Background:Subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke characterized by high mortality and low rates of full recovery.This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of SAH betwe...Background:Subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke characterized by high mortality and low rates of full recovery.This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of SAH between 1990 and 2021.Methods:Data on SAH incidence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs)from 1990 to 2021 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study(GBD)2021.Estimated annual percentage changes(EAPCs)were calculated to evaluate changes in the age-standardized rate(ASR)of incidence and mortality,as well as trends in SAH burden.The relationship between disease burden and socio-demographic index(SDI)was also analyzed.Results:In 2021,the incidence of SAH was found to be 37.09%higher than that in 1990;however,the age-standardized incidence rates(ASIRs)showed a decreased[EAPC:-1.52;95%uncertainty interval(UI)-1.66 to-1.37].Furthermore,both the number and rates of deaths and DALYs decreased over time.It was observed that females had lower rates compared to males.Among all regions,the high-income Asia Pacific region exhibited the highest ASIR(14.09/100,000;95%UI 12.30/100,000-16.39/100,000)in 2021,with an EPAC for ASIR<0 indicating decreasing trend over time for SAH ASIR.Oceania recorded the highest age-standardized mortality rates(ASMRs)and age-standardized DALYs rates among all regions in 2021 at values of respectively 8.61(95%UI 6.03-11.95)and 285.62(95%UI 209.42-379.65).The burden associated with SAH primarily affected individuals aged between 50-69 years old.Metabolic risks particularly elevated systolic blood pressure were identified as the main risk factors contributing towards increased disease burden associated with SAH when compared against environmental or occupational behavioral risks evaluated within the GBD framework.Conclusions:The burden of SAH varies by gender,age group,and geographical region.Although the ASRs have shown a decline over time,the burden of SAH remains significant,especially in regions with middle and low-middle SDI levels.High systolic blood pressure stands out as a key risk factor for SAH.More specific supportive measures are necessary to alleviate the global burden of SAH.展开更多
Background:Diarrhea remains a significant health threat to children under five years of age.The study aims to systematically elucidate the global burden of diarrhea in children,providing scientific insights for effect...Background:Diarrhea remains a significant health threat to children under five years of age.The study aims to systematically elucidate the global burden of diarrhea in children,providing scientific insights for effective prevention and control strategies.Methods:The data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 study was analyzed to assess the trends in incidence,prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)of diarrhea in children under five years across the globe,21 geographical region,and 204 countries and territories,stratified by age group,sex,and socio-demographic index(SDI)levels.The trend of the disease burden for childhood diarrhea from 1990 to 2021 was described and estimated using the average annual percent change(AAPC),and a Bayesian age-period-cohort(BAPC)model was employed to predict the future burden of diarrhea in children.Results:From 1990 to 2021,there was a significant decline in the global burden of diarrhea among children under five years of age.The AAPC for incidence(-4092.18,95%confidence interval[CI]:-4224.60 to-3959.76),prevalence(-70.98,95%CI:-72.67 to-69.28),mortality(-6.89,95%CI:-6.95 to-6.83),and DALYs rate(-621.79,95%CI:-627.20 to-616.38)of diarrhea in children all showed a marked downward trend.Diarrheal incidence(r=-0.782,P<0.001),prevalence(r=-0.777,P<0.001),mortality(r=-0.908,P<0.001),and DALYs rate(r=-0.904,P<0.001)were negatively correlated with the SDI.Between 2022 and 2035,the global incidence,prevalence,and mortality rates of diarrhea in children under five years are projected to continue declining.The leading causes of diarrheal mortality in children include wasting,underweight,and non-exclusive breastfeeding.Rotavirus remains the predominant pathogen associated with diarrhea-related mortality rate and DALY rate.Conclusion:Although the global burden of diarrhea in children under five has steadily declined,it remains a significant health threat.Rotavirus is the leading pathogen,highlighting the importance of expanding rotavirus vaccination.Additionally,improving nutritional status,increasing exclusive breastfeeding rates,and enhancing access to sanitation and clean drinking water are crucial measures that,when widely implemented,can effectively reduce the health risks posed by diarrhea in children.展开更多
Background Ischemic heart disease(IHD) represents the most significant disease burden among all cardiovascular diseases(CVDs). The increasing prevalence of metabolic risks in the 21st century has a profound impact on ...Background Ischemic heart disease(IHD) represents the most significant disease burden among all cardiovascular diseases(CVDs). The increasing prevalence of metabolic risks in the 21st century has a profound impact on the disease burden associated with IHD. We analyzed the global, regional, and national burdens of IHD attributable to metabolic risks from 1990 to 2021.Methods The data were taken from Global Burden of Disease(GBD) study 2021. Deaths, disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),the average annual percent change(AAPC), age-standardized death rates per 100,000 persons(ASDR) and age-standardized rate per 100,000 persons(ASR) of DALYs ranging from 1990 to 2021, were extracted and stratified according to region, nationality, socio-demographic index(SDI), sex, and age. Additionally, the global future trends were predicted using Nordpred prediction model.Results Compared to 1990, in 2021, the number of death and DALYs from metabolic risk-attributed IHD increased globally by67.35% and 59.91%, respectively;whereas ASDR and ASR of DALYs showed a decreasing trend and the most severe impact was observed in male and elderly populations. In addition, the burden of disease showed an inverted V-shaped relationship with SDI from 1990 to 2021. AAPC showed a significant increase in developing countries and a decrease in developed countries. We also analyzed the effects of different risk factors including metabolic risk factors on IHD in different SDI regions and genders. The prediction of future disease burden showed that the number of death and DALYs will keep rising, while ASDR and ASR of DALYs will maintain a certain downward trend.Conclusions The results of this study highlighted the need for screening and intervention for metabolic risk factors in specific regions and populations, this should call for increased collaboration between developing and developed countries to reduce the burden of disease and improve the prognosis of patients with IHD.展开更多
The North East China Transect (NECT) is an exemplary region of landmass running along the line of 43°30′ North Latitude and caught between 112° and 130°30′ East Longtitude, and is being sampled by the...The North East China Transect (NECT) is an exemplary region of landmass running along the line of 43°30′ North Latitude and caught between 112° and 130°30′ East Longtitude, and is being sampled by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) for today’s study on global change. So far, it has already been listed in the first set of IGBP-sponsored transects, becoming a key theatre and "hot spot" for probing terrestrial ecosystems. In terms of biota, the nearly 1,600-kilometre-long tract is located in a mid-latitude zone, featuring a vegetational transition from a temperate timberland of evergreen coniferous forests and broadleaved deciduous forests to a mild-temperate steppe. According to the norms of biome types, it consists of three subzones: meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe in a continuous east-to-west spatial sequence. There are four ecological stations supported by a great number of permanent samples, long-term plots and an enormous build-up of experimental data along展开更多
On the basis of existing data and research results the changes of life supporting environment in China in the history are briefly described. The differences between regional climate variations and climate jump are the...On the basis of existing data and research results the changes of life supporting environment in China in the history are briefly described. The differences between regional climate variations and climate jump are the very important features and phenomena in estimating the trend of environmental evolution in the future. Finally, it is pointed out that sensitive zone is an ideal place to study global change. Many evidences show that the response of environmental elements in the sensitive zones to global change events is very obvious, so that much attention should be paid to the study of sensitive zone.展开更多
Extracting and parameterizing ionospheric waves globally and statistically is a longstanding problem. Based on the multichannel maximum entropy method（MMEM） used for studying ionospheric waves by previous work, we c...Extracting and parameterizing ionospheric waves globally and statistically is a longstanding problem. Based on the multichannel maximum entropy method（MMEM） used for studying ionospheric waves by previous work, we calculate the parameters of ionospheric waves by applying the MMEM to numerously temporally approximate and spatially close global-positioning-system radio occultation total electron content profile triples provided by the unique clustered satellites flight between years 2006 and 2007 right after the constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere, and climate（COSMIC） mission launch. The results show that the amplitude of ionospheric waves increases at the low and high latitudes（~0.15 TECU） and decreases in the mid-latitudes（~0.05 TECU）. The vertical wavelength of the ionospheric waves increases in the mid-latitudes（e.g., ~50 km at altitudes of 200–250 km） and decreases at the low and high latitudes（e.g., ~35 km at altitudes of 200–250 km）.The horizontal wavelength shows a similar result（e.g., ~1400 km in the mid-latitudes and ~800 km at the low and high latitudes）.展开更多
Objective To analyze the prevalence and burden of headache disorders in China and its provinces from 1990 to 2021.Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study(GBD)2021,the number of prevalent cases,preva...Objective To analyze the prevalence and burden of headache disorders in China and its provinces from 1990 to 2021.Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study(GBD)2021,the number of prevalent cases,prevalence rate,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and age-standardized DALY rates were analyzed by sex,age group,and province for headache disorders and their subtypes(migraine and tension-type headache[TTH])between 1990 and 2021.Percentage changes during this period were also estimated.Results In 2021,approximately 426 million individuals in China were affected by headache disorders,with an age-standardized prevalence rate of 27,582.61/100,000.The age-standardized DALY rate for all headache disorders was 487.15/100,000.Between 1990 and 2021,the number of prevalent cases increased by 37.78%,while the prevalence of all headache disorders,migraine,and TTH increased by 6.92%,7.57%,and 7.86%,respectively.The highest prevalence was observed in the 30-34 age group(39,520.60/100,000).Migraine accounted for a larger proportion of DALYs attributable to headache disorders,whereas TTH has a greater impact on its prevalence.In 2021,the highest age-standardized DALY rates for headache disorders were observed in Heilongjiang(617.85/100,000)and Shanghai(542.86/100,000).Conclusion The prevalence of headache disorders is increasing in China.Effective health education,improve diagnosis and treatment are essential,particularly for middle-aged working populations and women of childbearing age.展开更多
Background:Esophageal cancer(EC)is a lethalmalignancy.The sociodemographic index(SDI)is a critical factor influencing the disease burden of EC.Risk factors,including alcohol use and diet,vary significantly by SDI leve...Background:Esophageal cancer(EC)is a lethalmalignancy.The sociodemographic index(SDI)is a critical factor influencing the disease burden of EC.Risk factors,including alcohol use and diet,vary significantly by SDI level,affecting the disease outcomes.This study utilized the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 database to determine the age-standardized mortality rates(ASMR)and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rates(ASDRs)for EC attributable to alcohol use and a diet low in vegetables across countries with different SDI.Methods:Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021,covering from 1990 to 2021,were analyzed for 204 areas categorized into quintiles based on the SDI.Exposure levels for alcohol and vegetable intake were defined,and data were standardized using the global population structure to ensure comparability.Trend lines for the disease burden were plotted using R version 4.3.0(R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria).Statistical analyses were conducted using Joinpoint 4.9.1.0(The Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences,USA)regression to assess temporal trends in mortality and ASDRs,focusing on the annual percent change and average annual percent change across various SDI categories.Results:From 1990 to 2021,the ASMR and ASDR for EC decreased globally across all SDI levels and in both sexes.The areas with a middle SDI initially had the highest rates but experienced the fastest declines,falling below high-middle–SDI countries by 2021.The ASMRs attributable to alcohol use generally declined,except in low-middle–and low-SDI nations.The greatest rates among males and the total population were found in high-middle–SDI nations,whereas high-SDI nations had the highest rates among females.The ASMRs associated with a diet low in vegetables decreased in all areas.Conclusions:Despite the overall declining trend in the EC burden associated with alcohol use and diets low in vegetables,EC remains a significant global health concern.Strengthening the focus on key populations,implementing public health policies to reduce alcohol consumption,and promoting increased vegetable intake may collectively reduce the global burden of EC.展开更多
Background:Chronic liver disease(CLD),mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),is a significant public health concern worldwide.This study aims to quantify the burden of NAFLD in CLD globally and within China,u...Background:Chronic liver disease(CLD),mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),is a significant public health concern worldwide.This study aims to quantify the burden of NAFLD in CLD globally and within China,using data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)Study 2021,providing crucial insights for global and local health policies.Methods:The study used comprehensive data from the GBD study 2021.It included estimates of prevalence,incidence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs).Age-standardized rates and average annual percent change(AAPC)from 2011 to 2021 were reported.A meticulous decomposition analysis was conducted.Results:In 2021,there were 1582.5 million prevalent cases,47.6 million incident cases,1.4 million deaths,and 44.4 million DALYs attributable to CLD,globally.Among these,NAFLD has emerged as the predominant cause,accounting for 78.0%of all prevalent CLD cases(1234.7 million)and 87.2%of incident cases(41.5 million).Correspondingly,NAFLD had the highest age-standardized prevalence(15,017.5 per 100,000 population)and incidence(876.5 per 100,000 population)rates among CLDs.In addition,China’s CLD age-standardized prevalence rate was 21,659.5 per 100,000 population,and the age-standardized incidence rate was 752.6 per 100,000 population,higher than the global average.From 2011 to 2021,the global prevalence rate of CLD increased slowly(AAPC=0.17),consistent with the trend in China(AAPC=0.23).Furthermore,the prevalence rate of NAFLD rose significantly in China(AAPC=1.30)compared with the global average(AAPC=0.91).Decomposition analysis also showed the worldwide increase in deaths and DALYs for NAFLD,which were primarily attributable to population growth and aging.Conclusions:The burden of CLD and NAFLD remains substantial globally and within China in terms of high prevalence and incidence.As such,this underscores the need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies.These findings emphasize the importance of continued surveillance and research to mitigate the growing impact of liver diseases on global and Chinese health systems.展开更多
Global change research and sustainable development need to be addressed at larger scales in the light of small scale process studies. Much remains to be done before the small scale, process level understanding of ecos...Global change research and sustainable development need to be addressed at larger scales in the light of small scale process studies. Much remains to be done before the small scale, process level understanding of ecosystem responses to global change can be reliably translated to larger scales. The paper reviews the status of scaling issues and tries to find how to extrapolate our observations and our findings at site scale up to regional scale and provide ecological information and interpretations at the regional scale. An integrated approach to scaling-up from site to region is proposed combining hierarchical theory, landscape ecology, remote sensing, geographical information system (GIS) with process/mechanistic modeling. Remote sensing and GIS will play key roles in spatial analysis, integration as well as cross scale modeling.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gallbladder and biliary diseases(GABDs)are a major public health issue.AIM To analysis the cause-specific incidence,prevalence,and years lived with disability(YLDs)and its temporal trends of GABDs at the gl...BACKGROUND Gallbladder and biliary diseases(GABDs)are a major public health issue.AIM To analysis the cause-specific incidence,prevalence,and years lived with disability(YLDs)and its temporal trends of GABDs at the global,regional,and national level.Data on GABD were available from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019.METHODS The estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)was used to quantify temporal trend in GABD age-standardized incidence rates(ASIRs),age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR),and age-standardized YLD rate(ASYR)by region,sex.We analyzed the relationship between the GABD burden and country development level using the human development index(HDI).RESULTS In 2019,the incident cases of GABD were 52003772,with an ASIR of 63432/100000 population.Globally,the number of incident cases and ASIR of GABD increased 97%and 58.9%between 1990 and 2019.Although,the ASPR and ASYR decreased from 1990 to 2019,the number of prevalent and YLDs cases increased.The highest ASIR was observed in Italy,and the highest ASPR and ASYR was observed in United Kingdom.The highest burden of GABD was found in low-SDI region,and the burden in female was significantly higher than males.A generally negative correlation(ρ=-0.24,P<0.05)of GABD with the EAPC and human development index(HDI)(in 2021)were observed for ASIR.What’s more,no correlation in ASPR(ρ=-0.06,P=0.39)and ASYR(ρ=-0.07,P=0.36)of GABD with the EAPC and HDI(in 2021)were observed,respectively.CONCLUSION GABD remain a major global public health challenge;however,the burden of GABD varies geographically.Globally,the number of incident cases and ASIR of GABD increased between 1990 and 2019.The results of our study provide insight into the global disease burden of GABD and may assist policymakers in formulating effective policies to mitigate modifiable risk factors.展开更多
The advent of antimicrobial drugs has made a huge contribution to human society,but their commodity nature has given rise to behaviors such as abuse and overuse,leading to the emergence of resistance to antimicrobial ...The advent of antimicrobial drugs has made a huge contribution to human society,but their commodity nature has given rise to behaviors such as abuse and overuse,leading to the emergence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs and other hazards.Nowadays,the structure of interests formed by various stakeholders in the market circulation of antimicrobial agents has become unbalanced,and government intervention as a breakthrough still faces many challenges.This paper discusses the AMR challenges of government intervention under the interest structure in the context of case studies in the Global North and the Global South areas from the point of view of human health in terms of stagnant R&D processes for novel antimicrobial drugs,a profit-oriented neoliberal atmosphere that mismatches production trends of antimicrobial drugs with market demand,the prevalence of private institutions lacking effective regulation,incomplete government interventions,and the difficulty of pursuing the WHO strategic plan on antimicrobial resistance,etc.展开更多
Chronic body pain and depression,two major global health concerns,frequently co-occur and collectively impair individuals'well-being,compromising their ability to maintain an independent lifestyle and social relat...Chronic body pain and depression,two major global health concerns,frequently co-occur and collectively impair individuals'well-being,compromising their ability to maintain an independent lifestyle and social relationships[1].A global study of pain prevalence among 52 countries indicated the overall prevalence of pain was estimated to be 27.5%[2],with significant variation across countries(9.9%-50.3%).展开更多
Biliary tract carcinoma(BTC)is a group of malignant tumors that originate in the digestive system and occurs with a high incidence in China.Few consistent and comparable assessments of BTC disease burden have been con...Biliary tract carcinoma(BTC)is a group of malignant tumors that originate in the digestive system and occurs with a high incidence in China.Few consistent and comparable assessments of BTC disease burden have been conducted at national or subnational levels,and little is known about the demographic,temporal,and geographic patterns of epidemiological characteristics and disease burden of BTC in China.The incidence,mortality,disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs),years of life lost(YLLs)due to premature death and years lived with disability(YLDs)of BTC were comprehensively examined by age,sex,and calendar year in the Chinese population,using the methodological framework and analytical strategies used for the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study.All-age incidence increased from 17,077 to 51,720between 1990 and 2021,and the age-standardized incidence rate rose by 13.62%;all-age deaths increased from 17,251 to 37,833,but the age-standardized mortality rate fell by nearly one-fifth.The DALYs rose by 89.57%while the age-standardized DALY rate fell by 23.24%.Variations of the tendencies in BTC burden were found between sexes and age groups.Data for each provincial region indicate that coastal eastern provincial regions have higher incidence and YLD levels,whereas northern provincial regions have higher mortality,DALY,and YLL levels.The proportions of DALYs attributable to high body mass index(BMI)illustrate the growing attribution obesity has made,and high BMI usually puts more burden on northern provincial regions.These results provide evidence to support precise,targeted,and customed public health strategies aimed at enhancing biliary tract health among the Chinese population.展开更多
Background:Biliary tract carcinomas(BTCs)are relatively rare but lethal primary malignant tumors derived from the biliary tract system.The burden of BTCs varies according to sex,age,region,and country,but limited atte...Background:Biliary tract carcinomas(BTCs)are relatively rare but lethal primary malignant tumors derived from the biliary tract system.The burden of BTCs varies according to sex,age,region,and country,but limited attention has been paid to the burden of BTCs.We sought to explore the up-to-date data from the Global Burden of Disease Study(GBD)and expand findings by accessing the demographic features of BTC disease burden.Methods:Using the latest data from the GBD 2021,we evaluated and analyzed the distributions and patterns of BTC disease burden in various age groups,sexes,regions,and countries.Results:The number of incident cases,deaths,and disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs)tended to increase and peaked at 216,770(95%uncertainty interval[UI]:181,890-245,240),171,960(95%UI:142,350-194,240),and 3,732,100(95%UI:3,102,900-4,317,000)person-years,respectively,in 2021.However,the average global age-standardized rates(ASRs)of incident cases,deaths,and DALYs shrunk by−11.46%(95%UI:−21.91 to 3.35%),−24.09%(95%UI:−33.19 to 16.88%),and−26.25%(95%UI:−35.53 to 18.36%),respectively,from 1990 to 2021.Meanwhile,the male/female ratio(male per 100 female)of incidence,deaths,and DALYs changed from 76.40,75.41,and 74.72 to 86.89,79.11,and 82.29,respectively.In 2021,the highest number of incident cases,deaths,and DALYs occurred in East Asia.The top three highest incidences,deaths,and DALYs were observed in China,India,and Japan,and the highest ASRs were observed in Chile in 2021.Analysis of the Human Development Index along with disease burden estimates of BTCs also suggests that the burden of the disease is related to the level of comprehensive development of the society.Conclusion:This study provided a comprehensive comparison of differences in the burden of disease across populations and over time,and further presented evidence concerning the formulation of prevention and control policies and etiologic studies for BTCs and proposed logical hypotheses to investigate.展开更多
Background:Spinal injuries are an urgent public health priority;nevertheless,no China-wide studies of these injuries exist.This study measured the incidence,prevalence,causes,regional distribution,and annual trends of...Background:Spinal injuries are an urgent public health priority;nevertheless,no China-wide studies of these injuries exist.This study measured the incidence,prevalence,causes,regional distribution,and annual trends of spinal injuries in China from 1990 to 2019.Methods:We used data from the Global Burden of Diseases,Injuries,and Risk Factors Study 2019 to estimate the incidence and prevalence of spinal injuries in China.The data of 33 provincial-level administrative regions(excluding Taiwan,China)provided by the National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)were use to systematically analyze the provincial etiology,geographical distribution,and annual trends of spinal injuries.The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to ensure the consistency among incidence,prevalence,and mortality rates in each case.Results:From 1990 to 2019,the number of living patients with spinal injuries in China increased by 138.32%,from 2.14 million to 5.10 million,while the corresponding age-standardized prevalence increased from 0.20%(95%uncertainty interval[UI]:0.18-0.21%)to 0.27%(95%UI:0.26-0.29%).The incidence of spinal injuries in China increased by 89.91%(95%UI:72.39-107.66%),and the prevalence increased by 98.20%(95%UI:89.56-106.82%),both the most significant increases among the G20 countries;71.00%of the increase could be explained by age-specific prevalence.In 2019,the incidence was 16.47(95%UI:12.08-22.00,per 100,000 population),and the prevalence was 358.30(95%UI:333.96-386.62,per 100,000 population).Based on the data of 33 provincial-level administrative regions provided by CDC,age-standardized incidence and prevalence were both highest in developed provinces in Eastern China.The primary causes were falls and road injuries;however,the prevalence and specific causes differed across provinces.Conclusions:In China,the overall disease burden of spinal injuries increased significantly during the past three decades but varied considerably according to geographical location.The primary causes were falls and road injuries;however,the prevalence and specific causes differed across provinces.展开更多
BACKGROUND Eating disorders(EDs)have increasingly become a public health problem globally,especially among children and adolescents.AIM To estimate the burden of EDs in children and adolescents(ages 5-19 years)at the ...BACKGROUND Eating disorders(EDs)have increasingly become a public health problem globally,especially among children and adolescents.AIM To estimate the burden of EDs in children and adolescents(ages 5-19 years)at the global,regional,and national levels.METHODS Retrieved from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 for EDs,including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa,we extracted the disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)and prevalence rates with 95%uncertainty intervals between 1990-2019.The temporal trends of the DALYs and prevalence rates of EDs were assessed according to the estimated annual percentage changes.RESULTS In our study,we found that the burden of EDs continuously increased globally from 1990 to 2019.Although females accounted for more EDs cases,the burden of EDs in males had a greater increment.Meanwhile,the burden of EDs was associated with the high sociodemographic index(SDI)over the past 30 years and the human development indexes in 2019.CONCLUSION EDs,predominantly in high-income countries,are rising globally,especially in Asia,highlighting the need for resource planning and medical policy prioritization across all SDI quintiles.展开更多
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)continues to increase globally as the most common cardiovascular disease.Lifestyle and metabolic risks are major contributors to the increase in the burden of ASCVD.However...Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)continues to increase globally as the most common cardiovascular disease.Lifestyle and metabolic risks are major contributors to the increase in the burden of ASCVD.However,the epidemiological characterization of the burden of ASCVD due to lifestyle and metabolic risks has not been adequately documented.We analyzed data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study to assess the disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)and age-standardized DALY rate(ASDR)attributed to ASCVD induced by lifestyle and metabolic risks.This study also analyzes temporal trends and inequalities in disease burden.Lifestyle and metabolic risks led to an increase in the DALYs and a decrease in the ASDR for ASCVD.High systolic blood pressure(SBP)was the primary contributor to the burden of ischemic heart disease(IHD)and ischemic stroke(IS),whereas high fasting plasma glucose(FPG)was the primary contributor to the burden of peripheral artery disease(PAD).High FPG and high body mass index(BMI)are primary risk factors that contribute to a more rapid increase in the burden of ASCVD.Over 32 years,high SDI regions reduced ASCVD burden linked to lifestyle and metabolic risks,while low SDI regions saw increases.ASCVD attributable to lifestyle and metabolic risks remains a major global public health concern.Although the burden of ASCVD caused by lifestyle and metabolic risks has improved in developed countries,developing countries still need to take effective measures to reduce the disease burden.Furthermore,while high SBP remains the leading contributor to the ASCVD burden,it is also crucial to recognize that high FPG and high BMI are becoming significant drivers of the growth in the ASCVD burden.This highlights the need for a paradigm shift in ASCVD prevention and control strategies—from single risk management to comprehensive metabolic network regulation.展开更多
Background:Data on the incidence,mortality,and other burden of oral cancer as well as their secular trends are necessary to provide policy-makers with the information needed to allocate resources appropriately.The pur...Background:Data on the incidence,mortality,and other burden of oral cancer as well as their secular trends are necessary to provide policy-makers with the information needed to allocate resources appropriately.The purpose of this study was to use the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2017 results to estimate the incidence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)for oral cancer from 1990 to 2017.Methods:We collected detailed data on oral cancer from 1990 to 2017 from the GBD 2017.The global incidence,mortality,and DALYs attributable to oral cancer as well as the corresponding age-standardized rates(ASRs)were calculated.The estimated annual percentage changes in the ASRs of incidence(ASRI)and mortality(ASRM)and age-standardized DALYs of oral cancer were also calculated according to regions and countries to quantify the secular trends in these rates.Results:We tracked the incidence,mortality,and DALYs of oral cancer in 195 countries/territories over 28 years.Globally,the incidence,mortality,and DALYs of oral cancer increased by about 1.0-fold from 1990 to 2017.The ASRI of oral cancer showed a similar trend,increasing from 4.41 to 4.84 per 100,000 person-years during the study period.The ASRM remained approximately stable at about 2.4 per 100,000 from 1990 to 2017,as did the age-standardized DALYs,at about 64.0 per 100,000 person-years.ASRI was highest in Pakistan(27.03/100,000,95%CI=22.13-32.75/100,000),followed by Taiwan China,and lowest in Iraq(0.96/100,000,95%CI=0.86-1.06/100,000).ASRM was highest in Pakistan(16.85/100,000,95%CI=13.92-20.17/100,000)and lowest in Kuwait(0.51/100,000,95%CI=0.45-0.58/100,000).Conclusions:The ASRI of oral cancer has increased slightly worldwide,while the ASRM and age-standardized DALY have remained stable.However,these characteristics vary between countries,suggesting that current prevention strategies should be reoriented,and much more targeted and specific strategies should be established in some countries to forestall the increase in oral cancer.展开更多
文摘Background:Subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke characterized by high mortality and low rates of full recovery.This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of SAH between 1990 and 2021.Methods:Data on SAH incidence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs)from 1990 to 2021 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study(GBD)2021.Estimated annual percentage changes(EAPCs)were calculated to evaluate changes in the age-standardized rate(ASR)of incidence and mortality,as well as trends in SAH burden.The relationship between disease burden and socio-demographic index(SDI)was also analyzed.Results:In 2021,the incidence of SAH was found to be 37.09%higher than that in 1990;however,the age-standardized incidence rates(ASIRs)showed a decreased[EAPC:-1.52;95%uncertainty interval(UI)-1.66 to-1.37].Furthermore,both the number and rates of deaths and DALYs decreased over time.It was observed that females had lower rates compared to males.Among all regions,the high-income Asia Pacific region exhibited the highest ASIR(14.09/100,000;95%UI 12.30/100,000-16.39/100,000)in 2021,with an EPAC for ASIR<0 indicating decreasing trend over time for SAH ASIR.Oceania recorded the highest age-standardized mortality rates(ASMRs)and age-standardized DALYs rates among all regions in 2021 at values of respectively 8.61(95%UI 6.03-11.95)and 285.62(95%UI 209.42-379.65).The burden associated with SAH primarily affected individuals aged between 50-69 years old.Metabolic risks particularly elevated systolic blood pressure were identified as the main risk factors contributing towards increased disease burden associated with SAH when compared against environmental or occupational behavioral risks evaluated within the GBD framework.Conclusions:The burden of SAH varies by gender,age group,and geographical region.Although the ASRs have shown a decline over time,the burden of SAH remains significant,especially in regions with middle and low-middle SDI levels.High systolic blood pressure stands out as a key risk factor for SAH.More specific supportive measures are necessary to alleviate the global burden of SAH.
基金supported by the fund of Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(grant number 23ZR1464000)the Talent Fund of Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(grant number LH001.007)the Science and Technology Support Project of Taizhou city(SSF20210070).
文摘Background:Diarrhea remains a significant health threat to children under five years of age.The study aims to systematically elucidate the global burden of diarrhea in children,providing scientific insights for effective prevention and control strategies.Methods:The data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 study was analyzed to assess the trends in incidence,prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)of diarrhea in children under five years across the globe,21 geographical region,and 204 countries and territories,stratified by age group,sex,and socio-demographic index(SDI)levels.The trend of the disease burden for childhood diarrhea from 1990 to 2021 was described and estimated using the average annual percent change(AAPC),and a Bayesian age-period-cohort(BAPC)model was employed to predict the future burden of diarrhea in children.Results:From 1990 to 2021,there was a significant decline in the global burden of diarrhea among children under five years of age.The AAPC for incidence(-4092.18,95%confidence interval[CI]:-4224.60 to-3959.76),prevalence(-70.98,95%CI:-72.67 to-69.28),mortality(-6.89,95%CI:-6.95 to-6.83),and DALYs rate(-621.79,95%CI:-627.20 to-616.38)of diarrhea in children all showed a marked downward trend.Diarrheal incidence(r=-0.782,P<0.001),prevalence(r=-0.777,P<0.001),mortality(r=-0.908,P<0.001),and DALYs rate(r=-0.904,P<0.001)were negatively correlated with the SDI.Between 2022 and 2035,the global incidence,prevalence,and mortality rates of diarrhea in children under five years are projected to continue declining.The leading causes of diarrheal mortality in children include wasting,underweight,and non-exclusive breastfeeding.Rotavirus remains the predominant pathogen associated with diarrhea-related mortality rate and DALY rate.Conclusion:Although the global burden of diarrhea in children under five has steadily declined,it remains a significant health threat.Rotavirus is the leading pathogen,highlighting the importance of expanding rotavirus vaccination.Additionally,improving nutritional status,increasing exclusive breastfeeding rates,and enhancing access to sanitation and clean drinking water are crucial measures that,when widely implemented,can effectively reduce the health risks posed by diarrhea in children.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82070055 and 82470054)the Project Program of National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital, Grant No.2023LNJJ18)。
文摘Background Ischemic heart disease(IHD) represents the most significant disease burden among all cardiovascular diseases(CVDs). The increasing prevalence of metabolic risks in the 21st century has a profound impact on the disease burden associated with IHD. We analyzed the global, regional, and national burdens of IHD attributable to metabolic risks from 1990 to 2021.Methods The data were taken from Global Burden of Disease(GBD) study 2021. Deaths, disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),the average annual percent change(AAPC), age-standardized death rates per 100,000 persons(ASDR) and age-standardized rate per 100,000 persons(ASR) of DALYs ranging from 1990 to 2021, were extracted and stratified according to region, nationality, socio-demographic index(SDI), sex, and age. Additionally, the global future trends were predicted using Nordpred prediction model.Results Compared to 1990, in 2021, the number of death and DALYs from metabolic risk-attributed IHD increased globally by67.35% and 59.91%, respectively;whereas ASDR and ASR of DALYs showed a decreasing trend and the most severe impact was observed in male and elderly populations. In addition, the burden of disease showed an inverted V-shaped relationship with SDI from 1990 to 2021. AAPC showed a significant increase in developing countries and a decrease in developed countries. We also analyzed the effects of different risk factors including metabolic risk factors on IHD in different SDI regions and genders. The prediction of future disease burden showed that the number of death and DALYs will keep rising, while ASDR and ASR of DALYs will maintain a certain downward trend.Conclusions The results of this study highlighted the need for screening and intervention for metabolic risk factors in specific regions and populations, this should call for increased collaboration between developing and developed countries to reduce the burden of disease and improve the prognosis of patients with IHD.
基金This research work is jointly subsidied by two research projects entitled"A Predictive Study on the Changing Trend of Life-supporting Environment in China Over the Next 20-50 YearsA Modeling Research on the Responses of China's Terrestrial Ecosys
文摘The North East China Transect (NECT) is an exemplary region of landmass running along the line of 43°30′ North Latitude and caught between 112° and 130°30′ East Longtitude, and is being sampled by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) for today’s study on global change. So far, it has already been listed in the first set of IGBP-sponsored transects, becoming a key theatre and "hot spot" for probing terrestrial ecosystems. In terms of biota, the nearly 1,600-kilometre-long tract is located in a mid-latitude zone, featuring a vegetational transition from a temperate timberland of evergreen coniferous forests and broadleaved deciduous forests to a mild-temperate steppe. According to the norms of biome types, it consists of three subzones: meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe in a continuous east-to-west spatial sequence. There are four ecological stations supported by a great number of permanent samples, long-term plots and an enormous build-up of experimental data along
文摘On the basis of existing data and research results the changes of life supporting environment in China in the history are briefly described. The differences between regional climate variations and climate jump are the very important features and phenomena in estimating the trend of environmental evolution in the future. Finally, it is pointed out that sensitive zone is an ideal place to study global change. Many evidences show that the response of environmental elements in the sensitive zones to global change events is very obvious, so that much attention should be paid to the study of sensitive zone.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 41774158,41474129 and 41704148the Chinese Meridian Projectthe Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No2011324
文摘Extracting and parameterizing ionospheric waves globally and statistically is a longstanding problem. Based on the multichannel maximum entropy method（MMEM） used for studying ionospheric waves by previous work, we calculate the parameters of ionospheric waves by applying the MMEM to numerously temporally approximate and spatially close global-positioning-system radio occultation total electron content profile triples provided by the unique clustered satellites flight between years 2006 and 2007 right after the constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere, and climate（COSMIC） mission launch. The results show that the amplitude of ionospheric waves increases at the low and high latitudes（~0.15 TECU） and decreases in the mid-latitudes（~0.05 TECU）. The vertical wavelength of the ionospheric waves increases in the mid-latitudes（e.g., ~50 km at altitudes of 200–250 km） and decreases at the low and high latitudes（e.g., ~35 km at altitudes of 200–250 km）.The horizontal wavelength shows a similar result（e.g., ~1400 km in the mid-latitudes and ~800 km at the low and high latitudes）.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1315301).
文摘Objective To analyze the prevalence and burden of headache disorders in China and its provinces from 1990 to 2021.Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study(GBD)2021,the number of prevalent cases,prevalence rate,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and age-standardized DALY rates were analyzed by sex,age group,and province for headache disorders and their subtypes(migraine and tension-type headache[TTH])between 1990 and 2021.Percentage changes during this period were also estimated.Results In 2021,approximately 426 million individuals in China were affected by headache disorders,with an age-standardized prevalence rate of 27,582.61/100,000.The age-standardized DALY rate for all headache disorders was 487.15/100,000.Between 1990 and 2021,the number of prevalent cases increased by 37.78%,while the prevalence of all headache disorders,migraine,and TTH increased by 6.92%,7.57%,and 7.86%,respectively.The highest prevalence was observed in the 30-34 age group(39,520.60/100,000).Migraine accounted for a larger proportion of DALYs attributable to headache disorders,whereas TTH has a greater impact on its prevalence.In 2021,the highest age-standardized DALY rates for headache disorders were observed in Heilongjiang(617.85/100,000)and Shanghai(542.86/100,000).Conclusion The prevalence of headache disorders is increasing in China.Effective health education,improve diagnosis and treatment are essential,particularly for middle-aged working populations and women of childbearing age.
基金The Science and Technology Planning Project of Shantou in 2021(No.210616086490125)the Guangdong Department of Education’s SpecialGrant for Key Area Programs(No.2021ZDZX2023)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82072607,No.81871975)all provided funding for this work.
文摘Background:Esophageal cancer(EC)is a lethalmalignancy.The sociodemographic index(SDI)is a critical factor influencing the disease burden of EC.Risk factors,including alcohol use and diet,vary significantly by SDI level,affecting the disease outcomes.This study utilized the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 database to determine the age-standardized mortality rates(ASMR)and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rates(ASDRs)for EC attributable to alcohol use and a diet low in vegetables across countries with different SDI.Methods:Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021,covering from 1990 to 2021,were analyzed for 204 areas categorized into quintiles based on the SDI.Exposure levels for alcohol and vegetable intake were defined,and data were standardized using the global population structure to ensure comparability.Trend lines for the disease burden were plotted using R version 4.3.0(R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria).Statistical analyses were conducted using Joinpoint 4.9.1.0(The Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences,USA)regression to assess temporal trends in mortality and ASDRs,focusing on the annual percent change and average annual percent change across various SDI categories.Results:From 1990 to 2021,the ASMR and ASDR for EC decreased globally across all SDI levels and in both sexes.The areas with a middle SDI initially had the highest rates but experienced the fastest declines,falling below high-middle–SDI countries by 2021.The ASMRs attributable to alcohol use generally declined,except in low-middle–and low-SDI nations.The greatest rates among males and the total population were found in high-middle–SDI nations,whereas high-SDI nations had the highest rates among females.The ASMRs associated with a diet low in vegetables decreased in all areas.Conclusions:Despite the overall declining trend in the EC burden associated with alcohol use and diets low in vegetables,EC remains a significant global health concern.Strengthening the focus on key populations,implementing public health policies to reduce alcohol consumption,and promoting increased vegetable intake may collectively reduce the global burden of EC.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(Nos.CHF 2022-1-2021 and CHF 2024-4G-2029)the Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program(No.PX2022001)Beijing Key Project of Major Disease by Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine(Fatty Liver,No.2023BJSZDYNJBXTGG-017).
文摘Background:Chronic liver disease(CLD),mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),is a significant public health concern worldwide.This study aims to quantify the burden of NAFLD in CLD globally and within China,using data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)Study 2021,providing crucial insights for global and local health policies.Methods:The study used comprehensive data from the GBD study 2021.It included estimates of prevalence,incidence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs).Age-standardized rates and average annual percent change(AAPC)from 2011 to 2021 were reported.A meticulous decomposition analysis was conducted.Results:In 2021,there were 1582.5 million prevalent cases,47.6 million incident cases,1.4 million deaths,and 44.4 million DALYs attributable to CLD,globally.Among these,NAFLD has emerged as the predominant cause,accounting for 78.0%of all prevalent CLD cases(1234.7 million)and 87.2%of incident cases(41.5 million).Correspondingly,NAFLD had the highest age-standardized prevalence(15,017.5 per 100,000 population)and incidence(876.5 per 100,000 population)rates among CLDs.In addition,China’s CLD age-standardized prevalence rate was 21,659.5 per 100,000 population,and the age-standardized incidence rate was 752.6 per 100,000 population,higher than the global average.From 2011 to 2021,the global prevalence rate of CLD increased slowly(AAPC=0.17),consistent with the trend in China(AAPC=0.23).Furthermore,the prevalence rate of NAFLD rose significantly in China(AAPC=1.30)compared with the global average(AAPC=0.91).Decomposition analysis also showed the worldwide increase in deaths and DALYs for NAFLD,which were primarily attributable to population growth and aging.Conclusions:The burden of CLD and NAFLD remains substantial globally and within China in terms of high prevalence and incidence.As such,this underscores the need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies.These findings emphasize the importance of continued surveillance and research to mitigate the growing impact of liver diseases on global and Chinese health systems.
基金the Important Directional Project of Knowledge Innovation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No: KZCX2-308-4).
文摘Global change research and sustainable development need to be addressed at larger scales in the light of small scale process studies. Much remains to be done before the small scale, process level understanding of ecosystem responses to global change can be reliably translated to larger scales. The paper reviews the status of scaling issues and tries to find how to extrapolate our observations and our findings at site scale up to regional scale and provide ecological information and interpretations at the regional scale. An integrated approach to scaling-up from site to region is proposed combining hierarchical theory, landscape ecology, remote sensing, geographical information system (GIS) with process/mechanistic modeling. Remote sensing and GIS will play key roles in spatial analysis, integration as well as cross scale modeling.
文摘BACKGROUND Gallbladder and biliary diseases(GABDs)are a major public health issue.AIM To analysis the cause-specific incidence,prevalence,and years lived with disability(YLDs)and its temporal trends of GABDs at the global,regional,and national level.Data on GABD were available from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019.METHODS The estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)was used to quantify temporal trend in GABD age-standardized incidence rates(ASIRs),age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR),and age-standardized YLD rate(ASYR)by region,sex.We analyzed the relationship between the GABD burden and country development level using the human development index(HDI).RESULTS In 2019,the incident cases of GABD were 52003772,with an ASIR of 63432/100000 population.Globally,the number of incident cases and ASIR of GABD increased 97%and 58.9%between 1990 and 2019.Although,the ASPR and ASYR decreased from 1990 to 2019,the number of prevalent and YLDs cases increased.The highest ASIR was observed in Italy,and the highest ASPR and ASYR was observed in United Kingdom.The highest burden of GABD was found in low-SDI region,and the burden in female was significantly higher than males.A generally negative correlation(ρ=-0.24,P<0.05)of GABD with the EAPC and human development index(HDI)(in 2021)were observed for ASIR.What’s more,no correlation in ASPR(ρ=-0.06,P=0.39)and ASYR(ρ=-0.07,P=0.36)of GABD with the EAPC and HDI(in 2021)were observed,respectively.CONCLUSION GABD remain a major global public health challenge;however,the burden of GABD varies geographically.Globally,the number of incident cases and ASIR of GABD increased between 1990 and 2019.The results of our study provide insight into the global disease burden of GABD and may assist policymakers in formulating effective policies to mitigate modifiable risk factors.
文摘The advent of antimicrobial drugs has made a huge contribution to human society,but their commodity nature has given rise to behaviors such as abuse and overuse,leading to the emergence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs and other hazards.Nowadays,the structure of interests formed by various stakeholders in the market circulation of antimicrobial agents has become unbalanced,and government intervention as a breakthrough still faces many challenges.This paper discusses the AMR challenges of government intervention under the interest structure in the context of case studies in the Global North and the Global South areas from the point of view of human health in terms of stagnant R&D processes for novel antimicrobial drugs,a profit-oriented neoliberal atmosphere that mismatches production trends of antimicrobial drugs with market demand,the prevalence of private institutions lacking effective regulation,incomplete government interventions,and the difficulty of pursuing the WHO strategic plan on antimicrobial resistance,etc.
基金supported by Shandong Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Program(M-2022254)Shandong First Medical University(Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences)Youth Science Fund Cultivation and Support Program(202201-127)+1 种基金High Level Key Discipline Construction Project of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(zyyzdxk-2023123)the Major Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province(2022CXGC020510,2024CXGC010609).
文摘Chronic body pain and depression,two major global health concerns,frequently co-occur and collectively impair individuals'well-being,compromising their ability to maintain an independent lifestyle and social relationships[1].A global study of pain prevalence among 52 countries indicated the overall prevalence of pain was estimated to be 27.5%[2],with significant variation across countries(9.9%-50.3%).
基金supported by the Key Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(YDZX20193100004049)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82273016 and 82303937)+2 种基金Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes(KF2120)National Key Project of Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2500404 and 2021YFC2500405)the University-level Scientific Fund of Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences(SSF-24-1602)。
文摘Biliary tract carcinoma(BTC)is a group of malignant tumors that originate in the digestive system and occurs with a high incidence in China.Few consistent and comparable assessments of BTC disease burden have been conducted at national or subnational levels,and little is known about the demographic,temporal,and geographic patterns of epidemiological characteristics and disease burden of BTC in China.The incidence,mortality,disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs),years of life lost(YLLs)due to premature death and years lived with disability(YLDs)of BTC were comprehensively examined by age,sex,and calendar year in the Chinese population,using the methodological framework and analytical strategies used for the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study.All-age incidence increased from 17,077 to 51,720between 1990 and 2021,and the age-standardized incidence rate rose by 13.62%;all-age deaths increased from 17,251 to 37,833,but the age-standardized mortality rate fell by nearly one-fifth.The DALYs rose by 89.57%while the age-standardized DALY rate fell by 23.24%.Variations of the tendencies in BTC burden were found between sexes and age groups.Data for each provincial region indicate that coastal eastern provincial regions have higher incidence and YLD levels,whereas northern provincial regions have higher mortality,DALY,and YLL levels.The proportions of DALYs attributable to high body mass index(BMI)illustrate the growing attribution obesity has made,and high BMI usually puts more burden on northern provincial regions.These results provide evidence to support precise,targeted,and customed public health strategies aimed at enhancing biliary tract health among the Chinese population.
基金supported by grants from The Key Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(No.YDZX20193100004049)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82273016 and 82303937)+2 种基金the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes(No.KF2120)the National Key Project of Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2021YFC2500404 and 2021YFC2500405)the University-level Scientific Fund of Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences(No.SSF-24-16-02).
文摘Background:Biliary tract carcinomas(BTCs)are relatively rare but lethal primary malignant tumors derived from the biliary tract system.The burden of BTCs varies according to sex,age,region,and country,but limited attention has been paid to the burden of BTCs.We sought to explore the up-to-date data from the Global Burden of Disease Study(GBD)and expand findings by accessing the demographic features of BTC disease burden.Methods:Using the latest data from the GBD 2021,we evaluated and analyzed the distributions and patterns of BTC disease burden in various age groups,sexes,regions,and countries.Results:The number of incident cases,deaths,and disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs)tended to increase and peaked at 216,770(95%uncertainty interval[UI]:181,890-245,240),171,960(95%UI:142,350-194,240),and 3,732,100(95%UI:3,102,900-4,317,000)person-years,respectively,in 2021.However,the average global age-standardized rates(ASRs)of incident cases,deaths,and DALYs shrunk by−11.46%(95%UI:−21.91 to 3.35%),−24.09%(95%UI:−33.19 to 16.88%),and−26.25%(95%UI:−35.53 to 18.36%),respectively,from 1990 to 2021.Meanwhile,the male/female ratio(male per 100 female)of incidence,deaths,and DALYs changed from 76.40,75.41,and 74.72 to 86.89,79.11,and 82.29,respectively.In 2021,the highest number of incident cases,deaths,and DALYs occurred in East Asia.The top three highest incidences,deaths,and DALYs were observed in China,India,and Japan,and the highest ASRs were observed in Chile in 2021.Analysis of the Human Development Index along with disease burden estimates of BTCs also suggests that the burden of the disease is related to the level of comprehensive development of the society.Conclusion:This study provided a comprehensive comparison of differences in the burden of disease across populations and over time,and further presented evidence concerning the formulation of prevention and control policies and etiologic studies for BTCs and proposed logical hypotheses to investigate.
基金supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB4703000)Major Health Special Project of the Ministry of Finance of China(No.2127000277).
文摘Background:Spinal injuries are an urgent public health priority;nevertheless,no China-wide studies of these injuries exist.This study measured the incidence,prevalence,causes,regional distribution,and annual trends of spinal injuries in China from 1990 to 2019.Methods:We used data from the Global Burden of Diseases,Injuries,and Risk Factors Study 2019 to estimate the incidence and prevalence of spinal injuries in China.The data of 33 provincial-level administrative regions(excluding Taiwan,China)provided by the National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)were use to systematically analyze the provincial etiology,geographical distribution,and annual trends of spinal injuries.The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to ensure the consistency among incidence,prevalence,and mortality rates in each case.Results:From 1990 to 2019,the number of living patients with spinal injuries in China increased by 138.32%,from 2.14 million to 5.10 million,while the corresponding age-standardized prevalence increased from 0.20%(95%uncertainty interval[UI]:0.18-0.21%)to 0.27%(95%UI:0.26-0.29%).The incidence of spinal injuries in China increased by 89.91%(95%UI:72.39-107.66%),and the prevalence increased by 98.20%(95%UI:89.56-106.82%),both the most significant increases among the G20 countries;71.00%of the increase could be explained by age-specific prevalence.In 2019,the incidence was 16.47(95%UI:12.08-22.00,per 100,000 population),and the prevalence was 358.30(95%UI:333.96-386.62,per 100,000 population).Based on the data of 33 provincial-level administrative regions provided by CDC,age-standardized incidence and prevalence were both highest in developed provinces in Eastern China.The primary causes were falls and road injuries;however,the prevalence and specific causes differed across provinces.Conclusions:In China,the overall disease burden of spinal injuries increased significantly during the past three decades but varied considerably according to geographical location.The primary causes were falls and road injuries;however,the prevalence and specific causes differed across provinces.
文摘BACKGROUND Eating disorders(EDs)have increasingly become a public health problem globally,especially among children and adolescents.AIM To estimate the burden of EDs in children and adolescents(ages 5-19 years)at the global,regional,and national levels.METHODS Retrieved from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 for EDs,including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa,we extracted the disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)and prevalence rates with 95%uncertainty intervals between 1990-2019.The temporal trends of the DALYs and prevalence rates of EDs were assessed according to the estimated annual percentage changes.RESULTS In our study,we found that the burden of EDs continuously increased globally from 1990 to 2019.Although females accounted for more EDs cases,the burden of EDs in males had a greater increment.Meanwhile,the burden of EDs was associated with the high sociodemographic index(SDI)over the past 30 years and the human development indexes in 2019.CONCLUSION EDs,predominantly in high-income countries,are rising globally,especially in Asia,highlighting the need for resource planning and medical policy prioritization across all SDI quintiles.
基金supported by the Excellent Young Science and Technology Talent Cultivation Special Project of CACMS(CI2023D006)Xiyuan Hospital’s Support Program for Leading Talents in Traditional Chinese Medicine(0202213)Hospital capability enhancement project of Xiyuan Hospital of CACMS(XYZX0201-10)。
文摘Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)continues to increase globally as the most common cardiovascular disease.Lifestyle and metabolic risks are major contributors to the increase in the burden of ASCVD.However,the epidemiological characterization of the burden of ASCVD due to lifestyle and metabolic risks has not been adequately documented.We analyzed data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study to assess the disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)and age-standardized DALY rate(ASDR)attributed to ASCVD induced by lifestyle and metabolic risks.This study also analyzes temporal trends and inequalities in disease burden.Lifestyle and metabolic risks led to an increase in the DALYs and a decrease in the ASDR for ASCVD.High systolic blood pressure(SBP)was the primary contributor to the burden of ischemic heart disease(IHD)and ischemic stroke(IS),whereas high fasting plasma glucose(FPG)was the primary contributor to the burden of peripheral artery disease(PAD).High FPG and high body mass index(BMI)are primary risk factors that contribute to a more rapid increase in the burden of ASCVD.Over 32 years,high SDI regions reduced ASCVD burden linked to lifestyle and metabolic risks,while low SDI regions saw increases.ASCVD attributable to lifestyle and metabolic risks remains a major global public health concern.Although the burden of ASCVD caused by lifestyle and metabolic risks has improved in developed countries,developing countries still need to take effective measures to reduce the disease burden.Furthermore,while high SBP remains the leading contributor to the ASCVD burden,it is also crucial to recognize that high FPG and high BMI are becoming significant drivers of the growth in the ASCVD burden.This highlights the need for a paradigm shift in ASCVD prevention and control strategies—from single risk management to comprehensive metabolic network regulation.
基金This study was supported by The Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(ZH2018QNA08)(Zhang Zhiyuan)Academician Workstation Scientific Research Fund(2019)+2 种基金The SHIPM-mu fund No.JC201902 from the Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine,Ninth People’s Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineThe Shanghai Anticancer Association Eyas Project(SACA-CY1B06)the National Social Science Foundation of China(No.16BGL183).
文摘Background:Data on the incidence,mortality,and other burden of oral cancer as well as their secular trends are necessary to provide policy-makers with the information needed to allocate resources appropriately.The purpose of this study was to use the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2017 results to estimate the incidence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)for oral cancer from 1990 to 2017.Methods:We collected detailed data on oral cancer from 1990 to 2017 from the GBD 2017.The global incidence,mortality,and DALYs attributable to oral cancer as well as the corresponding age-standardized rates(ASRs)were calculated.The estimated annual percentage changes in the ASRs of incidence(ASRI)and mortality(ASRM)and age-standardized DALYs of oral cancer were also calculated according to regions and countries to quantify the secular trends in these rates.Results:We tracked the incidence,mortality,and DALYs of oral cancer in 195 countries/territories over 28 years.Globally,the incidence,mortality,and DALYs of oral cancer increased by about 1.0-fold from 1990 to 2017.The ASRI of oral cancer showed a similar trend,increasing from 4.41 to 4.84 per 100,000 person-years during the study period.The ASRM remained approximately stable at about 2.4 per 100,000 from 1990 to 2017,as did the age-standardized DALYs,at about 64.0 per 100,000 person-years.ASRI was highest in Pakistan(27.03/100,000,95%CI=22.13-32.75/100,000),followed by Taiwan China,and lowest in Iraq(0.96/100,000,95%CI=0.86-1.06/100,000).ASRM was highest in Pakistan(16.85/100,000,95%CI=13.92-20.17/100,000)and lowest in Kuwait(0.51/100,000,95%CI=0.45-0.58/100,000).Conclusions:The ASRI of oral cancer has increased slightly worldwide,while the ASRM and age-standardized DALY have remained stable.However,these characteristics vary between countries,suggesting that current prevention strategies should be reoriented,and much more targeted and specific strategies should be established in some countries to forestall the increase in oral cancer.
