The autonomous exploration and mapping of an unknown environment is useful in a wide range of applications and thus holds great significance. Existing methods mostly use range sensors to generate twodimensional (2D) g...The autonomous exploration and mapping of an unknown environment is useful in a wide range of applications and thus holds great significance. Existing methods mostly use range sensors to generate twodimensional (2D) grid maps. Red/green/blue-depth (RGB-D) sensors provide both color and depth information on the environment, thereby enabling the generation of a three-dimensional (3D) point cloud map that is intuitive for human perception. In this paper, we present a systematic approach with dual RGB-D sensors to achieve the autonomous exploration and mapping of an unknown indoor environment. With the synchronized and processed RGB-D data, location points were generated and a 3D point cloud map and 2D grid map were incrementally built. Next, the exploration was modeled as a partially observable Markov decision process. Partial map simulation and global frontier search methods were combined for autonomous exploration, and dynamic action constraints were utilized in motion control. In this way, the local optimum can be avoided and the exploration efficacy can be ensured. Experiments with single connected and multi-branched regions demonstrated the high robustness, efficiency, and superiority of the developed system and methods.展开更多
基于同步定位与制图(simultaneous localization and mapping,SLAM)技术的激光扫描系统具有成本低、效率高的优点,近年来在测绘领域得到了广泛关注。虽然基于SLAM技术的激光扫描系统能够实现实时数据获取,但该数据获取方式难以保证点云...基于同步定位与制图(simultaneous localization and mapping,SLAM)技术的激光扫描系统具有成本低、效率高的优点,近年来在测绘领域得到了广泛关注。虽然基于SLAM技术的激光扫描系统能够实现实时数据获取,但该数据获取方式难以保证点云精度,不同位置获取的同一地物的点云存在位置不一致。为了提高该类系统所获点云精度,本文提出一种分层次点云全局优化方法。该方法首先通过"点-切平面"迭代最近邻算法对重叠点云进行配准,形成扫描系统轨迹间的约束;然后构建位姿图对轨迹进行优化,利用优化后的轨迹对点云进行修正。算法通过将优化过程分解为局部和整体两个层次以提高计算效率。试验结果表明,优化后点云同名点对间的距离中误差减小约50%,内部不一致现象得到有效消除。展开更多
密集匹配是生成数字表面模型的核心步骤,但在纹理缺乏、视差断裂和光照不一致等区域容易匹配失败。为了提高密集匹配结果的精度,提出一种稀疏点云引导(sparse point cloud guidance,SPCG)的航空影像数字表面模型生成方法,旨在利用空三...密集匹配是生成数字表面模型的核心步骤,但在纹理缺乏、视差断裂和光照不一致等区域容易匹配失败。为了提高密集匹配结果的精度,提出一种稀疏点云引导(sparse point cloud guidance,SPCG)的航空影像数字表面模型生成方法,旨在利用空三加密的稀疏点云约束影像的密集匹配。首先,通过稀疏点云引导的方式,选择具有良好几何配置、高重叠度和高覆盖率的立体影像对;然后,利用最近邻聚类和金字塔传播方法,扩充稀疏点云的数量;进一步,采用改进的高斯函数优化扩展点的匹配代价,以提高密集匹配结果的准确性;最后,将多个密集匹配点云融合,生成数字表面模型。模拟立体影像和真实航空立体影像的实验表明,SPCG方法优化的半全局匹配显著提升了原始半全局匹配算法的匹配准确性,具体数值表现如下:半全局匹配生成的视差图与真实视差的差值大于1、2或3个像素的百分比分别为46.72%、32.83%或27.32%,而SPCG方法优化的半全局匹配相比于半全局匹配分别下降了7.67%、9.75%或10.28%。此外,相比于高斯方法优化的半全局匹配和深度学习方法金字塔立体匹配网络,SPCG方法优化的半全局匹配具有最高的匹配精度。多视航空影像实验结果表明,SPCG方法准确生成了整个测区的数字表面模型,并且在定性和定量两个方面均优于采用卓越SURE软件生成的数字表面模型。展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61720106012 and 61403215)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Robotics (2006-003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities for the financial support of this work.
文摘The autonomous exploration and mapping of an unknown environment is useful in a wide range of applications and thus holds great significance. Existing methods mostly use range sensors to generate twodimensional (2D) grid maps. Red/green/blue-depth (RGB-D) sensors provide both color and depth information on the environment, thereby enabling the generation of a three-dimensional (3D) point cloud map that is intuitive for human perception. In this paper, we present a systematic approach with dual RGB-D sensors to achieve the autonomous exploration and mapping of an unknown indoor environment. With the synchronized and processed RGB-D data, location points were generated and a 3D point cloud map and 2D grid map were incrementally built. Next, the exploration was modeled as a partially observable Markov decision process. Partial map simulation and global frontier search methods were combined for autonomous exploration, and dynamic action constraints were utilized in motion control. In this way, the local optimum can be avoided and the exploration efficacy can be ensured. Experiments with single connected and multi-branched regions demonstrated the high robustness, efficiency, and superiority of the developed system and methods.
文摘基于同步定位与制图(simultaneous localization and mapping,SLAM)技术的激光扫描系统具有成本低、效率高的优点,近年来在测绘领域得到了广泛关注。虽然基于SLAM技术的激光扫描系统能够实现实时数据获取,但该数据获取方式难以保证点云精度,不同位置获取的同一地物的点云存在位置不一致。为了提高该类系统所获点云精度,本文提出一种分层次点云全局优化方法。该方法首先通过"点-切平面"迭代最近邻算法对重叠点云进行配准,形成扫描系统轨迹间的约束;然后构建位姿图对轨迹进行优化,利用优化后的轨迹对点云进行修正。算法通过将优化过程分解为局部和整体两个层次以提高计算效率。试验结果表明,优化后点云同名点对间的距离中误差减小约50%,内部不一致现象得到有效消除。
文摘密集匹配是生成数字表面模型的核心步骤,但在纹理缺乏、视差断裂和光照不一致等区域容易匹配失败。为了提高密集匹配结果的精度,提出一种稀疏点云引导(sparse point cloud guidance,SPCG)的航空影像数字表面模型生成方法,旨在利用空三加密的稀疏点云约束影像的密集匹配。首先,通过稀疏点云引导的方式,选择具有良好几何配置、高重叠度和高覆盖率的立体影像对;然后,利用最近邻聚类和金字塔传播方法,扩充稀疏点云的数量;进一步,采用改进的高斯函数优化扩展点的匹配代价,以提高密集匹配结果的准确性;最后,将多个密集匹配点云融合,生成数字表面模型。模拟立体影像和真实航空立体影像的实验表明,SPCG方法优化的半全局匹配显著提升了原始半全局匹配算法的匹配准确性,具体数值表现如下:半全局匹配生成的视差图与真实视差的差值大于1、2或3个像素的百分比分别为46.72%、32.83%或27.32%,而SPCG方法优化的半全局匹配相比于半全局匹配分别下降了7.67%、9.75%或10.28%。此外,相比于高斯方法优化的半全局匹配和深度学习方法金字塔立体匹配网络,SPCG方法优化的半全局匹配具有最高的匹配精度。多视航空影像实验结果表明,SPCG方法准确生成了整个测区的数字表面模型,并且在定性和定量两个方面均优于采用卓越SURE软件生成的数字表面模型。
