistry. Results: The mortality of the fetuses was higher in the DES-treated groups than that in the DMSO and saline controls (P<0.05). Under LM the gubernacula were seen to be poorly developed with smaller bulbs. On SEM the bulbs lose the clear demarcation between the mesenchymal inner core and the muscular outer layer and looked like a small cone instead of the normal cylindrical appearance. On TEM there were some smaller disordered myofibrils and sparse cytoplasmic organelles in the gubernacular muscular cells of the treated groups. The expression intensity of actin and PCNA in the gubernacula was significantly weaker in the treated groups than that in the DMSO and saline controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: DES induces underdevelopment of the gubernacula in a dose-dependent manner in fetal male mice and down regulates the actin and PCNA expression.展开更多
Introduction: Total unilateral ectopy of the scrotum can be defined by the abnormal congenital anatomical position of the scrotum and its contents. The aim of the study is to describe the diagnostic and therapeutic ap...Introduction: Total unilateral ectopy of the scrotum can be defined by the abnormal congenital anatomical position of the scrotum and its contents. The aim of the study is to describe the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of a total unilateral ectopy of the right scrotum. Methods: This is a clinical observation of a 46-year-old patient with a right abdominal mass evolving from birth. Analyzing the cluster of arguments clinically, operatively and anatomopathologically, allowed us to retain the diagnosis of a total unilateral ectopy of the right scrotum. The informed consent of the patient was obtained before the use of the images for scientific purposes. Conclusion: the unilateral total ectopy of the right scrotum is a rare congenital malformation of the external genitalia, which clinical diagnosis is difficult. Its management is surgical.展开更多
基金supported in part by the Department of OB/GYN research funds(University of Louisville,Louisville,KY,USA)Jilin Province Health Technology Capability Enhancement funds(No.2022JC055).
文摘Testicular descent occurs in two consecutive stages:the transabdominal stage and the inguinoscrotal stage.Androgens play a crucial role in the second stage by influencing the development of the gubernaculum,a structure that pulls the testis into the scrotum.However,the mechanisms of androgen actions underlying many of the processes associated with gubernaculum development have not been fully elucidated.To identify the androgen-regulated genes,we conducted large-scale gene expression analyses on the gubernaculum harvested from luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor knockout(Lhcgr KO)mice,an animal model of inguinoscrotal testis maldescent resulting from androgen deficiency.We found that the expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine(SPARC)-related modular calcium binding 1(Smoc1)was the most severely suppressed at both the transcript and protein levels,while its expression was the most dramatically induced by testosterone administration in the gubernacula of Lhcgr KO mice.The upregulation of Smoc1 expression by testosterone was curtailed by the addition of an androgen receptor antagonist,flutamide.In addition,in vitro studies demonstrated that SMOC1 modestly but significantly promoted the proliferation of gubernacular cells.In the cultures of myogenic differentiation medium,both testosterone and SMOC1 enhanced the expression of myogenic regulatory factors such as paired box 7(Pax7)and myogenic factor 5(Myf5).After short-interfering RNA-mediated knocking down of Smoc1,the expression of Pax7 and Myf5 diminished,and testosterone alone did not recover,but additional SMOC1 did.These observations indicate that SMOC1 is pivotal in mediating androgen action to regulate gubernaculum development during inguinoscrotal testicular descent.
文摘We present a case report of laparoscopic herniorrhaphy in an infant with ovarian prolapse. Using this case study, we demonstrate the role of the ovarian ligamentous apparatus. A structure appearing like the male gubernaculum was identified. The anatomical and functional role of this “gubernaculum” will be the subject of discussion. Further detailed laparoscopic examinations are indicated to better understand the ligamentous anatomy of ovarian prolapse.
文摘Aim: To study the effect of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the role of actin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on testicular gubernaculum development in fetal male Kunming mice. Methods: Pregnant mice were randomly assigned to 6 groups and injected with DES subcutaneously from gestational day 9 (E9) to day 17 (E17) at doses of 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg·kg-1·d-1 in 0.2 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). On E17 they were sacrificed and fetuses quickly removed for fixation. Male fetuses were sliced on serial coronal plane. Histologi-cal changes were observed under the light microscope (LM) and ultrastructural changes with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM & TEM). The expression intensity of actin and PCNA in the gubernacula was quantitated by immunohistochemistry. Results: The mortality of the fetuses was higher in the DES-treated groups than that in the DMSO and saline controls (P<0.05). Under LM the gubernacula were seen to be poorly developed with smaller bulbs. On SEM the bulbs lose the clear demarcation between the mesenchymal inner core and the muscular outer layer and looked like a small cone instead of the normal cylindrical appearance. On TEM there were some smaller disordered myofibrils and sparse cytoplasmic organelles in the gubernacular muscular cells of the treated groups. The expression intensity of actin and PCNA in the gubernacula was significantly weaker in the treated groups than that in the DMSO and saline controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: DES induces underdevelopment of the gubernacula in a dose-dependent manner in fetal male mice and down regulates the actin and PCNA expression.
文摘Introduction: Total unilateral ectopy of the scrotum can be defined by the abnormal congenital anatomical position of the scrotum and its contents. The aim of the study is to describe the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of a total unilateral ectopy of the right scrotum. Methods: This is a clinical observation of a 46-year-old patient with a right abdominal mass evolving from birth. Analyzing the cluster of arguments clinically, operatively and anatomopathologically, allowed us to retain the diagnosis of a total unilateral ectopy of the right scrotum. The informed consent of the patient was obtained before the use of the images for scientific purposes. Conclusion: the unilateral total ectopy of the right scrotum is a rare congenital malformation of the external genitalia, which clinical diagnosis is difficult. Its management is surgical.
