This paper presents a modified hybrid three-term conjugate gradient projection method(MHTTCGPM)for solving large-scale nonlinear monotone equations with convex set constraints.The method incorporates an adaptive line ...This paper presents a modified hybrid three-term conjugate gradient projection method(MHTTCGPM)for solving large-scale nonlinear monotone equations with convex set constraints.The method incorporates an adaptive line search technique,ensuring that the search direction satisfies the sufficient descent property.Without requiring Lipschitz continuity,the global convergence of the proposed method is rigorously established.Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the new algorithm.展开更多
Recycling spent lithium-ion(Li+)batteries is critical for achieving environmental conservation and the strategic recovery of essential resources.Compared with conventional methods for recovering cathode materials,whic...Recycling spent lithium-ion(Li+)batteries is critical for achieving environmental conservation and the strategic recovery of essential resources.Compared with conventional methods for recovering cathode materials,which are energy-intensive and prone to secondary pollution,the direct regeneration approach has emerged as a rapid and highly efficient method,gaining widespread attention in recent years.However,this approach faces major challenges,including degraded electrochemical performances and limited economic value.This study,therefore,proposes a high-value direct regeneration strategy to convert degraded spent LiFePO_(4)(S-LFP)into a gradient manganese(Mn)-doped regenerated LiFe_(0.7)Mn_(0.3)PO_(4)/C(R-LFMP)composite.This method leverages the inherent microcracks and Li vacancies present in S-LFP,likely acting as diffusion channels for the Mn^(2+)/Li^(+)ions.Through a two-step mechanochemical ball-milling and carbothermal reduction process,this approach achieves simultaneous Li replenishment and surface-localised Mn gradient doping with enhanced structural control.Notably,the R-LFMP exhibits an exceptional electrochemical performance.At 0.1 C,it delivers a discharge capacity of 161.4 mA h g^(−1)and an energy density of 563.5 Wh kg^(−1)(representing a 60.5%improvement over S-LFP).Additionally,it maintains 83%capacity retention after 900 cycles at 0.5C,a considerable enhancement compared to commercial LFMP(62%).Furthermore,the regenerated cathode material generates a net profit of$7.102 kg^(−1),surpassing the profitability of conventional recycling methods by 90%.Overall,this study introduces a transformative and sustainable LFP regeneration technology,achieving breakthroughs in electrochemical restoration and high-value recycling,while paving the way for the closed-loop utilisation of LFP-based energy storage systems.展开更多
Optical phase-gradient metasurfaces have garnered significant attention for enabling flexible light manipulation,with applications across diverse domains.In this work,we will demonstrate that the metasurfaces with pha...Optical phase-gradient metasurfaces have garnered significant attention for enabling flexible light manipulation,with applications across diverse domains.In this work,we will demonstrate that the metasurfaces with phase gradient modulation can be used to achieve illusion optics,featuring the advantages of simple geometric structure and feasible implementation compared with the well-known transformation optics method.The underlying mechanism is the anomalous diffraction law caused by the phase gradient,which provides a theoretical basis for freely manipulating the propagation path of light.By considering a specific example,we will demonstrate that the phase gradient can transform spatial coordinates in real space into illusion space,thereby converting a plane in real space into a curved surface structure in illusion space to achieve the illusion effect.This approach provides a viable alternative to transformation optics for designing illusion devices.展开更多
Projections of future urban land change are essential for a range of sustainability assessments,including those related to biodiversity loss,carbon emissions,and agricultural land conversion.However,to what extent and...Projections of future urban land change are essential for a range of sustainability assessments,including those related to biodiversity loss,carbon emissions,and agricultural land conversion.However,to what extent and where current projections agree or disagree remains unknown.Here,we systematically compare existing global projections that are consistent with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways.We find that the total global urban land area is expected to increase by 112%between 2020 and 2100(averaged across all projections),with a coefficient of variation of 0.81.This variation is mostly caused by the selection of the underlying drivers that are included in the different models.Regionally,the highest average growth rates are found in sub-Saharan Africa(+679%to+730%),while this region also has the highest variation across projections(coefficient of variation ranging from 2.02 to 2.18).When ranking scenarios within a study from the highest to the lowest projected increase in urban land,rankings are relatively similar for regions in the Global North,but not for regions in the Global South.The large disagreement across projections can lead to high uncertainties in assessments of future urban land change impacts,which can undermine the effectiveness of long-term planning,policymaking,and resource management decisions.展开更多
β-Ga_(2)O_(3)is a promising candidate for solarblind ultraviolet photodetection owing to its suitable bandgap of approximately 4.9 eV,excellent photoresponse characteristics,and high stability.However,the lack of a s...β-Ga_(2)O_(3)is a promising candidate for solarblind ultraviolet photodetection owing to its suitable bandgap of approximately 4.9 eV,excellent photoresponse characteristics,and high stability.However,the lack of a sufficient driving force within the material leads to extensive bulk charge recombination,limiting its photocurrent and thus posing significant challenges in designing high-performance Ga_(2)O_(3)-based photodetection.In this study,we propose a gradient doping strategy to achieve a Sn-doping concentration gradient along theβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)film thickness.By combining sol-gel synthesis with rapid thermal annealing,a spatially graded band structure with a full-space built-in electric field is constructed,which increases the width of band bending over a large region and is crucial for significantly enhancing carrier separation and transport in the bulk.The resulting gradient Sn-dopedβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)enables exceptional photoelectric performance without an external bias under 254 nm irradiation,including a superior responsivity of 66.88 mA W^(-1),a high detectivity of 8.12×10^(11)Jones,and a fast rise/decay time of 79/65 ms,outstanding most existing similar reported photoelectrochemical(PEC)type optoelectronic devices.Additionally,the device exhibits excellent long-term stability and enables high-resolution underwater ultraviolet imaging.This study demonstrates that the gradient doping strategy provides a feasible approach for enhancing the PEC performance ofβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)photoelectrodes.展开更多
Suffusion refers to the loss of fineparticles within the soil matrix without any associated volume change,induced by hydrodynamic forces.This study investigated the suffusion of sand-clay mixtures through one-dimensio...Suffusion refers to the loss of fineparticles within the soil matrix without any associated volume change,induced by hydrodynamic forces.This study investigated the suffusion of sand-clay mixtures through one-dimensional soil column experiments under a stepwise increase in hydraulic gradient(i),aiming to evaluate the critical hydraulic gradient(icrit)as a function of the size ratio between sand and clay,clay type,and ionic concentration.It was found that icrit was less than 0.1 for all sand-clay mixtures examined in this study.In addition,the lower peak concentrations of filtrated clay observed in sand-illite mixtures,compared to those of sand-kaolinite mixtures at the same level of i,suggest that illite particles are more susceptible to suffusion.Overall,the observed breakthrough curves,mass fraction of filtrated clay,volume of outflow,and total injection time presented in this study highlight the importance of considering clay type,sand-to-clay size ratio,and ionic concentration when assessing the suffusion behavior of clay-containing soils under a stepwise increase in hydraulic gradient.展开更多
Anammox bacteria in constructed wetlands(CWs)play pivotal role in sustainable nitrogen transformation,yet existing studies lack comprehensive analysis of environmental gradients and microbial interactions,both key fac...Anammox bacteria in constructed wetlands(CWs)play pivotal role in sustainable nitrogen transformation,yet existing studies lack comprehensive analysis of environmental gradients and microbial interactions,both key factors in anammox bacteria enrichment.This study investigated the mechanisms driving anammox bacteria enrichment in lab-scale simulated CWs treating high-nitrogen wastewater,focusing on bacterial community re-sponses across wetland layers with various strategies,including continuous up-flow influent,nitrogen loading increase,effluent recirculation,intermittent influent,and anammox bacteria inoculation.Results showed that total relative and absolute abundances of anammox bacteria ranged from 0.77%to 12.50%and from 0.13 to 6.46×10^(7) copies/g,respectively.Dissolved oxygen and pH had significant positive correlations with the absolute abundance of anammox bacteria,while organic matter and nitrate negatively impacted their relative abundance.Permutational multivariate analysis of variance indicated that spatial heterogeneity explained more variation in anammox bacteria abundance(43.44%)compared to operational strategies(8.58%).In terms of microbial interactions,60 dominant species exhibited potential correlations with anammox bacteria,comprising 170 interactions(105 positive and 65 negative),which suggested that anammox bacteria generally foster cooperative relationships with dominant bacteria.Notably,significant interspecies interactions were observed between Candidatus Kuenenia(dominant anammox bacteria in CWs)and species within the genera Chitinivibrio-nia and Anaerolineaceae,suggesting that microbial interactions primarily manifest as indirect facilitative effects rather than direct mutualistic relationships.Given that the Normalized Stochasticity Ratio in CWs were<50%,this study inferred that environmental gradients have greater influence on anammox bacteria than microbial interactions.展开更多
The osteochondral(OC)interface exhibits a mineral gradient,varying in thickness by several hundred micrometers across different species.Disruptions in this interface damage OC tissues,leading to osteoarthritis.The nat...The osteochondral(OC)interface exhibits a mineral gradient,varying in thickness by several hundred micrometers across different species.Disruptions in this interface damage OC tissues,leading to osteoarthritis.The natural architecture and composition of native OC interfaces can be replicated using biomaterial scaffolds via regenerative engineering approaches.A novel one-step bioextrusion process was employed to fabricate a unitary synthetic graft(USG),which mimics the native OC interface’s mineral concentration gradient.This novel USG is composed of an agarose-based cartilage layer and a bone layer,consisting of agarose enriched with 20%(200 g/L)hydroxyapatite.The USG features a gradient interface with mineral concentrations transitioning from 0%to 20%(mass fraction),mimicking the transition between the cartilage and bone.Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the gradient transition lengths of the graft and native OC tissue harvested from bovine knees were similar((647±21)vs.(633±124)μm).The linear viscoelastic properties of the grafts,which were evaluated using strain sweep and frequency sweep tests with oscillatory shear,indicated a dominant storage modulus over loss modulus similar to that of native OC tissues.The compressive and stress relaxation behaviors of the USGs demonstrated that the graft maintained structural integrity under mechanical stress.Viability assays performed after bioextrusion showed that chondrocytes and human fetal osteoblast cells successfully integrated and survived within their designated regions of the graft.The novel USGs exhibit properties similar to native OC tissue and are promising candidates for regenerating OC defects and restoring knee joint functionality.展开更多
The S38C railway axle undergoes induction hardening,resulting in a gradient-distributed microstructure and mechanical properties.The accurate identification of gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle...The S38C railway axle undergoes induction hardening,resulting in a gradient-distributed microstructure and mechanical properties.The accurate identification of gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle remains a challenging task.To tackle this challenge,the present study proposes a novel approach for identifying the gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle by integrating nano-indentation techniques with the machine learning method.Firstly,nano-indentation tests are conducted along the radial direction of the S38C axle to obtain the gradient-distributed load-displacement curves,nano-hardness,and elastic modulus.Subsequently,the dimensionless analysis is performed to obtain the representative stress,strain,and yield stress from load-displacement curves.These parameters are then incorporated into the machine learning method as physical information to identify the gradient-distributed plastic parameters of the S38C axle.The results indicate that the proposed method based on the physics-informed neural network and multi-fidelity neural network successfully identifies the gradient-distributed plastic parameters of the S38C axles and demonstrates superior prediction accuracy and generalization compared with the purely data-driven machine learning method.展开更多
Climate models are essential for understanding past,present,and future changes in atmospheric circulation,with circulation modes providing key sources of seasonal predictability and prediction uncertainties for both g...Climate models are essential for understanding past,present,and future changes in atmospheric circulation,with circulation modes providing key sources of seasonal predictability and prediction uncertainties for both global and regional climates.This study assesses the performance of models participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project in simulating interannual variability modes of Northern Hemisphere 500-hPa geopotential height during winter and summer,distinguishing predictable(potentially predictable on seasonal or longer timescales)and unpredictable(intraseasonal and essentially unpredictable at long range)components,using reanalysis data and a variance decomposition method.Although most models effectively capture unpredictable modes in reanalysis,their ability to reproduce dominant predictable modes-specifically the Pacific-North American pattern,Arctic Oscillation,and Western Pacific Oscillation in winter,and the East Atlantic and North Atlantic Oscillations in summer-varies notably.An optimal ensemble is identified to distinguish(a)predictable-external modes,dominated by external forcing,and(b)predictable-internal modes,associated with slow internal variability,during the historical period(1950-2014)and the SSP5-8.5 scenario(2036-2100).Under increased radiative forcing,the leading winter/summer predictable-external mode exhibits a more uniform spatial distribution,remarkably larger trend and annual variance,and enhanced height-sea surface temperature(SST)covariance under SSP5-8.5 compared to historical conditions.The dominant winter/summer predictable-internal modes also exhibit increased variance and height-SST covariance under SSP5-8.5,along with localized changes in spatial configuration.Minimal changes are observed in spatial distribution or variance for dominant winter/summer unpredictable modes under SSP5-8.5.This study,from a predictive perspective,deepens our understanding of model uncertainties and projected changes in circulations.展开更多
The migration mechanisms of ore-forming fluids have long been a focus in the field of ore deposit studies.Calcite is ubiquitously present in various types of rocks in the lithosphere,and the underlying mechanisms of i...The migration mechanisms of ore-forming fluids have long been a focus in the field of ore deposit studies.Calcite is ubiquitously present in various types of rocks in the lithosphere,and the underlying mechanisms of its influence on fluid migration are of crucial importance.While previous studies have revealed that salinity changes can modulate fluid migration,the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.We employ molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate how salinity variations in ore-forming fluids modulate the adsorption onto calcite nanopore walls,thereby revealing the microscopic mechanisms governing ore fluid transport through calcite nano-fractures.The results show that the adsorption energy Eint of the solution on the calcite surface increased from -14,948.84±182.48 kcal/mol to -12,144.08±118.2 kcal/mol as salinity increased,which is conducive to the long-range transport of the fluid in the calcite nanopore.展开更多
The development of gradient lubrication materials is critical for numerous biomedical applications,particularly in magnifying mechanical properties and service longevity.Herein,we present an innovative approach to fab...The development of gradient lubrication materials is critical for numerous biomedical applications,particularly in magnifying mechanical properties and service longevity.Herein,we present an innovative approach to fabricate biomimetic gradient lubrication hydrogel through the synergistic integration of three-dimensional(3D)printed metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)nanoparticle network hydrogel skeletons with bioinspired lubrication design.Specifically,robust hydrogel skeletons were engineered through single or multi-material 3D printing,followed by the in situ growth of MOFs nanoparticles within this hydrogel network to create a reinforced,load-bearing architecture.Subsequently,biomimetic lubrication capability was enabled by mechanically coupling another lubricating hydrogel within 3D-printed MOFs nanoparticle network hydrogel skeleton.The superficial layer is highly lubricious to ensure low coefficient of friction(~0.1141)and wear resistance(40,000 cycles),while the deeper layer is stiffer to afford the obligatory mechanical support(fracture strength~2.50 MPa).Furthermore,the gradient architecture stiffness of the hydrogel can be modulated by manipulating the spatial distribution of MOFs within the 3D-printed hydrogel skeleton.As a proof-of-concept,biomimetic gradient hydrogel meniscus structures with C-and O-shaped configurations were constructed by leveraging multi-material 3D printing,demonstrating exceptional lubrication performance.This innovative biomimetic design opens new avenues for creating implantable biomedical gradient lubricating materials with reinforced mechanical and lubrication performance.展开更多
Radiative cooling textiles with spectrally selective surfaces offer a promising energy-efficient approach for sub-ambient cooling of outdoor objects and individuals.However,the spectrally selective mid-infrared emissi...Radiative cooling textiles with spectrally selective surfaces offer a promising energy-efficient approach for sub-ambient cooling of outdoor objects and individuals.However,the spectrally selective mid-infrared emission of these textiles significantly hinders their efficient radiative heat exchange with self-heated objects,thereby posing a significant challenge to their versatile cooling applicability.Herein,we present a bicomponent blow spinning strategy for the production of scalable,ultra-flexible,and healable textiles featuring a tailored dual gradient in both chemical composition and fiber diameter.The gradient in the fiber diameter of this textile introduces a hierarchically porous structure across the sunlight incident area,thereby achieving a competitive solar reflectivity of 98.7%on its outer surface.Additionally,the gradient in the chemical composition of this textile contributes to the formation of Janus infrared-absorbing surfaces:The outer surface demonstrates a high mid-infrared emission,whereas the inner surface shows a broad infrared absorptivity,facilitating radiative heat exchange with underlying self-heated objects.Consequently,this textile demonstrates multi-scenario radiative cooling capabilities,enabling versatile outdoor cooling for unheated objects by 7.8℃ and self-heated objects by 13.6℃,compared to commercial sunshade fabrics.展开更多
Fluid dynamic research on rectangular and trapezoidal fins is aimed at increasing heat transfer by means of large surfaces.The trapezoidal cavity form is compared with its thermal and flow performance,and it is reveal...Fluid dynamic research on rectangular and trapezoidal fins is aimed at increasing heat transfer by means of large surfaces.The trapezoidal cavity form is compared with its thermal and flow performance,and it is revealed that trapezoidal fins tend to be more efficient,particularly when material optimization is critical.Motivated by the increasing need for sustainable energy management,this work analyses the thermal performance of inclined trapezoidal and rectangular porous fins utilising a unique hybrid nanofluid.The effectiveness of nanoparticles in a working fluid is primarily determined by their thermophysical properties;hence,optimising these properties can significantly improve overall performance.This study considers the dispersion of Graphene Oxide(GO)and Molybdenum Disulfide in the base fluid,engine oil.Temperature profiles are analysed by altering the radiative,porosity,wet porous,and angle of inclination parameters.Surface and contour plots are constructed by using the Lobatto IIIa Collocation Method with BVP5C solver in MATLAB and Gradient Descent Optimisation to predict the combined heat transfer rate.According to the study,fluid temperature consistently decreases when the angle of inclination,wet porous parameter,porosity parameter,and radiative parameter increase,suggesting significantly improved heat dissipation.The trapezoidal fin consistently exhibits a superior heat transfer mechanism than a rectangular fin.It is found that the trapezoidal fin transmits heat at a rate that is 0.05%higher than that of the rectangular fin.Validation of the present study is done through the comparison of previous studies.This research provides useful design insights for sophisticated engineering uses,including electrical cooling devices,heat exchangers,radiators,and solar heaters.展开更多
Transforming urban spatial structures to promote green and low-carbon development is an effective strategy.Although prior studies have examined the impact of urban polycentricity on carbon emissions and economic devel...Transforming urban spatial structures to promote green and low-carbon development is an effective strategy.Although prior studies have examined the impact of urban polycentricity on carbon emissions and economic development,research on its role in the synergistic relationship between these factors regarding carbon emission efficiency is limited.Furthermore,existing literature often overlooks nonlinear effects and interactions with other urban variables.This paper analyzed data from 295 Chinese cities in 2020,calculating urban population polycentricity,population dispersion indices,and carbon emission efficiency.Utilizing local spatial autocorrelation tools,we reveal interactions among urban population polycentricity,dispersion,carbon emissions,and carbon emission efficiency.We then employ a gradient boosting decision tree model(GBDT)to explore nonlinear and synergistic effects of polycentric urbanization.Key findings include:1)polycentric urbanization in Chinese cities exhibits significant spatial differentiation characteristics.The Polycentricity index is relatively high in economically developed eastern coastal regions with an overall low level,carbon emissions are concentrated in industrialized north-central cities and some Yangtze River Delta hubs,and carbon emission efficiency is the highest in the Yangtze River Delta while relatively low in Northeast China;there are significant spatially heterogeneous interaction characteristics among population polycentricity,population dispersion,carbon emissions,and carbon emission efficiency.2)Urban population polycentricity contributes 9.42%to total carbon emissions and 6.24%to carbon emission efficiency.3)The polycentricity index has a nonlinear impact on carbon emissions and carbon emission efficiency:no significant effect when below 0.50 or above 0.55,increased carbon emissions in 0.50-0.53,and reduced carbon emissions with improved efficiency in 0.53-0.55.4)The polycentricity index has an interaction effect with other variables;specifically,when the polycentricity index is between 0.53 and 0.55,its interaction with urban gross domestic product(GDP),urban population,urban built-up area,green coverage rate in built-up areas,urban technological expenditure,and the proportion of the output value of the secondary industry will reduce carbon emissions and improve carbon emission efficiency.These findings enhance the understanding of urban spatial structures and carbon emissions,providing valuable insights for policymakers in developing green and low-carbon strategies.展开更多
A pressure gradient discontinuous finite element formulation for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations is derived based on local projections. The resulting finite element formulation is stable and uniquely solvable...A pressure gradient discontinuous finite element formulation for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations is derived based on local projections. The resulting finite element formulation is stable and uniquely solvable without requiring a B-B stability condition. An error estimate is Obtained.展开更多
In this paper, a class of the stochastic generalized linear complementarity problems with finitely many elements is proposed for the first time. Based on the Fischer-Burmeister function, a new conjugate gradient proje...In this paper, a class of the stochastic generalized linear complementarity problems with finitely many elements is proposed for the first time. Based on the Fischer-Burmeister function, a new conjugate gradient projection method is given for solving the stochastic generalized linear complementarity problems. The global convergence of the conjugate gradient projection method is proved and the related numerical results are also reported.展开更多
An ε-subgradient projection algorithm for solving a convex feasibility problem is presented.Based on the iterative projection methods and the notion of ε-subgradient,a series of special projection hyperplanes is est...An ε-subgradient projection algorithm for solving a convex feasibility problem is presented.Based on the iterative projection methods and the notion of ε-subgradient,a series of special projection hyperplanes is established.Moreover,compared with the existing projection hyperplanes methods with subgradient,the proposed hyperplanes are interactive with ε,and their ranges are more larger.The convergence of the proposed algorithm is given under some mild conditions,and the validity of the algorithm is proved by the numerical test.展开更多
In this paper,a probe method for nonlinear programming wiht equality and inequality is given. Its iterative directions at an arbitrary point x can be obtained through solving a liear system. The terminate conditions a...In this paper,a probe method for nonlinear programming wiht equality and inequality is given. Its iterative directions at an arbitrary point x can be obtained through solving a liear system. The terminate conditions and choices of the parameters are given. The global convergence of the method is proved. Further more,some well known gradient projection type algorithms [1-15] and new gradient projection type algorithms from the linear system are given in this paper.展开更多
Based on the numerical governing formulation and non-linear complementary conditions of contact and impact problems, a reduced projection augmented Lagrange bi- conjugate gradient method is proposed for contact and im...Based on the numerical governing formulation and non-linear complementary conditions of contact and impact problems, a reduced projection augmented Lagrange bi- conjugate gradient method is proposed for contact and impact problems by translating non-linear complementary conditions into equivalent formulation of non-linear program- ming. For contact-impact problems, a larger time-step can be adopted arriving at numer- ical convergence compared with penalty method. By establishment of the impact-contact formulations which are equivalent with original non-linear complementary conditions, a reduced projection augmented Lagrange bi-conjugate gradient method is deduced to im- prove precision and efficiency of numerical solutions. A numerical example shows that the algorithm we suggested is valid and exact.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12271518)the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62333016)。
文摘This paper presents a modified hybrid three-term conjugate gradient projection method(MHTTCGPM)for solving large-scale nonlinear monotone equations with convex set constraints.The method incorporates an adaptive line search technique,ensuring that the search direction satisfies the sufficient descent property.Without requiring Lipschitz continuity,the global convergence of the proposed method is rigorously established.Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the new algorithm.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3809300).
文摘Recycling spent lithium-ion(Li+)batteries is critical for achieving environmental conservation and the strategic recovery of essential resources.Compared with conventional methods for recovering cathode materials,which are energy-intensive and prone to secondary pollution,the direct regeneration approach has emerged as a rapid and highly efficient method,gaining widespread attention in recent years.However,this approach faces major challenges,including degraded electrochemical performances and limited economic value.This study,therefore,proposes a high-value direct regeneration strategy to convert degraded spent LiFePO_(4)(S-LFP)into a gradient manganese(Mn)-doped regenerated LiFe_(0.7)Mn_(0.3)PO_(4)/C(R-LFMP)composite.This method leverages the inherent microcracks and Li vacancies present in S-LFP,likely acting as diffusion channels for the Mn^(2+)/Li^(+)ions.Through a two-step mechanochemical ball-milling and carbothermal reduction process,this approach achieves simultaneous Li replenishment and surface-localised Mn gradient doping with enhanced structural control.Notably,the R-LFMP exhibits an exceptional electrochemical performance.At 0.1 C,it delivers a discharge capacity of 161.4 mA h g^(−1)and an energy density of 563.5 Wh kg^(−1)(representing a 60.5%improvement over S-LFP).Additionally,it maintains 83%capacity retention after 900 cycles at 0.5C,a considerable enhancement compared to commercial LFMP(62%).Furthermore,the regenerated cathode material generates a net profit of$7.102 kg^(−1),surpassing the profitability of conventional recycling methods by 90%.Overall,this study introduces a transformative and sustainable LFP regeneration technology,achieving breakthroughs in electrochemical restoration and high-value recycling,while paving the way for the closed-loop utilisation of LFP-based energy storage systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12274313 and 62375234)the Gusu Leading Talent Plan for Scientific and Technological Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Grant No.ZXL2024400)。
文摘Optical phase-gradient metasurfaces have garnered significant attention for enabling flexible light manipulation,with applications across diverse domains.In this work,we will demonstrate that the metasurfaces with phase gradient modulation can be used to achieve illusion optics,featuring the advantages of simple geometric structure and feasible implementation compared with the well-known transformation optics method.The underlying mechanism is the anomalous diffraction law caused by the phase gradient,which provides a theoretical basis for freely manipulating the propagation path of light.By considering a specific example,we will demonstrate that the phase gradient can transform spatial coordinates in real space into illusion space,thereby converting a plane in real space into a curved surface structure in illusion space to achieve the illusion effect.This approach provides a viable alternative to transformation optics for designing illusion devices.
基金supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO in the form of a VIDI grant(Grant No.VI.Vidi.198.008).
文摘Projections of future urban land change are essential for a range of sustainability assessments,including those related to biodiversity loss,carbon emissions,and agricultural land conversion.However,to what extent and where current projections agree or disagree remains unknown.Here,we systematically compare existing global projections that are consistent with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways.We find that the total global urban land area is expected to increase by 112%between 2020 and 2100(averaged across all projections),with a coefficient of variation of 0.81.This variation is mostly caused by the selection of the underlying drivers that are included in the different models.Regionally,the highest average growth rates are found in sub-Saharan Africa(+679%to+730%),while this region also has the highest variation across projections(coefficient of variation ranging from 2.02 to 2.18).When ranking scenarios within a study from the highest to the lowest projected increase in urban land,rankings are relatively similar for regions in the Global North,but not for regions in the Global South.The large disagreement across projections can lead to high uncertainties in assessments of future urban land change impacts,which can undermine the effectiveness of long-term planning,policymaking,and resource management decisions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12304102,62574029)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0479)+1 种基金Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Education Committee(KJQN202400558)Doctoral Scientific Research Fund of Chongqing Normal University(23XLB029)。
文摘β-Ga_(2)O_(3)is a promising candidate for solarblind ultraviolet photodetection owing to its suitable bandgap of approximately 4.9 eV,excellent photoresponse characteristics,and high stability.However,the lack of a sufficient driving force within the material leads to extensive bulk charge recombination,limiting its photocurrent and thus posing significant challenges in designing high-performance Ga_(2)O_(3)-based photodetection.In this study,we propose a gradient doping strategy to achieve a Sn-doping concentration gradient along theβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)film thickness.By combining sol-gel synthesis with rapid thermal annealing,a spatially graded band structure with a full-space built-in electric field is constructed,which increases the width of band bending over a large region and is crucial for significantly enhancing carrier separation and transport in the bulk.The resulting gradient Sn-dopedβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)enables exceptional photoelectric performance without an external bias under 254 nm irradiation,including a superior responsivity of 66.88 mA W^(-1),a high detectivity of 8.12×10^(11)Jones,and a fast rise/decay time of 79/65 ms,outstanding most existing similar reported photoelectrochemical(PEC)type optoelectronic devices.Additionally,the device exhibits excellent long-term stability and enables high-resolution underwater ultraviolet imaging.This study demonstrates that the gradient doping strategy provides a feasible approach for enhancing the PEC performance ofβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)photoelectrodes.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants(Grant Nos.RS-2020-NR049594 and RS-2022-NR071877)the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement under the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport(Grant No.RS-2024-00410248).
文摘Suffusion refers to the loss of fineparticles within the soil matrix without any associated volume change,induced by hydrodynamic forces.This study investigated the suffusion of sand-clay mixtures through one-dimensional soil column experiments under a stepwise increase in hydraulic gradient(i),aiming to evaluate the critical hydraulic gradient(icrit)as a function of the size ratio between sand and clay,clay type,and ionic concentration.It was found that icrit was less than 0.1 for all sand-clay mixtures examined in this study.In addition,the lower peak concentrations of filtrated clay observed in sand-illite mixtures,compared to those of sand-kaolinite mixtures at the same level of i,suggest that illite particles are more susceptible to suffusion.Overall,the observed breakthrough curves,mass fraction of filtrated clay,volume of outflow,and total injection time presented in this study highlight the importance of considering clay type,sand-to-clay size ratio,and ionic concentration when assessing the suffusion behavior of clay-containing soils under a stepwise increase in hydraulic gradient.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen,China(No.3502Z20227232)the STS Project of Fujian-CAS(No.2023T3018)Bureau of International Cooperation,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.322GJHZ2022035MI).
文摘Anammox bacteria in constructed wetlands(CWs)play pivotal role in sustainable nitrogen transformation,yet existing studies lack comprehensive analysis of environmental gradients and microbial interactions,both key factors in anammox bacteria enrichment.This study investigated the mechanisms driving anammox bacteria enrichment in lab-scale simulated CWs treating high-nitrogen wastewater,focusing on bacterial community re-sponses across wetland layers with various strategies,including continuous up-flow influent,nitrogen loading increase,effluent recirculation,intermittent influent,and anammox bacteria inoculation.Results showed that total relative and absolute abundances of anammox bacteria ranged from 0.77%to 12.50%and from 0.13 to 6.46×10^(7) copies/g,respectively.Dissolved oxygen and pH had significant positive correlations with the absolute abundance of anammox bacteria,while organic matter and nitrate negatively impacted their relative abundance.Permutational multivariate analysis of variance indicated that spatial heterogeneity explained more variation in anammox bacteria abundance(43.44%)compared to operational strategies(8.58%).In terms of microbial interactions,60 dominant species exhibited potential correlations with anammox bacteria,comprising 170 interactions(105 positive and 65 negative),which suggested that anammox bacteria generally foster cooperative relationships with dominant bacteria.Notably,significant interspecies interactions were observed between Candidatus Kuenenia(dominant anammox bacteria in CWs)and species within the genera Chitinivibrio-nia and Anaerolineaceae,suggesting that microbial interactions primarily manifest as indirect facilitative effects rather than direct mutualistic relationships.Given that the Normalized Stochasticity Ratio in CWs were<50%,this study inferred that environmental gradients have greater influence on anammox bacteria than microbial interactions.
基金supported by the School of Engineering and Digital Sciences of Nazarbayev University,Astana,Kazakhstan(to CE)。
文摘The osteochondral(OC)interface exhibits a mineral gradient,varying in thickness by several hundred micrometers across different species.Disruptions in this interface damage OC tissues,leading to osteoarthritis.The natural architecture and composition of native OC interfaces can be replicated using biomaterial scaffolds via regenerative engineering approaches.A novel one-step bioextrusion process was employed to fabricate a unitary synthetic graft(USG),which mimics the native OC interface’s mineral concentration gradient.This novel USG is composed of an agarose-based cartilage layer and a bone layer,consisting of agarose enriched with 20%(200 g/L)hydroxyapatite.The USG features a gradient interface with mineral concentrations transitioning from 0%to 20%(mass fraction),mimicking the transition between the cartilage and bone.Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the gradient transition lengths of the graft and native OC tissue harvested from bovine knees were similar((647±21)vs.(633±124)μm).The linear viscoelastic properties of the grafts,which were evaluated using strain sweep and frequency sweep tests with oscillatory shear,indicated a dominant storage modulus over loss modulus similar to that of native OC tissues.The compressive and stress relaxation behaviors of the USGs demonstrated that the graft maintained structural integrity under mechanical stress.Viability assays performed after bioextrusion showed that chondrocytes and human fetal osteoblast cells successfully integrated and survived within their designated regions of the graft.The novel USGs exhibit properties similar to native OC tissue and are promising candidates for regenerating OC defects and restoring knee joint functionality.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan(Grant No.2022YFB3401901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12192210,12192214,12072295,and 12222209)+1 种基金Independent Project of State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System(Grant No.2023TPL-T03)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2682023CG004).
文摘The S38C railway axle undergoes induction hardening,resulting in a gradient-distributed microstructure and mechanical properties.The accurate identification of gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle remains a challenging task.To tackle this challenge,the present study proposes a novel approach for identifying the gradient-distributed plastic parameters for the S38C axle by integrating nano-indentation techniques with the machine learning method.Firstly,nano-indentation tests are conducted along the radial direction of the S38C axle to obtain the gradient-distributed load-displacement curves,nano-hardness,and elastic modulus.Subsequently,the dimensionless analysis is performed to obtain the representative stress,strain,and yield stress from load-displacement curves.These parameters are then incorporated into the machine learning method as physical information to identify the gradient-distributed plastic parameters of the S38C axle.The results indicate that the proposed method based on the physics-informed neural network and multi-fidelity neural network successfully identifies the gradient-distributed plastic parameters of the S38C axles and demonstrates superior prediction accuracy and generalization compared with the purely data-driven machine learning method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2342210 and 42275043)the National Institute of Natural Hazards,Ministry of Emergency Management of China(Grant Nos.J2223806,ZDJ2024-25 and ZDJ2025-34)。
文摘Climate models are essential for understanding past,present,and future changes in atmospheric circulation,with circulation modes providing key sources of seasonal predictability and prediction uncertainties for both global and regional climates.This study assesses the performance of models participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project in simulating interannual variability modes of Northern Hemisphere 500-hPa geopotential height during winter and summer,distinguishing predictable(potentially predictable on seasonal or longer timescales)and unpredictable(intraseasonal and essentially unpredictable at long range)components,using reanalysis data and a variance decomposition method.Although most models effectively capture unpredictable modes in reanalysis,their ability to reproduce dominant predictable modes-specifically the Pacific-North American pattern,Arctic Oscillation,and Western Pacific Oscillation in winter,and the East Atlantic and North Atlantic Oscillations in summer-varies notably.An optimal ensemble is identified to distinguish(a)predictable-external modes,dominated by external forcing,and(b)predictable-internal modes,associated with slow internal variability,during the historical period(1950-2014)and the SSP5-8.5 scenario(2036-2100).Under increased radiative forcing,the leading winter/summer predictable-external mode exhibits a more uniform spatial distribution,remarkably larger trend and annual variance,and enhanced height-sea surface temperature(SST)covariance under SSP5-8.5 compared to historical conditions.The dominant winter/summer predictable-internal modes also exhibit increased variance and height-SST covariance under SSP5-8.5,along with localized changes in spatial configuration.Minimal changes are observed in spatial distribution or variance for dominant winter/summer unpredictable modes under SSP5-8.5.This study,from a predictive perspective,deepens our understanding of model uncertainties and projected changes in circulations.
基金financed jointly by the National Major Science and Technology Special Project on Deep Earth Exploration(2024ZD1001701-5)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42472127,42172086)+2 种基金the Yunnan Major Project of Basic Research(202401BN070001-002)Yunnan Mineral Resources Prediction and Evaluation Engineering Research Center(2011)Innovation Team Program of Kunming University of Science and Technology,Yunnan Province。
文摘The migration mechanisms of ore-forming fluids have long been a focus in the field of ore deposit studies.Calcite is ubiquitously present in various types of rocks in the lithosphere,and the underlying mechanisms of its influence on fluid migration are of crucial importance.While previous studies have revealed that salinity changes can modulate fluid migration,the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.We employ molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate how salinity variations in ore-forming fluids modulate the adsorption onto calcite nanopore walls,thereby revealing the microscopic mechanisms governing ore fluid transport through calcite nano-fractures.The results show that the adsorption energy Eint of the solution on the calcite surface increased from -14,948.84±182.48 kcal/mol to -12,144.08±118.2 kcal/mol as salinity increased,which is conducive to the long-range transport of the fluid in the calcite nanopore.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4600101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52505231 and 52175201)+5 种基金the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(2024CXPT035)the Research Program of Science and Technology Department of Gansu Province(24JRRA059,24JRRA044 and 24ZDGA014)the Science Fund of Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing at Yantai(AMGM2024F12)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Prject of YEDA(2021TD007)the Special Supporting Project for Provincial Leading Talents of Yantai,the Major Program(ZYFZFX-2)the Fundamental Research Special Zone Project of the Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,CAS,the Special Research Assistant Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,and the Taishan Scholars Program.
文摘The development of gradient lubrication materials is critical for numerous biomedical applications,particularly in magnifying mechanical properties and service longevity.Herein,we present an innovative approach to fabricate biomimetic gradient lubrication hydrogel through the synergistic integration of three-dimensional(3D)printed metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)nanoparticle network hydrogel skeletons with bioinspired lubrication design.Specifically,robust hydrogel skeletons were engineered through single or multi-material 3D printing,followed by the in situ growth of MOFs nanoparticles within this hydrogel network to create a reinforced,load-bearing architecture.Subsequently,biomimetic lubrication capability was enabled by mechanically coupling another lubricating hydrogel within 3D-printed MOFs nanoparticle network hydrogel skeleton.The superficial layer is highly lubricious to ensure low coefficient of friction(~0.1141)and wear resistance(40,000 cycles),while the deeper layer is stiffer to afford the obligatory mechanical support(fracture strength~2.50 MPa).Furthermore,the gradient architecture stiffness of the hydrogel can be modulated by manipulating the spatial distribution of MOFs within the 3D-printed hydrogel skeleton.As a proof-of-concept,biomimetic gradient hydrogel meniscus structures with C-and O-shaped configurations were constructed by leveraging multi-material 3D printing,demonstrating exceptional lubrication performance.This innovative biomimetic design opens new avenues for creating implantable biomedical gradient lubricating materials with reinforced mechanical and lubrication performance.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52273067,52233006)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2232023A-03)+3 种基金the Shuguang Program of Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.23SG29)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant No.24ZR1402400)the Shanghai Scientific and Technological Innovation Project(Grant No.24520713000)Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.2021-01-07-00-03-E00108).
文摘Radiative cooling textiles with spectrally selective surfaces offer a promising energy-efficient approach for sub-ambient cooling of outdoor objects and individuals.However,the spectrally selective mid-infrared emission of these textiles significantly hinders their efficient radiative heat exchange with self-heated objects,thereby posing a significant challenge to their versatile cooling applicability.Herein,we present a bicomponent blow spinning strategy for the production of scalable,ultra-flexible,and healable textiles featuring a tailored dual gradient in both chemical composition and fiber diameter.The gradient in the fiber diameter of this textile introduces a hierarchically porous structure across the sunlight incident area,thereby achieving a competitive solar reflectivity of 98.7%on its outer surface.Additionally,the gradient in the chemical composition of this textile contributes to the formation of Janus infrared-absorbing surfaces:The outer surface demonstrates a high mid-infrared emission,whereas the inner surface shows a broad infrared absorptivity,facilitating radiative heat exchange with underlying self-heated objects.Consequently,this textile demonstrates multi-scenario radiative cooling capabilities,enabling versatile outdoor cooling for unheated objects by 7.8℃ and self-heated objects by 13.6℃,compared to commercial sunshade fabrics.
基金supported by the“Regional Innovation System&Education(RISE)”through the Seoul RISE Center,funded by the Ministry of Education(MOE)and the Seoul Metropolitan Government(2025-RISE-01-027-04).
文摘Fluid dynamic research on rectangular and trapezoidal fins is aimed at increasing heat transfer by means of large surfaces.The trapezoidal cavity form is compared with its thermal and flow performance,and it is revealed that trapezoidal fins tend to be more efficient,particularly when material optimization is critical.Motivated by the increasing need for sustainable energy management,this work analyses the thermal performance of inclined trapezoidal and rectangular porous fins utilising a unique hybrid nanofluid.The effectiveness of nanoparticles in a working fluid is primarily determined by their thermophysical properties;hence,optimising these properties can significantly improve overall performance.This study considers the dispersion of Graphene Oxide(GO)and Molybdenum Disulfide in the base fluid,engine oil.Temperature profiles are analysed by altering the radiative,porosity,wet porous,and angle of inclination parameters.Surface and contour plots are constructed by using the Lobatto IIIa Collocation Method with BVP5C solver in MATLAB and Gradient Descent Optimisation to predict the combined heat transfer rate.According to the study,fluid temperature consistently decreases when the angle of inclination,wet porous parameter,porosity parameter,and radiative parameter increase,suggesting significantly improved heat dissipation.The trapezoidal fin consistently exhibits a superior heat transfer mechanism than a rectangular fin.It is found that the trapezoidal fin transmits heat at a rate that is 0.05%higher than that of the rectangular fin.Validation of the present study is done through the comparison of previous studies.This research provides useful design insights for sophisticated engineering uses,including electrical cooling devices,heat exchangers,radiators,and solar heaters.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42571300)。
文摘Transforming urban spatial structures to promote green and low-carbon development is an effective strategy.Although prior studies have examined the impact of urban polycentricity on carbon emissions and economic development,research on its role in the synergistic relationship between these factors regarding carbon emission efficiency is limited.Furthermore,existing literature often overlooks nonlinear effects and interactions with other urban variables.This paper analyzed data from 295 Chinese cities in 2020,calculating urban population polycentricity,population dispersion indices,and carbon emission efficiency.Utilizing local spatial autocorrelation tools,we reveal interactions among urban population polycentricity,dispersion,carbon emissions,and carbon emission efficiency.We then employ a gradient boosting decision tree model(GBDT)to explore nonlinear and synergistic effects of polycentric urbanization.Key findings include:1)polycentric urbanization in Chinese cities exhibits significant spatial differentiation characteristics.The Polycentricity index is relatively high in economically developed eastern coastal regions with an overall low level,carbon emissions are concentrated in industrialized north-central cities and some Yangtze River Delta hubs,and carbon emission efficiency is the highest in the Yangtze River Delta while relatively low in Northeast China;there are significant spatially heterogeneous interaction characteristics among population polycentricity,population dispersion,carbon emissions,and carbon emission efficiency.2)Urban population polycentricity contributes 9.42%to total carbon emissions and 6.24%to carbon emission efficiency.3)The polycentricity index has a nonlinear impact on carbon emissions and carbon emission efficiency:no significant effect when below 0.50 or above 0.55,increased carbon emissions in 0.50-0.53,and reduced carbon emissions with improved efficiency in 0.53-0.55.4)The polycentricity index has an interaction effect with other variables;specifically,when the polycentricity index is between 0.53 and 0.55,its interaction with urban gross domestic product(GDP),urban population,urban built-up area,green coverage rate in built-up areas,urban technological expenditure,and the proportion of the output value of the secondary industry will reduce carbon emissions and improve carbon emission efficiency.These findings enhance the understanding of urban spatial structures and carbon emissions,providing valuable insights for policymakers in developing green and low-carbon strategies.
基金Project supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of Sichuan Province (No.05GG006- 006-2)the Research Fund for the Introducing Intelligence of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
文摘A pressure gradient discontinuous finite element formulation for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations is derived based on local projections. The resulting finite element formulation is stable and uniquely solvable without requiring a B-B stability condition. An error estimate is Obtained.
文摘In this paper, a class of the stochastic generalized linear complementarity problems with finitely many elements is proposed for the first time. Based on the Fischer-Burmeister function, a new conjugate gradient projection method is given for solving the stochastic generalized linear complementarity problems. The global convergence of the conjugate gradient projection method is proved and the related numerical results are also reported.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10671126)Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(S30501)
文摘An ε-subgradient projection algorithm for solving a convex feasibility problem is presented.Based on the iterative projection methods and the notion of ε-subgradient,a series of special projection hyperplanes is established.Moreover,compared with the existing projection hyperplanes methods with subgradient,the proposed hyperplanes are interactive with ε,and their ranges are more larger.The convergence of the proposed algorithm is given under some mild conditions,and the validity of the algorithm is proved by the numerical test.
文摘In this paper,a probe method for nonlinear programming wiht equality and inequality is given. Its iterative directions at an arbitrary point x can be obtained through solving a liear system. The terminate conditions and choices of the parameters are given. The global convergence of the method is proved. Further more,some well known gradient projection type algorithms [1-15] and new gradient projection type algorithms from the linear system are given in this paper.
文摘Based on the numerical governing formulation and non-linear complementary conditions of contact and impact problems, a reduced projection augmented Lagrange bi- conjugate gradient method is proposed for contact and impact problems by translating non-linear complementary conditions into equivalent formulation of non-linear program- ming. For contact-impact problems, a larger time-step can be adopted arriving at numer- ical convergence compared with penalty method. By establishment of the impact-contact formulations which are equivalent with original non-linear complementary conditions, a reduced projection augmented Lagrange bi-conjugate gradient method is deduced to im- prove precision and efficiency of numerical solutions. A numerical example shows that the algorithm we suggested is valid and exact.
