FOXL 2 and CYP 19 B are crucial transcription factors in vertebrates and invertebrates that play pivotal roles in sex differentiation and gonadal development.The potential roles of the foxl 2 and cyp 19 b genes in sex...FOXL 2 and CYP 19 B are crucial transcription factors in vertebrates and invertebrates that play pivotal roles in sex differentiation and gonadal development.The potential roles of the foxl 2 and cyp 19 b genes in sex determination and gonadal development in Cyprinus carpio var.koi were explored using a non-invasive RNA interference(RNAi)method,histopathological observation and qPCR.Results demonstrate that foxl 2 exhibited a sexually dimorphic expression pattern in gonads,with a notable expression in ovaries;cyp 19 b was expressed in all peripheral tissues,with a particularly prominent expression in brain and gonads.The knockdown of foxl 2 by RNAi resulted in delay in the development of the female gonads.Conversely,no notable alterations were discerned in the gonads of C.carpio var.koi following the knockdown of cyp 19 b.The upregulation of sox 9 a,amh,and cyp 19 b following foxl 2 knockdown indicates that foxl 2 may play a pivotal role in gonadal development.Nevertheless,further investigation is required to ascertain the potential role of cyp 19 b.This study elucidated the role of foxl 2 and enhanced the understanding of the mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal development in C.carpio var.koi.展开更多
Russian sturgeon (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Acipenser gueldenstaedtii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></spa...Russian sturgeon (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Acipenser gueldenstaedtii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) is a primitive freshwater fish and a source of black caviar.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The genes involved in sexual determination and differentiation are still unknown and there are no molecular markers for sex identification in this species. Studying the variation of the sex-based differences in genomic sequences and in gene expression in the sturgeon may lead to markers of sex in early stages of development and advances in aquaculture, as well as provide novel insights about the evolution of reproduction, sex determination, and sexual differentiation mechanisms in vertebrates. Previous studies by our and other groups have identified differentially expressed genes in the gonads of adult female and male sturgeon. The current study aimed to test whether these ge</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nes were also differentially expressed in non-gonadal tissue, namely fins. We measured by qRT-PCR the mRNA levels of 29 known and novel sex-related genes in the gonads and fins of males (4 years old) and females (7 years old;sexual maturation is earlier in males than in females). Six genes (ATP6, IGFRM, LIA1A, S1A, NPL1A, GAPDH and SOX9) showed higher expression in female fin</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s. However, only ATP6 mRNA levels differed in fins of males and females of the same age (4 years old). These findings underscore the impracticality of sex identification based on gene expression in non-gonadal</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> tissue and the need for genetic sex markers in the Russian sturgeon.展开更多
The localization of nitric oxide synthases （NOS） is dealed with in the developing gonads of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. It was found by NADPH-diaphorase staining that （1） NOS activity was presen...The localization of nitric oxide synthases （NOS） is dealed with in the developing gonads of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. It was found by NADPH-diaphorase staining that （1） NOS activity was present in the nuclear membranes of germinal vesicles during the entire period ofoocyte development; （2） NOS was localized in both the nuclear membranes and the perinuclear region of cytoplasm in the vitellogenetic oocytes; （3） NOS was relocated in the cortical layer in the mature egg; （4） NOS activity was present in spermatocytes, but not in the spermatogonia in the middle of October; （5） NOS was detected in both spermatozoa and spermatids as well as spermatocytes during the breeding season. This is the first report on the distribution pattern of NOS in the developing gonads in protochordates. These results suggest a role for NOS in the functioning of the nuclear membranes and yolk synthesis during oogenesis and in cell division and differentiation during spermatogenesis.展开更多
Chinese tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)is an economically important marine fish species with a ZZ/ZW sex determination mechanism,which can be influenced by temperature.Alternative splicing(AS)is an important mecha...Chinese tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)is an economically important marine fish species with a ZZ/ZW sex determination mechanism,which can be influenced by temperature.Alternative splicing(AS)is an important mechanism regulating the expression of genes related to sex determination and gonadal differentiation,but has rarely been reported in fish.In this study,to explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal differentiation,we combined isoform and RNA sequencing(Iso-Seq and RNA-Seq)to perform transcriptome profiling of male and female gonads in C.semilaevis.In total,81883 and 32341 full-length transcripts were obtained in males and females,respectively.A total of 8279 AS genes were identified,including 2639 genes showing differential AS(DAS)between males and females.Many intersecting DAS genes and differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were enriched in the meiotic cell cycle pathway,and genes related to gonadal differentiation,such as esrrb and wt1a,were found to have sex-specific isoforms.Thus,this study revealed AS events in the gonadal transcriptomes of male and female C.semilaevis,described the characteristics of active transcription in the testes,and identified candidate genes for studying the regulatory mechanisms of AS during gonadal differentiation.展开更多
The gonadal histopathology, and its correlation with the clinical features has been investigated in 9 true hermaphroditism patients, aged 5-21 yr. Seven of 9 patients had been raised as females, of which the chromosom...The gonadal histopathology, and its correlation with the clinical features has been investigated in 9 true hermaphroditism patients, aged 5-21 yr. Seven of 9 patients had been raised as females, of which the chromosomal karyotype was 46XX in 5 cases, 46XX/46XY and 46XX/47XXY in 2 cases. Two of 9 pa- tients were raised as males, the chromosomal karyotypes being 46XX and 46XX/46XY. All 9 patients had testicular tissue excised, and biopsies of the conserved ovarian tissue were performed. Ovotestis was the most common form of the abnormal gonads; two of 9 patients had bilateral ovotestes, seven had unilateral ovotestes (5 in right side, 2 in left side). In seven patients with a unilateral ovotestis, 6 had a contralateral ovary and one had a contralateral testis. Microscopically, the ovarian tissue of 11 ovotestes, including 6 biopsies from contealateral ovaris, were normal, with many primordal follicles and a few growing follicles. In two of the patients, aged over 15 years, evidence of ovulation was observed. In comparison, the testicu- lar tissue of the ovotestis and the one left inguinal testis was histologically abnormal, with immature semi- niferous tubules, most of which filled with Sertoli cells only. Three of 9 patients married after surgical treatment. Two of these subsequently conceived and delivered of normal infants by cesarean section.展开更多
Elk (Elaphurus davidianus) is a rare species native to China, and much less efforts have been dedicated to gonadal histology of male elk.The microscopic morphology of gonadal tissue of elk was observed by paraffin met...Elk (Elaphurus davidianus) is a rare species native to China, and much less efforts have been dedicated to gonadal histology of male elk.The microscopic morphology of gonadal tissue of elk was observed by paraffin method. The results showed that the tunica albuginea testis was com-posed of collagenous fibers and elastic fibers, with the thickness of about 1 054 μm, and a large number of blood vessels were distributed in tunica albuginea;the seminiferous tubule was about 203 μm in diameter, with uneven thickness of tubule wall, which was consisted of sustentacular cells and spermatogenic cells;there were interstitial cells and blood vessels between seminiferous tubules. The epididymis contained more than 20 effer-ent ducts and a long curly epididymal duct;the capsule thickness at epididymis head was about 53 μm, and that at epididymis body and tail was400-1 000 μm;the epithelium of efferent duct was pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells;the wall epithelium of epididymal duct was composed of tall columnar cells at proximal lumina and stroma cells at distal lumina;the epithelial basement membrane of efferent duct and epididymal duct contained circular smooth muscle. The wall of spermatic duct was divided into mucosae, tunica muscularis and tunica adventitia. The tunica muscu-laris was well developed, which was smooth muscle fiber.展开更多
Background and Aims: Mesocentrotus nudus is commercially harvested from shallow rocky bottoms in northern Japan. The gonads are targeted as an edible product. The objective of this study was to identify odor-active vo...Background and Aims: Mesocentrotus nudus is commercially harvested from shallow rocky bottoms in northern Japan. The gonads are targeted as an edible product. The objective of this study was to identify odor-active volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the gonads of adult M. nudus collected at a fishing ground in Miyagi Prefecture, Tohoku, Japan. Methods and Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and gas chromatography-sniffing techniques identified 42 compounds categorized as alcohols, aldehydes, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, halomethanes, hydrocarbons, ketones, sulfur-containing compounds, and nitrogen-containing compounds. GC-sniffing analysis characterized four compounds with preferable odors of sea urchin gonads;limonene, propyl acetate, acetone, dibromochloromethane. On the other hand, the analysis characterized three compounds with unpreferable odors;methyl mercaptane, dimethyl sulfide, and s-methyl thioacetate. Several VOCs from the gonads were derived from seaweeds, terrestrial plants, and fish flesh as food because M. nudus is omnivorous. Conclusion: This is the first study to identify VOCs from edible sea urchin gonads in the wild in Japan. These VOC data comprise a typical standard in order to evaluate a higher quality of sea urchin gonads.展开更多
Using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) anti-idiotypic antibodies and APA immunohistochemical method, the immunoreactivity of GnRHR in the nervous system, Hatschek’s pit and gonads of amphioxus has been located. ...Using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) anti-idiotypic antibodies and APA immunohistochemical method, the immunoreactivity of GnRHR in the nervous system, Hatschek’s pit and gonads of amphioxus has been located. It is found for the first time that the immunoreactivity of GnRHR exists in the nerve cells and fibers in the amphioxus’s brain and nerve tube and the epithelial cells of Hatschek’s pit at the different stages of gonadal development. At the same time, it is also found that GnRHR also exists in the ovary and testis of different developed stages. These findings provide morphological new proof for the informative transfer and regulation between brain and Hatschek’s pit mediation by GnRHR, and for the understanding of the mechanism of action on the reproductive endocrine control axis among brain-Hatschek’s pit-gonads.展开更多
Among vertebrate species,fishes are considered to be the most developmentally diverse taxa exhibiting remarkable gonadal plasticity with capacity of sex reversal.Sex determination in teleost fishes is governed via a c...Among vertebrate species,fishes are considered to be the most developmentally diverse taxa exhibiting remarkable gonadal plasticity with capacity of sex reversal.Sex determination in teleost fishes is governed via a complex regulatory network involving multiple genetic,environmental(temperature,population density,pH),social interaction/stress factors.Piscine germ-line originates as Primordial germ cells(PGC)from cleavage blastomeres/endoderm and gets specified by maternal inheritance of Vasa,N anos,Tdrds,Dnd,Dazl etc and subsequently migrates to reach the embryonic gonadal primordium.Post-hatching,mitotically active germ cells(Gc)continue to proliferate via two distinct pathways-firstly,stem cell-like mode followed by meiosis-committed cystic division.In Japanese rice fish medaka,Oryzias latipes sex gets determined on the chromosomal basis,where XY becomes a male because of testicular Dmy transcription and XX develops as female owing to Gc restricted Foxl 3 expression.Sex specific germ-line stem cell systems also have been found in adult O.latipes.Intriguingly in teleost fishes,the developmental fate of transplanted Gc do not depend on the sex of the donor rather solely relies upon the sex of the recipient.Furthermore,sexually mature piscine gonads remain developmentally plastic showing extensive responsiveness towards sex steroids.The critical regulation of gonadal differentiation is directed by female specific 17β-estradiol(E2)and bio-active male androgen 11-keto-testosretone(11-kT).Various transcription factors(TFs)e.g.-Dmrt1,DAX1,Ad4BP/SF-1,Foxl 2 regulate the bio-conversion rate of testosterone(T)to either E2 or 11-kT.Similarly,multiple endocrine factors(EFs)e.g.-LH,FSH,E2,11-kT and growth factors(GFs)e.g-AMH,GSDF,IGF-1/3,GDF-9/BMP-15 critically induce Gc differentiation to regulate the gametogenic output.In this article we have precisely discussed the endocrine regulation of Gc development during gonadal maturation of teleosts.展开更多
Objective:To determine the fatty acids profiles in female fish,Rhabdosargus sarba(R.sarba)from the Red Sea during the spawning season.Methods:Monthly individual R.sarba were obtained from Bangalah market in Jeddah,Red...Objective:To determine the fatty acids profiles in female fish,Rhabdosargus sarba(R.sarba)from the Red Sea during the spawning season.Methods:Monthly individual R.sarba were obtained from Bangalah market in Jeddah,Red Sea and transported to the laboratory in ice aquarium.The total length,standard length and weight were measured,fishes were dissected.Ovaries were removed,weighed and 10 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid were added to 10 g of the ovary in a conical flask and immersed in boiling water until the sample was dissolved and the fat was seen to collect on the surface.The conical was cooled and the fat was extracted by shaking with 30 mL of diethyl ether.The extract was bowled after allowing the layers to separate into a weighed flask.The extraction was repeated three times more and distilled off the solvent then the fat dried at 100℃,cooled and weighed.Then 50 mg of lipid was put in a tube,5 mL of methanolic sulphuric acid was added and 2 mL of benzene,the tube well closed and placed in water bath at 90℃for an hour and a half.After cooling,8 mL water and 5 mL petroleum were added and shaked strongly and the ethereal layer was separated in a dry tube,evaporated to dryness.The fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by using a Hewlett Packard(HP 6890)chromatography,a split/splitless injector and flame ionization detector.Results:In female R.sarba,a total of 29 fatty acids were detected in ovaries throughout the spawning season.The main fatty acid group in total lipid was saturated fatty acid(SFA,28.9%),followed by 23.5%of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)and 12.9%of monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA).The dominant SFA were palmitic and stearic,the major MUFA were palmitoleic and oleic,and the major PUFA were C18:2 and C22:2.During spawning stages,there were no significant differences in total SFA,MUFA and PUFA.The highest value of SFA was in late spawning(36.78%).However,the highest value of MUFA and PUFA was in spawning(16.70%and 24.96%respectively).During spawning season there were significant differences in total SFA between March(late spawning stage)and December(nearly ripe stage),P<0.05.Conclusions:From the present study it has been shown that 29 fatty acids were detected in ovaries of R.sarba throughout the spawning season.The main fatty acid group in total lipid was SFA followed by PUFA and MUFA.The dominant SFA were palmitic and stearic,the major MUFA were palmitoleic and oleic,and the major PUFA were C18:2 and C22:2.The highest value of SFA was in late spawning.However,the highest value of MUFA and PUFA was in spawning.展开更多
BACKGROUND With the increasing use of laparoscopic techniques in living-donor kidney transplantation,limitations in donor vessel length,particularly of the right renal vein,pose significant challenges for vascular ana...BACKGROUND With the increasing use of laparoscopic techniques in living-donor kidney transplantation,limitations in donor vessel length,particularly of the right renal vein,pose significant challenges for vascular anastomosis to the recipient’s external iliac vein.These anatomical constraints can complicate graft implantation and increase the risk of postoperative complications.CASE SUMMARY To address the issue of short right renal veins,several surgical strategies have been proposed.In this report,we describe our experience with three cases in which venous extension was successfully achieved using a venous cuff interposition technique during back-table reconstruction.This approach was used to facilitate secure vascular anastomosis and improve graft positioning in anatomically complex transplant scenarios.CONCLUSION Venous cuff interposition represents an effective technique for managing short renal veins in living-donor kidney transplantation.It provides additional length and flexibility,easing anastomotic tension and supporting successful transplantation.展开更多
MiR-202-5p is identified as the maker microRNA(miRNA)of germplasm in fish.However,the role of miR-202-5p in gonadal development is still unclear.Here we investigated the expression patterns of miR-202-5p in Japanese f...MiR-202-5p is identified as the maker microRNA(miRNA)of germplasm in fish.However,the role of miR-202-5p in gonadal development is still unclear.Here we investigated the expression patterns of miR-202-5p in Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus).Real-time PCR displayed that miR-202-5p was specifically expressed in bisexual gonads,and its transcription in the testis was relatively abundant than that in the ovary.Moreover,it was gradually increased in testis from stage II to stage IV.Fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH)illustrated that miR-202-5p was co-localized with vasa(a marker gene of germ cells)in testis,and it was predominately expressed in spermatogonia and spermatocytes,implying that miR-202-5p might participate in spermatogenesis.Considering the important role of retinoic acid(RA)on regulating meiosis during spermatogenesis,we treated Japanese flounders by injecting all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA).MiR-202-5p in testis was shown to be up-regulated,and ccnd1,a key cell cycle regulator,was found to be down-regulated after ATRA treatment.Furthermore,ccnd1 was demonstrated to be a direct regulatory target of miR-202-5p using Dual-luciferase assay.In the primary testis cell from Japanese flounder,we further confirmed that ccnd1 was down-regulated by miR-202-5p.The results suggest that miR-202-5p exerts a crucial role in gonadal development by inhibiting ccnd1 in Japanese flounder.展开更多
Numerous studies have showed that sox3 is involved in neurogenesis and sex differentiation in vertebrates.However,the accurate expression pattern is still unclear in fish.In this study,medaka sox3 was isolated and its...Numerous studies have showed that sox3 is involved in neurogenesis and sex differentiation in vertebrates.However,the accurate expression pattern is still unclear in fish.In this study,medaka sox3 was isolated and its expression patterns were compared with germ cell gene vasa in adult gonads.By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)analysis,sox3 RNA expression was detected in the brain,eyes and gonads.By chromogenic and fluorescent in situ hybridization,sox3 was present in the oogonia and early stages of oocytes as well as granulosa cells and theca cells in the later stages;in the testis,sox3 was occurred in the Sertoli cells and sperm with a specific signal in the location of chromatid body of sperm;in the embryos,sox3 was expressed in the central nervous.These results suggest that medaka sox3 gene was occurred in somatic and germ cells in adult gonads of both sexes,involved in the process of spermatogenesis,as well as the development of the nervous system.This study provides a precise expression pattern of sox3 and suggests that sox3 may be involved in gonadal and nervous system development of fish.展开更多
PURPOSE:To investigate the differences in gut microbial characteristics between two traditional Chinese syndromes of premature ovarian insufficiency(POI).METHODS:Forty women with POI were recruited from the Department...PURPOSE:To investigate the differences in gut microbial characteristics between two traditional Chinese syndromes of premature ovarian insufficiency(POI).METHODS:Forty women with POI were recruited from the Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital between June and December 2020.Women with POI were divided into the kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome(SDBS)and Qi and blood deficiency syndrome(QBDS)groups.Gut microbial community profiles were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using an Illumina Mi Seq system.A retrospective study comparing hormone levels and gut microbiota information was performed between the SDBS and QBDS groups.RESULTS:Compared with the QBDS group,the serum levels of estradiol(E2)and anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)were significantly decreased in the SDBS group.The quantities of Adlercreutzia,Eggerthella,Klebsiella,and Paraprevotella significantly increased in the SDBS group,whereas Lactobacillus decreased significantly.Moreover,alterations in the microbiome in the SDBS and QBDS groups were closely related to the levels of E2 and AMH.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the classification of the two syndromes by the gut microbiome was 0.71.CONCLUSIONS:There were significant differences in the dominant microbiota between the SDBS and QBDS groups,and the change in Proteobacteria in the QBDS group was more significant.The characteristics of gut microbiota help us differentiate between the SDBS and QBDS groups,which may provide a basis for the objectification of TCM syndrome types.展开更多
Studying the reproductive system of the pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner&Buhrer)Nickle,will identify its characteristics and life cycle.This is crucial for developing more targeted control str...Studying the reproductive system of the pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner&Buhrer)Nickle,will identify its characteristics and life cycle.This is crucial for developing more targeted control strategies.In this study,the development of the gonads and reproductive organs were observed using microscopy,gonad dissection,and DAPI staining techniques.Second-stage juveniles(J2)had gonads composed of four primordial germ cells(Z1,Z2,Z3,and Z4)that form the adult gonads by proliferation within 72 h at 25℃.There were subtle differences in somatic gonad cell morphology between males and females,which developed from Z1 and Z4 in third-stage juveniles(J3).These differences became more pronounced at fourth-stage juveniles(J4)and adult stages.Z2 and Z3 germ cells underwent mitosis and two rounds of meiosis,ultimately developing into male and female gametes.Female vulval precursor cells and male cloacal cells developed rapidly during the J4 stage.These results provide a basis for identifying the expression sites and biological functions of key genes regulating reproductive system development.Based on this,in situ hybridization and RNA interference(RNAi)were used to determine the function of the Bxy-glp-1 gene to show that it is involved in vulval formation and spermatogenesis.The results of this study will lay the foundation for disrupting critical stages in the reproduction of B.xylophilus.展开更多
Hedgehog(HH)signaling has been researched for decades and Hedgehog has 3 homologs:Sonic Hedgehog(Shh),Indian Hedgehog(Ihh),and Desert Hedgehog(Dhh).Dhh is the one involved in male gonad and germ cell development.The d...Hedgehog(HH)signaling has been researched for decades and Hedgehog has 3 homologs:Sonic Hedgehog(Shh),Indian Hedgehog(Ihh),and Desert Hedgehog(Dhh).Dhh is the one involved in male gonad and germ cell development.The distribution of molecules in Hedgehog signaling in testis indicated that Hedgehog signaling executes important functions during testis development.The patients with Dhh signaling deficiency develop dysgenesis of gonads and hormone production which demands further exploration of gonad HH signaling.Some results proved the indispensable roles of HH signaling in gonad and germ cell development and the interaction with hormones.This review evaluates HH functions in the testis and how HH affects and is affected by hormones and provides novel insights about HH signaling to the readers.展开更多
Chorionic gonadotropinα(Cgα)functions as the shared subunit for thyroid-stimulating hormone subunitβ(Tshβ),luteinizing hormone subunitβ(Lhβ),and follicle-stimulating hormone subunitβ(Fshβ).While theseβ-subuni...Chorionic gonadotropinα(Cgα)functions as the shared subunit for thyroid-stimulating hormone subunitβ(Tshβ),luteinizing hormone subunitβ(Lhβ),and follicle-stimulating hormone subunitβ(Fshβ).While theseβ-subunits have been extensively studied using effective gene knockout models in zebrafish,the biological role of Cgαremains elusive.In this study,cgα-deficient zebrafish generated via transcription activator-like effector nucleases(TALENs)exhibited viability but displayed pronounced developmental abnormalities,including growth retardation,hyperpigmentation,reduced thyroxine(T4)levels,and defective anterior swim bladder inflation during juvenile stages.In adults,cgαdeficiency led to disrupted gonadal development,impaired secondary sex characteristics(SSCs),and severely impacted reproductive behavior in both female and male fish.Notably,both testicular and ovarian differentiation were observed in cgα-deficient fish and lhβ^(−/−);fshβ^(−/−)mutants.Gonadal sex differentiation in cgα-deficient zebrafish exhibited a pronounced shift toward testicular fate upon additional disruption of fshβ(cgα^(−/−);fshβ^(−/−)),marked by elevated anti-Müllerian hormone(amh)expression,or following loss of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor(fshr)(cgα^(−/−);fshr^(−/−)).In vitro assays in Chinese hamster ovary(CHO)cells revealed increased cAMP response element(CRE)promoter activity following transfection with constructs encoding Fshr,Fshβ/Fshr,or Cgα/Fshβ/Fshr.Collectively,the phenotypes observed in cgα-deficient fish recapitulate those of thyrotropin-and gonadotropin-disrupted models,highlighting the essential role of Cgαin thyroid and gonadal function.Importantly,these findings uncover the role of Fsh signaling in maintaining proper ovarian differentiation in zebrafish,including Cgα-independent Fshβactivity and the constitutive functionality of Fshr.展开更多
Leiomyosarcoma of the gonadal vein is an exceedingly rare entity, representing a small subset of smooth muscle tumors that more commonly arise in the retroperitoneum, uterus, and blood vessels. To date, fewer than 10 ...Leiomyosarcoma of the gonadal vein is an exceedingly rare entity, representing a small subset of smooth muscle tumors that more commonly arise in the retroperitoneum, uterus, and blood vessels. To date, fewer than 10 cases of gonadal vein leiomyosarcoma have been reported in the literature, highlighting its rarity and the limited understanding of its clinical behavior. These tumors are often diagnosed incidentally or present with nonspecific symptoms, such as abdominal pain or a palpable mass, which can complicate early detection. The proximity of gonadal vein leiomyosarcomas to critical structures, such as the ureter, renal vessels, and surrounding organs, introduces unique diagnostic and surgical challenges. Previous reports have underscored the importance of advanced imaging techniques, including CT and MRI, in delineating the tumor’s anatomical relationships and guiding surgical planning. This case, involving a leiomyosarcoma closely associated with the patient’s left ureter, provides an opportunity to build on existing knowledge by addressing the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, treatment pathway, and long-term follow-up strategies required for optimal management. By presenting this detailed review, we aim to contribute valuable insights into the diagnosis and management of this rare malignancy.展开更多
The vaginal microbiome plays a pivotal role in maintaining vaginal health and protecting the host from various diseases.There is a broad agreement within the scientific community that the vaginal microbiome exhibits s...The vaginal microbiome plays a pivotal role in maintaining vaginal health and protecting the host from various diseases.There is a broad agreement within the scientific community that the vaginal microbiome exhibits stable bacterial diversity,influenced by age and gonadal hormone levels,and is classified into distinct Community-State Types.A healthy vaginal microbiome is typically characterized by a predominance of Lactobacillus spp.,which acidifies the vaginal environment and is essential in defending against invading microbial pathogens.This review examines the evolution of the vaginal microbiome’s composition throughout a woman’s life.It also explores how exogenous factors influence the homeostasis of this microbiome,leading to either a state of eubiosis or dysbiosis.The main factors supporting eubiosis of the vaginal microbiome include diet,probiotic intake,certain personal hygiene practices,and hormonal contraceptives,while the major contributors to dysbiosis are psychosocial stress,tobacco smoking,and sexual activity.This state of dysbiosis is strongly associated with a range of adverse vaginal health outcomes,including preterm birth,bacterial vaginosis,pelvic inflammatory disease,and a higher risk of sexually transmitted infections.展开更多
BACKGROUND Primary testicular lymphoma(PTL)is a rare,aggressive malignancy,representing a small fraction of testicular tumors and non-Hodgkin lymphomas,yet it is the most common testicular malignancy in older men.Diff...BACKGROUND Primary testicular lymphoma(PTL)is a rare,aggressive malignancy,representing a small fraction of testicular tumors and non-Hodgkin lymphomas,yet it is the most common testicular malignancy in older men.Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL),which is typically the aggressive subtype,dominates PTL and shows diffuse B-cell infiltration.Venous tumor thrombus,uncommon in lymphomas,is uniquely reported in this case of testicular DLBCL with gonadal vein involvement.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old man presented with a two-month history of painless left testicular swelling and stiffness.Diagnostic imaging[ultrasonography,computed tomography(CT),and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT(18FFDG-PET/CT)]revealed bilateral testicular masses and a gonadal vein tumor thrombus(SUVmax 16.5).Left orchiectomy confirmed DLBCL with CD20,Bcl-2,and MUM1 positivity(Ki-67:approximately 80%).The disease was staged as Ann Arbor stage IVA(International Prognostic Index score 3,high-intermediate risk).The patient received Rituximab,Polatuzumab Vedotin,Cyclophosphamide,Epirubicin,and Prednisolone chemotherapy,completing the first cycle with good tolerability.No adverse events were reported,and follow-up is ongoing to assess long-term outcomes.This case highlights the diagnostic utility of 18F-FDGPET/CT and the importance of multidisciplinary management in rare PTL presentations with tumor thrombus.CONCLUSION This case demonstrates the diagnostic complexities of PTL with gonadal vein tumor thrombus,underscoring the importance of considering lymphoma in elderly patients with testicular masses and venous involvement.A multi-disciplinary team including urologists,hematologists,and radiation oncologists is needed to ensure appropriate therapy.展开更多
基金Supported by the Qingdao Aquarium Technology Collaborative Innovation Center Cooperation Project(No.20210021)the Researching Key Technologies for Selecting Excellent Koi Carp Germplasm(No.20223702032291)the Qingdao Agricultural University Tangwang Koi Carp Joint R&D Center Collaborative Project(No.20220271)。
文摘FOXL 2 and CYP 19 B are crucial transcription factors in vertebrates and invertebrates that play pivotal roles in sex differentiation and gonadal development.The potential roles of the foxl 2 and cyp 19 b genes in sex determination and gonadal development in Cyprinus carpio var.koi were explored using a non-invasive RNA interference(RNAi)method,histopathological observation and qPCR.Results demonstrate that foxl 2 exhibited a sexually dimorphic expression pattern in gonads,with a notable expression in ovaries;cyp 19 b was expressed in all peripheral tissues,with a particularly prominent expression in brain and gonads.The knockdown of foxl 2 by RNAi resulted in delay in the development of the female gonads.Conversely,no notable alterations were discerned in the gonads of C.carpio var.koi following the knockdown of cyp 19 b.The upregulation of sox 9 a,amh,and cyp 19 b following foxl 2 knockdown indicates that foxl 2 may play a pivotal role in gonadal development.Nevertheless,further investigation is required to ascertain the potential role of cyp 19 b.This study elucidated the role of foxl 2 and enhanced the understanding of the mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal development in C.carpio var.koi.
文摘Russian sturgeon (<i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Acipenser gueldenstaedtii</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) is a primitive freshwater fish and a source of black caviar.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The genes involved in sexual determination and differentiation are still unknown and there are no molecular markers for sex identification in this species. Studying the variation of the sex-based differences in genomic sequences and in gene expression in the sturgeon may lead to markers of sex in early stages of development and advances in aquaculture, as well as provide novel insights about the evolution of reproduction, sex determination, and sexual differentiation mechanisms in vertebrates. Previous studies by our and other groups have identified differentially expressed genes in the gonads of adult female and male sturgeon. The current study aimed to test whether these ge</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nes were also differentially expressed in non-gonadal tissue, namely fins. We measured by qRT-PCR the mRNA levels of 29 known and novel sex-related genes in the gonads and fins of males (4 years old) and females (7 years old;sexual maturation is earlier in males than in females). Six genes (ATP6, IGFRM, LIA1A, S1A, NPL1A, GAPDH and SOX9) showed higher expression in female fin</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s. However, only ATP6 mRNA levels differed in fins of males and females of the same age (4 years old). These findings underscore the impracticality of sex identification based on gene expression in non-gonadal</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> tissue and the need for genetic sex markers in the Russian sturgeon.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.30470203.
文摘The localization of nitric oxide synthases （NOS） is dealed with in the developing gonads of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. It was found by NADPH-diaphorase staining that （1） NOS activity was present in the nuclear membranes of germinal vesicles during the entire period ofoocyte development; （2） NOS was localized in both the nuclear membranes and the perinuclear region of cytoplasm in the vitellogenetic oocytes; （3） NOS was relocated in the cortical layer in the mature egg; （4） NOS activity was present in spermatocytes, but not in the spermatogonia in the middle of October; （5） NOS was detected in both spermatozoa and spermatids as well as spermatocytes during the breeding season. This is the first report on the distribution pattern of NOS in the developing gonads in protochordates. These results suggest a role for NOS in the functioning of the nuclear membranes and yolk synthesis during oogenesis and in cell division and differentiation during spermatogenesis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31722058,31802275,and 31472269)National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0900301)+6 种基金AoShan Talents Cultivation Program Supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(2017ASTCP-ES06)Taishan Scholar Project Fund of Shandong of China to C.W.S.National Ten-Thousands Talents Special Support Program to C.W.S.Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,CAFS(2020TD19)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,YSFRI,CAFS(20603022021018)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-47-G03)Guangdong South China Sea Key Laboratory of Aquaculture for Aquatic Economic Animals,Guangdong Ocean University(KFKT2019ZD03)。
文摘Chinese tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)is an economically important marine fish species with a ZZ/ZW sex determination mechanism,which can be influenced by temperature.Alternative splicing(AS)is an important mechanism regulating the expression of genes related to sex determination and gonadal differentiation,but has rarely been reported in fish.In this study,to explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal differentiation,we combined isoform and RNA sequencing(Iso-Seq and RNA-Seq)to perform transcriptome profiling of male and female gonads in C.semilaevis.In total,81883 and 32341 full-length transcripts were obtained in males and females,respectively.A total of 8279 AS genes were identified,including 2639 genes showing differential AS(DAS)between males and females.Many intersecting DAS genes and differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were enriched in the meiotic cell cycle pathway,and genes related to gonadal differentiation,such as esrrb and wt1a,were found to have sex-specific isoforms.Thus,this study revealed AS events in the gonadal transcriptomes of male and female C.semilaevis,described the characteristics of active transcription in the testes,and identified candidate genes for studying the regulatory mechanisms of AS during gonadal differentiation.
文摘The gonadal histopathology, and its correlation with the clinical features has been investigated in 9 true hermaphroditism patients, aged 5-21 yr. Seven of 9 patients had been raised as females, of which the chromosomal karyotype was 46XX in 5 cases, 46XX/46XY and 46XX/47XXY in 2 cases. Two of 9 pa- tients were raised as males, the chromosomal karyotypes being 46XX and 46XX/46XY. All 9 patients had testicular tissue excised, and biopsies of the conserved ovarian tissue were performed. Ovotestis was the most common form of the abnormal gonads; two of 9 patients had bilateral ovotestes, seven had unilateral ovotestes (5 in right side, 2 in left side). In seven patients with a unilateral ovotestis, 6 had a contralateral ovary and one had a contralateral testis. Microscopically, the ovarian tissue of 11 ovotestes, including 6 biopsies from contealateral ovaris, were normal, with many primordal follicles and a few growing follicles. In two of the patients, aged over 15 years, evidence of ovulation was observed. In comparison, the testicu- lar tissue of the ovotestis and the one left inguinal testis was histologically abnormal, with immature semi- niferous tubules, most of which filled with Sertoli cells only. Three of 9 patients married after surgical treatment. Two of these subsequently conceived and delivered of normal infants by cesarean section.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education(B2018522)
文摘Elk (Elaphurus davidianus) is a rare species native to China, and much less efforts have been dedicated to gonadal histology of male elk.The microscopic morphology of gonadal tissue of elk was observed by paraffin method. The results showed that the tunica albuginea testis was com-posed of collagenous fibers and elastic fibers, with the thickness of about 1 054 μm, and a large number of blood vessels were distributed in tunica albuginea;the seminiferous tubule was about 203 μm in diameter, with uneven thickness of tubule wall, which was consisted of sustentacular cells and spermatogenic cells;there were interstitial cells and blood vessels between seminiferous tubules. The epididymis contained more than 20 effer-ent ducts and a long curly epididymal duct;the capsule thickness at epididymis head was about 53 μm, and that at epididymis body and tail was400-1 000 μm;the epithelium of efferent duct was pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells;the wall epithelium of epididymal duct was composed of tall columnar cells at proximal lumina and stroma cells at distal lumina;the epithelial basement membrane of efferent duct and epididymal duct contained circular smooth muscle. The wall of spermatic duct was divided into mucosae, tunica muscularis and tunica adventitia. The tunica muscu-laris was well developed, which was smooth muscle fiber.
文摘Background and Aims: Mesocentrotus nudus is commercially harvested from shallow rocky bottoms in northern Japan. The gonads are targeted as an edible product. The objective of this study was to identify odor-active volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the gonads of adult M. nudus collected at a fishing ground in Miyagi Prefecture, Tohoku, Japan. Methods and Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and gas chromatography-sniffing techniques identified 42 compounds categorized as alcohols, aldehydes, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, halomethanes, hydrocarbons, ketones, sulfur-containing compounds, and nitrogen-containing compounds. GC-sniffing analysis characterized four compounds with preferable odors of sea urchin gonads;limonene, propyl acetate, acetone, dibromochloromethane. On the other hand, the analysis characterized three compounds with unpreferable odors;methyl mercaptane, dimethyl sulfide, and s-methyl thioacetate. Several VOCs from the gonads were derived from seaweeds, terrestrial plants, and fish flesh as food because M. nudus is omnivorous. Conclusion: This is the first study to identify VOCs from edible sea urchin gonads in the wild in Japan. These VOC data comprise a typical standard in order to evaluate a higher quality of sea urchin gonads.
文摘Using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) anti-idiotypic antibodies and APA immunohistochemical method, the immunoreactivity of GnRHR in the nervous system, Hatschek’s pit and gonads of amphioxus has been located. It is found for the first time that the immunoreactivity of GnRHR exists in the nerve cells and fibers in the amphioxus’s brain and nerve tube and the epithelial cells of Hatschek’s pit at the different stages of gonadal development. At the same time, it is also found that GnRHR also exists in the ovary and testis of different developed stages. These findings provide morphological new proof for the informative transfer and regulation between brain and Hatschek’s pit mediation by GnRHR, and for the understanding of the mechanism of action on the reproductive endocrine control axis among brain-Hatschek’s pit-gonads.
基金funded by Department of Science and Technology(DST-SERB,file number-(ECR/2018/000864),Govt.of India to IBWe are grateful to the Hon’ble Vice Chancellor,HNB Garhwal University,Uttarakhand(HNBGU),past and present Head(s),Dept.of Zoology,HNBGU,for valuable supportIB is thankful to the Hon’ble Vice Chancellor and Dept.of Zoology,Central University of Kerala,Periye Campus,Kasaragod,Kerala for necessary infrastructural support.
文摘Among vertebrate species,fishes are considered to be the most developmentally diverse taxa exhibiting remarkable gonadal plasticity with capacity of sex reversal.Sex determination in teleost fishes is governed via a complex regulatory network involving multiple genetic,environmental(temperature,population density,pH),social interaction/stress factors.Piscine germ-line originates as Primordial germ cells(PGC)from cleavage blastomeres/endoderm and gets specified by maternal inheritance of Vasa,N anos,Tdrds,Dnd,Dazl etc and subsequently migrates to reach the embryonic gonadal primordium.Post-hatching,mitotically active germ cells(Gc)continue to proliferate via two distinct pathways-firstly,stem cell-like mode followed by meiosis-committed cystic division.In Japanese rice fish medaka,Oryzias latipes sex gets determined on the chromosomal basis,where XY becomes a male because of testicular Dmy transcription and XX develops as female owing to Gc restricted Foxl 3 expression.Sex specific germ-line stem cell systems also have been found in adult O.latipes.Intriguingly in teleost fishes,the developmental fate of transplanted Gc do not depend on the sex of the donor rather solely relies upon the sex of the recipient.Furthermore,sexually mature piscine gonads remain developmentally plastic showing extensive responsiveness towards sex steroids.The critical regulation of gonadal differentiation is directed by female specific 17β-estradiol(E2)and bio-active male androgen 11-keto-testosretone(11-kT).Various transcription factors(TFs)e.g.-Dmrt1,DAX1,Ad4BP/SF-1,Foxl 2 regulate the bio-conversion rate of testosterone(T)to either E2 or 11-kT.Similarly,multiple endocrine factors(EFs)e.g.-LH,FSH,E2,11-kT and growth factors(GFs)e.g-AMH,GSDF,IGF-1/3,GDF-9/BMP-15 critically induce Gc differentiation to regulate the gametogenic output.In this article we have precisely discussed the endocrine regulation of Gc development during gonadal maturation of teleosts.
基金Supported by grants from the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology under grant no.(T-T-10-0179).
文摘Objective:To determine the fatty acids profiles in female fish,Rhabdosargus sarba(R.sarba)from the Red Sea during the spawning season.Methods:Monthly individual R.sarba were obtained from Bangalah market in Jeddah,Red Sea and transported to the laboratory in ice aquarium.The total length,standard length and weight were measured,fishes were dissected.Ovaries were removed,weighed and 10 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid were added to 10 g of the ovary in a conical flask and immersed in boiling water until the sample was dissolved and the fat was seen to collect on the surface.The conical was cooled and the fat was extracted by shaking with 30 mL of diethyl ether.The extract was bowled after allowing the layers to separate into a weighed flask.The extraction was repeated three times more and distilled off the solvent then the fat dried at 100℃,cooled and weighed.Then 50 mg of lipid was put in a tube,5 mL of methanolic sulphuric acid was added and 2 mL of benzene,the tube well closed and placed in water bath at 90℃for an hour and a half.After cooling,8 mL water and 5 mL petroleum were added and shaked strongly and the ethereal layer was separated in a dry tube,evaporated to dryness.The fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by using a Hewlett Packard(HP 6890)chromatography,a split/splitless injector and flame ionization detector.Results:In female R.sarba,a total of 29 fatty acids were detected in ovaries throughout the spawning season.The main fatty acid group in total lipid was saturated fatty acid(SFA,28.9%),followed by 23.5%of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)and 12.9%of monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA).The dominant SFA were palmitic and stearic,the major MUFA were palmitoleic and oleic,and the major PUFA were C18:2 and C22:2.During spawning stages,there were no significant differences in total SFA,MUFA and PUFA.The highest value of SFA was in late spawning(36.78%).However,the highest value of MUFA and PUFA was in spawning(16.70%and 24.96%respectively).During spawning season there were significant differences in total SFA between March(late spawning stage)and December(nearly ripe stage),P<0.05.Conclusions:From the present study it has been shown that 29 fatty acids were detected in ovaries of R.sarba throughout the spawning season.The main fatty acid group in total lipid was SFA followed by PUFA and MUFA.The dominant SFA were palmitic and stearic,the major MUFA were palmitoleic and oleic,and the major PUFA were C18:2 and C22:2.The highest value of SFA was in late spawning.However,the highest value of MUFA and PUFA was in spawning.
文摘BACKGROUND With the increasing use of laparoscopic techniques in living-donor kidney transplantation,limitations in donor vessel length,particularly of the right renal vein,pose significant challenges for vascular anastomosis to the recipient’s external iliac vein.These anatomical constraints can complicate graft implantation and increase the risk of postoperative complications.CASE SUMMARY To address the issue of short right renal veins,several surgical strategies have been proposed.In this report,we describe our experience with three cases in which venous extension was successfully achieved using a venous cuff interposition technique during back-table reconstruction.This approach was used to facilitate secure vascular anastomosis and improve graft positioning in anatomically complex transplant scenarios.CONCLUSION Venous cuff interposition represents an effective technique for managing short renal veins in living-donor kidney transplantation.It provides additional length and flexibility,easing anastomotic tension and supporting successful transplantation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31972772)the Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology,China(ZZ-A11).
文摘MiR-202-5p is identified as the maker microRNA(miRNA)of germplasm in fish.However,the role of miR-202-5p in gonadal development is still unclear.Here we investigated the expression patterns of miR-202-5p in Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus).Real-time PCR displayed that miR-202-5p was specifically expressed in bisexual gonads,and its transcription in the testis was relatively abundant than that in the ovary.Moreover,it was gradually increased in testis from stage II to stage IV.Fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH)illustrated that miR-202-5p was co-localized with vasa(a marker gene of germ cells)in testis,and it was predominately expressed in spermatogonia and spermatocytes,implying that miR-202-5p might participate in spermatogenesis.Considering the important role of retinoic acid(RA)on regulating meiosis during spermatogenesis,we treated Japanese flounders by injecting all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA).MiR-202-5p in testis was shown to be up-regulated,and ccnd1,a key cell cycle regulator,was found to be down-regulated after ATRA treatment.Furthermore,ccnd1 was demonstrated to be a direct regulatory target of miR-202-5p using Dual-luciferase assay.In the primary testis cell from Japanese flounder,we further confirmed that ccnd1 was down-regulated by miR-202-5p.The results suggest that miR-202-5p exerts a crucial role in gonadal development by inhibiting ccnd1 in Japanese flounder.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0901205)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672700).
文摘Numerous studies have showed that sox3 is involved in neurogenesis and sex differentiation in vertebrates.However,the accurate expression pattern is still unclear in fish.In this study,medaka sox3 was isolated and its expression patterns were compared with germ cell gene vasa in adult gonads.By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)analysis,sox3 RNA expression was detected in the brain,eyes and gonads.By chromogenic and fluorescent in situ hybridization,sox3 was present in the oogonia and early stages of oocytes as well as granulosa cells and theca cells in the later stages;in the testis,sox3 was occurred in the Sertoli cells and sperm with a specific signal in the location of chromatid body of sperm;in the embryos,sox3 was expressed in the central nervous.These results suggest that medaka sox3 gene was occurred in somatic and germ cells in adult gonads of both sexes,involved in the process of spermatogenesis,as well as the development of the nervous system.This study provides a precise expression pattern of sox3 and suggests that sox3 may be involved in gonadal and nervous system development of fish.
基金Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen:the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Luo Songping National Famous Chinese Medicine Practitioner Female Reproductive Disorders Prevention and Treatment Team(SZZYSM202311010)Guangdong Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine:Investigation of the Mechanism of Regulating Ren-Tong-Du Acupuncture on Ovarian Granulosa Cells in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome based on Activin A/Smads Signalling Pathway(No.20181229)+1 种基金Guangdong Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine:Evaluation of the Efficacy of Menstrual Regulation and Pregnancy Promotion by Acupuncture in the Treatment of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency(No.20201294)Shenzhen Science and Innovation Commission:Investigating the Mechanism of Action of Acupuncture in Regulating the Gut Microbiome to Inhibit Apoptosis of Ovarian Granulosa Cells in Premature Ovarian Insufficiency Mice based on the Rictor/Torepamycin Target Protein C2 Pathway(No.JCYJ20210324130001004)。
文摘PURPOSE:To investigate the differences in gut microbial characteristics between two traditional Chinese syndromes of premature ovarian insufficiency(POI).METHODS:Forty women with POI were recruited from the Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine at Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital between June and December 2020.Women with POI were divided into the kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome(SDBS)and Qi and blood deficiency syndrome(QBDS)groups.Gut microbial community profiles were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using an Illumina Mi Seq system.A retrospective study comparing hormone levels and gut microbiota information was performed between the SDBS and QBDS groups.RESULTS:Compared with the QBDS group,the serum levels of estradiol(E2)and anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)were significantly decreased in the SDBS group.The quantities of Adlercreutzia,Eggerthella,Klebsiella,and Paraprevotella significantly increased in the SDBS group,whereas Lactobacillus decreased significantly.Moreover,alterations in the microbiome in the SDBS and QBDS groups were closely related to the levels of E2 and AMH.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the classification of the two syndromes by the gut microbiome was 0.71.CONCLUSIONS:There were significant differences in the dominant microbiota between the SDBS and QBDS groups,and the change in Proteobacteria in the QBDS group was more significant.The characteristics of gut microbiota help us differentiate between the SDBS and QBDS groups,which may provide a basis for the objectification of TCM syndrome types.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)to Jiafu Hu(grant no.32371892,31670652,and 31870633)Hudie Shao(grant no.32401591).
文摘Studying the reproductive system of the pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner&Buhrer)Nickle,will identify its characteristics and life cycle.This is crucial for developing more targeted control strategies.In this study,the development of the gonads and reproductive organs were observed using microscopy,gonad dissection,and DAPI staining techniques.Second-stage juveniles(J2)had gonads composed of four primordial germ cells(Z1,Z2,Z3,and Z4)that form the adult gonads by proliferation within 72 h at 25℃.There were subtle differences in somatic gonad cell morphology between males and females,which developed from Z1 and Z4 in third-stage juveniles(J3).These differences became more pronounced at fourth-stage juveniles(J4)and adult stages.Z2 and Z3 germ cells underwent mitosis and two rounds of meiosis,ultimately developing into male and female gametes.Female vulval precursor cells and male cloacal cells developed rapidly during the J4 stage.These results provide a basis for identifying the expression sites and biological functions of key genes regulating reproductive system development.Based on this,in situ hybridization and RNA interference(RNAi)were used to determine the function of the Bxy-glp-1 gene to show that it is involved in vulval formation and spermatogenesis.The results of this study will lay the foundation for disrupting critical stages in the reproduction of B.xylophilus.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32270555 and 32072954).
文摘Hedgehog(HH)signaling has been researched for decades and Hedgehog has 3 homologs:Sonic Hedgehog(Shh),Indian Hedgehog(Ihh),and Desert Hedgehog(Dhh).Dhh is the one involved in male gonad and germ cell development.The distribution of molecules in Hedgehog signaling in testis indicated that Hedgehog signaling executes important functions during testis development.The patients with Dhh signaling deficiency develop dysgenesis of gonads and hormone production which demands further exploration of gonad HH signaling.Some results proved the indispensable roles of HH signaling in gonad and germ cell development and the interaction with hormones.This review evaluates HH functions in the testis and how HH affects and is affected by hormones and provides novel insights about HH signaling to the readers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation,China(32230108 to Z.Y.)National Key Research and Development Program,China(2022YFF1000300 to Z.Y.and 2022YFD2401800 to G.Z.)Foundation of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(2021hszd021 to Z.Y.and 2021hskf013 to G.Z.)。
文摘Chorionic gonadotropinα(Cgα)functions as the shared subunit for thyroid-stimulating hormone subunitβ(Tshβ),luteinizing hormone subunitβ(Lhβ),and follicle-stimulating hormone subunitβ(Fshβ).While theseβ-subunits have been extensively studied using effective gene knockout models in zebrafish,the biological role of Cgαremains elusive.In this study,cgα-deficient zebrafish generated via transcription activator-like effector nucleases(TALENs)exhibited viability but displayed pronounced developmental abnormalities,including growth retardation,hyperpigmentation,reduced thyroxine(T4)levels,and defective anterior swim bladder inflation during juvenile stages.In adults,cgαdeficiency led to disrupted gonadal development,impaired secondary sex characteristics(SSCs),and severely impacted reproductive behavior in both female and male fish.Notably,both testicular and ovarian differentiation were observed in cgα-deficient fish and lhβ^(−/−);fshβ^(−/−)mutants.Gonadal sex differentiation in cgα-deficient zebrafish exhibited a pronounced shift toward testicular fate upon additional disruption of fshβ(cgα^(−/−);fshβ^(−/−)),marked by elevated anti-Müllerian hormone(amh)expression,or following loss of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor(fshr)(cgα^(−/−);fshr^(−/−)).In vitro assays in Chinese hamster ovary(CHO)cells revealed increased cAMP response element(CRE)promoter activity following transfection with constructs encoding Fshr,Fshβ/Fshr,or Cgα/Fshβ/Fshr.Collectively,the phenotypes observed in cgα-deficient fish recapitulate those of thyrotropin-and gonadotropin-disrupted models,highlighting the essential role of Cgαin thyroid and gonadal function.Importantly,these findings uncover the role of Fsh signaling in maintaining proper ovarian differentiation in zebrafish,including Cgα-independent Fshβactivity and the constitutive functionality of Fshr.
文摘Leiomyosarcoma of the gonadal vein is an exceedingly rare entity, representing a small subset of smooth muscle tumors that more commonly arise in the retroperitoneum, uterus, and blood vessels. To date, fewer than 10 cases of gonadal vein leiomyosarcoma have been reported in the literature, highlighting its rarity and the limited understanding of its clinical behavior. These tumors are often diagnosed incidentally or present with nonspecific symptoms, such as abdominal pain or a palpable mass, which can complicate early detection. The proximity of gonadal vein leiomyosarcomas to critical structures, such as the ureter, renal vessels, and surrounding organs, introduces unique diagnostic and surgical challenges. Previous reports have underscored the importance of advanced imaging techniques, including CT and MRI, in delineating the tumor’s anatomical relationships and guiding surgical planning. This case, involving a leiomyosarcoma closely associated with the patient’s left ureter, provides an opportunity to build on existing knowledge by addressing the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, treatment pathway, and long-term follow-up strategies required for optimal management. By presenting this detailed review, we aim to contribute valuable insights into the diagnosis and management of this rare malignancy.
文摘The vaginal microbiome plays a pivotal role in maintaining vaginal health and protecting the host from various diseases.There is a broad agreement within the scientific community that the vaginal microbiome exhibits stable bacterial diversity,influenced by age and gonadal hormone levels,and is classified into distinct Community-State Types.A healthy vaginal microbiome is typically characterized by a predominance of Lactobacillus spp.,which acidifies the vaginal environment and is essential in defending against invading microbial pathogens.This review examines the evolution of the vaginal microbiome’s composition throughout a woman’s life.It also explores how exogenous factors influence the homeostasis of this microbiome,leading to either a state of eubiosis or dysbiosis.The main factors supporting eubiosis of the vaginal microbiome include diet,probiotic intake,certain personal hygiene practices,and hormonal contraceptives,while the major contributors to dysbiosis are psychosocial stress,tobacco smoking,and sexual activity.This state of dysbiosis is strongly associated with a range of adverse vaginal health outcomes,including preterm birth,bacterial vaginosis,pelvic inflammatory disease,and a higher risk of sexually transmitted infections.
文摘BACKGROUND Primary testicular lymphoma(PTL)is a rare,aggressive malignancy,representing a small fraction of testicular tumors and non-Hodgkin lymphomas,yet it is the most common testicular malignancy in older men.Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL),which is typically the aggressive subtype,dominates PTL and shows diffuse B-cell infiltration.Venous tumor thrombus,uncommon in lymphomas,is uniquely reported in this case of testicular DLBCL with gonadal vein involvement.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old man presented with a two-month history of painless left testicular swelling and stiffness.Diagnostic imaging[ultrasonography,computed tomography(CT),and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT(18FFDG-PET/CT)]revealed bilateral testicular masses and a gonadal vein tumor thrombus(SUVmax 16.5).Left orchiectomy confirmed DLBCL with CD20,Bcl-2,and MUM1 positivity(Ki-67:approximately 80%).The disease was staged as Ann Arbor stage IVA(International Prognostic Index score 3,high-intermediate risk).The patient received Rituximab,Polatuzumab Vedotin,Cyclophosphamide,Epirubicin,and Prednisolone chemotherapy,completing the first cycle with good tolerability.No adverse events were reported,and follow-up is ongoing to assess long-term outcomes.This case highlights the diagnostic utility of 18F-FDGPET/CT and the importance of multidisciplinary management in rare PTL presentations with tumor thrombus.CONCLUSION This case demonstrates the diagnostic complexities of PTL with gonadal vein tumor thrombus,underscoring the importance of considering lymphoma in elderly patients with testicular masses and venous involvement.A multi-disciplinary team including urologists,hematologists,and radiation oncologists is needed to ensure appropriate therapy.
