Multi-principal-element alloys(MPEAs)are attracting increasing attentions because of their high strength and ductility,high fracture toughness,excellent corrosion resistance,outstanding thermal-softening resistance an...Multi-principal-element alloys(MPEAs)are attracting increasing attentions because of their high strength and ductility,high fracture toughness,excellent corrosion resistance,outstanding thermal-softening resistance and high oxidation resistance.Moreover,gradient structures(GSs)have been shown to be effective in alleviating the strength-ductility trade-off although strength and ductility are mutually exclusive properties for metals,which provides an opportunity for developing highperformance MPEAs.Here,we summarized four processing methods for creating GSs in MPEAs,including rotationally accelerated shot peening(RASP),ultra-precision machining technology(UPMT),cyclic dynamic torsion(CDT),and ultrasonic surface rolling processing(USRP).Principles,advantages,disadvantages,and typical applications of these methods are discussed in this work.展开更多
Star-shaped lattice structures with a negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)effect exhibit excellent energy absorption capacity,making them highly promising for applications in aerospace,vehicles,and civil protection.While pr...Star-shaped lattice structures with a negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)effect exhibit excellent energy absorption capacity,making them highly promising for applications in aerospace,vehicles,and civil protection.While previous research has primarily focused on single-walled cells,there is limited investigation into negative Poisson’s ratio structures with nested multi-walled cells.This study designed three star-shaped cell structures and three lattice configurations,analyzing the Poisson’s ratio,stress–strain relationship,and energy absorption capacity through tensile experiments and finite element simulations.Among the single structures,the star-shaped configuration r3 demonstrated the best elastic modulus,NPR effect,and energy absorption effect.In contrast,the uniform lattice structure R3 exhibited the highest tensile strength and energy absorption capacity.Additionally,the stress intensity and energy absorption of gradient structures increased with the number of layers.This study aims to provide a theoretical reference for the application of NPR materials in safety protection across civil and vehicle engineering,as well as other fields.展开更多
A gradient structure was introduced into a metal laminated target plate,and the anti-penetration simulation of the gradient structure was compared with that of a uniform-layer-thickness target plate by finite element ...A gradient structure was introduced into a metal laminated target plate,and the anti-penetration simulation of the gradient structure was compared with that of a uniform-layer-thickness target plate by finite element simulation.The analysis was verified by an impact experiment.Results show that the high-level thickness and appropriate percentage of Ti alloy at the upper side of the gradient structure provide greater impact resistance against the bullet,which increases the warhead breakage and enhances the anti-penetration performance.In addition,during the impact process,the stress is transmitted and reflected in the form of waves in each layer of the target plate,and the interaction between the compression and tension waves causes non-synergistic deformation of the target plate and leads to delamination.The gradient target plate takes penetration resistance a step further through the higher energy absorption rate and more consumption of the bullet kinetic energy.This research provides a theoretical basis for the application of gradient structures in metallic laminated armor.展开更多
The S38C railway axle undergoes induction hardening,resulting in a gradient-distributed microstructure and mechanical properties.The accurate identification of gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle...The S38C railway axle undergoes induction hardening,resulting in a gradient-distributed microstructure and mechanical properties.The accurate identification of gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle remains a challenging task.To tackle this challenge,the present study proposes a novel approach for identifying the gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle by integrating nano-indentation techniques with the machine learning method.Firstly,nano-indentation tests are conducted along the radial direction of the S38C axle to obtain the gradient-distributed load-displacement curves,nano-hardness,and elastic modulus.Subsequently,the dimensionless analysis is performed to obtain the representative stress,strain,and yield stress from load-displacement curves.These parameters are then incorporated into the machine learning method as physical information to identify the gradient-distributed plastic parameters of the S38C axle.The results indicate that the proposed method based on the physics-informed neural network and multi-fidelity neural network successfully identifies the gradient-distributed plastic parameters of the S38C axles and demonstrates superior prediction accuracy and generalization compared with the purely data-driven machine learning method.展开更多
To investigate the evolution of grain orientation and slip modes in magnesium alloys with multiple texture components,an AZ31 gradient-structured magnesium alloy sheet was fabricated using hard plate rolling(HPR).The ...To investigate the evolution of grain orientation and slip modes in magnesium alloys with multiple texture components,an AZ31 gradient-structured magnesium alloy sheet was fabricated using hard plate rolling(HPR).The changes in texture and slip modes under different reductions were examined.The results demonstrate that the AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets display a self-epitaxial gradient structure,with the best mechanical properties observed at rolling temperature of 673 K and reduction of 50%.Significant changes in texture type and strength are observed along the normal direction(ND)of the sheet.The coarse-grain region exhibits a bimodal texture aligned with the rolling direction.These texture variations enhance the stress distribution at the fine grain-coarse grain interface,influencing the grain orientation and the activation of different slip modes,thus improving the mechanical properties of gradient-structured magnesium alloy sheets.This approach offers a new strategy for the fabrication of high-performance magnesium alloy sheets.展开更多
Electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction(CO_(2) RR)toward multi-carbon compounds is a challenging but meaningful route for carbon cycling.Copper-based catalysts are the most promising candidate for C_(2+)generation due to th...Electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction(CO_(2) RR)toward multi-carbon compounds is a challenging but meaningful route for carbon cycling.Copper-based catalysts are the most promising candidate for C_(2+)generation due to their unique C–C coupling activity,yet the in situ reduction from Cu^(+) to Cu^(0) under cathodic potentials causes the catalyst deactivation.Herein,we develop a transient thermal shock strategy to embed Cu^(+) species into CeO_(2) lattices,constructing a CuO_(x)/CuCeO_(x)catalyst with a radial gradient Cu^(+) -Ov-Ce^(3+)/Ce^(4+)structure.Depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that mismatched metal/oxygen diffusion kinetics drive continuous electron transfer from surface Cu^(+) to bulk Ce^(3+)/Ce^(4+)via oxygen vacancies(Ov),forming a dynamic“self-sacrificial”structure to preserve surface Cu^(+) states.In CO_(2)-saturated 0.1 M KHCO_(3),the optimized CuO_(x)/CuCeO_(x)-10 achieves a high C_(2) Faradaic efficiency(FE)of 85.8%at-1.4 V vs.RHE.In situ attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared adsorption spectroscopy(ATR-SEIRAS)identifies the key intermediates of C_(2) are*OCCO and*OCCOH,while DFT reveals a drastic reduction of C–C coupling barrier from 0.842 to0.274 eV.This work demonstrates kinetically tailored metal-support interactions,enabling oxidationstate control for pathway-selective catalysis.展开更多
Structures with single gradient and dual gradients have been designed and fabricated in an Al_(0.5)Cr_(0.9)FeNi_(2.5)V_(0.2) medium entropy alloy.Structures with dual gradients(with increasing grain size and a decreas...Structures with single gradient and dual gradients have been designed and fabricated in an Al_(0.5)Cr_(0.9)FeNi_(2.5)V_(0.2) medium entropy alloy.Structures with dual gradients(with increasing grain size and a decreasing volume fraction of nanoprecipitates from the surface to the center)were observed to show much better dynamic shear properties compared to both structures with single grainsize gradient and coarse-grained structures with homogeneously distributed nanoprecipitates.Thus,the dual gradients have a synergetic strengthening/toughening effect as compared to the sole effect of a single gradient and the sole precipitation effect.Initiation of the adiabatic shear band(ASB)is delayed and propagation of ASB is slowed down in structures with dual gradients compared to structures with single gradients,resulting in better dynamic shear properties.A higher magnitude of strain gradient and higher density of geometrically necessary dislocations are induced in the structures with dual gradients,resulting in extra strain hardening.Higher density dislocations,stacking faults,and Lomer-Cottrell locks can be accumulated by the interactions between these defects and B2/L1_(2) precipitates,due to the higher volume fraction of nanoprecipitates in the surface layer of the structures with dual gradients,which could retard the early strain localization in the surface layer for better dynamic shear properties.展开更多
This paper is devoted to a comprehensive study on a new type of microwave structures named magnetoelectric(ME)gradient structures.These structures are studied in this paper to understand the possibilities and applicat...This paper is devoted to a comprehensive study on a new type of microwave structures named magnetoelectric(ME)gradient structures.These structures are studied in this paper to understand the possibilities and application principles in feasible devices.The structure under study was calculated at different values of the applied electric field and different values of the relative per-mittivity of the artificial dielectric layer.The layered multiferroic structure in inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields was calculated on the basis of the previously proposed mathematical model.The eigenwaves spectrum for several considered cases was the result of the performed calculation.The concept of using ME gradient structures in the design of electronically controlled microwave devices is formed on the basis of the results of a numerical experiment.Structures of this type will preferably be used in electronically controlled devices for the directional transmission of microwave signals,as it was shown in the theoretical part of the paper.展开更多
The effects of gradient structure on the microstructure and properties of coated cemented carbides were researched with optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, strength measurements, and cutti...The effects of gradient structure on the microstructure and properties of coated cemented carbides were researched with optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, strength measurements, and cutting tests. It shows that vacuum sintering of WC-Ti（C, N）-TaC-Co cemented carbides results in the formation of a surface ductile zone. The ductile zone prevents crack propagation and leads to the increase of transverse rupture strength of the substrate. The impact resistance of coated gradient inserts was obviously improved on the basis of maintaining resistance to abrasion and the forming mechanism of the gradient structure was also analyzed.展开更多
Laser additive manufacturing (AM) of lattice structures with light weight, excellent impact resistance, and energy absorption performance is receiving considerable attention in aerospace, transportation, and mechanica...Laser additive manufacturing (AM) of lattice structures with light weight, excellent impact resistance, and energy absorption performance is receiving considerable attention in aerospace, transportation, and mechanical equipment application fields. In this study, we designed four gradient lattice structures (GLSs) using the topology optimization method, including the unidirectional GLS, the bi-directional increasing GLS, the bi-directional decreasing GLS and the none-GLS. All GLSs were manufactureed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The uniaxial compression tests and finite element analysis were conducted to investigate the influence of gradient distribution features on deformation modes and energy absorption performance of GLSs. The results showed that, compared with the 45° shear fracture characteristic of the none-GLS, the unidirectional GLS, the bi-directional increasing GLS and the bi-directional decreasing GLS had the characteristics of the layer-by-layer fracture, showing considerably improved energy absorption capacity. The bi-directional increasing GLS showed a unique combination of shear fracture and layer-by-layer fracture, having the optimal energy absorption performance with energy absorption and specific energy absorption of 235.6 J and 9.5 J g-1 at 0.5 strain, respectively. Combined with the shape memory effect of NiTi alloy, multiple compression-heat recovery experiments were carried out to verify the shape memory function of LPBF-processed NiTi GLSs. These findings have potential value for the future design of GLSs and the realization of shape memory function of NiTi components through laser AM.展开更多
Multi-material laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)additive manufacturing is a promising approach for integrating the functionality and mechanical performance of dissimilar materials into complex parts.This review offers a c...Multi-material laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)additive manufacturing is a promising approach for integrating the functionality and mechanical performance of dissimilar materials into complex parts.This review offers a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in multi-material LPBF,with a particular focus on compositionally heterogeneous/gradient parts and their fabrication methods and equipment,control of interfacial defects,innovative designs,and potential applications.It commences with the introduction of LPBF-processed compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures with dissimilar material distributions,including Z-direction compositionally heterogeneous structures,compositionally gradient structures in the Z-direction and XY planes,and three-dimensional(3D)compositionally heterogeneous structures.Subsequently,various LPBF methods and equipment for fabricating compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures have been presented.Furthermore,the interfacial defects and process control during LPBF for these types of compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures are discussed.Additionally,innovative designs and potential applications of parts made from compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures are illustrated.Finally,perspectives on the LPBF fabrication methods for compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures are highlighted to provide guidance for future research.展开更多
Inspired by the gradient structure of the nature,two gradient lattice structures,i.e.,unidirectional gradient lattice(UGL)and bidirectional gradient lattice(BGL),are proposed based on the body-centered cubic(BCC)latti...Inspired by the gradient structure of the nature,two gradient lattice structures,i.e.,unidirectional gradient lattice(UGL)and bidirectional gradient lattice(BGL),are proposed based on the body-centered cubic(BCC)lattice to obtain specially designed mechanical behaviors,such as load-bearing and energy absorption capacities.First,a theoretical model is proposed to predict the initial stiffness of the gradient lattice structure under compressive loading,and validated against quasi-static compression tests and finite element models(FEMs).The deformation and failure mechanisms of the two structures are further studied based on experiments and simulations.The UGL structure exhibits a layer-by-layer failure mode,which avoids structure-wise shear failure in uniform structures.The BGL structure presents a symmetry deformation pattern,and the failure initiates at the weakest part.Finally,the energy absorption behaviors are also discussed.This study demonstrates the potential application of gradient lattice structures in load-transfer-path modification and energy absorption by topology design.展开更多
The impedance matching of absorbers is a vital factor affecting their microwave absorption(MA)properties.In this work,we controllably synthesized Material of Institute Lavoisier 88C(MIL-88C)with varying aspect ratios(...The impedance matching of absorbers is a vital factor affecting their microwave absorption(MA)properties.In this work,we controllably synthesized Material of Institute Lavoisier 88C(MIL-88C)with varying aspect ratios(AR)as a precursor by regulating oil bath conditions,followed by one-step thermal decomposition to obtain carbon-coated iron-based composites.Modifying the precursor MIL-88C(Fe)preparation conditions,such as the molar ratio between metal ions and organic ligands(M/O),oil bath temperature,and oil bath time,influenced the phases,graphitization degree,and AR of the derivatives,enabling low filler loading,achieving well-matched impedance,and ensuring outstanding MA properties.The MOF-derivatives 2(MD_(2))/polyvinylidene Difluoride(PVDF),MD_(3)/PVDF,and MD4/PVDF absorbers all exhibited excellent MA properties with optimal filler loadings below 20 wt%and as low as 5 wt%.The MD_(2)/PVDF(5 wt%)achieved a maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 5.52 GHz(1.90 mm).The MD_(3)/PVDF(10 wt%)possessed a minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))value of−67.4 at 12.56 GHz(2.13 mm).A symmetric gradient honeycomb structure(SGHS)was constructed utilizing the high-frequency structure simulator(HFSS)to further extend the EAB,achieving an EAB of 14.6 GHz and a RL_(min) of−59.0 dB.This research offers a viable inspiration to creating structures or materials with high-efficiency MA properties.展开更多
The high variability of shock in terrorist attacks poses a threat to people's lives and properties,necessitating the development of more effective protective structures.This study focuses on the angle gradient and...The high variability of shock in terrorist attacks poses a threat to people's lives and properties,necessitating the development of more effective protective structures.This study focuses on the angle gradient and proposes four different configurations of concave hexagonal honeycomb structures.The structures'macroscopic deformation behavior,stress-strain relationship,and energy dissipation characteristics are evaluated through quasi-static compression and Hopkinson pressure bar impact experiments.The study reveals that,under varying strain rates,the structures deform starting from the weak layer and exhibit significant interlayer separation.Additionally,interlayer shear slip becomes more pronounced with increasing strain rate.In terms of quasi-static compression,symmetric gradient structures demonstrate superior energy absorption,particularly the symmetric negative gradient structure(SNG-SMS)with a specific energy absorption of 13.77 J/cm~3.For dynamic impact,unidirectional gradient structures exhibit exceptional energy absorption,particularly the unidirectional positive gradient honeycomb structure(UPG-SML)with outstanding mechanical properties.The angle gradient design plays a crucial role in determining the structure's stability and deformation mode during impact.Fewer interlayer separations result in a more pronounced negative Poisson's ratio effect and enhance the structure's energy absorption capacity.These findings provide a foundation for the rational design and selection of seismic protection structures in different strain rate impact environments.展开更多
The morphological distribution of absorbent in composites is equally important with absorbents for the overall electromagnetic properties,but it is often ignored.Herein,a comprehensive consideration including electrom...The morphological distribution of absorbent in composites is equally important with absorbents for the overall electromagnetic properties,but it is often ignored.Herein,a comprehensive consideration including electromagnetic component regulation,layered arrangement structure,and gradient concentration distribution was used to optimize impedance matching and enhance electromagnetic loss.On the microscale,the incorporation of magnetic Ni nanoparticles into MXene nanosheets(Ni@MXene)endows suitable intrinsic permittivity and permeability.On the macroscale,the layered arrangement of Ni@MXene increases the effective interaction area with electromagnetic waves,inducing multiple reflection/scattering effects.On this basis,according to the analysis of absorption,reflection,and transmission(A-R-T)power coefficients of layered composites,the gradient concentration distribution was constructed to realize the impedance matching at low-concentration surface layer,electromagnetic loss at middle concentration interlayer and microwave reflection at high-concentration bottom layer.Consequently,the layered gradient composite(LG5-10-15)achieves complete absorption coverage of X-band at thickness of 2.00-2.20 mm with RL_(min) of-68.67 dB at 9.85 GHz in 2.05 mm,which is 199.0%,12.6%,and 50.6%higher than non-layered,layered and layered descending gradient composites,respectively.Therefore,this work confirms the importance of layered gradient structure in improving absorption performance and broadens the design of high-performance microwave absorption materials.展开更多
There is a pressing need for high-performance,high-strength low-alloy structural(HSLA)steels in various engineering fields,such as hydraulic components,engineering machinery,bridges,ships,and pressure vessels.In this ...There is a pressing need for high-performance,high-strength low-alloy structural(HSLA)steels in various engineering fields,such as hydraulic components,engineering machinery,bridges,ships,and pressure vessels.In this study,a gradient dislocation-cell structure is introduced into an HSLA steel through ultrasonic severe surface rolling.The cell size is approximately 614 nm at the topmost surface layer,and increases with increasing the depth.Most of the cell walls have a misorientation ranging from 2°to 15°,indicating they belong to low angle grain boundaries(LAGBs),while some cell walls have a misorientation of less than 2°,corresponding to dense dislocation walls(DDWs).This unique gradient structure offers an exceptional combination of strength and ductility,with a high yield strength of 522.3±1.4 MPa and an accepted elongation of 25.5±1.7%.The morphology and size of the dislocation cells remain remarkably stable after uniaxial tension,demonstrating their efficacy as effective barriers hindering dislocation movement and thus enhancing strength and hardness.This gradient dislocation-cell structure facilitates inhomogeneous plastic deformation during uniaxial tensile loading,resulting in a pronounced accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations(GNDs).These GNDs play a significant role in conferring favorable mechanical properties by inducing hetero-deformation-induced(HDI)strengthening effects and forest hardening effects.This study presents a promising avenue for achieving the desired mechanical properties in HSLA steel.展开更多
Gradient structures(GS)play a crucial role in achieving a balance between strength and plasticity in metals and alloys.However,there is still a lack of understanding of the mechanisms that maintain a plasticity gradie...Gradient structures(GS)play a crucial role in achieving a balance between strength and plasticity in metals and alloys.However,there is still a lack of understanding of the mechanisms that maintain a plasticity gradient to prevent the premature failure of fine grains in GS materials.In this work,by incorporating experimental data and the Hall-Petch relationship,we develop a size-dependent crystal plasticity model to investigate the deformation mechanisms for enhancing the strength and plasticity in polycrystalline high entropy alloys.The simulations of the GS model align well with the experimental results,exhibiting strong strain and stress gradients to improve the mechanical properties.Under the conditions of significant de-formation incompatibility,the strain gradient predominantly drives the enhancement of plasticity mechanisms.As the de-formation incompatibility decreases,the stress gradient begins to play a significant role in comparison with the strain gradient.This shift is attributed to the regular variations in dislocation density within different domains.As the grain size gradients and loads decrease,the dislocation density becomes more uniform across the domains,hindering the formation of strong domain boundaries.While this may impede the activation of strain gradients,it facilitates the activation of stress gradients as a supplementary measure.By designing multilayered GS structures to alter the distribution of dislocation density,we can control the activation levels of stress and strain gradients,thereby influencing the plasticity mechanisms and mechanical properties of the material.展开更多
The spoke as a key component has a significant impact on the performance of the non-pneumatic tire(NPT).The current research has focused on adjusting spoke structures to improve the single performance of NPT.Few studi...The spoke as a key component has a significant impact on the performance of the non-pneumatic tire(NPT).The current research has focused on adjusting spoke structures to improve the single performance of NPT.Few studies have been conducted to synergistically improve multi-performance by optimizing the spoke structure.Inspired by the concept of functionally gradient structures,this paper introduces a functionally gradient honeycomb NPT and its optimization method.Firstly,this paper completes the parameterization of the honeycomb spoke structure and establishes the numerical models of honeycomb NPTs with seven different gradients.Subsequently,the accuracy of the numerical models is verified using experimental methods.Then,the static and dynamic characteristics of these gradient honeycomb NPTs are thoroughly examined by using the finite element method.The findings highlight that the gradient structure of NPT-3 has superior performance.Building upon this,the study investigates the effects of key parameters,such as honeycomb spoke thickness and length,on load-carrying capacity,honeycomb spoke stress and mass.Finally,a multi-objective optimization method is proposed that uses a response surface model(RSM)and the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II(NSGA-II)to further optimize the functional gradient honeycomb NPTs.The optimized NPT-OP shows a 23.48%reduction in radial stiffness,8.95%reduction in maximum spoke stress and 16.86%reduction in spoke mass compared to the initial NPT-1.The damping characteristics of the NPT-OP have also been improved.The results offer a theoretical foundation and technical methodology for the structural design and optimization of gradient honeycomb NPTs.展开更多
Phase change heat transfer devices like heat pipes are widely utilized in temperature control and heat transfer.However,the traditional single uniform wick makes it hard to meet the requirements of capillary pressure ...Phase change heat transfer devices like heat pipes are widely utilized in temperature control and heat transfer.However,the traditional single uniform wick makes it hard to meet the requirements of capillary pressure and permeability for high-performance heat pipes,thus limiting the improvement of heat transfer performance.In this paper,a gradient structure wick sintered by 316 L stainless steel powder is designed.The capillary performance is tested and characterized through permeability test experiments and capillary rise infrared test experiments.Moreover,the influence of different particle sizes of sintered powder on the capillary performance of the wick structure is studied.The experimental results indicate that the capillary pressure and permeability of the gradient structure wick are significantly improved compared with the traditional single structure wick.Its capillary performance parameter S(K·Pcap)is enhanced by more than 30%,providing an effective alternative for the wick of two-phase heat exchange devices.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-tellurium(Zn-Te) batteries have garnered much attention due to their inherent safety and high specific capacity.Unfortunately,the problem of low utilization and severe volume expansion represents a signif...Aqueous zinc-tellurium(Zn-Te) batteries have garnered much attention due to their inherent safety and high specific capacity.Unfortunately,the problem of low utilization and severe volume expansion represents a significant obstacle to the development of aqueous Zn-Te batteries.Herein,a synergistic defect engineering and gradient pore structure strategy is proposed to construct tellurium nanoclusters/carbon composite cathode materials(DP-C/Te) for high-performance aqueous Zn-Te batteries.The gradient pore structure supplies confinement spaces that restrict crystalline tellurium formation,facilitating high-activity tellurium nanoclusters and enhancing structural stability.A defect-rich structure can accelerate the migration and aggregation of tellurium,not only leading to the formation of tellurium nanoclusters but also boosting the redox reaction of aqueous Zn-Te batteries.Additionally,robust C-O bonds can further facilitate the interfacial electron transfer.Consequently,the DP-C/Te cathode for aqueous zinc-tellurium batteries demonstrates sufficient specific capacity(481.75 mAh g^(-1) at 0.1 A g^(-1)),superior rate performance(114 mAh g^(-1) even at 3 A g^(-1))and reliable cycling stability(81% capacity retention at 1 A g^(-1) after 1100 cycles).Furthermore,this work offers a promising perspective for high-performance aqueous ZnTe batteries.展开更多
基金the support of Qilu Young Talent Program from Shandong University and the State Key Lab of Advanced Metals and Materials (No.2021-Z10)the financial support from the Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (No.19JK0039)
文摘Multi-principal-element alloys(MPEAs)are attracting increasing attentions because of their high strength and ductility,high fracture toughness,excellent corrosion resistance,outstanding thermal-softening resistance and high oxidation resistance.Moreover,gradient structures(GSs)have been shown to be effective in alleviating the strength-ductility trade-off although strength and ductility are mutually exclusive properties for metals,which provides an opportunity for developing highperformance MPEAs.Here,we summarized four processing methods for creating GSs in MPEAs,including rotationally accelerated shot peening(RASP),ultra-precision machining technology(UPMT),cyclic dynamic torsion(CDT),and ultrasonic surface rolling processing(USRP).Principles,advantages,disadvantages,and typical applications of these methods are discussed in this work.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12202038)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-TP-22-028A1).
文摘Star-shaped lattice structures with a negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)effect exhibit excellent energy absorption capacity,making them highly promising for applications in aerospace,vehicles,and civil protection.While previous research has primarily focused on single-walled cells,there is limited investigation into negative Poisson’s ratio structures with nested multi-walled cells.This study designed three star-shaped cell structures and three lattice configurations,analyzing the Poisson’s ratio,stress–strain relationship,and energy absorption capacity through tensile experiments and finite element simulations.Among the single structures,the star-shaped configuration r3 demonstrated the best elastic modulus,NPR effect,and energy absorption effect.In contrast,the uniform lattice structure R3 exhibited the highest tensile strength and energy absorption capacity.Additionally,the stress intensity and energy absorption of gradient structures increased with the number of layers.This study aims to provide a theoretical reference for the application of NPR materials in safety protection across civil and vehicle engineering,as well as other fields.
基金National Defense Basic Scientific Research Program of China(JCKY2020408B002,WDZC2022-12)Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province(202102050201011,202202050201014)Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(20210302124178,20210302123061,202103021224183)。
文摘A gradient structure was introduced into a metal laminated target plate,and the anti-penetration simulation of the gradient structure was compared with that of a uniform-layer-thickness target plate by finite element simulation.The analysis was verified by an impact experiment.Results show that the high-level thickness and appropriate percentage of Ti alloy at the upper side of the gradient structure provide greater impact resistance against the bullet,which increases the warhead breakage and enhances the anti-penetration performance.In addition,during the impact process,the stress is transmitted and reflected in the form of waves in each layer of the target plate,and the interaction between the compression and tension waves causes non-synergistic deformation of the target plate and leads to delamination.The gradient target plate takes penetration resistance a step further through the higher energy absorption rate and more consumption of the bullet kinetic energy.This research provides a theoretical basis for the application of gradient structures in metallic laminated armor.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan(Grant No.2022YFB3401901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12192210,12192214,12072295,and 12222209)+1 种基金Independent Project of State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System(Grant No.2023TPL-T03)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2682023CG004).
文摘The S38C railway axle undergoes induction hardening,resulting in a gradient-distributed microstructure and mechanical properties.The accurate identification of gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle remains a challenging task.To tackle this challenge,the present study proposes a novel approach for identifying the gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle by integrating nano-indentation techniques with the machine learning method.Firstly,nano-indentation tests are conducted along the radial direction of the S38C axle to obtain the gradient-distributed load-displacement curves,nano-hardness,and elastic modulus.Subsequently,the dimensionless analysis is performed to obtain the representative stress,strain,and yield stress from load-displacement curves.These parameters are then incorporated into the machine learning method as physical information to identify the gradient-distributed plastic parameters of the S38C axle.The results indicate that the proposed method based on the physics-informed neural network and multi-fidelity neural network successfully identifies the gradient-distributed plastic parameters of the S38C axles and demonstrates superior prediction accuracy and generalization compared with the purely data-driven machine learning method.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(No.JQ2022E004)。
文摘To investigate the evolution of grain orientation and slip modes in magnesium alloys with multiple texture components,an AZ31 gradient-structured magnesium alloy sheet was fabricated using hard plate rolling(HPR).The changes in texture and slip modes under different reductions were examined.The results demonstrate that the AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets display a self-epitaxial gradient structure,with the best mechanical properties observed at rolling temperature of 673 K and reduction of 50%.Significant changes in texture type and strength are observed along the normal direction(ND)of the sheet.The coarse-grain region exhibits a bimodal texture aligned with the rolling direction.These texture variations enhance the stress distribution at the fine grain-coarse grain interface,influencing the grain orientation and the activation of different slip modes,thus improving the mechanical properties of gradient-structured magnesium alloy sheets.This approach offers a new strategy for the fabrication of high-performance magnesium alloy sheets.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378428,22138013)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB4104500,2023YFB4104503)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(2024ZLGX08)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Shandong Energy Group Co.,Ltd.(SNKJ2023A03)。
文摘Electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction(CO_(2) RR)toward multi-carbon compounds is a challenging but meaningful route for carbon cycling.Copper-based catalysts are the most promising candidate for C_(2+)generation due to their unique C–C coupling activity,yet the in situ reduction from Cu^(+) to Cu^(0) under cathodic potentials causes the catalyst deactivation.Herein,we develop a transient thermal shock strategy to embed Cu^(+) species into CeO_(2) lattices,constructing a CuO_(x)/CuCeO_(x)catalyst with a radial gradient Cu^(+) -Ov-Ce^(3+)/Ce^(4+)structure.Depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that mismatched metal/oxygen diffusion kinetics drive continuous electron transfer from surface Cu^(+) to bulk Ce^(3+)/Ce^(4+)via oxygen vacancies(Ov),forming a dynamic“self-sacrificial”structure to preserve surface Cu^(+) states.In CO_(2)-saturated 0.1 M KHCO_(3),the optimized CuO_(x)/CuCeO_(x)-10 achieves a high C_(2) Faradaic efficiency(FE)of 85.8%at-1.4 V vs.RHE.In situ attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared adsorption spectroscopy(ATR-SEIRAS)identifies the key intermediates of C_(2) are*OCCO and*OCCOH,while DFT reveals a drastic reduction of C–C coupling barrier from 0.842 to0.274 eV.This work demonstrates kinetically tailored metal-support interactions,enabling oxidationstate control for pathway-selective catalysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52192591,12202459,and 11790293)the NSFC Basic Science Center Program for“Multiscale Problems in Nonlinear Mechanics” (No.11988102)the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2021M703292).
文摘Structures with single gradient and dual gradients have been designed and fabricated in an Al_(0.5)Cr_(0.9)FeNi_(2.5)V_(0.2) medium entropy alloy.Structures with dual gradients(with increasing grain size and a decreasing volume fraction of nanoprecipitates from the surface to the center)were observed to show much better dynamic shear properties compared to both structures with single grainsize gradient and coarse-grained structures with homogeneously distributed nanoprecipitates.Thus,the dual gradients have a synergetic strengthening/toughening effect as compared to the sole effect of a single gradient and the sole precipitation effect.Initiation of the adiabatic shear band(ASB)is delayed and propagation of ASB is slowed down in structures with dual gradients compared to structures with single gradients,resulting in better dynamic shear properties.A higher magnitude of strain gradient and higher density of geometrically necessary dislocations are induced in the structures with dual gradients,resulting in extra strain hardening.Higher density dislocations,stacking faults,and Lomer-Cottrell locks can be accumulated by the interactions between these defects and B2/L1_(2) precipitates,due to the higher volume fraction of nanoprecipitates in the surface layer of the structures with dual gradients,which could retard the early strain localization in the surface layer for better dynamic shear properties.
基金The research was carried out at the expense of the grant of the Russian Science Foundation№22-29-00085,https://rscf.ru/project/22-29-00085/.
文摘This paper is devoted to a comprehensive study on a new type of microwave structures named magnetoelectric(ME)gradient structures.These structures are studied in this paper to understand the possibilities and application principles in feasible devices.The structure under study was calculated at different values of the applied electric field and different values of the relative per-mittivity of the artificial dielectric layer.The layered multiferroic structure in inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields was calculated on the basis of the previously proposed mathematical model.The eigenwaves spectrum for several considered cases was the result of the performed calculation.The concept of using ME gradient structures in the design of electronically controlled microwave devices is formed on the basis of the results of a numerical experiment.Structures of this type will preferably be used in electronically controlled devices for the directional transmission of microwave signals,as it was shown in the theoretical part of the paper.
文摘The effects of gradient structure on the microstructure and properties of coated cemented carbides were researched with optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, strength measurements, and cutting tests. It shows that vacuum sintering of WC-Ti（C, N）-TaC-Co cemented carbides results in the formation of a surface ductile zone. The ductile zone prevents crack propagation and leads to the increase of transverse rupture strength of the substrate. The impact resistance of coated gradient inserts was obviously improved on the basis of maintaining resistance to abrasion and the forming mechanism of the gradient structure was also analyzed.
基金supported by the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51735005 and U1930207)the Basic Strengthening Program(No.2019-JCJQ-JJ-331)+1 种基金National Natural Science Founda-tion of China for Creative Research Groups(No.51921003)the 15th Batch of‘Six Talents Peaks’Innovative Talents Team Program(No.TD-GDZB-001).
文摘Laser additive manufacturing (AM) of lattice structures with light weight, excellent impact resistance, and energy absorption performance is receiving considerable attention in aerospace, transportation, and mechanical equipment application fields. In this study, we designed four gradient lattice structures (GLSs) using the topology optimization method, including the unidirectional GLS, the bi-directional increasing GLS, the bi-directional decreasing GLS and the none-GLS. All GLSs were manufactureed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The uniaxial compression tests and finite element analysis were conducted to investigate the influence of gradient distribution features on deformation modes and energy absorption performance of GLSs. The results showed that, compared with the 45° shear fracture characteristic of the none-GLS, the unidirectional GLS, the bi-directional increasing GLS and the bi-directional decreasing GLS had the characteristics of the layer-by-layer fracture, showing considerably improved energy absorption capacity. The bi-directional increasing GLS showed a unique combination of shear fracture and layer-by-layer fracture, having the optimal energy absorption performance with energy absorption and specific energy absorption of 235.6 J and 9.5 J g-1 at 0.5 strain, respectively. Combined with the shape memory effect of NiTi alloy, multiple compression-heat recovery experiments were carried out to verify the shape memory function of LPBF-processed NiTi GLSs. These findings have potential value for the future design of GLSs and the realization of shape memory function of NiTi components through laser AM.
基金supported by the following projects:the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFB4600303,and 2024YFB4608200)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2022B1515020064,and 2022B1515120025)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52073105,and 52305358)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024ZYGXZR079)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2023QNRC001)。
文摘Multi-material laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)additive manufacturing is a promising approach for integrating the functionality and mechanical performance of dissimilar materials into complex parts.This review offers a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in multi-material LPBF,with a particular focus on compositionally heterogeneous/gradient parts and their fabrication methods and equipment,control of interfacial defects,innovative designs,and potential applications.It commences with the introduction of LPBF-processed compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures with dissimilar material distributions,including Z-direction compositionally heterogeneous structures,compositionally gradient structures in the Z-direction and XY planes,and three-dimensional(3D)compositionally heterogeneous structures.Subsequently,various LPBF methods and equipment for fabricating compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures have been presented.Furthermore,the interfacial defects and process control during LPBF for these types of compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures are discussed.Additionally,innovative designs and potential applications of parts made from compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures are illustrated.Finally,perspectives on the LPBF fabrication methods for compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures are highlighted to provide guidance for future research.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11972049 and 12002050)National Key Laboratory Foundation of Science and Technology on Materials under Shock and Im-pact(Grant No.6142902200401)Opening Fund of State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics.
文摘Inspired by the gradient structure of the nature,two gradient lattice structures,i.e.,unidirectional gradient lattice(UGL)and bidirectional gradient lattice(BGL),are proposed based on the body-centered cubic(BCC)lattice to obtain specially designed mechanical behaviors,such as load-bearing and energy absorption capacities.First,a theoretical model is proposed to predict the initial stiffness of the gradient lattice structure under compressive loading,and validated against quasi-static compression tests and finite element models(FEMs).The deformation and failure mechanisms of the two structures are further studied based on experiments and simulations.The UGL structure exhibits a layer-by-layer failure mode,which avoids structure-wise shear failure in uniform structures.The BGL structure presents a symmetry deformation pattern,and the failure initiates at the weakest part.Finally,the energy absorption behaviors are also discussed.This study demonstrates the potential application of gradient lattice structures in load-transfer-path modification and energy absorption by topology design.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51972049,52073010,and 52373259)the Projects of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province(20230201132GX)the Projects of the Education Department of Jilin Province(JJKH20220123KJ)。
文摘The impedance matching of absorbers is a vital factor affecting their microwave absorption(MA)properties.In this work,we controllably synthesized Material of Institute Lavoisier 88C(MIL-88C)with varying aspect ratios(AR)as a precursor by regulating oil bath conditions,followed by one-step thermal decomposition to obtain carbon-coated iron-based composites.Modifying the precursor MIL-88C(Fe)preparation conditions,such as the molar ratio between metal ions and organic ligands(M/O),oil bath temperature,and oil bath time,influenced the phases,graphitization degree,and AR of the derivatives,enabling low filler loading,achieving well-matched impedance,and ensuring outstanding MA properties.The MOF-derivatives 2(MD_(2))/polyvinylidene Difluoride(PVDF),MD_(3)/PVDF,and MD4/PVDF absorbers all exhibited excellent MA properties with optimal filler loadings below 20 wt%and as low as 5 wt%.The MD_(2)/PVDF(5 wt%)achieved a maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 5.52 GHz(1.90 mm).The MD_(3)/PVDF(10 wt%)possessed a minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))value of−67.4 at 12.56 GHz(2.13 mm).A symmetric gradient honeycomb structure(SGHS)was constructed utilizing the high-frequency structure simulator(HFSS)to further extend the EAB,achieving an EAB of 14.6 GHz and a RL_(min) of−59.0 dB.This research offers a viable inspiration to creating structures or materials with high-efficiency MA properties.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,China (Grant No.52022012)National Key R&D Program for Young Scientists of China,China (Grant No.2022YFC3080900)。
文摘The high variability of shock in terrorist attacks poses a threat to people's lives and properties,necessitating the development of more effective protective structures.This study focuses on the angle gradient and proposes four different configurations of concave hexagonal honeycomb structures.The structures'macroscopic deformation behavior,stress-strain relationship,and energy dissipation characteristics are evaluated through quasi-static compression and Hopkinson pressure bar impact experiments.The study reveals that,under varying strain rates,the structures deform starting from the weak layer and exhibit significant interlayer separation.Additionally,interlayer shear slip becomes more pronounced with increasing strain rate.In terms of quasi-static compression,symmetric gradient structures demonstrate superior energy absorption,particularly the symmetric negative gradient structure(SNG-SMS)with a specific energy absorption of 13.77 J/cm~3.For dynamic impact,unidirectional gradient structures exhibit exceptional energy absorption,particularly the unidirectional positive gradient honeycomb structure(UPG-SML)with outstanding mechanical properties.The angle gradient design plays a crucial role in determining the structure's stability and deformation mode during impact.Fewer interlayer separations result in a more pronounced negative Poisson's ratio effect and enhance the structure's energy absorption capacity.These findings provide a foundation for the rational design and selection of seismic protection structures in different strain rate impact environments.
基金support for this work by Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province(Grant.No.241111232300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant.No.52273085 and 52303113)the Open Fund of Yaoshan Laboratory(Grant.No.2024003).
文摘The morphological distribution of absorbent in composites is equally important with absorbents for the overall electromagnetic properties,but it is often ignored.Herein,a comprehensive consideration including electromagnetic component regulation,layered arrangement structure,and gradient concentration distribution was used to optimize impedance matching and enhance electromagnetic loss.On the microscale,the incorporation of magnetic Ni nanoparticles into MXene nanosheets(Ni@MXene)endows suitable intrinsic permittivity and permeability.On the macroscale,the layered arrangement of Ni@MXene increases the effective interaction area with electromagnetic waves,inducing multiple reflection/scattering effects.On this basis,according to the analysis of absorption,reflection,and transmission(A-R-T)power coefficients of layered composites,the gradient concentration distribution was constructed to realize the impedance matching at low-concentration surface layer,electromagnetic loss at middle concentration interlayer and microwave reflection at high-concentration bottom layer.Consequently,the layered gradient composite(LG5-10-15)achieves complete absorption coverage of X-band at thickness of 2.00-2.20 mm with RL_(min) of-68.67 dB at 9.85 GHz in 2.05 mm,which is 199.0%,12.6%,and 50.6%higher than non-layered,layered and layered descending gradient composites,respectively.Therefore,this work confirms the importance of layered gradient structure in improving absorption performance and broadens the design of high-performance microwave absorption materials.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U1910212)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘There is a pressing need for high-performance,high-strength low-alloy structural(HSLA)steels in various engineering fields,such as hydraulic components,engineering machinery,bridges,ships,and pressure vessels.In this study,a gradient dislocation-cell structure is introduced into an HSLA steel through ultrasonic severe surface rolling.The cell size is approximately 614 nm at the topmost surface layer,and increases with increasing the depth.Most of the cell walls have a misorientation ranging from 2°to 15°,indicating they belong to low angle grain boundaries(LAGBs),while some cell walls have a misorientation of less than 2°,corresponding to dense dislocation walls(DDWs).This unique gradient structure offers an exceptional combination of strength and ductility,with a high yield strength of 522.3±1.4 MPa and an accepted elongation of 25.5±1.7%.The morphology and size of the dislocation cells remain remarkably stable after uniaxial tension,demonstrating their efficacy as effective barriers hindering dislocation movement and thus enhancing strength and hardness.This gradient dislocation-cell structure facilitates inhomogeneous plastic deformation during uniaxial tensile loading,resulting in a pronounced accumulation of geometrically necessary dislocations(GNDs).These GNDs play a significant role in conferring favorable mechanical properties by inducing hetero-deformation-induced(HDI)strengthening effects and forest hardening effects.This study presents a promising avenue for achieving the desired mechanical properties in HSLA steel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12372069,12172123,and 12072109)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2022JJ20001)the Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate(Grant No.CX20220378).
文摘Gradient structures(GS)play a crucial role in achieving a balance between strength and plasticity in metals and alloys.However,there is still a lack of understanding of the mechanisms that maintain a plasticity gradient to prevent the premature failure of fine grains in GS materials.In this work,by incorporating experimental data and the Hall-Petch relationship,we develop a size-dependent crystal plasticity model to investigate the deformation mechanisms for enhancing the strength and plasticity in polycrystalline high entropy alloys.The simulations of the GS model align well with the experimental results,exhibiting strong strain and stress gradients to improve the mechanical properties.Under the conditions of significant de-formation incompatibility,the strain gradient predominantly drives the enhancement of plasticity mechanisms.As the de-formation incompatibility decreases,the stress gradient begins to play a significant role in comparison with the strain gradient.This shift is attributed to the regular variations in dislocation density within different domains.As the grain size gradients and loads decrease,the dislocation density becomes more uniform across the domains,hindering the formation of strong domain boundaries.While this may impede the activation of strain gradients,it facilitates the activation of stress gradients as a supplementary measure.By designing multilayered GS structures to alter the distribution of dislocation density,we can control the activation levels of stress and strain gradients,thereby influencing the plasticity mechanisms and mechanical properties of the material.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52072156,52272366)Postdoctoral Foundation of China(Grant No.2020M682269).
文摘The spoke as a key component has a significant impact on the performance of the non-pneumatic tire(NPT).The current research has focused on adjusting spoke structures to improve the single performance of NPT.Few studies have been conducted to synergistically improve multi-performance by optimizing the spoke structure.Inspired by the concept of functionally gradient structures,this paper introduces a functionally gradient honeycomb NPT and its optimization method.Firstly,this paper completes the parameterization of the honeycomb spoke structure and establishes the numerical models of honeycomb NPTs with seven different gradients.Subsequently,the accuracy of the numerical models is verified using experimental methods.Then,the static and dynamic characteristics of these gradient honeycomb NPTs are thoroughly examined by using the finite element method.The findings highlight that the gradient structure of NPT-3 has superior performance.Building upon this,the study investigates the effects of key parameters,such as honeycomb spoke thickness and length,on load-carrying capacity,honeycomb spoke stress and mass.Finally,a multi-objective optimization method is proposed that uses a response surface model(RSM)and the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II(NSGA-II)to further optimize the functional gradient honeycomb NPTs.The optimized NPT-OP shows a 23.48%reduction in radial stiffness,8.95%reduction in maximum spoke stress and 16.86%reduction in spoke mass compared to the initial NPT-1.The damping characteristics of the NPT-OP have also been improved.The results offer a theoretical foundation and technical methodology for the structural design and optimization of gradient honeycomb NPTs.
文摘Phase change heat transfer devices like heat pipes are widely utilized in temperature control and heat transfer.However,the traditional single uniform wick makes it hard to meet the requirements of capillary pressure and permeability for high-performance heat pipes,thus limiting the improvement of heat transfer performance.In this paper,a gradient structure wick sintered by 316 L stainless steel powder is designed.The capillary performance is tested and characterized through permeability test experiments and capillary rise infrared test experiments.Moreover,the influence of different particle sizes of sintered powder on the capillary performance of the wick structure is studied.The experimental results indicate that the capillary pressure and permeability of the gradient structure wick are significantly improved compared with the traditional single structure wick.Its capillary performance parameter S(K·Pcap)is enhanced by more than 30%,providing an effective alternative for the wick of two-phase heat exchange devices.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2024J011210)the Technology Innovation Project of Xiamen University of Technology(No.YKJCX2023073)
文摘Aqueous zinc-tellurium(Zn-Te) batteries have garnered much attention due to their inherent safety and high specific capacity.Unfortunately,the problem of low utilization and severe volume expansion represents a significant obstacle to the development of aqueous Zn-Te batteries.Herein,a synergistic defect engineering and gradient pore structure strategy is proposed to construct tellurium nanoclusters/carbon composite cathode materials(DP-C/Te) for high-performance aqueous Zn-Te batteries.The gradient pore structure supplies confinement spaces that restrict crystalline tellurium formation,facilitating high-activity tellurium nanoclusters and enhancing structural stability.A defect-rich structure can accelerate the migration and aggregation of tellurium,not only leading to the formation of tellurium nanoclusters but also boosting the redox reaction of aqueous Zn-Te batteries.Additionally,robust C-O bonds can further facilitate the interfacial electron transfer.Consequently,the DP-C/Te cathode for aqueous zinc-tellurium batteries demonstrates sufficient specific capacity(481.75 mAh g^(-1) at 0.1 A g^(-1)),superior rate performance(114 mAh g^(-1) even at 3 A g^(-1))and reliable cycling stability(81% capacity retention at 1 A g^(-1) after 1100 cycles).Furthermore,this work offers a promising perspective for high-performance aqueous ZnTe batteries.
