Gibbons in China represent the northernmost margin of present day gibbon species distribution （around N25°）. Compared to tropical habitats, northern gibbon habitats are characterized by low temperatures and rem...Gibbons in China represent the northernmost margin of present day gibbon species distribution （around N25°）. Compared to tropical habitats, northern gibbon habitats are characterized by low temperatures and remarkable seasonal variation in fruit abundance How gibbons adapt to their cold and seasonal habitats and what ecological factors affect their sociality are key questions for understanding their ecology and social system evolution, the elucidation of which will contribute to the conservation of these special populations/species. According to preliminary short-term studies, northern gibbons consume more leaves and use larger home ranges than tropical gibbons. Interestingly, some Nomascus groups consist of more than one adult female. However, these preliminary results are not well understood or incorporated into current socio-ecological theories regarding gibbon species. To better understand northern gibbons, our team has systematically studied three habituated groups of Nomascus concolor, three groups of N. nasutus, and two habituated groups of Hoolock tianxing since 2002. In this paper, we stress the challenges facing gibbons living in northern habitats and summarize their behavioral adaptations to their harsh environments. We also describe the northern gibbon social system and discuss the potential relationships between their ecology and sociality. Finally, we highlight future research questions related to northern gibbons in China.展开更多
Gibbons and siamangs （Hylobatidae） are well-known for their rapid chromosomal evolution,which has resulted in high speciation rate within the family.On the other hand,distinct karyotypes do not prevent speciation,al...Gibbons and siamangs （Hylobatidae） are well-known for their rapid chromosomal evolution,which has resulted in high speciation rate within the family.On the other hand,distinct karyotypes do not prevent speciation,allowing interbreeding between individuals in captivity,and the unwanted hybrids are ethically problematic as all gibbon species are endangered or critically endangered.Thus,accurate species identification is crucial for captive breeding,particularly in China where studbooks are unavailable.Identification based on external morphology is difficult,especially for hybrids,because species are usually similar in appearance.In this study,we employed G-banding karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） as well as a PCR-based approach to examine karyotypic characteristics and identify crested gibbons of the genus Nomascus from zoos and nature reserves in China.We characterized and identified five karyotypes from 21 individuals of Nomascus.Using karyotypes and mitochondrial and nuclear genes,we identified three purebred species and three hybrids,including one F2 hybrid between N.gabriellae and N.siki.Our results also supported that N.leucogenys and N.siki shared the same inversion on chromosome 7,which resolves arguments from previous studies.Our results demonstrated that both karyotyping and DNA-based approaches were suitable for identifying purebred species,though neither was ideal for hybrid identification.The advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed.Our results further highlight the importance of animal ethics and welfare,which are critical for endangered species in captivity.展开更多
INTRODUCTION Gibbons(Hylobatidae)are endangered small arboreal apes distributed in southern,eastern,and Southeast Asia,named for their exceptionally long arms(Fan 2017).Studying gibbons is of paramount importance in e...INTRODUCTION Gibbons(Hylobatidae)are endangered small arboreal apes distributed in southern,eastern,and Southeast Asia,named for their exceptionally long arms(Fan 2017).Studying gibbons is of paramount importance in evolutionary biology,providing unique insights into the diversification of primates and comprehending hominoid evolution(Carbone et al.2014).According to different karyotypes ranging from 38 to 52,gibbons could be classified into four genera(Nomascus,Hylobates,Hoolock,and Symphalangus)with 20 species(Carbone et al.2014;Fan et al.2017).The phylogenetic relationships of the gibbon family remain undetermined,and a variety of different topologies are identified based on various data types or methods.展开更多
Hainan gibbons are among the world’s most critically endangered primates,with a remaining population of only 35 individuals distributed across 5 social groups in the Bawangling Branch of the Hainan Tropical Rainfores...Hainan gibbons are among the world’s most critically endangered primates,with a remaining population of only 35 individuals distributed across 5 social groups in the Bawangling Branch of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park,China.Habitat conversion and forest fragmentation over the past 40 years have reduced their geographical distribution by 95%.In the absence of a quantitative assessment of the availability of remaining suitable habitat,it is unclear whether this species can survive to the end of this century.We used behavioral observations,ArcGIS,remote sensing,stereo optical imagery,and MaxEnt modeling to identify patterns of Hainan gibbon range use and compare changes in the distribution of suitable forest types and areas of forest fragmentation over the past 20 years(2000–2020).The results indicate that the combined range of the 5 extant Hainan gibbon groups totaled 14.89 km2.The home range of the smallest group(Group E,3 individuals)was 1.51 km2,which likely represents the minimum home range size for this species.The remaining area of highly suitable and moderately suitable habitat totals 26.9 km2.However,habitat connectivity across the gibbon range is very low(less than 0.5),limiting the ability of Hainan gibbons to move between forest patches.The results of this study indicate that the availability of suitable habitat in Bawangling is insufficient to allow for future Hainan gibbon population growth.Therefore,immediate action must be taken to restore,reforest,and establish ecological corridors to reconnect areas of suitable habitat for these critically endangered gibbons.展开更多
Two spherically symmetric non-singular black hole solutions in Moiler tetrad theory of gravitation have been obtained. Although the two solutions have the same form of metric （spherically symmetric nonsingular black ...Two spherically symmetric non-singular black hole solutions in Moiler tetrad theory of gravitation have been obtained. Although the two solutions have the same form of metric （spherically symmetric nonsingular black hole）, their energy contents are different. We use another method given by Gibbons and Hawking to calculate the energy content of these solutions. We also obtained different value of energy. Study the requirements of a satisfactory energymomentum complex given by Moiler we find that the second solution, which behaves as 1/√r, is not transformed as a four-vector under Lorentz transformation.展开更多
China supports the richest non-human primate diversity in the northern hemisphere, providing an excellent opportunity for Chinese primatologists to take a leading role in advancing the study of primatology Primatology...China supports the richest non-human primate diversity in the northern hemisphere, providing an excellent opportunity for Chinese primatologists to take a leading role in advancing the study of primatology Primatology in China began to flourish after 1979. To date, Chinese primatologists have published more than 1 000 papers in journals indexed by the Chinese Science Citation Database and the Web of Science Core Collection, and universities and academic institutions have trained 107 PhD students and 370 Masters students between 1984 and 2016. In total, the National Science Foundation of China has funded 129 primate projects （RMB 71.7 million） supporting 59 researchers from 28 organizations. However, previous research has also shown obvious species bias. Rhinopithecus roxellana, Rhinopithecus bieti, and Macaca mulatta have received much greater research attention than other species. Researchers have also tended to continue to study the same species （55.2%） they studied during their PhD training. To promote the development of primatology in China, we suggest （1） the need for a comprehensive primatology textbook written in Chinese, （2） continued training of more PhD students, and （3） encouragement to study less well-known primate species.展开更多
In this study, the quadrat method was used to study the effects of tsaoko （Fructus tsaoko） plantation on tree diversity and canopy structure of two natural habitats of eastern hoolock gibbon （Hoolock leuconedys）：...In this study, the quadrat method was used to study the effects of tsaoko （Fructus tsaoko） plantation on tree diversity and canopy structure of two natural habitats of eastern hoolock gibbon （Hoolock leuconedys）： Nankang （characterized by extensive tsaoko plantation） and Banchang （relatively well reserved and without tsaoko plantation）. Totally, 102 tree species from 25 families and 16 woody liana species from 10 families were recorded in Nankang, whereas 108 tree species from 30 families and 17 woody liana species from 12 families were recorded in Banchang. Although the tree species between two habitats is different, both habitats are characterized by enriched food resources for eastern hoolock gibbons, sharing similar dominant plant families. Due to tsaoko plantation, tree density proportion and diversity of forest layer I （〉20 m） in Nankang were both significantly decreased, but the tree density of layerH （10-20 m） increased. Likewise, in conjunction with these behavioral observations, we also address potential impacts of tsaoko plantation on the behavior of eastern hoolock gibbon.展开更多
The consistent tanh expansion(CTE) method is employed to the(2+1)-dimensional Caudrey–Dodd–Gibbon–Kotera–Sawada(CDGKS) equation. The interaction solutions between solitons and the cnoidal periodic waves are explic...The consistent tanh expansion(CTE) method is employed to the(2+1)-dimensional Caudrey–Dodd–Gibbon–Kotera–Sawada(CDGKS) equation. The interaction solutions between solitons and the cnoidal periodic waves are explicitly obtained. Concretely, we discuss a special kind of interaction solution in the form of tanh functions and Jacobian elliptic functions in both analytical and graphical ways. The results show that the profiles of the soliton-cnoidal periodic wave interaction solutions can be designed by choosing different values of wave parameters.展开更多
Complex optimization problems hold broad significance across numerous fields and applications.However,as the dimensionality of such problems increases,issues like the curse of dimensionality and local optima trapping ...Complex optimization problems hold broad significance across numerous fields and applications.However,as the dimensionality of such problems increases,issues like the curse of dimensionality and local optima trapping also arise.To address these challenges,this paper proposes a novel Wild Gibbon Optimization Algorithm(WGOA)based on an analysis of wild gibbon population behavior.WGOAcomprises two strategies:community search and community competition.The community search strategy facilitates information exchange between two gibbon families,generating multiple candidate solutions to enhance algorithm diversity.Meanwhile,the community competition strategy reselects leaders for the population after each iteration,thus enhancing algorithm precision.To assess the algorithm’s performance,CEC2017 and CEC2022 are chosen as test functions.In the CEC2017 test suite,WGOA secures first place in 10 functions.In the CEC2022 benchmark functions,WGOA obtained the first rank in 5 functions.The ultimate experimental findings demonstrate that theWildGibbonOptimization Algorithm outperforms others in tested functions.This underscores the strong robustness and stability of the gibbonalgorithm in tackling complex single-objective optimization problems.展开更多
Gibbons have experienced extensive karyotype rearrangements during evolution and represent an ideal model for studying the underlying molecular mechanism of evolutionary chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated t...Gibbons have experienced extensive karyotype rearrangements during evolution and represent an ideal model for studying the underlying molecular mechanism of evolutionary chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the cloning and sequence characterization of evolutionary chromosomal breakpoints will provide vital insights into the molecular force that has driven such a radical karyotype reshuffle in gibbons. We constructed and characterized a high-quality fosmid li- brary of the white-cheeked gibbon （Nomascus leucogenys） containing 192,000 non- redundant clones with an average insert size of 38 kb and 2.5-fold genome coverage. By end sequencing of 100 randomly selected fosmid clones, we generated 196 se- quence tags for the library. These end-sequenced fosmid clones were then mapped onto the chromosomes of the white-cheeked gibbon by fluorescence in situ hy- bridization~ and no spurious chimeric clone was detected. BLAST search against the human genome showed a good correlation between the number of hit clones and the number of chromosomes, an indication of unbiased chromosomal distribu- tion of the fosmid library. The chromosomal distribution of the mapped clones is also consistent with the BLAST search result against human and white-cheeked gibbon genomes. The fosmid library and the mapped clones will serve as a valu- able resource for further studying gibbons＇ chromosomal rearrangements and the underlying molecular mechanism as well as for comparative genomic study in the lesser apes.展开更多
The cao vit gibbon is a critically endangered species.Only approximately 110 individuals remain in degraded karst forest along the China-Vietnam border.Karst forest is unusual gibbon habitat.Currently,the canopy heigh...The cao vit gibbon is a critically endangered species.Only approximately 110 individuals remain in degraded karst forest along the China-Vietnam border.Karst forest is unusual gibbon habitat.Currently,the canopy height of cao vit gibbon habitat is approximately 10 m.Research on the locomotor behavior of gibbons living in this particular forest type might provide important insight into locomotor stability and variability of gibbons.We used 5 min scan samples to record the locomotion mode,support use and canopy strata of gibbons in 3 groups for 2096 h between January 2008 and December 2009.Although cao vit gibbon habitat has a lower canopy in comparison to that of other forests inhabited by gibbons,cao vit gibbons displayed a similar overall locomotor pattern to other gibbon species(Symphalangus syndactylus,Hylobates lar and Hylobates agilis)in which brachiation dominate their locomotor behavior.Cao vit gibbons spent most of their time travelling on inclined branches(2-10 cm)in the middle stratum through the forest canopy.Adult females appear to more often employ safer modes of locomotion(bridging more often and brachiation less),while adult males choose riskier modes(leaping more and climbing less).As gibbons increased in body weight,as they grew from infant to adult,they tended to use larger supports.This research documented that locomotor behavior in Hylobatidae is strongly determined by anatomical characters,but cao vit gibbons also show the ability to use various supports,enabling them to survive in karst forest.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770421,31570386,31160424,30900169)the National Young Top-notch Talent Program of China+2 种基金Sun Yat-Sen UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of ChinaStartup Foundation for Scientific Research,Southwest Forestry University(111408)
文摘Gibbons in China represent the northernmost margin of present day gibbon species distribution （around N25°）. Compared to tropical habitats, northern gibbon habitats are characterized by low temperatures and remarkable seasonal variation in fruit abundance How gibbons adapt to their cold and seasonal habitats and what ecological factors affect their sociality are key questions for understanding their ecology and social system evolution, the elucidation of which will contribute to the conservation of these special populations/species. According to preliminary short-term studies, northern gibbons consume more leaves and use larger home ranges than tropical gibbons. Interestingly, some Nomascus groups consist of more than one adult female. However, these preliminary results are not well understood or incorporated into current socio-ecological theories regarding gibbon species. To better understand northern gibbons, our team has systematically studied three habituated groups of Nomascus concolor, three groups of N. nasutus, and two habituated groups of Hoolock tianxing since 2002. In this paper, we stress the challenges facing gibbons living in northern habitats and summarize their behavioral adaptations to their harsh environments. We also describe the northern gibbon social system and discuss the potential relationships between their ecology and sociality. Finally, we highlight future research questions related to northern gibbons in China.
基金supported by the Wildlife Conservation Program of Yunnan Province,ChinaK.H. was supported by a JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowship for Overseas Researchers(P16092)
文摘Gibbons and siamangs （Hylobatidae） are well-known for their rapid chromosomal evolution,which has resulted in high speciation rate within the family.On the other hand,distinct karyotypes do not prevent speciation,allowing interbreeding between individuals in captivity,and the unwanted hybrids are ethically problematic as all gibbon species are endangered or critically endangered.Thus,accurate species identification is crucial for captive breeding,particularly in China where studbooks are unavailable.Identification based on external morphology is difficult,especially for hybrids,because species are usually similar in appearance.In this study,we employed G-banding karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） as well as a PCR-based approach to examine karyotypic characteristics and identify crested gibbons of the genus Nomascus from zoos and nature reserves in China.We characterized and identified five karyotypes from 21 individuals of Nomascus.Using karyotypes and mitochondrial and nuclear genes,we identified three purebred species and three hybrids,including one F2 hybrid between N.gabriellae and N.siki.Our results also supported that N.leucogenys and N.siki shared the same inversion on chromosome 7,which resolves arguments from previous studies.Our results demonstrated that both karyotyping and DNA-based approaches were suitable for identifying purebred species,though neither was ideal for hybrid identification.The advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed.Our results further highlight the importance of animal ethics and welfare,which are critical for endangered species in captivity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41925009 and No.32100489)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS(YSBR-019))+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFC1523600)the Tencent Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE.
文摘INTRODUCTION Gibbons(Hylobatidae)are endangered small arboreal apes distributed in southern,eastern,and Southeast Asia,named for their exceptionally long arms(Fan 2017).Studying gibbons is of paramount importance in evolutionary biology,providing unique insights into the diversification of primates and comprehending hominoid evolution(Carbone et al.2014).According to different karyotypes ranging from 38 to 52,gibbons could be classified into four genera(Nomascus,Hylobates,Hoolock,and Symphalangus)with 20 species(Carbone et al.2014;Fan et al.2017).The phylogenetic relationships of the gibbon family remain undetermined,and a variety of different topologies are identified based on various data types or methods.
基金supported by the project of the National Natural Science Foundation(No.3207030491,No.31770456)the Hainan Gibbon Conservation Research(No.KY-2000105-KT)。
文摘Hainan gibbons are among the world’s most critically endangered primates,with a remaining population of only 35 individuals distributed across 5 social groups in the Bawangling Branch of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park,China.Habitat conversion and forest fragmentation over the past 40 years have reduced their geographical distribution by 95%.In the absence of a quantitative assessment of the availability of remaining suitable habitat,it is unclear whether this species can survive to the end of this century.We used behavioral observations,ArcGIS,remote sensing,stereo optical imagery,and MaxEnt modeling to identify patterns of Hainan gibbon range use and compare changes in the distribution of suitable forest types and areas of forest fragmentation over the past 20 years(2000–2020).The results indicate that the combined range of the 5 extant Hainan gibbon groups totaled 14.89 km2.The home range of the smallest group(Group E,3 individuals)was 1.51 km2,which likely represents the minimum home range size for this species.The remaining area of highly suitable and moderately suitable habitat totals 26.9 km2.However,habitat connectivity across the gibbon range is very low(less than 0.5),limiting the ability of Hainan gibbons to move between forest patches.The results of this study indicate that the availability of suitable habitat in Bawangling is insufficient to allow for future Hainan gibbon population growth.Therefore,immediate action must be taken to restore,reforest,and establish ecological corridors to reconnect areas of suitable habitat for these critically endangered gibbons.
文摘Two spherically symmetric non-singular black hole solutions in Moiler tetrad theory of gravitation have been obtained. Although the two solutions have the same form of metric （spherically symmetric nonsingular black hole）, their energy contents are different. We use another method given by Gibbons and Hawking to calculate the energy content of these solutions. We also obtained different value of energy. Study the requirements of a satisfactory energymomentum complex given by Moiler we find that the second solution, which behaves as 1/√r, is not transformed as a four-vector under Lorentz transformation.
基金supported by the National Young Top-Notch Talent Program of Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of China(30900169,31160424,31372216,31770421)
文摘China supports the richest non-human primate diversity in the northern hemisphere, providing an excellent opportunity for Chinese primatologists to take a leading role in advancing the study of primatology Primatology in China began to flourish after 1979. To date, Chinese primatologists have published more than 1 000 papers in journals indexed by the Chinese Science Citation Database and the Web of Science Core Collection, and universities and academic institutions have trained 107 PhD students and 370 Masters students between 1984 and 2016. In total, the National Science Foundation of China has funded 129 primate projects （RMB 71.7 million） supporting 59 researchers from 28 organizations. However, previous research has also shown obvious species bias. Rhinopithecus roxellana, Rhinopithecus bieti, and Macaca mulatta have received much greater research attention than other species. Researchers have also tended to continue to study the same species （55.2%） they studied during their PhD training. To promote the development of primatology in China, we suggest （1） the need for a comprehensive primatology textbook written in Chinese, （2） continued training of more PhD students, and （3） encouragement to study less well-known primate species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31160424)Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(20110426)Science Foundation Project of Mt.Gaoligong National Natural Reserve(201215)
文摘In this study, the quadrat method was used to study the effects of tsaoko （Fructus tsaoko） plantation on tree diversity and canopy structure of two natural habitats of eastern hoolock gibbon （Hoolock leuconedys）： Nankang （characterized by extensive tsaoko plantation） and Banchang （relatively well reserved and without tsaoko plantation）. Totally, 102 tree species from 25 families and 16 woody liana species from 10 families were recorded in Nankang, whereas 108 tree species from 30 families and 17 woody liana species from 12 families were recorded in Banchang. Although the tree species between two habitats is different, both habitats are characterized by enriched food resources for eastern hoolock gibbons, sharing similar dominant plant families. Due to tsaoko plantation, tree density proportion and diversity of forest layer I （〉20 m） in Nankang were both significantly decreased, but the tree density of layerH （10-20 m） increased. Likewise, in conjunction with these behavioral observations, we also address potential impacts of tsaoko plantation on the behavior of eastern hoolock gibbon.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11505154the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.LQ16A010003the Scientific Research Foundation for Doctoral Program of Zhejiang Ocean University under Grant No.Q1511
文摘The consistent tanh expansion(CTE) method is employed to the(2+1)-dimensional Caudrey–Dodd–Gibbon–Kotera–Sawada(CDGKS) equation. The interaction solutions between solitons and the cnoidal periodic waves are explicitly obtained. Concretely, we discuss a special kind of interaction solution in the form of tanh functions and Jacobian elliptic functions in both analytical and graphical ways. The results show that the profiles of the soliton-cnoidal periodic wave interaction solutions can be designed by choosing different values of wave parameters.
基金funded by Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province Grant Numbers 2023AFB003,2023AFB004Education Department Scientific Research Program Project of Hubei Province of China Grant Number Q20222208+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(No.2022CFB076)Artificial Intelligence Innovation Project of Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau(No.2023010402040016)JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP22K12185.
文摘Complex optimization problems hold broad significance across numerous fields and applications.However,as the dimensionality of such problems increases,issues like the curse of dimensionality and local optima trapping also arise.To address these challenges,this paper proposes a novel Wild Gibbon Optimization Algorithm(WGOA)based on an analysis of wild gibbon population behavior.WGOAcomprises two strategies:community search and community competition.The community search strategy facilitates information exchange between two gibbon families,generating multiple candidate solutions to enhance algorithm diversity.Meanwhile,the community competition strategy reselects leaders for the population after each iteration,thus enhancing algorithm precision.To assess the algorithm’s performance,CEC2017 and CEC2022 are chosen as test functions.In the CEC2017 test suite,WGOA secures first place in 10 functions.In the CEC2022 benchmark functions,WGOA obtained the first rank in 5 functions.The ultimate experimental findings demonstrate that theWildGibbonOptimization Algorithm outperforms others in tested functions.This underscores the strong robustness and stability of the gibbonalgorithm in tackling complex single-objective optimization problems.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China（No.30270719 and 30623007）.
文摘Gibbons have experienced extensive karyotype rearrangements during evolution and represent an ideal model for studying the underlying molecular mechanism of evolutionary chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the cloning and sequence characterization of evolutionary chromosomal breakpoints will provide vital insights into the molecular force that has driven such a radical karyotype reshuffle in gibbons. We constructed and characterized a high-quality fosmid li- brary of the white-cheeked gibbon （Nomascus leucogenys） containing 192,000 non- redundant clones with an average insert size of 38 kb and 2.5-fold genome coverage. By end sequencing of 100 randomly selected fosmid clones, we generated 196 se- quence tags for the library. These end-sequenced fosmid clones were then mapped onto the chromosomes of the white-cheeked gibbon by fluorescence in situ hy- bridization~ and no spurious chimeric clone was detected. BLAST search against the human genome showed a good correlation between the number of hit clones and the number of chromosomes, an indication of unbiased chromosomal distribu- tion of the fosmid library. The chromosomal distribution of the mapped clones is also consistent with the BLAST search result against human and white-cheeked gibbon genomes. The fosmid library and the mapped clones will serve as a valu- able resource for further studying gibbons＇ chromosomal rearrangements and the underlying molecular mechanism as well as for comparative genomic study in the lesser apes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(#30900169)the International Foundation for Science+1 种基金the Conservation Leadership ProgrammeFauna and Flora International.
文摘The cao vit gibbon is a critically endangered species.Only approximately 110 individuals remain in degraded karst forest along the China-Vietnam border.Karst forest is unusual gibbon habitat.Currently,the canopy height of cao vit gibbon habitat is approximately 10 m.Research on the locomotor behavior of gibbons living in this particular forest type might provide important insight into locomotor stability and variability of gibbons.We used 5 min scan samples to record the locomotion mode,support use and canopy strata of gibbons in 3 groups for 2096 h between January 2008 and December 2009.Although cao vit gibbon habitat has a lower canopy in comparison to that of other forests inhabited by gibbons,cao vit gibbons displayed a similar overall locomotor pattern to other gibbon species(Symphalangus syndactylus,Hylobates lar and Hylobates agilis)in which brachiation dominate their locomotor behavior.Cao vit gibbons spent most of their time travelling on inclined branches(2-10 cm)in the middle stratum through the forest canopy.Adult females appear to more often employ safer modes of locomotion(bridging more often and brachiation less),while adult males choose riskier modes(leaping more and climbing less).As gibbons increased in body weight,as they grew from infant to adult,they tended to use larger supports.This research documented that locomotor behavior in Hylobatidae is strongly determined by anatomical characters,but cao vit gibbons also show the ability to use various supports,enabling them to survive in karst forest.
