The definition and the previous measurements of a dynamics-relevant temperature-like quantity in granular media are reviewed for slow and fast particle systems. Especially, the validity of the fluctuation-dissipation ...The definition and the previous measurements of a dynamics-relevant temperature-like quantity in granular media are reviewed for slow and fast particle systems. Especially, the validity of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem in such an athermal system is explored. Experimental evidences for the fluctuation-dissipation theorem relevant effect temperature support the athermal statistical mechanics, which has been widely explored in recent years by physicists. Difficulties encountered in defining temperature or establishing thermodynamics or statistical mechanics in non-equilibrium situations are discussed.展开更多
We present a non-uniform granular system in one-dimensional case, whose granularity distribution has the fractal characteristic. The particles are subject to inelastic mutual collisions and obey Langevin equation betw...We present a non-uniform granular system in one-dimensional case, whose granularity distribution has the fractal characteristic. The particles are subject to inelastic mutual collisions and obey Langevin equation between collisions. By Monte Carlo simulation we study the dynamic actions of the system. Far from the equilibrium, i.e., τ 〉〉 τe, the results of simulation indicate that the inhomogeneity of the system and the inelasticity of the particles have great influences on the dynamic properties of the system, and correspondingly the influence of the inhomogeneity is more significant.展开更多
We employ a Hall-effect magnetic sensor array to accurately track the trajectory of a single magnetic sphere,referred to as the“intruder,”within a three-dimensional vibro-fluidized granular bed to unravel the underl...We employ a Hall-effect magnetic sensor array to accurately track the trajectory of a single magnetic sphere,referred to as the“intruder,”within a three-dimensional vibro-fluidized granular bed to unravel the underlying physical mechanism governing the motion of the intruder.Within the acceleration range of 3.5 g≥Γ≥1.5 g,we find that,regardless of the intruder's initial position,it consistently reaches the same equilibrium depth when the vibration acceleration(Γ)and frequency(ω)are fixed.ForΓ≤2.5 g,the equilibrium position lies on the surface of the granular bed,while forΓ>2.5 g,it shifts below the surface.Additionally,intruders with different densities exhibit varying equilibrium depths,with higher density resulting in a deeper equilibrium position.To understand the mechanism behind the intruder's upward or downward motion,we measure its rising or sinking velocities under different vibration parameters.Our findings demonstrate that the rising velocity of the intruder,under varying vibration accelerations(Γ)and frequencies(ω),can be collapsed using the ratioΓ/ω,while the sinking velocity remains unaffected by the vibration strength.This confirms that the upward motion of the larger sphere,associated with the Brazil nut effect,primarily arises from the void-filling mechanism of the bed particles.Furthermore,our experiments reveal that the presence of convection within the bed particles has minimal impact on the motion of the intruder.展开更多
In this study,the effects of different salinity gradients and addition of compatible solutes on anaerobic treated effluent water qualities,sludge characteristics and microbial communities were investigated.The increas...In this study,the effects of different salinity gradients and addition of compatible solutes on anaerobic treated effluent water qualities,sludge characteristics and microbial communities were investigated.The increase in salinity resulted in a decrease in particle size of the granular sludge,which was concentrated in the range of 0.5-1.0 mm.The content of EPS(extracellular polymeric substances)in the granular sludge gradually increased with increasing salinity and the addition of betaine(a typical compatible solute).Meanwhile,the microbial community structure was significantly affected by salinity,with high salinity reducing the diversity of bacteria.At higher salinity,Patescibacteria and Proteobacteria gradually became the dominant phylum,with relative abundance increasing to 13.53%and 12.16%at 20 g/L salinity.Desulfobacterota and its subordinate Desulfovibrio,which secrete EPS in large quantities,dominated significantly after betaine addition.Their relative abundance reached 13.65%and 7.86%at phylum level and genus level.The effect of these changes on the treated effluent was shown as the average chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal rate decreased from 82.10%to 79.71%,78.01%,68.51%and 64.55%when the salinity gradually increased from 2 g/L to 6,10,16 and 20 g/L.At the salinity of 20 g/L,average COD removal increased to 71.65%by the addition of 2 mmol/L betaine.The gradient elevated salinity and the exogenous addition of betaine played an important role in achieving stability of the anaerobic system in a highly saline environment,which provided a feasible strategy for anaerobic treatment of organic saline wastewater.展开更多
Objective To investigate whether 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside(TSG)ameliorated polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)-like characteristics by inhibiting inflammation.Methods PCOS models were established ...Objective To investigate whether 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside(TSG)ameliorated polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)-like characteristics by inhibiting inflammation.Methods PCOS models were established by injecting subcutaneously with dehydroepiandrosterone into female Sprague-Dawley rats,followed by receiving intraperitoneal injection of TSG.The granular cells(GCs)KGN were transfected with small interfering RNAs(si-NC and si-CYP19A1).The cells were preincubated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and then treated with or without TSG.The estrous cycle was monitored using vaginal exfoliated cells.The morphology of ovarian follicles was analyzed by H&E staining.ELISA was used to analyze estradiol(E2),testosterone(T),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),IL-6,TNF-α,AGEs,CRP and Omentin-1 levels in serum.Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze PCNA and CYP19A1 expressions in the GCs of ovaries.Tunel staining was executed to detect the apoptosis of GCs.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and Western blot were implemented to measure the expression of CYP19A1 in the ovaries and transfected cells.qPCR was used to analyze the expression of IL-6 and TNF-αin the transfected cells treated with LPS and TSG.Results The estrous cycles were restored in TSG group.Compared with model group,the sinus follicles were reduced and corpus luteums were increased in TSG group.TSG group showed increased E2,and decreased T and LH,compared with model group.Pro-inflammatory factors(IL-6,TNF-α,CRP and AGEs)were decreased,and anti-inflammatory factor(Omentin-1)was increased in TSG group compared with those in model group.TSG could partially inhibit decrease of PNCA-positive GCs and increase of Tunel-positive GCs caused by PCOS.The CYP19A1 expression of GCs in TSG group was upregulated compared with model group.The expressions of IL-6 and TNFαin si-CYP19A1 cells were increased compared with si-NC cells.Compared with cells(si-NC and si-CYP19A1)treated without LPS,the expressions of IL-6 and TNF-αcells were increased,and the expression of CYP19A1 was downregulated in LPS-preincubated cells.Compared with cells treated with LPS,the expression of IL-6 and TNF-αwere decreased,and the expression of CYP19A1 was increased in cells treated with LPS and TSG.Compared with si-NC cells treated with LPS and TSG,the expressions of IL-6 and TNF-αcells were increased in the si-CYP19A1 cells treated with LPS and TSG.Conclusion TSG could alleviate PCOS-like characteristics by increasing the expression of CYP19A1 in GCs to inhibit inflammatory response.展开更多
This paper investigates the influence of filling fraction on the segregation patterns of binary granular mixtures in a vertically vibrating drum through experiments and simulations.Glass and stainless steel spherical ...This paper investigates the influence of filling fraction on the segregation patterns of binary granular mixtures in a vertically vibrating drum through experiments and simulations.Glass and stainless steel spherical grains,which differ in mass density,are used to give rise to density-driven segregation.The results reveal four segregation patterns,including Brazil nut effect segregation,counterclockwise two-eye-like segregation,dumpling-like segregation and clockwise twoeye-like segregation.The theoretical analysis demonstrates that grains predominantly exhibit counterclockwise convection at low filling fractions,while clockwise convection dominates at high filling fractions.Competition between buoyancy and convection forces determines the final stable segregation pattern.These findings provide valuable insights into controlling segregation in granular systems,which is crucial for optimizing industrial processes in fields such as pharmaceuticals and chemical engineering.展开更多
The dynamics of fluid and non-buoyant particles in a librating horizontal annulus is studied experimentally.In the absence of librations,the granular material forms a cylindrical layer near the outer boundary of the a...The dynamics of fluid and non-buoyant particles in a librating horizontal annulus is studied experimentally.In the absence of librations,the granular material forms a cylindrical layer near the outer boundary of the annulus and undergoes rigid-body rotation with the fluid and the annulus.It is demonstrated that the librational liquefaction of the granular material results in pattern formation.This self-organization process stems from the excitation of inertial modes induced by the oscillatory motion of liquefied granular material under the influence of the gravitational force.The inertial wave induces vortical fluid flow which entrains particles from rest and forms eroded areas that are equidistant from each other along the axis of rotation.Theoretical analysis and experiments demonstrate that a liquefied layer of granular material oscillates with a radian frequency equal to the angular velocity of the annulus and interacts with the inertial wave it excites.The new phenomenon of libration-induced pattern formation is of practical interest as it can be used to control multiphase flows and mass transfer in rotating containers in a variety of industrial processes.展开更多
The pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has become an undying virus to spread a sustainable disease named COVID-19 for upcoming few years.Mortality rates are rising rapidly as approved drugs are not yet available.Isolation from the i...The pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has become an undying virus to spread a sustainable disease named COVID-19 for upcoming few years.Mortality rates are rising rapidly as approved drugs are not yet available.Isolation from the infected person or community is the preferred choice to protect our health.Since humans are the only carriers,it might be possible to control the positive rate if the infected population or host carriers are isolated from each other.Isolation alone may not be a proper solution.These are the resolutions of previous research work carried out on COVID-19 throughout the world.The present scenario of the world and public health is knocking hard with a big question of critical uncertainty of COVID-19 because of its imprecise database as per daily positive cases recorded all over the world and in India as well.In this research work,we have pre-sented an optimal control model for COVID-19 using granular differentiability based on fuzzy dynamical systems.In the first step,we created a fuzzy Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Asymptomatic-Hospitalized-Recovered-Death(SEIAHRD)model for COVID-19,analyzed it using granular differentiability,and reported disease dynamics for time-independent disease control parameters.In the second step,we upgraded the fuzzy dynamical system and granular differentiability model related to time-dependent disease control parameters as an optimal control problem invader.Theoretical studies have been validated with some practical data from the epidemic COVID-19 related to the Indian perspective during first wave and early second wave.展开更多
Based on the energy dissipation caused by consolidation deformation of the porous media under external force and migration of the internal suspended substances,a coupled multiphase-substance flow(CMF)model was establi...Based on the energy dissipation caused by consolidation deformation of the porous media under external force and migration of the internal suspended substances,a coupled multiphase-substance flow(CMF)model was established.This model introduced the new concepts,such as particle temperature and particle entropy,to describe energy dissipation at meso-level.This model used a potential energy density function and migration coefficients to establish the corresponding connection between the dissipative force and dissipative flow.This viewpoint unifies the deformation,seepage,and suspended substance migration of geotechnical materials under the framework of granular thermodynamics.It can reflect the evolution of effective stress in the solid matrix of multi-components in a particle-reorganized state,and considers the temperature driving effect.The proposed CMF model is validated using the experimental results under coupled migration of heavy metal ions(HMs)and suspended particles(SPs).The calculation results demonstrated that the CMF model can describe the flow process under the conditions of arbitrary changes in different suspended substance types,injection concentrations,and injection velocities.展开更多
In the deep geological disposal repository of high-level radioactive waste,buffer/backfill materials typically consist of compacted bentonite block and granular bentonite.As these materials undergo a long-term hydrati...In the deep geological disposal repository of high-level radioactive waste,buffer/backfill materials typically consist of compacted bentonite block and granular bentonite.As these materials undergo a long-term hydration,it is anticipated that the two forms of bentonite materials(i.e.compacted bentonite powder(CBP)and granular bentonite(GB))are expected to exhibit differing hydro-mechanical behaviors due to the differences in their structures.This work aims to investigate the differences in swelling pressure and compressibility through a series of swelling pressure tests,compression tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)tests.The experimental results demonstrated that swelling pressure curves of the CBP specimens showed higher first peak values and more pronounced collapse than those of the GB specimens at a given dry density,regardless of vapor-water hydration or liquid-water hydration.The final swelling pressures of the two materials were similar at the same dry density,suggesting an independent correlation between swelling pressure and dry density.At the high suction range,the compression curves exhibited an obvious bi-linear pattern for the CBP specimens and a significant nonlinearity for the GB specimens.Meanwhile,the CBP specimens presented higher pre-consolidation pressures and larger compression indices than the GB specimens at a given suction.As suction decreased,the compression curves of the two materials gradually approached each other and their differences were reduced accordingly.After reaching saturation,a good consistency between them was observed whether for final swelling pressure or compressibility.Pore structure analysis revealed that the two materials both presented an initially double structure,and their differences were primarily manifested at the macrostructural level.Eventually,the differences in swelling pressure or compression curves of the two materials were well interpreted by combining microstructural evolutions.展开更多
Red anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) granular sludge (AnGS) has been reported insuccessfully operating Anammox systems, and its color is associated with sludge activity.However, in long-term operating systems, An...Red anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) granular sludge (AnGS) has been reported insuccessfully operating Anammox systems, and its color is associated with sludge activity.However, in long-term operating systems, AnGS exhibits different sensory colors, physicalstructures, community structures, and denitrification performance, but the relationship betweenthem has not yet been elucidated.The AnGS of the Anammox system, which has beenin operation for more than a decade, can be divided into twomain categories: red and white.The specific Anammox activity (SAA) in conventional red AnGS increased continuously asthe particle size increased from <0.51 mm to 6.02 ± 0.84 mm. The SAA of white AnGS wereslightly lower than those of red AnGS with similarly-size granules but significantly higherthan AnGS with smaller red granules. Compared with red AnGS, the extracellular polymericsubstances of white AnGS were significantly reduced,mainly due to the higher intracellulariron content, resulting in lower heme c concentration. Thus, heme c may prove not to bean evaluative tool for measuring Anammox activity. Red and white AnGS, whether throughself-aggregation or adsorption by hydroxyl apatite and other carriers, will face the fate ofinternal voids during particle size growth. White AnGS exhibited amore complex microbialcommunity than red AnGS. Candidatus Brocadia was abundant in red AnGS and the abundanceincreased with increasing granule size. Candidatus Kuenenia and Candidatus Jetteniamade significant contributions to denitrification in white AnGS. This study provides a newperspective on particle selection for anammox engineering applications.展开更多
When a vehicle moves over a flexible pavement structure,it generates loading and unloading cycles that produce recoverable(resilient)and permanent(plastic)deformations in the granular base and subbase layers,which are...When a vehicle moves over a flexible pavement structure,it generates loading and unloading cycles that produce recoverable(resilient)and permanent(plastic)deformations in the granular base and subbase layers,which are made of unbound granular materials(UGMs).The primary parameter used to evaluate the resilient response of UGMs in pavements is the resilient modulus(MR).The MR is widely used in calculating stress-strain states for flexible pavement design and as a control parameter during the construction process.It is also employed to understand the progression of distresses,such as fatigue cracking and rutting.The main objective of this study was to conduct a literature review on the resilient behavior of UGMs.This manuscript presents and describes the MR and the factors that influence it.It also outlines the evolution of the mathematical equations most commonly used to estimate and predict this physical parameter.Conclusions and recommendations for future research are provided at the end of the article.Despite the large amount of research done on the subject,the resilient behavior of UGM has not yet been fully understood.This is since these materials are highly heterogeneous and show nonlinear-anisotropic behavior under different cyclic loading paths and water contents.Likewise,these materials undergo different behaviors depending on their macro and microscopic properties(gradation,density,porosity,texture,mineralogy,particle geometry and orientation,temperature,among others).On the other hand,the main limitation of the mathematical equations is that their parameters are difficult to determine experimentally and are not constants of the material(they are state variables that can change with multiple factors).Additionally,these equations do not consider the boundary conditions to which UGM in pavements are exposed.Moreover,they are obtained from repeated load triaxial(RLT)tests,which cannot simulate the three cyclic stress components(vertical,horizontal,and shear)to which UGMs are subjected in a pavement.In recent years,there has been an increase in studies evaluating the use of recycled aggregates and the effect of temperature(particularly at subzero temperatures),but more research is still needed to reach definitive conclusions.展开更多
Granular composite(GC)hydrogels have attracted considerable interest in biomedical applications due to their versatile printability and exceptional mechanical properties.However,the lack of comprehensive design guidel...Granular composite(GC)hydrogels have attracted considerable interest in biomedical applications due to their versatile printability and exceptional mechanical properties.However,the lack of comprehensive design guidelines has limited their optimal engineering,as the factors influencing their mechanical performance and printability remain largely unexamined.In this study,we developed GC hydrogels by integrating microgels with interstitial matrices of photocrosslinkable gelatin methacrylate(GelMA).We utilized confocal microscopy and nanoindentation analyses to investigate the spatial distribution and mechanical behavior of these hydrogels.Our findings indicate that the mechanical and rheological properties of GC hydrogels can be precisely tailored by adjusting the volume fraction and size of the microgels.Furthermore,hydrogen bonds were identified as significant contributors to compressive performance,although they had minimal effect on cyclic mechanical behavior.Compared to bulk GelMA hydrogels,GC hydrogels demonstrated enhanced printability and remarkable superelasticity.As a proof of concept,we illustrated their dual printability in embedded printing to create prosthetic liver models for preoperative planning.This study provides valuable insights into the design and optimization of GC hydrogels for advanced biomedical applications.展开更多
This work established a quantitative method to access the shear stability of aerobic granular sludge(AGS)and validated its feasibility by using the mature AGS from a pilot-scale(50 tons/day)membrane bioreactor(MBR)for...This work established a quantitative method to access the shear stability of aerobic granular sludge(AGS)and validated its feasibility by using the mature AGS from a pilot-scale(50 tons/day)membrane bioreactor(MBR)for treating real municipal wastewater.The results showed that the changing rate( S)of the peak area(S)of granule size distribution(GSD)exhibited an exponential relationship(R^(2)≥0.76)with the shear time(y=a−b·c^(x)),which was a suitable indicative index to reflect the shear stability of different AGS samples.The limiting granule size(LGS)was defined and proposed to characterize the equilibrium size for AGS after being sheared for a period of time,whose value in terms of Dv50 showed high correlation(R^(2)=0.92)with the parameter a.The free Ca^(2+)(28.44-34.21 mg/L)in the influent specifically interacted with polysaccharides(PS)in the granule’s extracellular polymeric substance(EPS)as a nucleation site,thereby inducing the formation of Ca precipitation to enhance its Young’s modulus,while Ca^(2+) primarily interacted with PS in soluble metabolic product(SMP)during the initial granulation process.Furthermore,the Young’s modulus significantly affected the parameter a related to shear stability(R^(2)=0.99).Since the parameter a was more closely related(R^(2)=1.00)to S than that of the parameter b or c,the excellent correlation(R^(2)=0.99)between the parameter a and the wet density further verified the feasibility of this method.展开更多
Bridge pier failures from granular flow impacts are common.Installing defense piles upstream is an effective mitigation strategy,yet their protective mechanisms and standardized design guidelines are unclear.This stud...Bridge pier failures from granular flow impacts are common.Installing defense piles upstream is an effective mitigation strategy,yet their protective mechanisms and standardized design guidelines are unclear.This study employed 3D discrete element method to analyze the influence of defense pile size and placement on its performance across 219 scenarios,providing a detailed examination of their protective mechanisms.Results show that optimizing these factors can reduce the maximum impact force on bridge piers by up to 94%.In terms of size,a critical height threshold is identified,beyond which increasing pile height does not enhance protection.This threshold depends on the movement height of granular particles at the slope base.Protection effectiveness varies with pile size:when H≤0.05 h(H is the height of defense piles,h is the height of bridge),protection marginally improves with increasing height and diameter;for 0.05 h<H<0.15 h,protection strongly correlates with both parameters;for H≥0.15 h,diameter becomes the dominant factor.In terms of placement,an optimal longitudinal distance exists between the defense pile and the bridge pier.The larger the diameter,the greater the optimal longitudinal distance.However,the transverse distance is inversely related to protection effectiveness.Mechanistic analysis shows that defense piles are more effective at redirecting particles to prevent direct collisions with the pier(contributing 100%impact energy reduction before the non-dimensional travel time t*=7.01 and 63%–100%afterward)than at reducing particle velocity.This study provides insights into the protective mechanisms of defense piles and informs strategies for optimizing bridge pier protection in granular flow-prone regions.展开更多
Granular sludges can resist the toxicity inhibition of medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and enhance the chain elongation(CE)process.However,the granulation process is time-consuming and requires a suitable facilitating ...Granular sludges can resist the toxicity inhibition of medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and enhance the chain elongation(CE)process.However,the granulation process is time-consuming and requires a suitable facilitating granulation mean.This study proposed two continuous fed Expanded Granular Sludge Bed bioreactors,one with electric field(EF)and one without,to demonstrate the promotion of sludge granulation by EF and the enhancement of MCFAs production efficiency by the anaerobic granular sludge(An GS).Through more than 50 days of operation,the EF was demonstrated to be able to promote the granulation,and the formed An GS enhanced MCFAs yield by 36%.Besides,mechanism analysis indicated that the EF promoted microbial aggregation and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)synthesis,which enabled An GS to form more easily.Besides,An GS formed with EF improved extracellular electron transfer capacity and microbial function activity,which also contributed to the production of more MCFAs.Overall,this study provides a method to facilitate An GS granulation and revealed the underlying mechanisms,and offers important support for the diverse applications of An GS in other bioresources recovery bioprocesses.展开更多
Using traditional particle tracking velocimetry based on optical flow for measuring areas with large velocity gradient changes may cause oversmoothing,resulting in significant measurement errors.To address this proble...Using traditional particle tracking velocimetry based on optical flow for measuring areas with large velocity gradient changes may cause oversmoothing,resulting in significant measurement errors.To address this problem,the traditional particle tracking velocimetry method based on an optical flow was improved.The level set segmentation algorithm was used to obtain the boundary contour of the region with large velocity gradient changes,and the non-uniform flow field was divided into regions according to the boundary contour to obtain sub-regions with uniform velocity distribution.The particle tracking velocimetry method based on optical flow was used to measure the granular flow velocity in each sub-region,thus avoiding the problem of granular flow distribution.The simulation results show that the measurement accuracy of this method is approximately 10%higher than that of traditional methods.The method was applied to a velocity measurement experiment on dense granular flow in silos,and the velocity distribution of the granular flow was obtained,verifying the practicality of the method in granular flow fields.展开更多
Coriolis effects,encompassing the dilative,compressive,and deflective manifestations,constitute pivotal considerations in the centrifugal modelling of high-speed granular run-out processes.Notably,under the deflective...Coriolis effects,encompassing the dilative,compressive,and deflective manifestations,constitute pivotal considerations in the centrifugal modelling of high-speed granular run-out processes.Notably,under the deflective Coriolis condition,the velocity component parallel to the rotational axis exerts no influence on the magnitude of Coriolis acceleration.This circumstance implies a potential mitigation of the Coriolis force's deflective impact.Regrettably,extant investigations predominantly emphasize the dilative and compressive Coriolis effects,largely neglecting the pragmatic import of the deflective Coriolis condition.In pursuit of this gap,a series of discrete element method(DEM)simulations have been conducted to scrutinize the feasibility of centrifugal modelling for dry granular run-out processes under deflective Coriolis conditions.The findings concerning the deflective Coriolis effect reveal a consistent rise in the run-out distance by 2%–16%,a modest increase in bulk flow velocity of under 4%,and a slight elevation in average flow depth by no more than 25%.These alterations display smaller dependence on the specific testing conditions due to the granular flow undergoing dual deflections in opposing directions.This underscores the significance and utility of the deflective Coriolis condition.Notably,the anticipated reduction in error in predicting the final run-out distance is substantial,potentially reaching a 150%improvement compared to predictions made under the dilative and compressive Coriolis conditions.Therefore,the deflective Coriolis condition is advised when the final run-out distance of the granular flow is the main concern.To mitigate the impact of Coriolis acceleration,a greater initial height of the granular column is recommended,with a height/width ratio exceeding 1,as the basal friction of the granular material plays a crucial role in mitigating the deflective Coriolis effect.For more transverse-uniform flow properties,the width of the granular column should be as large as possible.展开更多
As a recently emerging wastewater treatment technology,Algal-bacterial granular sludge(ABGS)process shows significant advantages.However,current research on the ABGS system is a lack of a clear and complete understand...As a recently emerging wastewater treatment technology,Algal-bacterial granular sludge(ABGS)process shows significant advantages.However,current research on the ABGS system is a lack of a clear and complete understanding of the potential mechanism of signal molecules on the growth of ABGS.This study comprehensively explores the variations in the ABGS under different N-acyl-homoserine lactone(AHL)conditions by constructing three sequencing batch reactor(SBR)systems.The results indicate that N-hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone(C6-HSL)accelerates the granulation process in the early stages by promoting the loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances(LB-EPS)secretion and filamentous bacteria growth,thereby shortening required time for initial granule formation.On the other hand,N-(3-oxodecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone(3-oxo-C12-HSL)expedites the granulation process by promoting the tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances(TB-EPS)and aromatic protein secretion,benefiting structural stability and nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of mature ABGS.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11034010)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11274354)+1 种基金the Special Fund for Earthquake Research of China (Grant No. 201208011)the Chinese Academy of Sciences "Strategic Priority Research Program -SJ-10" (Grant No. XDA04020200)
文摘The definition and the previous measurements of a dynamics-relevant temperature-like quantity in granular media are reviewed for slow and fast particle systems. Especially, the validity of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem in such an athermal system is explored. Experimental evidences for the fluctuation-dissipation theorem relevant effect temperature support the athermal statistical mechanics, which has been widely explored in recent years by physicists. Difficulties encountered in defining temperature or establishing thermodynamics or statistical mechanics in non-equilibrium situations are discussed.
基金国家自然科学基金，the Sunshine Foundation of Wuhan City under
文摘We present a non-uniform granular system in one-dimensional case, whose granularity distribution has the fractal characteristic. The particles are subject to inelastic mutual collisions and obey Langevin equation between collisions. By Monte Carlo simulation we study the dynamic actions of the system. Far from the equilibrium, i.e., τ 〉〉 τe, the results of simulation indicate that the inhomogeneity of the system and the inelasticity of the particles have great influences on the dynamic properties of the system, and correspondingly the influence of the inhomogeneity is more significant.
基金Project supported by the Space Application System of China Manned Space Programthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12072200 and 12002213)。
文摘We employ a Hall-effect magnetic sensor array to accurately track the trajectory of a single magnetic sphere,referred to as the“intruder,”within a three-dimensional vibro-fluidized granular bed to unravel the underlying physical mechanism governing the motion of the intruder.Within the acceleration range of 3.5 g≥Γ≥1.5 g,we find that,regardless of the intruder's initial position,it consistently reaches the same equilibrium depth when the vibration acceleration(Γ)and frequency(ω)are fixed.ForΓ≤2.5 g,the equilibrium position lies on the surface of the granular bed,while forΓ>2.5 g,it shifts below the surface.Additionally,intruders with different densities exhibit varying equilibrium depths,with higher density resulting in a deeper equilibrium position.To understand the mechanism behind the intruder's upward or downward motion,we measure its rising or sinking velocities under different vibration parameters.Our findings demonstrate that the rising velocity of the intruder,under varying vibration accelerations(Γ)and frequencies(ω),can be collapsed using the ratioΓ/ω,while the sinking velocity remains unaffected by the vibration strength.This confirms that the upward motion of the larger sphere,associated with the Brazil nut effect,primarily arises from the void-filling mechanism of the bed particles.Furthermore,our experiments reveal that the presence of convection within the bed particles has minimal impact on the motion of the intruder.
基金supported by the Guangdong Special Support ProgramProject(No.2021JC060580)the Foshan Innovation Team Project(No.2130218003140).
文摘In this study,the effects of different salinity gradients and addition of compatible solutes on anaerobic treated effluent water qualities,sludge characteristics and microbial communities were investigated.The increase in salinity resulted in a decrease in particle size of the granular sludge,which was concentrated in the range of 0.5-1.0 mm.The content of EPS(extracellular polymeric substances)in the granular sludge gradually increased with increasing salinity and the addition of betaine(a typical compatible solute).Meanwhile,the microbial community structure was significantly affected by salinity,with high salinity reducing the diversity of bacteria.At higher salinity,Patescibacteria and Proteobacteria gradually became the dominant phylum,with relative abundance increasing to 13.53%and 12.16%at 20 g/L salinity.Desulfobacterota and its subordinate Desulfovibrio,which secrete EPS in large quantities,dominated significantly after betaine addition.Their relative abundance reached 13.65%and 7.86%at phylum level and genus level.The effect of these changes on the treated effluent was shown as the average chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal rate decreased from 82.10%to 79.71%,78.01%,68.51%and 64.55%when the salinity gradually increased from 2 g/L to 6,10,16 and 20 g/L.At the salinity of 20 g/L,average COD removal increased to 71.65%by the addition of 2 mmol/L betaine.The gradient elevated salinity and the exogenous addition of betaine played an important role in achieving stability of the anaerobic system in a highly saline environment,which provided a feasible strategy for anaerobic treatment of organic saline wastewater.
文摘Objective To investigate whether 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside(TSG)ameliorated polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)-like characteristics by inhibiting inflammation.Methods PCOS models were established by injecting subcutaneously with dehydroepiandrosterone into female Sprague-Dawley rats,followed by receiving intraperitoneal injection of TSG.The granular cells(GCs)KGN were transfected with small interfering RNAs(si-NC and si-CYP19A1).The cells were preincubated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and then treated with or without TSG.The estrous cycle was monitored using vaginal exfoliated cells.The morphology of ovarian follicles was analyzed by H&E staining.ELISA was used to analyze estradiol(E2),testosterone(T),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),IL-6,TNF-α,AGEs,CRP and Omentin-1 levels in serum.Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze PCNA and CYP19A1 expressions in the GCs of ovaries.Tunel staining was executed to detect the apoptosis of GCs.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and Western blot were implemented to measure the expression of CYP19A1 in the ovaries and transfected cells.qPCR was used to analyze the expression of IL-6 and TNF-αin the transfected cells treated with LPS and TSG.Results The estrous cycles were restored in TSG group.Compared with model group,the sinus follicles were reduced and corpus luteums were increased in TSG group.TSG group showed increased E2,and decreased T and LH,compared with model group.Pro-inflammatory factors(IL-6,TNF-α,CRP and AGEs)were decreased,and anti-inflammatory factor(Omentin-1)was increased in TSG group compared with those in model group.TSG could partially inhibit decrease of PNCA-positive GCs and increase of Tunel-positive GCs caused by PCOS.The CYP19A1 expression of GCs in TSG group was upregulated compared with model group.The expressions of IL-6 and TNFαin si-CYP19A1 cells were increased compared with si-NC cells.Compared with cells(si-NC and si-CYP19A1)treated without LPS,the expressions of IL-6 and TNF-αcells were increased,and the expression of CYP19A1 was downregulated in LPS-preincubated cells.Compared with cells treated with LPS,the expression of IL-6 and TNF-αwere decreased,and the expression of CYP19A1 was increased in cells treated with LPS and TSG.Compared with si-NC cells treated with LPS and TSG,the expressions of IL-6 and TNF-αcells were increased in the si-CYP19A1 cells treated with LPS and TSG.Conclusion TSG could alleviate PCOS-like characteristics by increasing the expression of CYP19A1 in GCs to inhibit inflammatory response.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11574153)the Fund of No.TSXK2022D007。
文摘This paper investigates the influence of filling fraction on the segregation patterns of binary granular mixtures in a vertically vibrating drum through experiments and simulations.Glass and stainless steel spherical grains,which differ in mass density,are used to give rise to density-driven segregation.The results reveal four segregation patterns,including Brazil nut effect segregation,counterclockwise two-eye-like segregation,dumpling-like segregation and clockwise twoeye-like segregation.The theoretical analysis demonstrates that grains predominantly exhibit counterclockwise convection at low filling fractions,while clockwise convection dominates at high filling fractions.Competition between buoyancy and convection forces determines the final stable segregation pattern.These findings provide valuable insights into controlling segregation in granular systems,which is crucial for optimizing industrial processes in fields such as pharmaceuticals and chemical engineering.
基金funded by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation within the framework of a state assignment,number 1023032300071-6-2.3.1.
文摘The dynamics of fluid and non-buoyant particles in a librating horizontal annulus is studied experimentally.In the absence of librations,the granular material forms a cylindrical layer near the outer boundary of the annulus and undergoes rigid-body rotation with the fluid and the annulus.It is demonstrated that the librational liquefaction of the granular material results in pattern formation.This self-organization process stems from the excitation of inertial modes induced by the oscillatory motion of liquefied granular material under the influence of the gravitational force.The inertial wave induces vortical fluid flow which entrains particles from rest and forms eroded areas that are equidistant from each other along the axis of rotation.Theoretical analysis and experiments demonstrate that a liquefied layer of granular material oscillates with a radian frequency equal to the angular velocity of the annulus and interacts with the inertial wave it excites.The new phenomenon of libration-induced pattern formation is of practical interest as it can be used to control multiphase flows and mass transfer in rotating containers in a variety of industrial processes.
文摘The pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has become an undying virus to spread a sustainable disease named COVID-19 for upcoming few years.Mortality rates are rising rapidly as approved drugs are not yet available.Isolation from the infected person or community is the preferred choice to protect our health.Since humans are the only carriers,it might be possible to control the positive rate if the infected population or host carriers are isolated from each other.Isolation alone may not be a proper solution.These are the resolutions of previous research work carried out on COVID-19 throughout the world.The present scenario of the world and public health is knocking hard with a big question of critical uncertainty of COVID-19 because of its imprecise database as per daily positive cases recorded all over the world and in India as well.In this research work,we have pre-sented an optimal control model for COVID-19 using granular differentiability based on fuzzy dynamical systems.In the first step,we created a fuzzy Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Asymptomatic-Hospitalized-Recovered-Death(SEIAHRD)model for COVID-19,analyzed it using granular differentiability,and reported disease dynamics for time-independent disease control parameters.In the second step,we upgraded the fuzzy dynamical system and granular differentiability model related to time-dependent disease control parameters as an optimal control problem invader.Theoretical studies have been validated with some practical data from the epidemic COVID-19 related to the Indian perspective during first wave and early second wave.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52378321 and 52079003).
文摘Based on the energy dissipation caused by consolidation deformation of the porous media under external force and migration of the internal suspended substances,a coupled multiphase-substance flow(CMF)model was established.This model introduced the new concepts,such as particle temperature and particle entropy,to describe energy dissipation at meso-level.This model used a potential energy density function and migration coefficients to establish the corresponding connection between the dissipative force and dissipative flow.This viewpoint unifies the deformation,seepage,and suspended substance migration of geotechnical materials under the framework of granular thermodynamics.It can reflect the evolution of effective stress in the solid matrix of multi-components in a particle-reorganized state,and considers the temperature driving effect.The proposed CMF model is validated using the experimental results under coupled migration of heavy metal ions(HMs)and suspended particles(SPs).The calculation results demonstrated that the CMF model can describe the flow process under the conditions of arbitrary changes in different suspended substance types,injection concentrations,and injection velocities.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42207227)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(Grant No.2022JJ40586)The authors also thank the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant Nos.2022M722428).
文摘In the deep geological disposal repository of high-level radioactive waste,buffer/backfill materials typically consist of compacted bentonite block and granular bentonite.As these materials undergo a long-term hydration,it is anticipated that the two forms of bentonite materials(i.e.compacted bentonite powder(CBP)and granular bentonite(GB))are expected to exhibit differing hydro-mechanical behaviors due to the differences in their structures.This work aims to investigate the differences in swelling pressure and compressibility through a series of swelling pressure tests,compression tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)tests.The experimental results demonstrated that swelling pressure curves of the CBP specimens showed higher first peak values and more pronounced collapse than those of the GB specimens at a given dry density,regardless of vapor-water hydration or liquid-water hydration.The final swelling pressures of the two materials were similar at the same dry density,suggesting an independent correlation between swelling pressure and dry density.At the high suction range,the compression curves exhibited an obvious bi-linear pattern for the CBP specimens and a significant nonlinearity for the GB specimens.Meanwhile,the CBP specimens presented higher pre-consolidation pressures and larger compression indices than the GB specimens at a given suction.As suction decreased,the compression curves of the two materials gradually approached each other and their differences were reduced accordingly.After reaching saturation,a good consistency between them was observed whether for final swelling pressure or compressibility.Pore structure analysis revealed that the two materials both presented an initially double structure,and their differences were primarily manifested at the macrostructural level.Eventually,the differences in swelling pressure or compression curves of the two materials were well interpreted by combining microstructural evolutions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Programme of China(No.2023YFC3206903)the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51938010)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.SJCX23_1717).
文摘Red anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) granular sludge (AnGS) has been reported insuccessfully operating Anammox systems, and its color is associated with sludge activity.However, in long-term operating systems, AnGS exhibits different sensory colors, physicalstructures, community structures, and denitrification performance, but the relationship betweenthem has not yet been elucidated.The AnGS of the Anammox system, which has beenin operation for more than a decade, can be divided into twomain categories: red and white.The specific Anammox activity (SAA) in conventional red AnGS increased continuously asthe particle size increased from <0.51 mm to 6.02 ± 0.84 mm. The SAA of white AnGS wereslightly lower than those of red AnGS with similarly-size granules but significantly higherthan AnGS with smaller red granules. Compared with red AnGS, the extracellular polymericsubstances of white AnGS were significantly reduced,mainly due to the higher intracellulariron content, resulting in lower heme c concentration. Thus, heme c may prove not to bean evaluative tool for measuring Anammox activity. Red and white AnGS, whether throughself-aggregation or adsorption by hydroxyl apatite and other carriers, will face the fate ofinternal voids during particle size growth. White AnGS exhibited amore complex microbialcommunity than red AnGS. Candidatus Brocadia was abundant in red AnGS and the abundanceincreased with increasing granule size. Candidatus Kuenenia and Candidatus Jetteniamade significant contributions to denitrification in white AnGS. This study provides a newperspective on particle selection for anammox engineering applications.
文摘When a vehicle moves over a flexible pavement structure,it generates loading and unloading cycles that produce recoverable(resilient)and permanent(plastic)deformations in the granular base and subbase layers,which are made of unbound granular materials(UGMs).The primary parameter used to evaluate the resilient response of UGMs in pavements is the resilient modulus(MR).The MR is widely used in calculating stress-strain states for flexible pavement design and as a control parameter during the construction process.It is also employed to understand the progression of distresses,such as fatigue cracking and rutting.The main objective of this study was to conduct a literature review on the resilient behavior of UGMs.This manuscript presents and describes the MR and the factors that influence it.It also outlines the evolution of the mathematical equations most commonly used to estimate and predict this physical parameter.Conclusions and recommendations for future research are provided at the end of the article.Despite the large amount of research done on the subject,the resilient behavior of UGM has not yet been fully understood.This is since these materials are highly heterogeneous and show nonlinear-anisotropic behavior under different cyclic loading paths and water contents.Likewise,these materials undergo different behaviors depending on their macro and microscopic properties(gradation,density,porosity,texture,mineralogy,particle geometry and orientation,temperature,among others).On the other hand,the main limitation of the mathematical equations is that their parameters are difficult to determine experimentally and are not constants of the material(they are state variables that can change with multiple factors).Additionally,these equations do not consider the boundary conditions to which UGM in pavements are exposed.Moreover,they are obtained from repeated load triaxial(RLT)tests,which cannot simulate the three cyclic stress components(vertical,horizontal,and shear)to which UGMs are subjected in a pavement.In recent years,there has been an increase in studies evaluating the use of recycled aggregates and the effect of temperature(particularly at subzero temperatures),but more research is still needed to reach definitive conclusions.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20394 and 52305314)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Nos.7252285 and L246001)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFB4605800)。
文摘Granular composite(GC)hydrogels have attracted considerable interest in biomedical applications due to their versatile printability and exceptional mechanical properties.However,the lack of comprehensive design guidelines has limited their optimal engineering,as the factors influencing their mechanical performance and printability remain largely unexamined.In this study,we developed GC hydrogels by integrating microgels with interstitial matrices of photocrosslinkable gelatin methacrylate(GelMA).We utilized confocal microscopy and nanoindentation analyses to investigate the spatial distribution and mechanical behavior of these hydrogels.Our findings indicate that the mechanical and rheological properties of GC hydrogels can be precisely tailored by adjusting the volume fraction and size of the microgels.Furthermore,hydrogen bonds were identified as significant contributors to compressive performance,although they had minimal effect on cyclic mechanical behavior.Compared to bulk GelMA hydrogels,GC hydrogels demonstrated enhanced printability and remarkable superelasticity.As a proof of concept,we illustrated their dual printability in embedded printing to create prosthetic liver models for preoperative planning.This study provides valuable insights into the design and optimization of GC hydrogels for advanced biomedical applications.
基金supported by the Key Technologies Research and Development Program of Guangzhou (No.2023B03J1284)Guangdong Yuehai Water Investment Co.,Ltd. (No.CC80-QT01-2020-0010).
文摘This work established a quantitative method to access the shear stability of aerobic granular sludge(AGS)and validated its feasibility by using the mature AGS from a pilot-scale(50 tons/day)membrane bioreactor(MBR)for treating real municipal wastewater.The results showed that the changing rate( S)of the peak area(S)of granule size distribution(GSD)exhibited an exponential relationship(R^(2)≥0.76)with the shear time(y=a−b·c^(x)),which was a suitable indicative index to reflect the shear stability of different AGS samples.The limiting granule size(LGS)was defined and proposed to characterize the equilibrium size for AGS after being sheared for a period of time,whose value in terms of Dv50 showed high correlation(R^(2)=0.92)with the parameter a.The free Ca^(2+)(28.44-34.21 mg/L)in the influent specifically interacted with polysaccharides(PS)in the granule’s extracellular polymeric substance(EPS)as a nucleation site,thereby inducing the formation of Ca precipitation to enhance its Young’s modulus,while Ca^(2+) primarily interacted with PS in soluble metabolic product(SMP)during the initial granulation process.Furthermore,the Young’s modulus significantly affected the parameter a related to shear stability(R^(2)=0.99).Since the parameter a was more closely related(R^(2)=1.00)to S than that of the parameter b or c,the excellent correlation(R^(2)=0.99)between the parameter a and the wet density further verified the feasibility of this method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant numbers 41977233)。
文摘Bridge pier failures from granular flow impacts are common.Installing defense piles upstream is an effective mitigation strategy,yet their protective mechanisms and standardized design guidelines are unclear.This study employed 3D discrete element method to analyze the influence of defense pile size and placement on its performance across 219 scenarios,providing a detailed examination of their protective mechanisms.Results show that optimizing these factors can reduce the maximum impact force on bridge piers by up to 94%.In terms of size,a critical height threshold is identified,beyond which increasing pile height does not enhance protection.This threshold depends on the movement height of granular particles at the slope base.Protection effectiveness varies with pile size:when H≤0.05 h(H is the height of defense piles,h is the height of bridge),protection marginally improves with increasing height and diameter;for 0.05 h<H<0.15 h,protection strongly correlates with both parameters;for H≥0.15 h,diameter becomes the dominant factor.In terms of placement,an optimal longitudinal distance exists between the defense pile and the bridge pier.The larger the diameter,the greater the optimal longitudinal distance.However,the transverse distance is inversely related to protection effectiveness.Mechanistic analysis shows that defense piles are more effective at redirecting particles to prevent direct collisions with the pier(contributing 100%impact energy reduction before the non-dimensional travel time t*=7.01 and 63%–100%afterward)than at reducing particle velocity.This study provides insights into the protective mechanisms of defense piles and informs strategies for optimizing bridge pier protection in granular flow-prone regions.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.LH2023E051)Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment(No.HC202241)Young Scientist Studio of Harbin Institute of Technology。
文摘Granular sludges can resist the toxicity inhibition of medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and enhance the chain elongation(CE)process.However,the granulation process is time-consuming and requires a suitable facilitating granulation mean.This study proposed two continuous fed Expanded Granular Sludge Bed bioreactors,one with electric field(EF)and one without,to demonstrate the promotion of sludge granulation by EF and the enhancement of MCFAs production efficiency by the anaerobic granular sludge(An GS).Through more than 50 days of operation,the EF was demonstrated to be able to promote the granulation,and the formed An GS enhanced MCFAs yield by 36%.Besides,mechanism analysis indicated that the EF promoted microbial aggregation and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)synthesis,which enabled An GS to form more easily.Besides,An GS formed with EF improved extracellular electron transfer capacity and microbial function activity,which also contributed to the production of more MCFAs.Overall,this study provides a method to facilitate An GS granulation and revealed the underlying mechanisms,and offers important support for the diverse applications of An GS in other bioresources recovery bioprocesses.
文摘Using traditional particle tracking velocimetry based on optical flow for measuring areas with large velocity gradient changes may cause oversmoothing,resulting in significant measurement errors.To address this problem,the traditional particle tracking velocimetry method based on an optical flow was improved.The level set segmentation algorithm was used to obtain the boundary contour of the region with large velocity gradient changes,and the non-uniform flow field was divided into regions according to the boundary contour to obtain sub-regions with uniform velocity distribution.The particle tracking velocimetry method based on optical flow was used to measure the granular flow velocity in each sub-region,thus avoiding the problem of granular flow distribution.The simulation results show that the measurement accuracy of this method is approximately 10%higher than that of traditional methods.The method was applied to a velocity measurement experiment on dense granular flow in silos,and the velocity distribution of the granular flow was obtained,verifying the practicality of the method in granular flow fields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42120104008 and 42307214)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(Grant No.GZB20230620).
文摘Coriolis effects,encompassing the dilative,compressive,and deflective manifestations,constitute pivotal considerations in the centrifugal modelling of high-speed granular run-out processes.Notably,under the deflective Coriolis condition,the velocity component parallel to the rotational axis exerts no influence on the magnitude of Coriolis acceleration.This circumstance implies a potential mitigation of the Coriolis force's deflective impact.Regrettably,extant investigations predominantly emphasize the dilative and compressive Coriolis effects,largely neglecting the pragmatic import of the deflective Coriolis condition.In pursuit of this gap,a series of discrete element method(DEM)simulations have been conducted to scrutinize the feasibility of centrifugal modelling for dry granular run-out processes under deflective Coriolis conditions.The findings concerning the deflective Coriolis effect reveal a consistent rise in the run-out distance by 2%–16%,a modest increase in bulk flow velocity of under 4%,and a slight elevation in average flow depth by no more than 25%.These alterations display smaller dependence on the specific testing conditions due to the granular flow undergoing dual deflections in opposing directions.This underscores the significance and utility of the deflective Coriolis condition.Notably,the anticipated reduction in error in predicting the final run-out distance is substantial,potentially reaching a 150%improvement compared to predictions made under the dilative and compressive Coriolis conditions.Therefore,the deflective Coriolis condition is advised when the final run-out distance of the granular flow is the main concern.To mitigate the impact of Coriolis acceleration,a greater initial height of the granular column is recommended,with a height/width ratio exceeding 1,as the basal friction of the granular material plays a crucial role in mitigating the deflective Coriolis effect.For more transverse-uniform flow properties,the width of the granular column should be as large as possible.
基金financially supported by the Open Project of Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park of Wuhan University of Technology(No.2022KF0005)Researchers Supporting Project(No.RSP-2024-R20)King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘As a recently emerging wastewater treatment technology,Algal-bacterial granular sludge(ABGS)process shows significant advantages.However,current research on the ABGS system is a lack of a clear and complete understanding of the potential mechanism of signal molecules on the growth of ABGS.This study comprehensively explores the variations in the ABGS under different N-acyl-homoserine lactone(AHL)conditions by constructing three sequencing batch reactor(SBR)systems.The results indicate that N-hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone(C6-HSL)accelerates the granulation process in the early stages by promoting the loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances(LB-EPS)secretion and filamentous bacteria growth,thereby shortening required time for initial granule formation.On the other hand,N-(3-oxodecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone(3-oxo-C12-HSL)expedites the granulation process by promoting the tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances(TB-EPS)and aromatic protein secretion,benefiting structural stability and nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of mature ABGS.
