Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors are one of the few remaining postemergence herbicide options for controlling Palmer amaranth in soybean growing areas of Mississippi, USA. Most Palmer amaranth populations i...Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors are one of the few remaining postemergence herbicide options for controlling Palmer amaranth in soybean growing areas of Mississippi, USA. Most Palmer amaranth populations in Mississippi are resistant to both glyphosate and acetolactate synthase inhibitors. Resistance to PPO inhibiting herbicides in Palmer amaranth has very recently been reported in Arkansas, Tennessee, and isolated pockets of Mississippi. A significant proportion of reports of PPO inhibitor failures in Mississippi are not considered to be resistance-related at this time. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate factors affecting the efficacy of fomesafen on Palmer amaranth including: quality of spray carrier (water), formulations, adjuvant, rainfastness, and nozzle type. All water samples and formulation combinations provided >95% control of Palmer amaranth 3 WAT. Some combinations of water samples and formulations did not result in complete control of the treated plants, with one or two individuals surviving 3 WAT. Formulation 1 provided 99% control compared to 95% from formulation 2. Irrespective of combinations of herbicide, adjuvant and height, control of Palmer amaranth was ≥91%. Formulation 1 provided 94% control compared to 88% from formulation 2. The adjuvant x height interaction was significant, owing to a 10% reduction in control of larger plants (86%) compared to smaller plants (96%) in presence of COC. COC provided better control (93%) than NIS (88%). Simulated rainfall applied ≥60 min after herbicide application did not adversely affect efficacy on Palmer amaranth when formulation 1 was applied in combination with NIS, with control ranging from 94% to 100%. Formulation 1 with COC provided ≥93% control at all rainfall application times, except 30 min after herbicide treatment, which resulted in 79% control. Formulation 2 provided better control with COC (79% to 100%) than NIS (71% to 90%), in general, across the rainfall treatments applied at various times following herbicide application. All nozzle and weed height combinations resulted in 89% or better control of Palmer amaranth. In summary, water quality, formulation, adjuvant, rainfastness, or nozzle type did not affect the activity of fomesafen under optimal application conditions in the greenhouse.展开更多
With the recent advances in neoantigen identification,peptide-based cancer vaccines offer substantial potential in the field of immunotherapy.However,rapid clearance,low immunogenicity,and insufficient antigen-present...With the recent advances in neoantigen identification,peptide-based cancer vaccines offer substantial potential in the field of immunotherapy.However,rapid clearance,low immunogenicity,and insufficient antigen-presenting cell(APC)uptake limit the efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines.This review explores the barriers hindering vaccine efficiency,highlights recent advancements in synthetic delivery systems,and features strategies for the key delivery steps of lymph node(LN)drainage,APC delivery,cross-presentation strategies,and adjuvant incorporation.This paper also discusses the design of preclinical studies evaluating vaccine efficiency,including vaccine administration routes and murine tumor models.展开更多
Astragalus and Ginseng polysaccharides were used in this study for the improvement of influenza vaccine(H5N1)in chicken.Fifteen days old chickens were immunized with influenza vaccine alone(group 4)or combined with As...Astragalus and Ginseng polysaccharides were used in this study for the improvement of influenza vaccine(H5N1)in chicken.Fifteen days old chickens were immunized with influenza vaccine alone(group 4)or combined with Astragalus(groups 1-3)or combined with Ginseng(groups 4-6)polysaccharide(100,200,and 400 mg/kg).Serum Ig antibody levels(by HI-test)as well as effects展开更多
Quil-A and cholesterol can, under certain conditions, form nanoparticles, but the conditions for the formation of a homogeneous population of a particular kind of particles with the same morphology and size have remai...Quil-A and cholesterol can, under certain conditions, form nanoparticles, but the conditions for the formation of a homogeneous population of a particular kind of particles with the same morphology and size have remained elusive. However, a well-defined uniformity, as well as a high degree of batch-to-batch consistency, are prerequisites for adjuvant formulations to be used for practical vaccines. To accomplish the above stated tasks in the present study, we demonstrated that Quil-A and cholesterol form well-defined worm-like stable particles with a mean diameter of around 40 nm by dynamic light scattering (DLS) under carefully controlled thermodynamical conditions with little or no Quil-A degradation. The nanoparticles thus prepared possessed a significantly reduced hemolytic effect in comparison to unformulated free Quil-A. However, when the same conditions were applied to QS-21/cholesterol nanoparticle formation the morphology achieved was coil spring-like particles with a mean diameter of around 70 nm. This discrepancy in particle morphology and size was attributed to the differences in hydrophobicity of the Quil-A, being a heterogenic fraction of acylated as well as deacylated saponins, and the QS-21. With the process optimizations leading to a standardized particle size distribution and nanoparticle morphology presented here, NanoQuil F70 holds the potential as a well-tolerated vaccine adjuvant for veterinary use raising a Th1/Th2 balanced immune response.展开更多
柑桔园行间定向喷雾试验结果表明,在41%农达AS中加入70%苯嘧磺草胺WG和助剂Dash不仅能有效控制乌蔹莓、铁苋菜、假一年蓬、加拿大一枝黄花等多种耐草甘膦阔叶杂草的危害,控制多年生杂草的再生,而且作用速度可与20%克无踪AS相当,对柑桔...柑桔园行间定向喷雾试验结果表明,在41%农达AS中加入70%苯嘧磺草胺WG和助剂Dash不仅能有效控制乌蔹莓、铁苋菜、假一年蓬、加拿大一枝黄花等多种耐草甘膦阔叶杂草的危害,控制多年生杂草的再生,而且作用速度可与20%克无踪AS相当,对柑桔生长安全。从高效、经济、安全的角度综合考虑,三者混用的适宜剂量为41%农达AS 1 000～1 500 g ai/hm^2＋70%苯嘧磺草胺WG 12.5～25.0 g ai/hm^2＋助剂Dash（喷液量的1%）。展开更多
[目的]明确配方助剂对农药制剂药液在植物叶片上的润湿性能、铺展行为和持留量的影响。[方法]通过在苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂中添加分散润湿剂D1001和增稠剂黄原胶,分析不同配方药剂的临界胶束浓度与在甘蓝、黄瓜叶片上润湿展布动态、持留量的...[目的]明确配方助剂对农药制剂药液在植物叶片上的润湿性能、铺展行为和持留量的影响。[方法]通过在苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂中添加分散润湿剂D1001和增稠剂黄原胶,分析不同配方药剂的临界胶束浓度与在甘蓝、黄瓜叶片上润湿展布动态、持留量的相关性。[结果]随着分散润湿剂D1001量的增加,药液临界胶束质量浓度和对应的表面张力降低,配方S2在药液质量浓度为0.06 g/L时达到临界胶束质量浓度,对应表面张力为31.72 m N/m,低于黄瓜和甘蓝叶片的临界表面张力,能快速在植物叶片上润湿展布;增稠剂黄原胶用量提高会影响药液在叶片上的润湿展布,但会提高药液的黏附性能,在稀释相同质量浓度下,含有0.08%黄原胶的配方S3与含有0.04%黄原胶的S2持留量差异不显著。[结论]可以通过调整农药制剂中的助剂种类与用量提高药液喷施效果。展开更多
文摘Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors are one of the few remaining postemergence herbicide options for controlling Palmer amaranth in soybean growing areas of Mississippi, USA. Most Palmer amaranth populations in Mississippi are resistant to both glyphosate and acetolactate synthase inhibitors. Resistance to PPO inhibiting herbicides in Palmer amaranth has very recently been reported in Arkansas, Tennessee, and isolated pockets of Mississippi. A significant proportion of reports of PPO inhibitor failures in Mississippi are not considered to be resistance-related at this time. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate factors affecting the efficacy of fomesafen on Palmer amaranth including: quality of spray carrier (water), formulations, adjuvant, rainfastness, and nozzle type. All water samples and formulation combinations provided >95% control of Palmer amaranth 3 WAT. Some combinations of water samples and formulations did not result in complete control of the treated plants, with one or two individuals surviving 3 WAT. Formulation 1 provided 99% control compared to 95% from formulation 2. Irrespective of combinations of herbicide, adjuvant and height, control of Palmer amaranth was ≥91%. Formulation 1 provided 94% control compared to 88% from formulation 2. The adjuvant x height interaction was significant, owing to a 10% reduction in control of larger plants (86%) compared to smaller plants (96%) in presence of COC. COC provided better control (93%) than NIS (88%). Simulated rainfall applied ≥60 min after herbicide application did not adversely affect efficacy on Palmer amaranth when formulation 1 was applied in combination with NIS, with control ranging from 94% to 100%. Formulation 1 with COC provided ≥93% control at all rainfall application times, except 30 min after herbicide treatment, which resulted in 79% control. Formulation 2 provided better control with COC (79% to 100%) than NIS (71% to 90%), in general, across the rainfall treatments applied at various times following herbicide application. All nozzle and weed height combinations resulted in 89% or better control of Palmer amaranth. In summary, water quality, formulation, adjuvant, rainfastness, or nozzle type did not affect the activity of fomesafen under optimal application conditions in the greenhouse.
基金supported by the U.S.National Institutes of Health,National Cancer Institute Grant R01CA257563.
文摘With the recent advances in neoantigen identification,peptide-based cancer vaccines offer substantial potential in the field of immunotherapy.However,rapid clearance,low immunogenicity,and insufficient antigen-presenting cell(APC)uptake limit the efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines.This review explores the barriers hindering vaccine efficiency,highlights recent advancements in synthetic delivery systems,and features strategies for the key delivery steps of lymph node(LN)drainage,APC delivery,cross-presentation strategies,and adjuvant incorporation.This paper also discusses the design of preclinical studies evaluating vaccine efficiency,including vaccine administration routes and murine tumor models.
文摘Astragalus and Ginseng polysaccharides were used in this study for the improvement of influenza vaccine(H5N1)in chicken.Fifteen days old chickens were immunized with influenza vaccine alone(group 4)or combined with Astragalus(groups 1-3)or combined with Ginseng(groups 4-6)polysaccharide(100,200,and 400 mg/kg).Serum Ig antibody levels(by HI-test)as well as effects
文摘Quil-A and cholesterol can, under certain conditions, form nanoparticles, but the conditions for the formation of a homogeneous population of a particular kind of particles with the same morphology and size have remained elusive. However, a well-defined uniformity, as well as a high degree of batch-to-batch consistency, are prerequisites for adjuvant formulations to be used for practical vaccines. To accomplish the above stated tasks in the present study, we demonstrated that Quil-A and cholesterol form well-defined worm-like stable particles with a mean diameter of around 40 nm by dynamic light scattering (DLS) under carefully controlled thermodynamical conditions with little or no Quil-A degradation. The nanoparticles thus prepared possessed a significantly reduced hemolytic effect in comparison to unformulated free Quil-A. However, when the same conditions were applied to QS-21/cholesterol nanoparticle formation the morphology achieved was coil spring-like particles with a mean diameter of around 70 nm. This discrepancy in particle morphology and size was attributed to the differences in hydrophobicity of the Quil-A, being a heterogenic fraction of acylated as well as deacylated saponins, and the QS-21. With the process optimizations leading to a standardized particle size distribution and nanoparticle morphology presented here, NanoQuil F70 holds the potential as a well-tolerated vaccine adjuvant for veterinary use raising a Th1/Th2 balanced immune response.
文摘柑桔园行间定向喷雾试验结果表明,在41%农达AS中加入70%苯嘧磺草胺WG和助剂Dash不仅能有效控制乌蔹莓、铁苋菜、假一年蓬、加拿大一枝黄花等多种耐草甘膦阔叶杂草的危害,控制多年生杂草的再生,而且作用速度可与20%克无踪AS相当,对柑桔生长安全。从高效、经济、安全的角度综合考虑,三者混用的适宜剂量为41%农达AS 1 000～1 500 g ai/hm^2＋70%苯嘧磺草胺WG 12.5～25.0 g ai/hm^2＋助剂Dash（喷液量的1%）。
文摘[目的]明确配方助剂对农药制剂药液在植物叶片上的润湿性能、铺展行为和持留量的影响。[方法]通过在苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂中添加分散润湿剂D1001和增稠剂黄原胶,分析不同配方药剂的临界胶束浓度与在甘蓝、黄瓜叶片上润湿展布动态、持留量的相关性。[结果]随着分散润湿剂D1001量的增加,药液临界胶束质量浓度和对应的表面张力降低,配方S2在药液质量浓度为0.06 g/L时达到临界胶束质量浓度,对应表面张力为31.72 m N/m,低于黄瓜和甘蓝叶片的临界表面张力,能快速在植物叶片上润湿展布;增稠剂黄原胶用量提高会影响药液在叶片上的润湿展布,但会提高药液的黏附性能,在稀释相同质量浓度下,含有0.08%黄原胶的配方S3与含有0.04%黄原胶的S2持留量差异不显著。[结论]可以通过调整农药制剂中的助剂种类与用量提高药液喷施效果。
