Chemistry science popularization for lower grades(Grades 1-2)in primary schools is an important part of science enlightenment education.However,in practice,it generally faces practical dilemmas such as insufficient co...Chemistry science popularization for lower grades(Grades 1-2)in primary schools is an important part of science enlightenment education.However,in practice,it generally faces practical dilemmas such as insufficient content adaptability,a single implementation method,and a lack of coordination mechanisms.Based on Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory and the STSE(Science,Technology,Society,Environment)educational concept,this study constructed a four-in-one strategy system of“content development-teaching implementation-collaborative linkage-guarantee support”through literature analysis,action research,and empirical comparison.An empirical study was conducted in two primary schools for one academic year.The results show that this strategy system can increase students’interest in participating in chemistry science popularization by 42 percentage points,the compliance rate of observation ability reaches 85%,and the collaborative participation of families,schools,and society rises to 85%.The core strategies formed in the study,including“age-appropriate content screening,interactive teaching implementation,three-dimensional collaborative promotion,and full-process guarantee support,”provide a replicable practical model for the standardized and efficient development of chemistry science popularization for lower grades in primary schools.They also offer empirical references for fulfilling the requirement of“strengthening the pertinence and effectiveness of science popularization”in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology(revised in 2024).展开更多
By analyzing the correlation between courses in students’grades,we can provide a decision-making basis for the revision of courses and syllabi,rationally optimize courses,and further improve teaching effects.With the...By analyzing the correlation between courses in students’grades,we can provide a decision-making basis for the revision of courses and syllabi,rationally optimize courses,and further improve teaching effects.With the help of IBM SPSS Modeler data mining software,this paper uses Apriori algorithm for association rule mining to conduct an in-depth analysis of the grades of nursing students in Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and to explore the correlation between professional basic courses and professional core courses.Lastly,according to the detailed analysis of the mining results,valuable curriculum information will be found from the actual teaching data.展开更多
Background:The European Society for Medical Oncology(ESMO)guidelines are among the most comprehensive and widely used clinical practice guidelines(CPGs)globally.However,the level of scientific evidence supporting ESMO...Background:The European Society for Medical Oncology(ESMO)guidelines are among the most comprehensive and widely used clinical practice guidelines(CPGs)globally.However,the level of scientific evidence supporting ESMO CPG recommendations has not been systematically investigated.This study assessed ESMO CPG levels of evidence(LOE)and grades of recommendations(GOR),as well as their trends over time across various cancer settings.Methods:We manually extracted every recommendation with the Infectious Diseases Society of America(IDSA)classification from each CPG.We examined the distribution of LOE and GOR in all available ESMO CPG guidelines across different topics and cancer types.Results:Among the 1,823 recommendations in the current CPG,30%were classified as LOEⅠ,and 43%were classified as GOR A.Overall,there was a slight decrease in LOEⅠ(−2%)and an increase in the proportion of GOR A(+1%)in the current CPG compared to previous versions.The proportion of GOR A recommendations based on higher levels of evidence such as randomized trials(LOEⅠ–Ⅱ)shows a decrease(71%vs.63%,p=0.009)while recommendations based on lower levels of evidence(LOEⅢ–Ⅴ)show an increase(29%vs.37%,p=0.01)between previous and current version.In the current versions,the highest proportion of LOEⅠ(42%)was found in recommendations related to pharmacotherapy,while the highest proportion of GOR A recommendations was found in the areas of pathology(50%)and diagnostic(50%)recommendations.Significant variability in LOEⅠand GOR A recommendations and their changes over time was observed across different cancer types.Conclusion:One-third of the current ESMO CPG recommendations are supported by the highest level of evidence.More well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed to increase the proportion of LOEⅠand GOR A recommendations,ultimately leading to improved outcomes for cancer patients.展开更多
With the increasing requirement for the protection of arable land, monitor- ing the grades of arable land quality is becoming more important, which can accu- rately and fully reflect the current situation and developm...With the increasing requirement for the protection of arable land, monitor- ing the grades of arable land quality is becoming more important, which can accu- rately and fully reflect the current situation and development trends of arable land quality. It is also an important measure for protecting the quality of arable land. in the present study, the distribution and changes of arable lands of different gradient types and grades in Lingchuan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2015 were monitored and evaluated, to analyze the trends and reasons for the changes in the quality and productivity of arable lands, and to provide references for dynamic monitoring of the quality of arable land.展开更多
Using observed daily precipitation data to classify five levels of rainy days by strength in South China （SC）,with an emphasis on the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region,the spatiotemporal variation of different grades...Using observed daily precipitation data to classify five levels of rainy days by strength in South China （SC）,with an emphasis on the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region,the spatiotemporal variation of different grades of precipitation during the period 1960-2010 was analyzed and the possible link with anthropogenic aerosols examined.Statistical analysis showed that drizzle and small precipitation has significantly decreased,whereas medium to heavy precipitation has increased slightly over the past 50 years （although not statistically significant）.Further data analysis suggested that the decline in drizzle and small precipitation probably has a strong link to increased concentrations of anthropogenic aerosols produced by large-scale human activities related to the rapid socioeconomic development of the PRD region.These aerosols may also have led to the obvious decreasing trend in horizontal visibility and sunshine duration in SC,which is statistically significant according to the t-test.展开更多
This study investigated the aroma-active compounds and compared the differences of three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu by headspace solid-phase microextraction(HS-SPME)coupled with gas chromatography-olfact...This study investigated the aroma-active compounds and compared the differences of three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu by headspace solid-phase microextraction(HS-SPME)coupled with gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry(GC-O-MS).A total of 54 aroma-active compounds were detected.Principal component analysis showed that JZ1,JZ2,and JZ3 were well separated from each other.JZ1 as the premium-grade Baijiu had the highest aroma intensities,concentrations.According to aroma intensities and concentrations,dimethyl trisulfide,butanoic acid,phenylacetaldehyde,2-furylmethanethiol,ethyl hexanoate,2,6-dimethylpyrazine,etc.could be potentially applied as volatile makers to distinguish the three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu as their significant difference(P<0.05)in three Baijiu samples.Roasted aroma had the significant difference(P<0.05)in three sample base on aroma profiles.Meanwhile,2-furylmethanethiol,2,6-dimethylpyrazine were related to the roasted aroma,they may be had a significant contribution to the differences of three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu.This study has provided a comprehensive understanding of the differences of three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu.展开更多
Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disorder that is more prevalent in children than in adults.China has seen an increasing prevalence of childhood asthma in recentdecades[1].Earlier studies have shown that air pa...Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disorder that is more prevalent in children than in adults.China has seen an increasing prevalence of childhood asthma in recentdecades[1].Earlier studies have shown that air particulate matter (PM),particularly fine particulate matter(PM2.5)[2],is an important factor triggering childhood asthma. Since nationalPM2.5data were nota vailabl euntil 2013,展开更多
Determining the hydrometallurgical cut-off grades specifies the destination of low grade materials and this is subjected to more benefits in mining. Copper production rate is considered as one of the fundamental issue...Determining the hydrometallurgical cut-off grades specifies the destination of low grade materials and this is subjected to more benefits in mining. Copper production rate is considered as one of the fundamental issues in hydrometallurgical cut-off grades determination. Slags are remarked as one of the main sources of copper. It is not only regarded as a waste but also identified as another resource extracting base metals. Slags are characterized by copper high grade. Thus, slag copper recovery can be led to different cut-off grades and net present value(NPV). The current research scrutinizes the effect of slag recovery by both flotation and hydrometallurgical methods on the hydrometallurgical cut-off grades. For this purpose, the optimum cut-off grade algorithms of hydrometallurgical methods are developed by considering associated environmental parameters, incomes and also the costs. Then, their optimum amounts are calculated with NPV maximization as an objective function. The results indicate that considering slag copper recovery in the hydrometallurgical cut-off grade algorithms reduces the environmental costs caused by slag dumping and leads to more NPV by 9%.展开更多
Water quality is critical to ensure that marine resources and the environment are utilized in a sustainable manner. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate the optimum placement of marine environmental...Water quality is critical to ensure that marine resources and the environment are utilized in a sustainable manner. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate the optimum placement of marine environmental monitoring sites to monitor water quality in Shanghai, China. To improve the mapping or estimation accuracy of the areas with different water quality grades, the monitoring sites were fixed in transition bands between areas of different grades rather than in other positions. Following bidirectional optimization method, first, 18 candidate sites were selected by filtering out specific site categories. Second, three of these were, in turn, eliminated because of the rule defined by the changes in the areas of water quality grades and by the standard deviation of the interpolation errors of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and phosphate(PO_4-P). Furthermore, indicator kriging was employed to depict the transition bands between different water quality grades whenever new sampling sites were added. The four optimization projects of the newly added sites reveal that, all optimized sites were distributed in the transition bands of different water grades, and at the same time in the areas where the historical sites were sparsely distributed. New sites were also found in the overlap region of different transition bands. Additional sites were especially required in these regions to discriminate the boundaries of different water quality grades. Using the bidirectional optimization method of the monitoring sites, the boundaries of different water quality grades could be determined with a higher precision. As a result, the interpolation errors of DIN and PO_4-P could theoretically decrease.展开更多
Four humic coal samples are extracted to obtain humic substances (HS), and then subdivided(or purified) to obtain sixteen grades of HS, four from each coal. The effectiveness of these sixteen HS samples as additives f...Four humic coal samples are extracted to obtain humic substances (HS), and then subdivided(or purified) to obtain sixteen grades of HS, four from each coal. The effectiveness of these sixteen HS samples as additives for producing coal water mixture (CWM) is tested (w (additive) = 1 % and the the coal used is from the Baiyi coal preparation plant). A linear regression analysis of viscosity versus the additive’s components shows: (1)humic acids(HA) and humin (HM) are much better than fulvic acids (HF) with HA being tbe best, and (2) tke effects of grades of HS on coal dispersion as measured by viscosity are quite different. CWM additive effectiveness correlates positively with the increase of E4/E6,ash content, acid groups, and carboxyl groups, and negatively with the increase of molecular weight, HS content and phenolic alcohol content.展开更多
On the basis of historical yearly drought and flood grades from A.D.1470 to A.D.1949, the ten-year mean precipitation in the rainy season in Wuhan district was reconstructed by means of statistical method. The re...On the basis of historical yearly drought and flood grades from A.D.1470 to A.D.1949, the ten-year mean precipitation in the rainy season in Wuhan district was reconstructed by means of statistical method. The reconstructing method was testified to be simple and effective.展开更多
The relation between morphometric grades (M grading) of 84 cases of bladder tumor and prognoses was evaluated. The results shown that the higher the M grading, the lower the survival rate and the higher the recurrence...The relation between morphometric grades (M grading) of 84 cases of bladder tumor and prognoses was evaluated. The results shown that the higher the M grading, the lower the survival rate and the higher the recurrence rate. As the M grade increases, the tumor has partial of total absence of ABO(H) antigens of tumor cell surface and could be accompanied with muscular invasion. When recurring, the tumor has a poor prognosis if M grading increases from lower to higher grades. The morphometric grading system is able to make a quantitative pathologic diagnosis and can predict the biological behavior of bladder tumors.展开更多
Background: Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is common hepatic disorder which is recognized as a great health problem causing different diseases worldwide. To determine non-alcoholic fatty liver and assess th...Background: Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is common hepatic disorder which is recognized as a great health problem causing different diseases worldwide. To determine non-alcoholic fatty liver and assess the relation of fasting total lipids with different grades of fatty liver (NAFLD) subjects diagnosed through ultrasound. By identifying the risk factors of Lipid Profile and NAFLD, the health care provider can properly manage it, even awareness specific for patients and community as general being launched to diminish the morbidity and mortality by this study. Methods: This cross-sectional research carried out at Medicine Department of PMCH, Shaheed Benazirabad. This study comprises 300 subjects of NAFLD. Patients who attended the medicine department with abdominal complains after examination consultant advised ultrasound. The ultrasound performed in Radiology department, patients with findings of fatty liver selected, and history taken from all the patients with special regard to alcoholism. Fasting lipid profile done in all patients included in present study. The blood samples collected from a vein and immediately sent to the laboratory. Results: This present study enlisted total 300 patients out of them 203 (67.7%) belonged to male gender and 97 (32.3%) were females. A ratio of 2.1:1 observed in male and female subjects. There were 176 (58.7%) patients in grade I, while 82 (27.3%) patients in grade II and 42 (14%) patients in grade III. The cholesterol value was abnormal in 186 (62%), while normal in remaining 114 (38%) patients. Triglycerides were abnormal in 152 (50.7%) while in 148 (49.3%) patients were normal. HDL in 155 (51.7%) patients was abnormal while 145 (48.3%) patients had normal values. Low density lipoprotein value in 117 (39%) patient was abnormal and 183 (61%) patient normal. Very low-density lipoprotein in 117 (39%) patients was abnormal and 183 (61%) patient normal. The mean age and SD of patients in present study was 46.83 ± 8.82, with minimum 30 years and maximum age 65 years respectively (p value 0.000). The mean and SD of total cholesterol value was 154.66 ± 58.88 mg/dl (p value 1.000), TG 180.98 ± 96.46 mg/dl (p value 0.974), HDL-C 32.13 ± 5.88 mg/dl (p value 0.000), LDL-C 116.41 ± 41.002 mg/dl (p value 0.000), and VLDL-C was 43.47 ± 34.34 mg/dl (p value 0.000). Conclusions: In current study, variable changes in lipid profile observed amongst NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) patients who diagnosed on ultrasound. Early diagnosis and treatment of non alcoholic fatty liver with abnormal lipids can prevent from long-term complication of fatty liver.展开更多
The availability of automated evaluation methodologies that may reliably be used for determining students’ scholastic performance through assigning letter grades are of utmost practical importance to educators, stude...The availability of automated evaluation methodologies that may reliably be used for determining students’ scholastic performance through assigning letter grades are of utmost practical importance to educators, students, and do invariably have pivotal values to all stakeholders of the academic process. In particular, educators use letter grades as quantification metrics to monitor students’ intellectual progress within a framework of clearly specified learning objectives of a course. To students grades may be used as predictive measures and motivating drives for success in a study field. However due to numerous objective and subjective variables that may by be accounted for in a methodological process of assigning students’ grades, and since such a process is often tainted with personal philosophy and human psychology factors, it is essential that educators exercise extra care in maximizing positive account of all objective factors and minimizing negative ramifications of subjectively fuzzy factors. To this end, and in an attempt to make assigning students’ grades more reliable for assessing true-level of mastering specified learning outcomes, this paper will: i) provide a literature review on previous works on the most common methods that have traditionally been in use for assigning students’ grades, and a short account of the virtues and/or vices of such methods, and ii) present a user-friendly computer code that may be easily adapted for the purpose of assigning students’ grades. This would relieve educators from the overwhelming concerns associated with mechanistic aspects of determining educational metrics, and it would allow them to have more time and focus to obtain reliable assessments of true-level of students’ mastery of learning outcomes by accounting for all possible evaluation components.展开更多
Based on the hourly precipitation data from 4 observation stations of Xining City from June to September during 2005-2011,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of short-time precipitation were analyzed...Based on the hourly precipitation data from 4 observation stations of Xining City from June to September during 2005-2011,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of short-time precipitation were analyzed.The results show that the precipitation distribution in Xining region exhibited the less-more-less trend from southwest to northeast,while the torrential rain gradually increased from the northwest and southwest to the middle.The hourly general precipitation in Xining region had obviously seasonal characteristics,and its annual distribution showed wavy changes,but the annual variation of short-time heavy precipitation and rainstorm was very obvious.Furthermore,short-time heavy precipitation was concentrated from 18:00 to 24:00,followed by 03:00-07:00 on the following day.The occurrence time of short-time rainstorm accorded with short-time heavy precipitation.It offers a useful reference for the accurate and timely short-term forecast.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between grades and playing an instrument.Furthermore,it will be determined if the number of hours one spends practicing their instrument and how long...The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between grades and playing an instrument.Furthermore,it will be determined if the number of hours one spends practicing their instrument and how long one has played their instrument affects one’s grade in a class.The data for this study were obtained through a Google Form and were targeted towards middle and high school students in the United States.Results of this study concluded that there is a correlation between playing an instrument and one’s grades in certain subjects.It was also determined that the amount of time spent practicing or how long one has played an instrument also had an impact on one’s grades in certain subjects.展开更多
Literacy teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, especially for lower-grade Chinese teaching, but also a difficulty in lower-grade Chinese teaching. The ability and habits of lower grade students to read an...Literacy teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, especially for lower-grade Chinese teaching, but also a difficulty in lower-grade Chinese teaching. The ability and habits of lower grade students to read and write have a great influence on their future Chinese learning. So how can we better improve the teaching effect of literacy and improve the students' literacy ability when facing the literacy learning? We should help students to find suitable teaching methods, so that students are willing to learn, open their mouths to read and take the initiative to memorize in the process of literacy teaching, making abstract Chinese characters vivid and concrete, making boring Chinese characters interesting and learning Chinese characters become simple and interesting. We should construct an open literacy teaching model to cultivate students' autonomous literacy ability.展开更多
Teaching writing is an essential component of Chinese education in primary schools and an important foundation for students’reading,writing,and core literacy development.However,due to various reasons,children in the...Teaching writing is an essential component of Chinese education in primary schools and an important foundation for students’reading,writing,and core literacy development.However,due to various reasons,children in the lower grades always face multiple difficulties in the learning task of writing.Based on this educational status quo,this article puts forward strategic suggestions for improving writing skills in the lower grades of primary school.Teachers should analyze students and attend to each student individually,optimize teaching methods,and implement hierarchical teaching.They should also strengthen the training of students’fine motor skills to solidify the physiological foundation for writing.Emphasis should be placed on cultivating the core quality of aesthetic creation.Employing multiple process evaluations can inspire children’s long-term interest in learning.展开更多
Mathematics teaching in middle and high grades of primary schools will learn multiplication and division and related knowledge of spatial imagination. Compared with mathematics knowledge in lower grades, students spat...Mathematics teaching in middle and high grades of primary schools will learn multiplication and division and related knowledge of spatial imagination. Compared with mathematics knowledge in lower grades, students spatial imagination ability is required higher. Therefore, the mathematics teaching in the middle and high grades of primary schools should consciously infiltrate the mathematical thinking methods so as to help students better understand the mathematics knowledge they have learned. This paper focuses on the relevant measures of infiltrating mathematical thinking methods into mathematics teaching in middle and senior primary schools so as to better promote the improvement of students mathematics learning ability.展开更多
Nowadays, more and more educators have affirmed that picture book plays an important significance in the development of children and thought that reading picture book is indispensable to the education of lower grades ...Nowadays, more and more educators have affirmed that picture book plays an important significance in the development of children and thought that reading picture book is indispensable to the education of lower grades of elementary school.However, the teaching of reading in English, most teachers have not realized the satisfactory teaching effect, it is necessary to analyze the theoretical basis of English picture book and its application in the teaching of English reading in lower grades of elementary school and dig its value.展开更多
基金Projects of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2020JQ-886,2022JM-075)Education Science Planning Project of Shaanxi Province during the“14th Five-Year Plan”Period(SGH22Y1392)+6 种基金Scientific Research Program of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education(23JP146,23JP147)Science and Technology Program of Xi’an(No.22GXFW0112)Three-Year Action Plan Project of Xi’an University(21XJZZ0001-11)Basic Education Research Project of Xi’an in 2022(2022JYZX28)2022“Xi’an University-Xi’an Academy of Social Sciences”Strategic Cooperation Projects(22ZL10,22ZL11)Doctoral Start-up Fund of Xi’an University(06005017)Key Discipline of Analytical Chemistry in Shaanxi Province(09009001)。
文摘Chemistry science popularization for lower grades(Grades 1-2)in primary schools is an important part of science enlightenment education.However,in practice,it generally faces practical dilemmas such as insufficient content adaptability,a single implementation method,and a lack of coordination mechanisms.Based on Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory and the STSE(Science,Technology,Society,Environment)educational concept,this study constructed a four-in-one strategy system of“content development-teaching implementation-collaborative linkage-guarantee support”through literature analysis,action research,and empirical comparison.An empirical study was conducted in two primary schools for one academic year.The results show that this strategy system can increase students’interest in participating in chemistry science popularization by 42 percentage points,the compliance rate of observation ability reaches 85%,and the collaborative participation of families,schools,and society rises to 85%.The core strategies formed in the study,including“age-appropriate content screening,interactive teaching implementation,three-dimensional collaborative promotion,and full-process guarantee support,”provide a replicable practical model for the standardized and efficient development of chemistry science popularization for lower grades in primary schools.They also offer empirical references for fulfilling the requirement of“strengthening the pertinence and effectiveness of science popularization”in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology(revised in 2024).
文摘By analyzing the correlation between courses in students’grades,we can provide a decision-making basis for the revision of courses and syllabi,rationally optimize courses,and further improve teaching effects.With the help of IBM SPSS Modeler data mining software,this paper uses Apriori algorithm for association rule mining to conduct an in-depth analysis of the grades of nursing students in Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and to explore the correlation between professional basic courses and professional core courses.Lastly,according to the detailed analysis of the mining results,valuable curriculum information will be found from the actual teaching data.
文摘Background:The European Society for Medical Oncology(ESMO)guidelines are among the most comprehensive and widely used clinical practice guidelines(CPGs)globally.However,the level of scientific evidence supporting ESMO CPG recommendations has not been systematically investigated.This study assessed ESMO CPG levels of evidence(LOE)and grades of recommendations(GOR),as well as their trends over time across various cancer settings.Methods:We manually extracted every recommendation with the Infectious Diseases Society of America(IDSA)classification from each CPG.We examined the distribution of LOE and GOR in all available ESMO CPG guidelines across different topics and cancer types.Results:Among the 1,823 recommendations in the current CPG,30%were classified as LOEⅠ,and 43%were classified as GOR A.Overall,there was a slight decrease in LOEⅠ(−2%)and an increase in the proportion of GOR A(+1%)in the current CPG compared to previous versions.The proportion of GOR A recommendations based on higher levels of evidence such as randomized trials(LOEⅠ–Ⅱ)shows a decrease(71%vs.63%,p=0.009)while recommendations based on lower levels of evidence(LOEⅢ–Ⅴ)show an increase(29%vs.37%,p=0.01)between previous and current version.In the current versions,the highest proportion of LOEⅠ(42%)was found in recommendations related to pharmacotherapy,while the highest proportion of GOR A recommendations was found in the areas of pathology(50%)and diagnostic(50%)recommendations.Significant variability in LOEⅠand GOR A recommendations and their changes over time was observed across different cancer types.Conclusion:One-third of the current ESMO CPG recommendations are supported by the highest level of evidence.More well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed to increase the proportion of LOEⅠand GOR A recommendations,ultimately leading to improved outcomes for cancer patients.
文摘With the increasing requirement for the protection of arable land, monitor- ing the grades of arable land quality is becoming more important, which can accu- rately and fully reflect the current situation and development trends of arable land quality. It is also an important measure for protecting the quality of arable land. in the present study, the distribution and changes of arable lands of different gradient types and grades in Lingchuan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2015 were monitored and evaluated, to analyze the trends and reasons for the changes in the quality and productivity of arable lands, and to provide references for dynamic monitoring of the quality of arable land.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-EW-QN208)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB428502)+3 种基金the open fund of the State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science (Grant No. OFSLRSS201113)the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program (Grant No. XDA05110103)the R&D Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry (meteorology) by the Ministry of Financethe Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant No. GYHY20100601404)
文摘Using observed daily precipitation data to classify five levels of rainy days by strength in South China （SC）,with an emphasis on the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region,the spatiotemporal variation of different grades of precipitation during the period 1960-2010 was analyzed and the possible link with anthropogenic aerosols examined.Statistical analysis showed that drizzle and small precipitation has significantly decreased,whereas medium to heavy precipitation has increased slightly over the past 50 years （although not statistically significant）.Further data analysis suggested that the decline in drizzle and small precipitation probably has a strong link to increased concentrations of anthropogenic aerosols produced by large-scale human activities related to the rapid socioeconomic development of the PRD region.These aerosols may also have led to the obvious decreasing trend in horizontal visibility and sunshine duration in SC,which is statistically significant according to the t-test.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32172340)
文摘This study investigated the aroma-active compounds and compared the differences of three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu by headspace solid-phase microextraction(HS-SPME)coupled with gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry(GC-O-MS).A total of 54 aroma-active compounds were detected.Principal component analysis showed that JZ1,JZ2,and JZ3 were well separated from each other.JZ1 as the premium-grade Baijiu had the highest aroma intensities,concentrations.According to aroma intensities and concentrations,dimethyl trisulfide,butanoic acid,phenylacetaldehyde,2-furylmethanethiol,ethyl hexanoate,2,6-dimethylpyrazine,etc.could be potentially applied as volatile makers to distinguish the three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu as their significant difference(P<0.05)in three Baijiu samples.Roasted aroma had the significant difference(P<0.05)in three sample base on aroma profiles.Meanwhile,2-furylmethanethiol,2,6-dimethylpyrazine were related to the roasted aroma,they may be had a significant contribution to the differences of three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu.This study has provided a comprehensive understanding of the differences of three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu.
基金supported by the Development Foundation of Shanghai Meteorological and Health Key Laboratory [QXJK201606]the Investigation of Science&Technology Basic Resources Program of China [2017FY101206]the General Program Foundation of Hebei Meteorological Bureau [17KY10]
文摘Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disorder that is more prevalent in children than in adults.China has seen an increasing prevalence of childhood asthma in recentdecades[1].Earlier studies have shown that air particulate matter (PM),particularly fine particulate matter(PM2.5)[2],is an important factor triggering childhood asthma. Since nationalPM2.5data were nota vailabl euntil 2013,
文摘Determining the hydrometallurgical cut-off grades specifies the destination of low grade materials and this is subjected to more benefits in mining. Copper production rate is considered as one of the fundamental issues in hydrometallurgical cut-off grades determination. Slags are remarked as one of the main sources of copper. It is not only regarded as a waste but also identified as another resource extracting base metals. Slags are characterized by copper high grade. Thus, slag copper recovery can be led to different cut-off grades and net present value(NPV). The current research scrutinizes the effect of slag recovery by both flotation and hydrometallurgical methods on the hydrometallurgical cut-off grades. For this purpose, the optimum cut-off grade algorithms of hydrometallurgical methods are developed by considering associated environmental parameters, incomes and also the costs. Then, their optimum amounts are calculated with NPV maximization as an objective function. The results indicate that considering slag copper recovery in the hydrometallurgical cut-off grade algorithms reduces the environmental costs caused by slag dumping and leads to more NPV by 9%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41376190,41531179,41421001 and 41601425)the Scientific Research Project of Shanghai Marine Bureau(No.Hu Hai Ke2016-05)the Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project,State Oceanic Administration of the People’s Republic of China(Nos.201505008 and 201305027)
文摘Water quality is critical to ensure that marine resources and the environment are utilized in a sustainable manner. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate the optimum placement of marine environmental monitoring sites to monitor water quality in Shanghai, China. To improve the mapping or estimation accuracy of the areas with different water quality grades, the monitoring sites were fixed in transition bands between areas of different grades rather than in other positions. Following bidirectional optimization method, first, 18 candidate sites were selected by filtering out specific site categories. Second, three of these were, in turn, eliminated because of the rule defined by the changes in the areas of water quality grades and by the standard deviation of the interpolation errors of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and phosphate(PO_4-P). Furthermore, indicator kriging was employed to depict the transition bands between different water quality grades whenever new sampling sites were added. The four optimization projects of the newly added sites reveal that, all optimized sites were distributed in the transition bands of different water grades, and at the same time in the areas where the historical sites were sparsely distributed. New sites were also found in the overlap region of different transition bands. Additional sites were especially required in these regions to discriminate the boundaries of different water quality grades. Using the bidirectional optimization method of the monitoring sites, the boundaries of different water quality grades could be determined with a higher precision. As a result, the interpolation errors of DIN and PO_4-P could theoretically decrease.
文摘Four humic coal samples are extracted to obtain humic substances (HS), and then subdivided(or purified) to obtain sixteen grades of HS, four from each coal. The effectiveness of these sixteen HS samples as additives for producing coal water mixture (CWM) is tested (w (additive) = 1 % and the the coal used is from the Baiyi coal preparation plant). A linear regression analysis of viscosity versus the additive’s components shows: (1)humic acids(HA) and humin (HM) are much better than fulvic acids (HF) with HA being tbe best, and (2) tke effects of grades of HS on coal dispersion as measured by viscosity are quite different. CWM additive effectiveness correlates positively with the increase of E4/E6,ash content, acid groups, and carboxyl groups, and negatively with the increase of molecular weight, HS content and phenolic alcohol content.
文摘On the basis of historical yearly drought and flood grades from A.D.1470 to A.D.1949, the ten-year mean precipitation in the rainy season in Wuhan district was reconstructed by means of statistical method. The reconstructing method was testified to be simple and effective.
文摘The relation between morphometric grades (M grading) of 84 cases of bladder tumor and prognoses was evaluated. The results shown that the higher the M grading, the lower the survival rate and the higher the recurrence rate. As the M grade increases, the tumor has partial of total absence of ABO(H) antigens of tumor cell surface and could be accompanied with muscular invasion. When recurring, the tumor has a poor prognosis if M grading increases from lower to higher grades. The morphometric grading system is able to make a quantitative pathologic diagnosis and can predict the biological behavior of bladder tumors.
文摘Background: Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is common hepatic disorder which is recognized as a great health problem causing different diseases worldwide. To determine non-alcoholic fatty liver and assess the relation of fasting total lipids with different grades of fatty liver (NAFLD) subjects diagnosed through ultrasound. By identifying the risk factors of Lipid Profile and NAFLD, the health care provider can properly manage it, even awareness specific for patients and community as general being launched to diminish the morbidity and mortality by this study. Methods: This cross-sectional research carried out at Medicine Department of PMCH, Shaheed Benazirabad. This study comprises 300 subjects of NAFLD. Patients who attended the medicine department with abdominal complains after examination consultant advised ultrasound. The ultrasound performed in Radiology department, patients with findings of fatty liver selected, and history taken from all the patients with special regard to alcoholism. Fasting lipid profile done in all patients included in present study. The blood samples collected from a vein and immediately sent to the laboratory. Results: This present study enlisted total 300 patients out of them 203 (67.7%) belonged to male gender and 97 (32.3%) were females. A ratio of 2.1:1 observed in male and female subjects. There were 176 (58.7%) patients in grade I, while 82 (27.3%) patients in grade II and 42 (14%) patients in grade III. The cholesterol value was abnormal in 186 (62%), while normal in remaining 114 (38%) patients. Triglycerides were abnormal in 152 (50.7%) while in 148 (49.3%) patients were normal. HDL in 155 (51.7%) patients was abnormal while 145 (48.3%) patients had normal values. Low density lipoprotein value in 117 (39%) patient was abnormal and 183 (61%) patient normal. Very low-density lipoprotein in 117 (39%) patients was abnormal and 183 (61%) patient normal. The mean age and SD of patients in present study was 46.83 ± 8.82, with minimum 30 years and maximum age 65 years respectively (p value 0.000). The mean and SD of total cholesterol value was 154.66 ± 58.88 mg/dl (p value 1.000), TG 180.98 ± 96.46 mg/dl (p value 0.974), HDL-C 32.13 ± 5.88 mg/dl (p value 0.000), LDL-C 116.41 ± 41.002 mg/dl (p value 0.000), and VLDL-C was 43.47 ± 34.34 mg/dl (p value 0.000). Conclusions: In current study, variable changes in lipid profile observed amongst NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) patients who diagnosed on ultrasound. Early diagnosis and treatment of non alcoholic fatty liver with abnormal lipids can prevent from long-term complication of fatty liver.
文摘The availability of automated evaluation methodologies that may reliably be used for determining students’ scholastic performance through assigning letter grades are of utmost practical importance to educators, students, and do invariably have pivotal values to all stakeholders of the academic process. In particular, educators use letter grades as quantification metrics to monitor students’ intellectual progress within a framework of clearly specified learning objectives of a course. To students grades may be used as predictive measures and motivating drives for success in a study field. However due to numerous objective and subjective variables that may by be accounted for in a methodological process of assigning students’ grades, and since such a process is often tainted with personal philosophy and human psychology factors, it is essential that educators exercise extra care in maximizing positive account of all objective factors and minimizing negative ramifications of subjectively fuzzy factors. To this end, and in an attempt to make assigning students’ grades more reliable for assessing true-level of mastering specified learning outcomes, this paper will: i) provide a literature review on previous works on the most common methods that have traditionally been in use for assigning students’ grades, and a short account of the virtues and/or vices of such methods, and ii) present a user-friendly computer code that may be easily adapted for the purpose of assigning students’ grades. This would relieve educators from the overwhelming concerns associated with mechanistic aspects of determining educational metrics, and it would allow them to have more time and focus to obtain reliable assessments of true-level of students’ mastery of learning outcomes by accounting for all possible evaluation components.
基金Supported by the Key Research and Development and Transformation Project of Science and Technology Department of Qinghai Province in 2021(2021-SF-141-2).
文摘Based on the hourly precipitation data from 4 observation stations of Xining City from June to September during 2005-2011,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of short-time precipitation were analyzed.The results show that the precipitation distribution in Xining region exhibited the less-more-less trend from southwest to northeast,while the torrential rain gradually increased from the northwest and southwest to the middle.The hourly general precipitation in Xining region had obviously seasonal characteristics,and its annual distribution showed wavy changes,but the annual variation of short-time heavy precipitation and rainstorm was very obvious.Furthermore,short-time heavy precipitation was concentrated from 18:00 to 24:00,followed by 03:00-07:00 on the following day.The occurrence time of short-time rainstorm accorded with short-time heavy precipitation.It offers a useful reference for the accurate and timely short-term forecast.
文摘The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between grades and playing an instrument.Furthermore,it will be determined if the number of hours one spends practicing their instrument and how long one has played their instrument affects one’s grade in a class.The data for this study were obtained through a Google Form and were targeted towards middle and high school students in the United States.Results of this study concluded that there is a correlation between playing an instrument and one’s grades in certain subjects.It was also determined that the amount of time spent practicing or how long one has played an instrument also had an impact on one’s grades in certain subjects.
文摘Literacy teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, especially for lower-grade Chinese teaching, but also a difficulty in lower-grade Chinese teaching. The ability and habits of lower grade students to read and write have a great influence on their future Chinese learning. So how can we better improve the teaching effect of literacy and improve the students' literacy ability when facing the literacy learning? We should help students to find suitable teaching methods, so that students are willing to learn, open their mouths to read and take the initiative to memorize in the process of literacy teaching, making abstract Chinese characters vivid and concrete, making boring Chinese characters interesting and learning Chinese characters become simple and interesting. We should construct an open literacy teaching model to cultivate students' autonomous literacy ability.
文摘Teaching writing is an essential component of Chinese education in primary schools and an important foundation for students’reading,writing,and core literacy development.However,due to various reasons,children in the lower grades always face multiple difficulties in the learning task of writing.Based on this educational status quo,this article puts forward strategic suggestions for improving writing skills in the lower grades of primary school.Teachers should analyze students and attend to each student individually,optimize teaching methods,and implement hierarchical teaching.They should also strengthen the training of students’fine motor skills to solidify the physiological foundation for writing.Emphasis should be placed on cultivating the core quality of aesthetic creation.Employing multiple process evaluations can inspire children’s long-term interest in learning.
文摘Mathematics teaching in middle and high grades of primary schools will learn multiplication and division and related knowledge of spatial imagination. Compared with mathematics knowledge in lower grades, students spatial imagination ability is required higher. Therefore, the mathematics teaching in the middle and high grades of primary schools should consciously infiltrate the mathematical thinking methods so as to help students better understand the mathematics knowledge they have learned. This paper focuses on the relevant measures of infiltrating mathematical thinking methods into mathematics teaching in middle and senior primary schools so as to better promote the improvement of students mathematics learning ability.
文摘Nowadays, more and more educators have affirmed that picture book plays an important significance in the development of children and thought that reading picture book is indispensable to the education of lower grades of elementary school.However, the teaching of reading in English, most teachers have not realized the satisfactory teaching effect, it is necessary to analyze the theoretical basis of English picture book and its application in the teaching of English reading in lower grades of elementary school and dig its value.
