The glancing angle deposition( GLAD) method is a kind of physical vapor deposition and many kinds of self-standing nanostructured materials can be prepared. Here we report GLAD method to form selfstanding TiO_2 nanost...The glancing angle deposition( GLAD) method is a kind of physical vapor deposition and many kinds of self-standing nanostructured materials can be prepared. Here we report GLAD method to form selfstanding TiO_2 nanostructures on specific substrates,which makes photocatalysts easier to recycle. And smart designs of doping,decorating band gap matched materials can also make traditional photocatalysts take use of more visible light. In this review,we present some previous work fabricating nanostructured TiO_2 composites for enhanced photocatalytic performance by these methods.展开更多
In or Ga gradients in the Cu(In1-xGax)Se2(CIGS)absorbing layer lead to change the lattice parameters of the absorbing layer,giving rise to the bandgap grading in the absorbing layer which is directly associated with t...In or Ga gradients in the Cu(In1-xGax)Se2(CIGS)absorbing layer lead to change the lattice parameters of the absorbing layer,giving rise to the bandgap grading in the absorbing layer which is directly associated with the degree of absorbing ability of the CIGS solar cell.We tried to characterize the depth profile of the lattice parameters of the CIGS absorbing layer using a glancing incidence X-ray diffraction(GIXRD)technique,and then investigate the bandgap grading of the CIGS absorbing layer.When the glancing incident angle increased from 0.50 to 5.00°,the a and c lattice parameters of the CIGS absorbing layer gradually decreased from 5.7776(3)to 5.6905(2)?,and 11.3917(3)to 11.2114(2)?,respectively.The depth profile of the lattice parameters as a function of the incident angle was consistent with vertical variation in the compositionof In or Ga with depth in the absorbing layer.The variation of the lattice parameters was due to the difference between the ionic radius of In and Ga co-occupying at the same crystallographic site.According to the results of the depth profile of the refined parameters using GIXRD data,the bandgap of the CIGS absorber layer was graded over a range of 1.222-1.532 eV.This approach allows to determine the In or Ga gradients in the CIGS absorbing layer,and to nondestructively guess the bandgap depth profile through the refinement of the lattice parameters using GIXRD data on the assumption that the changes of the lattice parameters or unit-cell volume follow a good approximation to Vegard’s law.展开更多
Glancing incidence x-ray fluorescence spectrometry using a single-bounce parabolic capillary is proposed for the analysis of layered samples.The divergence of the x-ray beam was 0.33 mrad.In this paper,we used this in...Glancing incidence x-ray fluorescence spectrometry using a single-bounce parabolic capillary is proposed for the analysis of layered samples.The divergence of the x-ray beam was 0.33 mrad.In this paper,we used this instrumental setup to analyze a Si single crystal and a 50 nm HfO_(2) single-layer film deposited on a Si substrate.展开更多
This paper reports that SiO2 is selected to fabricate broadband antireflection （AR） coatings on fused silica substrate by using glancing angle deposition and physical vapour deposition. Through accurate control of t...This paper reports that SiO2 is selected to fabricate broadband antireflection （AR） coatings on fused silica substrate by using glancing angle deposition and physical vapour deposition. Through accurate control of the graded index of the SiO2 layer, transmittance of thc graded broadband AR coating can achieve an average value of 98% across a spectral range of 300-1850 nm. Moreover, a laser-induced damage threshold measurement of the fabricated AR coating is performed by using a one-on-one protocol according to ISOl1254-1, resulting in an average damage threshold of 17.2 J/cm2.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion electrochromic(EC)technology,boasting the capability to fulfill both safety and cost-ef⁃fectiveness requirements,is garnering extensive attention in various application areas including smart windows,t...Aqueous zinc-ion electrochromic(EC)technology,boasting the capability to fulfill both safety and cost-ef⁃fectiveness requirements,is garnering extensive attention in various application areas including smart windows,thermal management,displays,and camouflage.However,typical inorganic EC materials,such as tungsten oxides(WO_(3)),of⁃ten suffer from slow ion diffusion kinetics and limited optical contrast within the aqueous Zn^(2+)electrolyte because of the large size and strong Coulombic interactions of the Zn^(2+),which limits their wide applicability.Here,ordered WO_(3)nanowire films,constructed by a one-step grazing angle deposition method,is demonstrated to boost the response speed and optical contrast during EC phenomena.Compared with dense films,the ordered WO_(3)nanowire films with a porosity of 44.6%demonstrate anti-reflective property and excellent comprehensive EC performance,including fast response time(3.6 s and 1.2 s for coloring and bleaching,respectively),large optical contrast(66.6%at 700 nm)and high col⁃oration efficiency(64.3 cm^(2)·C^(-1)).A large-area prototype EC device(17 cm×12 cm)with fast color-switching is also successfully achieved.Mechanistic studies show that the improved performance is mainly due to the ordered porous nanowire structures,which provides direct electron transfer paths and sufficient interfacial contacts,thus simultaneously enhancing the electrochemical activity and fast redox kinetics.This study provides a simple and effective strategy to im⁃prove the performance of tungsten oxide-based aqueous zinc ion EC materials and devices.展开更多
SnSe single crystals have been demonstrated to possess excellent thermoelectric properties.In this work,we demonstrate a grain size control method in growing nanocrystalline SnSe thin films through a glancing angle pu...SnSe single crystals have been demonstrated to possess excellent thermoelectric properties.In this work,we demonstrate a grain size control method in growing nanocrystalline SnSe thin films through a glancing angle pulsed-laser deposition approach.Structural characterization reveals that the SnSe film deposited at a normal angle has a preferred orientation along a axis,while by contrast,the SnSe film deposited at an 80glancing angle develops a nanopillar structure with the growth direction towards the incident atomic flux.The glancing angle deposition greatly reduces the grain size of the thin film due to a shadowing effect to the adatoms,resulting in significantly increased power factor for more than 100%.The maximum Seebeck coefficient and power factor are 498.5 mV=K and 18.5 mWcm^(-1)K^(-2),respectively.The enhancement of thermoelectric property can be attributed to the potential barrier scattering at grain boundaries owing to the reduced grain size and increased grain boundaries in the film.Given this enhanced power factor,and considering the fact that the nanopillar structure should have much lower thermal conductivity than a plain film,the zT value of such made SnSe film could be significantly larger than the corresponding single crystal film,making it a good candidate for thin film-based thermoelectric device.展开更多
The SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study was used to evaluate the impact of various work zone and driver characteristics on back of queue safety critical events (crash, near-crash, or conflicts) The model included 43 SCE ...The SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study was used to evaluate the impact of various work zone and driver characteristics on back of queue safety critical events (crash, near-crash, or conflicts) The model included 43 SCE and 209 “normal” events which were used as controls. The traces included representing 209 unique drivers. A Mixed-Effects Logistic Regression model was developed with probability of a SCE as the response variable and driver and work zone characteristics as predictor variables. The final model indicated glances over 1 second away from the driving task and following closely increased risk of an SCE by 3.8 times and 2.9 times, respectively. Average speed was negatively correlated to crash risk. This is counterintuitive since in most cases, it is expected that higher speeds are related to back of queue crashes. However, most queues form under congested conditions. As a result, vehicles encountering a back of queue would be more likely to be traveling at lower speeds.展开更多
Glancing Angle X-ray Diffraction (GAXRD) is introduced as a direct, non-destructive, surface-sensitive technique for analysis of thin films. The method was applied to polycrystalline thin films (namely, titanium oxide...Glancing Angle X-ray Diffraction (GAXRD) is introduced as a direct, non-destructive, surface-sensitive technique for analysis of thin films. The method was applied to polycrystalline thin films (namely, titanium oxide, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide and combinations thereof) obtained by electrochemical growth, in order to determine the composition of ultra-thin surface layers, to estimate film thickness, and perform depth profiling of multilayered heterostructures. The experimental data are treated on the basis of a simple absorption-diffraction model involving the glancing angle of X-ray incidence.展开更多
Circular polarization selection of light is an important property of helical micro-nanostructure.The helical thin films fabricated by glancing angle deposition can provide both circular polarization selection and wave...Circular polarization selection of light is an important property of helical micro-nanostructure.The helical thin films fabricated by glancing angle deposition can provide both circular polarization selection and wavelength tuning in this work.Their selective transmissions were depicted in calculations and experiments.The wavelength tuning mechanism was revealed as the relationship between peak wavelength and deposition parameters.Therefore,tunable circular polarization components can be designed according to the mechanism mentioned above and fabricated by glancing angle deposition techniques.Potential applications include tunable optical filters,optical pulse-shapers,biosensors etc.展开更多
ZIRLO alloy specimens were implanted with carbon ions with fluence range from 1×10 16 to 1×10 18ions·cm -2, using a MEVVA source at an extraction voltage of 40 kV at maximum temperature of 380 ℃. The s...ZIRLO alloy specimens were implanted with carbon ions with fluence range from 1×10 16 to 1×10 18ions·cm -2, using a MEVVA source at an extraction voltage of 40 kV at maximum temperature of 380 ℃. The surfaces of the implanted samples were then analyzed and the TRIM 96 computer code was used to simulate the depth distribution of carbon. The valences of elements in the implanted surface of ZIRLO alloy were analyzed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS); and then the depth distributions of the elements on the surface of the samples were obtained by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the micro-morphology of implanted samples. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD) at 0.30 incident angles was employed to examine the phase transformations of implanted samples. It shows that the as-received ZIRLO alloy is mainly composed of hexagonal alpha zirconium, as for implanted samples, there appeared hexagonal zirconia (H-ZrO_ 0.35) and sigma zirconium carbide (δ-Zr_3C_2), and the δ-Zr_3C_2 increased when increasing the fluence. When the fluence reached 1×10 18 ions·cm -2, the concentration of δ-Zr_3C_2 is the maximum in all the samples. The micro-morphology of implanted samples are similar, there are many pits with diameters ranging from 1 to 3 μm on the implanted surfaces.展开更多
Henri Feltz,standing member of French Social Economic Council,President of Association of Interpreters, Nord pas de Calais Area, President of Textile Industry Association and President of CMH Real Estate Group,said,&#...Henri Feltz,standing member of French Social Economic Council,President of Association of Interpreters, Nord pas de Calais Area, President of Textile Industry Association and President of CMH Real Estate Group,said,'in 2004,I visited China 4 times.展开更多
Malaysia asks Lynas for waste plan before licence renewal Malaysia is waiting on Australian miner Lynas Corp's plan to manage low-level radioactive waste from its rare earths processing plant ahead of a license re...Malaysia asks Lynas for waste plan before licence renewal Malaysia is waiting on Australian miner Lynas Corp's plan to manage low-level radioactive waste from its rare earths processing plant ahead of a license renewal, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad said on Thursday.展开更多
During the last few days of March,the cold weather banished the warm steps of spring inexpectably in north China.However,in the city of Beijing,the textile and apparel industry welcomed its annual boom period every ye...During the last few days of March,the cold weather banished the warm steps of spring inexpectably in north China.However,in the city of Beijing,the textile and apparel industry welcomed its annual boom period every year:the China International Trade Fair for Fibers and Yarns,the China International Trade Fair for Apparel Fabrics and Accessories (CHIC 2008),the China International Clothing & Accessories Fair and the 08 S/S Collections Fashion Week.展开更多
基金Sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology of P.R.C(Grant No.2016YFE0104000)
文摘The glancing angle deposition( GLAD) method is a kind of physical vapor deposition and many kinds of self-standing nanostructured materials can be prepared. Here we report GLAD method to form selfstanding TiO_2 nanostructures on specific substrates,which makes photocatalysts easier to recycle. And smart designs of doping,decorating band gap matched materials can also make traditional photocatalysts take use of more visible light. In this review,we present some previous work fabricating nanostructured TiO_2 composites for enhanced photocatalytic performance by these methods.
基金supported by Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science(KRISS–2019–GP2019-0014)。
文摘In or Ga gradients in the Cu(In1-xGax)Se2(CIGS)absorbing layer lead to change the lattice parameters of the absorbing layer,giving rise to the bandgap grading in the absorbing layer which is directly associated with the degree of absorbing ability of the CIGS solar cell.We tried to characterize the depth profile of the lattice parameters of the CIGS absorbing layer using a glancing incidence X-ray diffraction(GIXRD)technique,and then investigate the bandgap grading of the CIGS absorbing layer.When the glancing incident angle increased from 0.50 to 5.00°,the a and c lattice parameters of the CIGS absorbing layer gradually decreased from 5.7776(3)to 5.6905(2)?,and 11.3917(3)to 11.2114(2)?,respectively.The depth profile of the lattice parameters as a function of the incident angle was consistent with vertical variation in the compositionof In or Ga with depth in the absorbing layer.The variation of the lattice parameters was due to the difference between the ionic radius of In and Ga co-occupying at the same crystallographic site.According to the results of the depth profile of the refined parameters using GIXRD data,the bandgap of the CIGS absorber layer was graded over a range of 1.222-1.532 eV.This approach allows to determine the In or Ga gradients in the CIGS absorbing layer,and to nondestructively guess the bandgap depth profile through the refinement of the lattice parameters using GIXRD data on the assumption that the changes of the lattice parameters or unit-cell volume follow a good approximation to Vegard’s law.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFF0701202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11875087)。
文摘Glancing incidence x-ray fluorescence spectrometry using a single-bounce parabolic capillary is proposed for the analysis of layered samples.The divergence of the x-ray beam was 0.33 mrad.In this paper,we used this instrumental setup to analyze a Si single crystal and a 50 nm HfO_(2) single-layer film deposited on a Si substrate.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10804060)Higher Educational Science and Technology Program of Shandong Province of China (Grant No. J08LI05)
文摘This paper reports that SiO2 is selected to fabricate broadband antireflection （AR） coatings on fused silica substrate by using glancing angle deposition and physical vapour deposition. Through accurate control of the graded index of the SiO2 layer, transmittance of thc graded broadband AR coating can achieve an average value of 98% across a spectral range of 300-1850 nm. Moreover, a laser-induced damage threshold measurement of the fabricated AR coating is performed by using a one-on-one protocol according to ISOl1254-1, resulting in an average damage threshold of 17.2 J/cm2.
基金Supported by Jilin Provincial Scientific and Technological Development Program(20230508109RC,20230201051GX,20220201091GX)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62035013,61275235)。
文摘Aqueous zinc-ion electrochromic(EC)technology,boasting the capability to fulfill both safety and cost-ef⁃fectiveness requirements,is garnering extensive attention in various application areas including smart windows,thermal management,displays,and camouflage.However,typical inorganic EC materials,such as tungsten oxides(WO_(3)),of⁃ten suffer from slow ion diffusion kinetics and limited optical contrast within the aqueous Zn^(2+)electrolyte because of the large size and strong Coulombic interactions of the Zn^(2+),which limits their wide applicability.Here,ordered WO_(3)nanowire films,constructed by a one-step grazing angle deposition method,is demonstrated to boost the response speed and optical contrast during EC phenomena.Compared with dense films,the ordered WO_(3)nanowire films with a porosity of 44.6%demonstrate anti-reflective property and excellent comprehensive EC performance,including fast response time(3.6 s and 1.2 s for coloring and bleaching,respectively),large optical contrast(66.6%at 700 nm)and high col⁃oration efficiency(64.3 cm^(2)·C^(-1)).A large-area prototype EC device(17 cm×12 cm)with fast color-switching is also successfully achieved.Mechanistic studies show that the improved performance is mainly due to the ordered porous nanowire structures,which provides direct electron transfer paths and sufficient interfacial contacts,thus simultaneously enhancing the electrochemical activity and fast redox kinetics.This study provides a simple and effective strategy to im⁃prove the performance of tungsten oxide-based aqueous zinc ion EC materials and devices.
基金We thank support from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University(Grant Nos.1-ZVCG,1eZVGH,4eZZDC,and DD7F).
文摘SnSe single crystals have been demonstrated to possess excellent thermoelectric properties.In this work,we demonstrate a grain size control method in growing nanocrystalline SnSe thin films through a glancing angle pulsed-laser deposition approach.Structural characterization reveals that the SnSe film deposited at a normal angle has a preferred orientation along a axis,while by contrast,the SnSe film deposited at an 80glancing angle develops a nanopillar structure with the growth direction towards the incident atomic flux.The glancing angle deposition greatly reduces the grain size of the thin film due to a shadowing effect to the adatoms,resulting in significantly increased power factor for more than 100%.The maximum Seebeck coefficient and power factor are 498.5 mV=K and 18.5 mWcm^(-1)K^(-2),respectively.The enhancement of thermoelectric property can be attributed to the potential barrier scattering at grain boundaries owing to the reduced grain size and increased grain boundaries in the film.Given this enhanced power factor,and considering the fact that the nanopillar structure should have much lower thermal conductivity than a plain film,the zT value of such made SnSe film could be significantly larger than the corresponding single crystal film,making it a good candidate for thin film-based thermoelectric device.
文摘The SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study was used to evaluate the impact of various work zone and driver characteristics on back of queue safety critical events (crash, near-crash, or conflicts) The model included 43 SCE and 209 “normal” events which were used as controls. The traces included representing 209 unique drivers. A Mixed-Effects Logistic Regression model was developed with probability of a SCE as the response variable and driver and work zone characteristics as predictor variables. The final model indicated glances over 1 second away from the driving task and following closely increased risk of an SCE by 3.8 times and 2.9 times, respectively. Average speed was negatively correlated to crash risk. This is counterintuitive since in most cases, it is expected that higher speeds are related to back of queue crashes. However, most queues form under congested conditions. As a result, vehicles encountering a back of queue would be more likely to be traveling at lower speeds.
文摘Glancing Angle X-ray Diffraction (GAXRD) is introduced as a direct, non-destructive, surface-sensitive technique for analysis of thin films. The method was applied to polycrystalline thin films (namely, titanium oxide, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide and combinations thereof) obtained by electrochemical growth, in order to determine the composition of ultra-thin surface layers, to estimate film thickness, and perform depth profiling of multilayered heterostructures. The experimental data are treated on the basis of a simple absorption-diffraction model involving the glancing angle of X-ray incidence.
基金the financial support of the project from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.60977042)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Provincial(Grant No.9151027501000070)
文摘Circular polarization selection of light is an important property of helical micro-nanostructure.The helical thin films fabricated by glancing angle deposition can provide both circular polarization selection and wavelength tuning in this work.Their selective transmissions were depicted in calculations and experiments.The wavelength tuning mechanism was revealed as the relationship between peak wavelength and deposition parameters.Therefore,tunable circular polarization components can be designed according to the mechanism mentioned above and fabricated by glancing angle deposition techniques.Potential applications include tunable optical filters,optical pulse-shapers,biosensors etc.
文摘ZIRLO alloy specimens were implanted with carbon ions with fluence range from 1×10 16 to 1×10 18ions·cm -2, using a MEVVA source at an extraction voltage of 40 kV at maximum temperature of 380 ℃. The surfaces of the implanted samples were then analyzed and the TRIM 96 computer code was used to simulate the depth distribution of carbon. The valences of elements in the implanted surface of ZIRLO alloy were analyzed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS); and then the depth distributions of the elements on the surface of the samples were obtained by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the micro-morphology of implanted samples. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD) at 0.30 incident angles was employed to examine the phase transformations of implanted samples. It shows that the as-received ZIRLO alloy is mainly composed of hexagonal alpha zirconium, as for implanted samples, there appeared hexagonal zirconia (H-ZrO_ 0.35) and sigma zirconium carbide (δ-Zr_3C_2), and the δ-Zr_3C_2 increased when increasing the fluence. When the fluence reached 1×10 18 ions·cm -2, the concentration of δ-Zr_3C_2 is the maximum in all the samples. The micro-morphology of implanted samples are similar, there are many pits with diameters ranging from 1 to 3 μm on the implanted surfaces.
文摘Henri Feltz,standing member of French Social Economic Council,President of Association of Interpreters, Nord pas de Calais Area, President of Textile Industry Association and President of CMH Real Estate Group,said,'in 2004,I visited China 4 times.
文摘Malaysia asks Lynas for waste plan before licence renewal Malaysia is waiting on Australian miner Lynas Corp's plan to manage low-level radioactive waste from its rare earths processing plant ahead of a license renewal, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad said on Thursday.
文摘During the last few days of March,the cold weather banished the warm steps of spring inexpectably in north China.However,in the city of Beijing,the textile and apparel industry welcomed its annual boom period every year:the China International Trade Fair for Fibers and Yarns,the China International Trade Fair for Apparel Fabrics and Accessories (CHIC 2008),the China International Clothing & Accessories Fair and the 08 S/S Collections Fashion Week.
