In order to establish grading standards of evaluation indices for sour flavor of apples, 10 indices of samples from 106 apple cultivars were tested, including： malic acid（Mal）, oxalic acid（Oxa）, citric acid（Cit...In order to establish grading standards of evaluation indices for sour flavor of apples, 10 indices of samples from 106 apple cultivars were tested, including： malic acid（Mal）, oxalic acid（Oxa）, citric acid（Cit）, lactic acid（Lac）, succinic acid（Suc）, fumaric acid（Fum）, total organic acids（To A, the sum of the six organic acids tested）, titratable acid（TiA）, acidity value（AcV）, and pH value. For most of the cultivars studied（85.8%）, the order of the organic acid contents in apples was Mal〉Oxa〉Cit〉Lac〉Suc〉Fum. Mal was the dominant organic acid, on average, accounting for 94.5% of To A. Among the 10 indices, the dispersion of pH value was the smallest with a coefficient of variation of only 8.2%, while the coefficients of variation of the other nine indices were larger, ranging between 31 and 66%. There were significant linear relationships between Mal and two indices（ToA and AcV） as well as between ToA and AcV. There were significant logarithmic relationships between pH value and four indices： Mal, TiA, ToA, and AcV. All the equations had very high fitting accuracy and can be used to accurately predict related indices. According to this study, Mal, ToA, and AcV of apple were normally distributed, TiA was close to normally distributed, whereas pH value had a skewed distribution. Using the fitted normal distribution curves, the grading standards of Mal, TiA, ToA, and AcV were established. The grading node values of pH value were obtained using the logarithmic relationship between pH value and Mal. The grading standards of these five indices can be used to evaluate the sour flavor of apple. This study provides a scientific basis for evaluating apple flavor and selecting apple cultivars.展开更多
The function of roof ridge ornament is irreplaceable in the facade modeling of traditional Chinese architecture.Taking the ornament in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Guanzhong area as an example,this paper summarizes ...The function of roof ridge ornament is irreplaceable in the facade modeling of traditional Chinese architecture.Taking the ornament in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Guanzhong area as an example,this paper summarizes and analyzes the appearance characteristics,and internal cultural connotation of the ornament that is currently present in the Guanzhong area from the aspects of its decorative content,color,and grade indication.Further,make relevant discussions,hoping to supplement the research of ancient ornament.展开更多
To investigate the influence of different Talbot grading indices(n-values)on the fatigue damage deterioration and instability behavior of grouted reinforcement body,an increasing-amplitude fatigue loading test was con...To investigate the influence of different Talbot grading indices(n-values)on the fatigue damage deterioration and instability behavior of grouted reinforcement body,an increasing-amplitude fatigue loading test was conducted on grouted reinforcement specimens with different n-values using the multi-functional electro-hydraulic servo-controlled rigidity test system(MTS-815).Acoustic emission(AE)technology was employed to monitor the entire testing process.The fatigue mechanical response mechanism,AE characteristic parameters,and damage modes were analyzed.The results demonstrate that as n-value increases,the mechanical characteristics of the specimens initially increase and then decrease.AE parameters,including the cumulative AE ring counts and energy counts,follow the same trend,and spectral characteristics exhibit a strong correlation with crack evolution.The cumulative AE ring counts damage model reveals a three-phase behavior for the specimens under different n-values.The b-value,which characterizes the scale distribution of cracking events,correlates with the volumetric strain growth rate,showing a more sensitive response.Differences in n-values directly affect the distribution of RA/AF signals and damage modes.The findings provide valuable insights into predicting the destabilization of grouted reinforcement specimens under fatigue disturbance and offer necessary theoretical support for the design and stability control of excavation in fragmented surrounding rock.展开更多
基金financially supported by the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-27)the National Program for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of China (GJFP2017003)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIP)
文摘In order to establish grading standards of evaluation indices for sour flavor of apples, 10 indices of samples from 106 apple cultivars were tested, including： malic acid（Mal）, oxalic acid（Oxa）, citric acid（Cit）, lactic acid（Lac）, succinic acid（Suc）, fumaric acid（Fum）, total organic acids（To A, the sum of the six organic acids tested）, titratable acid（TiA）, acidity value（AcV）, and pH value. For most of the cultivars studied（85.8%）, the order of the organic acid contents in apples was Mal〉Oxa〉Cit〉Lac〉Suc〉Fum. Mal was the dominant organic acid, on average, accounting for 94.5% of To A. Among the 10 indices, the dispersion of pH value was the smallest with a coefficient of variation of only 8.2%, while the coefficients of variation of the other nine indices were larger, ranging between 31 and 66%. There were significant linear relationships between Mal and two indices（ToA and AcV） as well as between ToA and AcV. There were significant logarithmic relationships between pH value and four indices： Mal, TiA, ToA, and AcV. All the equations had very high fitting accuracy and can be used to accurately predict related indices. According to this study, Mal, ToA, and AcV of apple were normally distributed, TiA was close to normally distributed, whereas pH value had a skewed distribution. Using the fitted normal distribution curves, the grading standards of Mal, TiA, ToA, and AcV were established. The grading node values of pH value were obtained using the logarithmic relationship between pH value and Mal. The grading standards of these five indices can be used to evaluate the sour flavor of apple. This study provides a scientific basis for evaluating apple flavor and selecting apple cultivars.
基金Supported by the National Undergraduate Innovation and entrepreneurship project of Northwestern Polytechnical University(Project number:S202010699657).
文摘The function of roof ridge ornament is irreplaceable in the facade modeling of traditional Chinese architecture.Taking the ornament in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Guanzhong area as an example,this paper summarizes and analyzes the appearance characteristics,and internal cultural connotation of the ornament that is currently present in the Guanzhong area from the aspects of its decorative content,color,and grade indication.Further,make relevant discussions,hoping to supplement the research of ancient ornament.
基金Project(2022YFC2905600)supported by the National Key R&D Program of ChinaProjects(52474091,52204084)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(KLDCRMMOE24KF06)supported by the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Deep Coal Resource Mining(China University of Mining and Technology),Ministry of Education。
文摘To investigate the influence of different Talbot grading indices(n-values)on the fatigue damage deterioration and instability behavior of grouted reinforcement body,an increasing-amplitude fatigue loading test was conducted on grouted reinforcement specimens with different n-values using the multi-functional electro-hydraulic servo-controlled rigidity test system(MTS-815).Acoustic emission(AE)technology was employed to monitor the entire testing process.The fatigue mechanical response mechanism,AE characteristic parameters,and damage modes were analyzed.The results demonstrate that as n-value increases,the mechanical characteristics of the specimens initially increase and then decrease.AE parameters,including the cumulative AE ring counts and energy counts,follow the same trend,and spectral characteristics exhibit a strong correlation with crack evolution.The cumulative AE ring counts damage model reveals a three-phase behavior for the specimens under different n-values.The b-value,which characterizes the scale distribution of cracking events,correlates with the volumetric strain growth rate,showing a more sensitive response.Differences in n-values directly affect the distribution of RA/AF signals and damage modes.The findings provide valuable insights into predicting the destabilization of grouted reinforcement specimens under fatigue disturbance and offer necessary theoretical support for the design and stability control of excavation in fragmented surrounding rock.
