Device to Device(D2D)communication is emerging as a new participant promising technology in 5G cellular networks to promote green energy networks.D2D communication can improve communication delays,spectral efficiency,...Device to Device(D2D)communication is emerging as a new participant promising technology in 5G cellular networks to promote green energy networks.D2D communication can improve communication delays,spectral efficiency,system capacity,data off-loading,and many other fruitful scenarios where D2D can be implemented.Nevertheless,induction of D2D communication in reuse mode with the conventional cellular network can cause severe interference issues,which can significantly degrade network performance.To reap all the benefits of induction of D2D communication with conventional cellular communication,it is imperative to minimize interference’s detrimental effects.Efficient power control can minimize the negative effects of interference and get benefits promised by D2D communication.In this work,we propose two power control schemes,Power Control Scheme 1(PCS 1)and Power Control Scheme 2(PCS 2),to minimize the interference and provide performance analysis.Simulation results observe improvements with PCS 1 and PCS 2 as compared to without using any power control scheme in terms of data rate in both uplink and downlink communication modes of Cellular User Equipment(CUE).展开更多
With the popularization of wireless multimedia communications,the wireless traffic is predicated to be increased more than 1000time in the next decade.Some new technologies,e.g.,massive multi.input multi.output antenn...With the popularization of wireless multimedia communications,the wireless traffic is predicated to be increased more than 1000time in the next decade.Some new technologies,e.g.,massive multi.input multi.output antennas,millimeter wave and small展开更多
We have used the Yellow River Delta （Dongying section） as our study area to address the project of ＂Three Networks Greening＂ （TNG）. With the use of GIS technology and from an ecological point of view, an optimal...We have used the Yellow River Delta （Dongying section） as our study area to address the project of ＂Three Networks Greening＂ （TNG）. With the use of GIS technology and from an ecological point of view, an optimal allocation scheme of land resources is constructed and applied to guide the adjustment of land resources. Given this scheme, we have calculated that the area of land suitable for forest and shrubs without greening is 2256 km^2. Simultaneously, acting on the layout of the TNG project, afforestation site types are prepared and improved. Soil types, microrelief, salinity and underwater levels are combined as major classification factors and irrigation conditions as a reference to classify sites into eight types. In this way, land suitable for forest and grass is afforested given particular planting patterns. Finally, by overlaying this forestry site type map with the TNG plan map, some suggestions and strategies are proposed and used to direct the TNG project. An ecological oasis of the Yellow River Delta should be the result.展开更多
Green spaces in Wanzhou District, Chongqing Municipality were not closely linked and failed to form an integrated ecological network, this paper analyzed and assessed current situation of green spaces in the local are...Green spaces in Wanzhou District, Chongqing Municipality were not closely linked and failed to form an integrated ecological network, this paper analyzed and assessed current situation of green spaces in the local area from the perspective of landscape ecology, and then established the landscape ecology-oriented ecological network construction, restructured green paces in Wanzhou District using the landscape composition of "patch–corridor–matrix", and connected the scattered green patches using green corridors, so as to form a reasonable ecological network of green spaces.展开更多
Green wireless networks or energy-efficient wireless networks have gained popularity as a research topic due to the ecological and economic concerns of cellular operators.The specific power supply requirements for the...Green wireless networks or energy-efficient wireless networks have gained popularity as a research topic due to the ecological and economic concerns of cellular operators.The specific power supply requirements for the cellular base station,such as cost-effectiveness,efficiency,sustainability,and reliability,can be met by utilizing the technological advances in renewable energy.There are numerous drivers for the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the transition towards green energy.Renewable energy is free,clean,and abundant in most locations throughout the year.Accordingly,this work proposes a novel framework for energy-efficient solar-powered base stations for the Oman site,specifically for off-grid locations where fuel transportation for diesel generator(DG)is a serious concern.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system for off-grid sites,the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables optimization software is adapted by considering real-time conditions and its technical feasibility.Different cost factors such as capital cost,salvage cost,replacement cost,operational,and maintenance cost of PV panels,inverters,and batteries also undergo extensive analysis.From the observed results,the total net present cost(NPC)of the proposed system is$27,887,while the net NPC of the DG is estimated at$32,900.Remarkably,the proposed scheme can potentially achieve considerable savings in the operational expenditure at approximately 15.24%.Indeed,these outcomes can provide profound economic,technical,and ecological benefits to the cellular operators of Oman.It also ensures a sizeable reduction in greenhouse gas that supports sustainable green wireless network deployment in remote areas.展开更多
Green wireless networking is an emerging area for many societies,especially academia and industry,in light of economic and ecological perspectives.Empowering wireless infrastructures exploiting green power sources can...Green wireless networking is an emerging area for many societies,especially academia and industry,in light of economic and ecological perspectives.Empowering wireless infrastructures exploiting green power sources can enhance sustainability due to the adverse effects of conventional power sources and atmospheric circumstances.Moreover,the specific power supply requirements for a base station(BS),such as cost effectiveness,efficiency,sustainability,and reliability,can be met by utilizing technological advances in renewable energy.Numerous drivers and motivators are involved in the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the transition toward green energy.Renewable energy is free,clean,and abundant in most locations throughout the year.In this work,a sustainable optimal stand-alone solarpowered model envisioning green cellular BSs for urban locations in Oman is proposed.This model can extend 24 h uninterrupted power supply support to a cellular BS that fully utilizes an integrated storage device.The system analysis is conducted using a hybrid optimization model for electric renewables(HOMER)based on actual prevailing conditions of the regions and their technical feasibility.The results showed can be achieved operational expenditure savings up to 16%.These outcomes provide a huge benefit to the cellular operators of Oman economically,technically,and ecologically.展开更多
Currently,multicast survivability in optical network obtains more attention.This paper focuses on the field of multicast grooming shared protection in green optical network and designs a novel auxiliary graph and a sh...Currently,multicast survivability in optical network obtains more attention.This paper focuses on the field of multicast grooming shared protection in green optical network and designs a novel auxiliary graph and a shared matrix to address the survivable multicast resource consumption.This paper also proposes a new heuristic called Green Multicast Grooming algorithm based on spanning path Cross-Shared protection(GMGCSP),in which network reliability,energy efficiency and resource utilization are jointly considered.Simulation results testify that,compared to other algorithms,the proposed GMG-CSP not only has lower blocking probability and higher bandwidth utilization ratio,but also saves more energy.展开更多
The high-density population leads to crowded cities. The future city is envisaged to encompass a large-scale network with diverse applications and a massive number of interconnected heterogeneous wireless-enabled devi...The high-density population leads to crowded cities. The future city is envisaged to encompass a large-scale network with diverse applications and a massive number of interconnected heterogeneous wireless-enabled devices. Hence, green technology elements are crucial to design sustainable and future-proof network architectures. They are the solutions for spectrum scarcity, high latency, interference, energy efficiency, and scalability that occur in dense and heterogeneous wireless networks especially in the home area network （HAN）. Radio-over-fiber （ROF） is a technology candidate to provide a global view of HAN＇s activities that can be leveraged to allocate orthogonal channel communications for enabling wireless-enabled HAN devices transmission, with considering the clustered-frequency-reuse approach. Our proposed network architecture design is mainly focused on enhancing the network throughput and reducing the average network communications latency by proposing a data aggregation unit （DAU）. The performance shows that with the DAU, the average network communications latency reduces significantly while the network throughput is enhanced, compared with the existing ROF architecture without the DAU.展开更多
Determination of the infiltration rate in a watershed is not easy and in empirical and theoretical point of view, it is important to access average value of infiltration. Infiltration models has main role in managing ...Determination of the infiltration rate in a watershed is not easy and in empirical and theoretical point of view, it is important to access average value of infiltration. Infiltration models has main role in managing water sources. Therefore different types of models with various degrees of complexity were developed to reach this aim. Most of the estimating methods of soil infiltration are expensive and time consuming and these methods estimate infiltration with hypothesis of zero slope. One of the conceptual and physical models for estimating soil infiltration is Green-Ampt model which is similar to Richard model. This model uses slope factor in estimating infiltration and this is the power point of Green-Ampt model. In this research the empirical model of Green-Ampt was optimized with integrating artificial neural network model (ANN) and a model of geographical information system WMS to estimate the infiltration in Kakasharaf watershed. Results of the comparison between the output of this method and real value of infiltration in region (through multiple cylinders) showed that this method can estimate the infiltration rate of Kakasharaf watershed with low error and acceptable accuracy (Nash-Sutcliff performance coefficient 0.821, square error 0.216, correlation coefficient 0.905 and model error 0.024).展开更多
To meet the ever-increasing traffic demand and enhance the coverage of cellular networks,network densification is one of the crucial paradigms of 5G and beyond mobile networks,which can improve system capacity by depl...To meet the ever-increasing traffic demand and enhance the coverage of cellular networks,network densification is one of the crucial paradigms of 5G and beyond mobile networks,which can improve system capacity by deploying a large number of Access Points(APs)in the service area.However,since the energy consumption of APs generally accounts for a substantial part of the communication system,how to deal with the consequent energy issue is a challenging task for a mobile network with densely deployed APs.In this paper,we propose an intelligent AP switching on/off scheme to reduce the system energy consumption with the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of service,where the signaling overhead is also taken into consideration to ensure the stability of the network.First,based on historical traffic data,a long short-term memory method is introduced to predict the future traffic distribution,by which we can roughly determine when the AP switching operation should be triggered;second,we present an efficient three-step AP selection strategy to determine which of the APs would be switched on or off;third,an AP switching scheme with a threshold is proposed to adjust the switching frequency so as to improve the stability of the system.Experiment results indicate that our proposed traffic forecasting method performs well in practical scenarios,where the normalized root mean square error is within 10%.Furthermore,the achieved energy-saving is more than 28% on average with a reasonable outage probability and switching frequency for an area served by 40 APs in a commercial mobile network.展开更多
Network devices are equipped with low power states but they are rarely activated due to their inability of maintaining network connectivity. Recently, Network Connectivity Proxy （NCP） concept has been proposed in li...Network devices are equipped with low power states but they are rarely activated due to their inability of maintaining network connectivity. Recently, Network Connectivity Proxy （NCP） concept has been proposed in literature as an effective mechanism to exploit full potential of low power features on network devices by impersonating their virtual presence. However, the NCP concept faces several open issues and challenges especially related to proxying of TCP connections and majority of daily used proprietary dosed-source applications. This paper presents a new approach for reducing network energy waste through intelligent collaboration among daily used devices （e.g., desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc）. It guarantees to run applications on only and only one user device that is under active use at that specific moment. To reduce energy waste and allow idle devices to sleep, our approach also takes benefit from a light- weight home gateway proxy with very basic practically realizable functionalities. The proposed system not just reduces energy waste of fixed devices but also enables mobile devices to significantly improve their battery life. Our developed software prototypes allow devices to autonomously and seamlessly collaborate with each other without requiring any configuration or user input. Further, this paper also presents the basic performance evaluation of developed prototypes in real networking environments.展开更多
基金supporting this work by Grant Code:19-ENG-1-01-0015.
文摘Device to Device(D2D)communication is emerging as a new participant promising technology in 5G cellular networks to promote green energy networks.D2D communication can improve communication delays,spectral efficiency,system capacity,data off-loading,and many other fruitful scenarios where D2D can be implemented.Nevertheless,induction of D2D communication in reuse mode with the conventional cellular network can cause severe interference issues,which can significantly degrade network performance.To reap all the benefits of induction of D2D communication with conventional cellular communication,it is imperative to minimize interference’s detrimental effects.Efficient power control can minimize the negative effects of interference and get benefits promised by D2D communication.In this work,we propose two power control schemes,Power Control Scheme 1(PCS 1)and Power Control Scheme 2(PCS 2),to minimize the interference and provide performance analysis.Simulation results observe improvements with PCS 1 and PCS 2 as compared to without using any power control scheme in terms of data rate in both uplink and downlink communication modes of Cellular User Equipment(CUE).
文摘With the popularization of wireless multimedia communications,the wireless traffic is predicated to be increased more than 1000time in the next decade.Some new technologies,e.g.,massive multi.input multi.output antennas,millimeter wave and small
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No.40771172)the Main Direction Program of Knowledge In-novation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (kzcx2-yw-308)
文摘We have used the Yellow River Delta （Dongying section） as our study area to address the project of ＂Three Networks Greening＂ （TNG）. With the use of GIS technology and from an ecological point of view, an optimal allocation scheme of land resources is constructed and applied to guide the adjustment of land resources. Given this scheme, we have calculated that the area of land suitable for forest and shrubs without greening is 2256 km^2. Simultaneously, acting on the layout of the TNG project, afforestation site types are prepared and improved. Soil types, microrelief, salinity and underwater levels are combined as major classification factors and irrigation conditions as a reference to classify sites into eight types. In this way, land suitable for forest and grass is afforested given particular planting patterns. Finally, by overlaying this forestry site type map with the TNG plan map, some suggestions and strategies are proposed and used to direct the TNG project. An ecological oasis of the Yellow River Delta should be the result.
文摘Green spaces in Wanzhou District, Chongqing Municipality were not closely linked and failed to form an integrated ecological network, this paper analyzed and assessed current situation of green spaces in the local area from the perspective of landscape ecology, and then established the landscape ecology-oriented ecological network construction, restructured green paces in Wanzhou District using the landscape composition of "patch–corridor–matrix", and connected the scattered green patches using green corridors, so as to form a reasonable ecological network of green spaces.
基金supported by SUT Research and Development Fund and by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Prince Sattam bin Abdul-Aziz University,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Green wireless networks or energy-efficient wireless networks have gained popularity as a research topic due to the ecological and economic concerns of cellular operators.The specific power supply requirements for the cellular base station,such as cost-effectiveness,efficiency,sustainability,and reliability,can be met by utilizing the technological advances in renewable energy.There are numerous drivers for the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the transition towards green energy.Renewable energy is free,clean,and abundant in most locations throughout the year.Accordingly,this work proposes a novel framework for energy-efficient solar-powered base stations for the Oman site,specifically for off-grid locations where fuel transportation for diesel generator(DG)is a serious concern.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system for off-grid sites,the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables optimization software is adapted by considering real-time conditions and its technical feasibility.Different cost factors such as capital cost,salvage cost,replacement cost,operational,and maintenance cost of PV panels,inverters,and batteries also undergo extensive analysis.From the observed results,the total net present cost(NPC)of the proposed system is$27,887,while the net NPC of the DG is estimated at$32,900.Remarkably,the proposed scheme can potentially achieve considerable savings in the operational expenditure at approximately 15.24%.Indeed,these outcomes can provide profound economic,technical,and ecological benefits to the cellular operators of Oman.It also ensures a sizeable reduction in greenhouse gas that supports sustainable green wireless network deployment in remote areas.
基金This research was supported by SUT Research and Development FundThis work was also supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University,Saudi ArabiaIn addition,support by the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number(TURSP-2020/77),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Green wireless networking is an emerging area for many societies,especially academia and industry,in light of economic and ecological perspectives.Empowering wireless infrastructures exploiting green power sources can enhance sustainability due to the adverse effects of conventional power sources and atmospheric circumstances.Moreover,the specific power supply requirements for a base station(BS),such as cost effectiveness,efficiency,sustainability,and reliability,can be met by utilizing technological advances in renewable energy.Numerous drivers and motivators are involved in the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the transition toward green energy.Renewable energy is free,clean,and abundant in most locations throughout the year.In this work,a sustainable optimal stand-alone solarpowered model envisioning green cellular BSs for urban locations in Oman is proposed.This model can extend 24 h uninterrupted power supply support to a cellular BS that fully utilizes an integrated storage device.The system analysis is conducted using a hybrid optimization model for electric renewables(HOMER)based on actual prevailing conditions of the regions and their technical feasibility.The results showed can be achieved operational expenditure savings up to 16%.These outcomes provide a huge benefit to the cellular operators of Oman economically,technically,and ecologically.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （61172051,61302070,61302071,61302072） the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education（20110042110023） the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities（N110204001, N120804002,N110604008）
文摘Currently,multicast survivability in optical network obtains more attention.This paper focuses on the field of multicast grooming shared protection in green optical network and designs a novel auxiliary graph and a shared matrix to address the survivable multicast resource consumption.This paper also proposes a new heuristic called Green Multicast Grooming algorithm based on spanning path Cross-Shared protection(GMGCSP),in which network reliability,energy efficiency and resource utilization are jointly considered.Simulation results testify that,compared to other algorithms,the proposed GMG-CSP not only has lower blocking probability and higher bandwidth utilization ratio,but also saves more energy.
基金supported by the Ministry of Higher Education,Malaysia under Scholarship of Hadiah Latihan Persekutuan under Grant No.KPT.B.600-19/3-791206065445
文摘The high-density population leads to crowded cities. The future city is envisaged to encompass a large-scale network with diverse applications and a massive number of interconnected heterogeneous wireless-enabled devices. Hence, green technology elements are crucial to design sustainable and future-proof network architectures. They are the solutions for spectrum scarcity, high latency, interference, energy efficiency, and scalability that occur in dense and heterogeneous wireless networks especially in the home area network （HAN）. Radio-over-fiber （ROF） is a technology candidate to provide a global view of HAN＇s activities that can be leveraged to allocate orthogonal channel communications for enabling wireless-enabled HAN devices transmission, with considering the clustered-frequency-reuse approach. Our proposed network architecture design is mainly focused on enhancing the network throughput and reducing the average network communications latency by proposing a data aggregation unit （DAU）. The performance shows that with the DAU, the average network communications latency reduces significantly while the network throughput is enhanced, compared with the existing ROF architecture without the DAU.
文摘Determination of the infiltration rate in a watershed is not easy and in empirical and theoretical point of view, it is important to access average value of infiltration. Infiltration models has main role in managing water sources. Therefore different types of models with various degrees of complexity were developed to reach this aim. Most of the estimating methods of soil infiltration are expensive and time consuming and these methods estimate infiltration with hypothesis of zero slope. One of the conceptual and physical models for estimating soil infiltration is Green-Ampt model which is similar to Richard model. This model uses slope factor in estimating infiltration and this is the power point of Green-Ampt model. In this research the empirical model of Green-Ampt was optimized with integrating artificial neural network model (ANN) and a model of geographical information system WMS to estimate the infiltration in Kakasharaf watershed. Results of the comparison between the output of this method and real value of infiltration in region (through multiple cylinders) showed that this method can estimate the infiltration rate of Kakasharaf watershed with low error and acceptable accuracy (Nash-Sutcliff performance coefficient 0.821, square error 0.216, correlation coefficient 0.905 and model error 0.024).
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61801208,61931023,and U1936202.
文摘To meet the ever-increasing traffic demand and enhance the coverage of cellular networks,network densification is one of the crucial paradigms of 5G and beyond mobile networks,which can improve system capacity by deploying a large number of Access Points(APs)in the service area.However,since the energy consumption of APs generally accounts for a substantial part of the communication system,how to deal with the consequent energy issue is a challenging task for a mobile network with densely deployed APs.In this paper,we propose an intelligent AP switching on/off scheme to reduce the system energy consumption with the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of service,where the signaling overhead is also taken into consideration to ensure the stability of the network.First,based on historical traffic data,a long short-term memory method is introduced to predict the future traffic distribution,by which we can roughly determine when the AP switching operation should be triggered;second,we present an efficient three-step AP selection strategy to determine which of the APs would be switched on or off;third,an AP switching scheme with a threshold is proposed to adjust the switching frequency so as to improve the stability of the system.Experiment results indicate that our proposed traffic forecasting method performs well in practical scenarios,where the normalized root mean square error is within 10%.Furthermore,the achieved energy-saving is more than 28% on average with a reasonable outage probability and switching frequency for an area served by 40 APs in a commercial mobile network.
文摘Network devices are equipped with low power states but they are rarely activated due to their inability of maintaining network connectivity. Recently, Network Connectivity Proxy （NCP） concept has been proposed in literature as an effective mechanism to exploit full potential of low power features on network devices by impersonating their virtual presence. However, the NCP concept faces several open issues and challenges especially related to proxying of TCP connections and majority of daily used proprietary dosed-source applications. This paper presents a new approach for reducing network energy waste through intelligent collaboration among daily used devices （e.g., desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc）. It guarantees to run applications on only and only one user device that is under active use at that specific moment. To reduce energy waste and allow idle devices to sleep, our approach also takes benefit from a light- weight home gateway proxy with very basic practically realizable functionalities. The proposed system not just reduces energy waste of fixed devices but also enables mobile devices to significantly improve their battery life. Our developed software prototypes allow devices to autonomously and seamlessly collaborate with each other without requiring any configuration or user input. Further, this paper also presents the basic performance evaluation of developed prototypes in real networking environments.
