Gibberellins(GAs)and auxin play central regulatory roles in seed germination and root system development,respectively,so that the application of these phytohormones to crops would be worthwhile,with an increasing pote...Gibberellins(GAs)and auxin play central regulatory roles in seed germination and root system development,respectively,so that the application of these phytohormones to crops would be worthwhile,with an increasing potential demand in agriculture.However,there are few effective chemicals that simultaneously enhance both GA and auxin signaling.Here,we report on an artificial thiourea derivative chemical,Y21,that serves as both a GA-signaling agonist and an auxin analog,promoting seed germination and root development,as well as low-phosphorus tolerance.Phenotypic,biochemical,and genetic evidence demonstrated that Y21 enhances the interaction between GA and its receptor GID1C via the Val239 amino acid residue and consequently promotes degradation of the DELLA proteins REPRESSOR OF ga1-3(RGA)and RGA-LIKE 2.Furthermore,we found that Y21 interacts with the auxin receptor TIR1 via the Cys405 residue and thus promotes the turnover of the auxinresponsive Aux/IAA proteins.Consequently,Y21significantly increases low-phosphorus tolerance of treated plants by positively regulating lateral root development.To our knowledge,Y21 is the first GA-signaling agonist to be identified,and our results also demonstrate that this potent synthetic chemical,identified by chemical genetic screening,is effective at modulating plant development and stress tolerance.展开更多
The plant life cycle and the promise of crop yield start with successful seed germination,which requires an optimal balance between the phytohormones abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellin(GA).Here,we report that the APETA...The plant life cycle and the promise of crop yield start with successful seed germination,which requires an optimal balance between the phytohormones abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellin(GA).Here,we report that the APETALA 2-type transcription factor SALT AND ABA RESPONSE ERF 1(OsSAE1)antagonistically modulates ABA and GA signaling to control seed germination in rice(Oryza sativa L.).We show that knocking out OsSAE1 delays seed germination,concomitant with the accumulation of SLENDER RICE1(OsSLR1),a GA signaling repressor DELLA protein;importantly,GA application rescued the seed germination defect of ossae1 mutants.OsSAE1 directly activates transcription of the GA biosynthesis gene OsKS1 and represses that of the GA metabolism gene OsGA2ox3,resulting in higher GA levels.Moreover,OsSLR1physically interacts with ABA-INSENSITIVE 5(OsABI5),a key ABA signaling component,enhancing the transcriptional activation capacity of OsABI5 toward its target genes to regulate seed germination.The temporal expression pattern of OsSAE1 supports its role in orchestrating GA and ABA signaling to modulate seed germination and seed dormancy.Different OsSAE1 haplotypes differentially affected OsSAE1 transcript levels and seed germination rates,illustrating the potential of the elite OsSAE1 haplotype for genetic improvement of seed germination.Overall,our study reveals that OsSAE1 controls rice seed germination by regulating the balance between ABA and GA,providing a pivotal selection target for breeding rice cultivars suitable for direct seeding.展开更多
[Objectives]To identify the drought resistance of main wheat varieties in Shandong Province and screen suitable cultivars for dryland cultivation.[Methods]Employing eight varieties including Jimai 60 as test materials...[Objectives]To identify the drought resistance of main wheat varieties in Shandong Province and screen suitable cultivars for dryland cultivation.[Methods]Employing eight varieties including Jimai 60 as test materials,this study simulated drought stress using 20%PEG-6000 and measured changes in germination-stage indicators.A comprehensive evaluation was conducted using the membership function method,incorporating relative coleoptile length,relative germ length,relative radicle length,relative germination rate,relative germination potential,and stress germination index.[Results]Drought stress not only reduced wheat seed germination rate but also inhibited the growth of the germ,coleoptile,and radicle.The D values of the eight varieties were ranked as follows:Jimai 60>Linmai 9>Yannong 999>Shannong 30>Shannong 28>Luyuan 502>Yannong 1212>Jimai 22.Based on D values,the eight dominant wheat varieties were classified into three categories:highly drought-resistant varieties(Linmai 9 and Jimai 60),moderately drought-resistant varieties(Yannong 999 and Shannong 30),and sensitive varieties(the others).Linmai 9 and Jimai 60 are recommended as suitable wheat varieties for dryland cultivation in Shandong Province.[Conclusions]Drought stress induced by 20%PEG-6000 reduced germination rate,germination potential,and germination index of wheat varieties while inhibiting the growth of coleoptiles and radicles.These indicators can provide a preliminary assessment of drought resistance in wheat cultivars.However,since filter paper was selected as the growth medium,root length measurement errors were introduced during root washing,leading to variations in final experimental results.Futuer studies could attempt using sterilized sand as an alternative growth medium.展开更多
Strontium has similar chemical properties to calcium and has recently been recognized as a non-essential beneficial element for plants.In order to compare the effects of strontium and calcium on improving salt toleran...Strontium has similar chemical properties to calcium and has recently been recognized as a non-essential beneficial element for plants.In order to compare the effects of strontium and calcium on improving salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage during the germination stage,2,4,and 8 mmol/L of SrCl_(2),CaCl_(2) or an equimolar mixture of both were added separately to a 150 mmol/L NaCl solution.The results showed that Ca-Sr addition significantly increased seed viability,seed vigor,seed germination rate and seed germination uniformity of Chinese cabbage compared with the salt-control group.The differences in germination percentage(GP)and germination energy(GE)among the Ca-addition and Sr-addition groups were not significant,and the differences in coefficient of rate of germination(CRG),index of rate of germination(IRG)and coefficient of variation of the germination time(CVT)were relatively small,but clear differences were observed in germination index(GI),vigor index(VI)and coefficient of uniformity of germination(CUG).The results of GI and VI indicated that the higher the concentration of Ca-addition or Sr-addition,the more significant the enhancement of seed vigor.Under saline stress(150 mmol/L NaCl),the Ca-Sr co-addition outperformed Sr-treatment alone,and Ca-addition achieved the highest seed vigor at equivalent concentrations.Furthermore,all Ca-Sr treatments significantly enhanced the uniformity of Chinese cabbage sprouts exposed to 150 mM NaCl,with the best uniformity improved by the addition of 2 and 4 mmol/L SrCl_(2).Ca-Sr treatments increased the salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage sprouts during the germination stage mainly because the Ca2+and Sr2+significantly enhanced plasma membrane stability and reduced oxidative stress(as indicated by decreased contents of malondialdehyde and O2⋅-contents)in sprouts.The decrease of soluble sugar and proline content caused by Ca-Sr addition implies that elevated levels of these osmolytes were not the primary contributors to improved seed germinability in Chinese cabbage.These findings demonstrate that Sr is a beneficial element for enhancing salt tolerance in plants,laying a theoretical foundation for the development and application of strontium in agriculture.展开更多
Seed priming is an effective seed pretreatment technology that enhances germination and overall crop performance by optimizing seed hydration and metabolic processes before planting.Seed quality is a critical determin...Seed priming is an effective seed pretreatment technology that enhances germination and overall crop performance by optimizing seed hydration and metabolic processes before planting.Seed quality is a critical determinant of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)crop performance,influencing germination,plant vigor,and yield.This study evaluates the effects of seed priming with potassium salts(1%and 2%KCl and K2SO4)on germination,morphological traits,and Cry1Ac gene expression in three Bt cotton cultivars(IUB-2013,NIAB-878B,FH-142)as Cry1Ac enhance the pest resistance in Bt cotton and reduce the plant’s dependence on chemical insecticides.Seeds were primed for six hours,air-dried,and sown in the field.Germination rates,plant height,number of bolls per plant,boll weight,seed cotton yield,and ginning outturn(GOT)were assessed at crop maturity.Cry1Ac gene expression was quantified to explore the influence of priming treatments on transgene activity.Results demonstrated that 1%K2SO4 priming significantly enhanced germination and yield-related traits,with Cry1Ac expression peaking in the IUB-2013 cultivar under 1%K2SO4 treatment.These findings suggest that potassium-based halopriming improves cotton seedling establishment and Bt gene expression.This study addresses the critical gaps in understanding the effects of seed halopriming on morphological traits,germination,and expression of the Cry1Ac gene in Bt cotton while providing a novel eco-friendly and cost-effective halopriming approach,offering the potential to improve cotton production.展开更多
Roasting is important for improving the content of bioactive compounds and enhancing the flavor of flaxseed oil.However,the effect of roasting time on germinated flaxseed oil(GFO)is unclear.Herein,the influence of roa...Roasting is important for improving the content of bioactive compounds and enhancing the flavor of flaxseed oil.However,the effect of roasting time on germinated flaxseed oil(GFO)is unclear.Herein,the influence of roasting time(0–50 min)at a specific temperature of 160?C on the physicochemical properties,bioactive compounds,antioxidant capacity,and volatile compounds of GFO from three flaxseed varieties was examined.An extension in roasting time increased the a^(*)value of GFO,while the L^(*)and b^(*)values of GFO decreased.Higher chlorophylls(1.63±0.01–2.18±0.01 mg/kg),carotenoids(2.25±0.00–2.69±0.02 mg/kg),total phenolic content(156.75±2.93–200.03±6.29 mg GAE/kg),phytosterol(1801.93±30.64–1965.23±13.71 mg GAE/kg)and DPPH(320.11±18.22–432.19±14.95μmol TE/kg)and ABTS radical scavenging activity(810.68±16.29–1119.01±14.25μmol TE/kg)were detected in GFO after roasting for 20–30 min.However,the total tocopherol and unsaturated fatty acid content declined,and the composition of fatty acids changed insignificantly(P>0.05).GC–MS recognized 68 volatile compounds in GFO,in which pyrazine imparted a nutty flavor to the GFO.This study provides important information for the development of high-quality GFO.展开更多
Pinus koraiensis is the dominant and constructive species of the zonal vegetation in Northeast China,known as the mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forest.Although carbohydrate metabolism pathways in the seed embryo are kno...Pinus koraiensis is the dominant and constructive species of the zonal vegetation in Northeast China,known as the mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forest.Although carbohydrate metabolism pathways in the seed embryo are known to play crucial roles during seed dormancy and germination in P.koraiensis,it remains unclear whether these metabolic pathways function differentially across tissues.P.koraiensis seeds that had undergone different durations of moist chilling in their natural environment,yielding seeds with relatively deeper primary physiological dormancy(DDS)and seeds with released primary physiological dormancy(RDS).A non-targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on the radicle and hypocotyl-cotyledon portions of both DDS and RDS,before and after a two-week incubation under favorable conditions.Under germination conditions,RDS and DDS showed divergent metabolic profiles,especially regarding carbohydrate metabolism.Specifically,RDS seeds showed significantly reduced substrates of respiratory metabolic pathways in both radicles and hypocotyl-cotyledons.Conversely,the intermediates of the carbohydrate metabolism pathway(particularly the tricarboxylic acid cycle)accumulating in radicles of DDS seeds under germination conditions.Moreover,in RDS,the carbohydrate metabolic pathways were more prevalent in the hypocotyl-cotyledon,while lysine degradation and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism were the dominant metabolic pathways in radicles.In contrast,the tricarboxylic acid cycle showed higher activity in DDS radicles compared to hypocotyl-cotyledons.We further demonstrated that carbohydratemetabolic pathways continue to play a dominant role in both dormancy maintenance and germination processes of P.koraiensis seeds.Notably,the carbohydratemetabolism in radicles likely exerts more critical regulatory functions in these two physiological processes compared to that in cotyledon and hypocotyl tissues.展开更多
β-Aminobutyric acid(BABA)is a physiologically active plant compound that has not been extensively studied.It has been shown to increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors and enhance seed germination in ...β-Aminobutyric acid(BABA)is a physiologically active plant compound that has not been extensively studied.It has been shown to increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors and enhance seed germination in certain plant species.However,its effects on cereal grains with low germination rates have not yet been studied.This study investigated the effects of BABA on the germination of aged triticale seeds,the metabolite content of seedlings,and the state of their antioxidant systems.The study found that a three-hour treatment of seeds in BABA solutions at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mM increased germination energy and germination(by 10%–14%)and enhanced the accumulation of shoot and root biomass(by 17%–26%).Additionally,amylase activity increased in the grains,and the accumulation of osmolytes(sugars and proline)increased in the shoots.The content of anthocyanins in shoots increased by almost twofold,and the activity of antioxidant enzymes(superoxide dismutase,catalase,and guaiacol peroxidase)increased by approximately 20%–30%.Simultaneously,BABA seed priming caused a noticeable decrease in the levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation products in the shoots of seedlings.The conclusion was made that the use of BABA as a bioregulator has the potential to enhance the germination of seeds with low sowing qualities.This is due to the ability of BABA to activate the metabolism of reserve substances in the grain and prevent the development of oxidative stress.展开更多
Low-temperature(LT)stress is a significant abiotic stress in rice growth,especially under direct seeding cultivation,where low temperatures can significantly affect seed germination and seedling growth of direct-seede...Low-temperature(LT)stress is a significant abiotic stress in rice growth,especially under direct seeding cultivation,where low temperatures can significantly affect seed germination and seedling growth of direct-seeded rice,thereby impacting the final yield of rice.In this study,we have identified a trehalose synthesis pathway gene,trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase 3(Os TPP3),involved in the regulation of low-temperature(LT)germination in rice,as well as its upstream regulatory factor,the ABA signaling pathway gene OsbZIP23.LT stress induced the accumulation of ABA by upregulating the expression of Os NCED3.Consistently,the overexpression of Os NCED3 significantly inhibited seed germination under LT.RT-q PCR experiments found that the expression of OsbZIP23 was also significantly induced under LT stress and ABA treatment.Overexpression of OsbZIP23 has increased the sensitivity to LT stress of rice seed,resembling the phenotype of Os NCED3 overexpressing seeds.Furthermore,both LT stress and exogenous ABA treatment increased the trehalose content in WT seeds by upregulating the expression of Os TPP3.Enhancing the expression of Os TPP3 or application of exogenous trehalose have significantly increased the sensitivity to LT stress during seed germination.Transcriptional activation and yeast one-hybrid assays demonstrated that OsbZIP23 bound to the promoter of Os TPP3 and activated its expression,which was intensified by LT stress or the application of ABA.Our study discovered an ABAdependent OsbZIP23–Os TPP3 module that responds to LT stress,inhibiting seed germination under LT conditions by increasing trehalose accumulation,thus might balance the growth and stress resistance and provide a new insight into the genetic improvement of rice cultivars with better LT germination performance.展开更多
The oilseed crop Camelina sativa exhibits salinity tolerance,but the effects on early growth stages across a range of different salts and in combination with salicylic acid(SA)have not been thoroughly evaluated.In thi...The oilseed crop Camelina sativa exhibits salinity tolerance,but the effects on early growth stages across a range of different salts and in combination with salicylic acid(SA)have not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,seeds were germinated in varying concentrations of six salts(NaCl,CaCl_(2),ZnCl_(2),KCl,MgSO_(4),and Na2SO_(4))with or without 0.5 mM SA.Using the halotime model,we estimated salt thresholds for germination and parameters of seedling growth.Germination and seedling growth parameters of camelina significantly decreased with increasing salt concentration across all salt types.Salts containing Zn and SO_(4) were most detrimental to germination and seedling growth.Except for KCl,0.5 mM SA generally reduced the salinity tolerance threshold(Saltb(50))of camelina.Specifically,Saltb(50)was 21.5%higher for KCl and 16.1%,25.0%,54.9%,21.0%,and 5.6%lower for CaCl_(2),NaCl,MgSO_(4),Na2SO_(4),and ZnCl_(2),respectively,when 0.5 mM SA was compared to 0 mM SA.Furthermore,camelina seedling growth was consistently more sensitive than germination across all salt types.SA did not significantly enhance germination or seedling growth and was harmful when combined with certain salts or at the germination stage.It can be concluded that both the type of salt and the concentration of SA are as critical as the salt concentration in saline irrigation water.展开更多
Rice seed germination marks the start of cultivation and influences subsequent seedling growth,and is affected by hormones and environmental factors.Ubiquitination plays a critical role in this process by regulating h...Rice seed germination marks the start of cultivation and influences subsequent seedling growth,and is affected by hormones and environmental factors.Ubiquitination plays a critical role in this process by regulating hormonal homeostasis.In the ubiquitination cascade,ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes(UBCs)function as ubiquitin carriers to determine linkage specificity of ubiquitin chains.In rice(Oryza sativa),39 UBC genes are identified,but only one gene OsUBC12 has been functionally studied to promote seed germination under low-temperatures in japonica rice.To elucidate the role of UBCs in seed germination,we generated CRISPR-Cas9 mutants for 23 UBC genes and overexpressed 20 members in rice.Among them,seven UBC genes(OsUBC4/6/7/12/25/27/48)were found to regulate seed germination,with OsUBC27 and OsUBC48 acting through the ABA pathway.Exogenous ABA inhibitors restored the germination rate of osubc27^(CR).RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the ABA synthesis genes OsNCED1-5 were significantly upregulated in the mutants.Further differential ubiquitination proteomics in knockout mutants and wild-type plants showed that OsUBC27 regulates ABA homeostasis by modulating ubiquitination of the ABA-degrading protein OsABA8ox1,thereby balancing seed dormancy and germination.Sequence analysis identified distinct haplotypes of the seven OsUBCs that showed differential distribution between japonica and indica subspecies.Our study provides valuable molecular targets for developing rice varieties resistant to seed vivipary.展开更多
Multiple phytohormones,including gibberellin(GA),abscisic acid(ABA),and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),regulate seed germination.In this study,a barley aldehyde oxidase 1(HvAO1)gene was identified,which is located near the...Multiple phytohormones,including gibberellin(GA),abscisic acid(ABA),and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),regulate seed germination.In this study,a barley aldehyde oxidase 1(HvAO1)gene was identified,which is located near the SD2(seed dormancy 2)region at the telomeric end of chromosome 5H.A doubledhaploid population(AC Metcalfe/Baudin)was used to characterize HvAO1 and validated its association with seed germination and malting quality.Aldehyde oxidase is predicted to catalyse the oxidation of various aldehydes,such as indoleacetaldehyde and abscisic aldehyde,into IAA and ABA,which is the final step of IAA/ABA biogenesis.This process influences the final IAA/ABA concentration in the seed,affecting the seed dormancy.Sequence analysis revealed substantial variations in the HvAO1 promoter regions between AC Metcalfe and Baudin.The combining seed germination tests,genetic variation analysis,gene expression,and phytohormone measurements showed that Baudin,which displays strong seed dormancy,has a specific sequence variation in the promoter region of the HvAO1 gene.This variation is associated with a higher expression level of the HvAO1 gene and an increased level of ABA than those in AC Metcalfe,which shows weak dormancy and lacks this sequence variation.In addition to its strong effect on the SD2 gene,HvAO1 shows excellent potential to fine-tune malting quality and seed dormancy,as evidenced by genotyping with HvAO1-specific markers,dormancy phenotypes,and malting quality.Our findings provide a new strategy for introducing favourable HvAO1 alleles to achieve the desired level of seed dormancy and high malting quality in barley.展开更多
In grape breeding programs,the extensive planting of seedlings is a crucial aspect.However,grape seeds display distinct dormancy traits,necessitating a prolonged cold stratification process for dormancy release.In ord...In grape breeding programs,the extensive planting of seedlings is a crucial aspect.However,grape seeds display distinct dormancy traits,necessitating a prolonged cold stratification process for dormancy release.In order to enhance the efficiency of breeding programs,this study presents an innovative in vitro embryo germination technique that eliminates the requirement for cold stratification of seeds.The method involves the disruption of peripheral tissue in grape seed embryos using a straightforward mechanical technique,resulting in the efficient production of a substantial quantity of seed embryos,with a germination rate of up to 88% for these isolated embryos.These embryos are subsequently cultured in vitro to facilitate germination into seedlings,thereby eliminating the need for cold stratification.Consequently,grape seedlings can be obtained within a significantly reduced timeframe of 30-38 d,expediting the overall grape breeding process.This novel approach not only accelerates grape hybridization but also streamlines the selection of new grape varieties,contributing to an efficient and time-sensitive breeding methodology.展开更多
This study explores the dose-dependent impacts of light crude oil contamination on seed germination and seedling growth in Zea mays L.(maize),a critical agricultural species.We hypothesized that higher concentrations ...This study explores the dose-dependent impacts of light crude oil contamination on seed germination and seedling growth in Zea mays L.(maize),a critical agricultural species.We hypothesized that higher concentrations of light crude oil in soil would progressively suppress germination kinetics and seedling vigor.To test this,Zea mays seeds were exposed to light crude oil at concentrations ranging from 0.0%to 10.0%(v/v)mixed with soil.The experimental design included a control group treated with distilled water to establish baseline germination and growth metrics.Results revealed a clear concentration-dependent phytotoxic effect.Germination percentage significantly declined from 93.3%in the control to 40.0%at 8.0%(v/v)oil concentration(p<0.05),with complete inhibition of germination observed at 10.0%(v/v).Seedling vigor,assessed through shoot length,exhibited a drastic 93%reduction at 8.0%(v/v)compared to the control,while concentrations up to 4.0%(v/v)showed minimal impact on growth.Germination indices,such as Mean Germination Time(MGT)and Coefficient of Velocity of Germination(CGV),further corroborated the inhibitory effects,with higher oil concentrations delaying and reducing germination rates.These findings suggest a phytotoxicity threshold for Zea mays around 6.0%(v/v)light crude oil,beyond which severe impairments occur.The data provide valuable insights for developing phytoremediation strategies in oil-contaminated agricultural soils.However,the study’s limitations include its focus on a single species and the absence of field-based validation,necessitating further research to confirm these findings under natural conditions and across diverse plant species.展开更多
Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)is a global oil crop.Salinity stress impedes the growth of rapeseed,especially during seed germination.The key genes mediating salinity stress response during seed germination in B.napus rem...Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)is a global oil crop.Salinity stress impedes the growth of rapeseed,especially during seed germination.The key genes mediating salinity stress response during seed germination in B.napus remain largely unknown.Here,we found that all six paralogs of C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor WIP DOMAIN PROTEIN 2(BnaWIP2)showed increased expression during the initial 12 hours of germination,and expression was further enhanced by salinity stress.Under NaCl treatment,knocking out all six BnaWIP2 paralogs in B.napus led to significantly reduced germination,while overexpression of BnaC06.WIP2 promoted germination.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that BnaC06.WIP2 downregulated a series of genes related to abscisic acid(ABA)biosynthesis and signaling,among which BnaA05.NCED3,BnaC04.ABI5-2,BnaA03.EM6,and BnaA05.EM6 were directly repressed by BnaC06.WIP2.Further analysis showed that in germinating seeds,BnaC06.WIP2 was induced by ABA and in turn restrained ABA production,indicating that BnaC06.WIP2 forms a negative feedback loop with ABA to promote seed germination under salinity stress in B.napus.Collectively,these results enhance our understanding of the novel function of BnaWIP2 and provide valuable genetic resources for breeding salinity-tolerant rapeseed varieties.展开更多
Trifolium repens L.served as the experimental subject to investigate the effects of varying concentrations of Hg and Pb stress on seed germination,thereby providing a theoretical foundation for further research on the...Trifolium repens L.served as the experimental subject to investigate the effects of varying concentrations of Hg and Pb stress on seed germination,thereby providing a theoretical foundation for further research on the remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil utilizing this species.The findings indicated that the germination energy,germination percentage and germination index under 10 mg·L^(-1) Hg treatment were significantly elevated compared to the CK group(P<0.05),with a remarkable germination percentage reaching 97%.Conversely,the germination energy,germination percentage,germination index,vigor index,radicle length,and fresh weight under 200 mg·L^(-1) Hg treatment were substantially lower than those of the CK group(P<0.05).At 100 mg·L^(-1) Pb treatment,the radicle length of Trifolium repens L.was significantly higher than that of the CK group,whereas the 500 mg·L^(-1) Pb treatment resulted in a notable reduction in seed germination energy,germination percentage,germination index,and vigor index compared to the CK group(P<0.05).Under Hg and Pb stress,the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD)initially increased before declining,while catalase(CAT)activity rose with increasing heavy metal concentrations.Ultrastructure observations of the radicle revealed that 200 mg·L^(-1) Hg inflicted considerable damage to the radicle of Trifolium repens L.,and 500 mg·L^(-1) Pb also harmed root cells,resulting in the dissolution of nucleoli within the nuclear membrane.The results demonstrated that low concentrations of heavy metal also promoted the germination of Trifolium repens L.,while both 200 mg·L^(-1) Hg and 500 mg·L^(-1) Pb significantly inhibited its germination.展开更多
在干旱、盐害、重金属污染等非生物胁迫日益威胁农业生产稳定性的背景下,提升种子抗逆性成为保障粮食安全的关键,本文系统综述激光辐照技术提升种子抗逆性的研究进展,初步探讨激光处理在非生物胁迫条件下对种子生理代谢与分子调节机制...在干旱、盐害、重金属污染等非生物胁迫日益威胁农业生产稳定性的背景下,提升种子抗逆性成为保障粮食安全的关键,本文系统综述激光辐照技术提升种子抗逆性的研究进展,初步探讨激光处理在非生物胁迫条件下对种子生理代谢与分子调节机制的作用路径,并结合现代农业发展趋势,探讨该技术在农业生产尤其是智能农业中的应用前景,为抗逆农业技术创新提供理论支撑。对Web of Science和CNKI数据库的文献检索,评估多种激光辐照在不同非生物胁迫条件下对种子萌发、抗逆性和基因表达的影响,并探讨不同激光波长、剂量和时长对种子调节效果的影响。激光辐照通过激活PhyB-GA信号通路、增强ROS清除能力和抗氧化酶活性等途径,显著提高种子在干旱、盐害及重金属胁迫下的抗逆性。此外,激光还能通过调节激素水平和优化渗透调节物质的积累,提升种子适应性,促进作物在逆境中的稳定生长。激光辐照作为绿色高效的物理手段,可通过调节植物光信号响应,激活抗氧化防御,促进渗透调节与水分/养分吸收,并协调内源激素与能量代谢,从而显著增强作物抗逆性并优化早期生长。其特性契合绿色可持续农业发展,未来应与计算机、纳米技术等融合,构建可推广、可复制的应用范式,以应对气候变化与环境胁迫下的农业生产挑战。展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32470364,31872850,and 31872804)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2025JC-JCQN-056 and 2024JC-YBMS-151)+2 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2025A1515012749)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2025M774348)the Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Chemistry&Biology(22JHZ007and 22JHQ054)。
文摘Gibberellins(GAs)and auxin play central regulatory roles in seed germination and root system development,respectively,so that the application of these phytohormones to crops would be worthwhile,with an increasing potential demand in agriculture.However,there are few effective chemicals that simultaneously enhance both GA and auxin signaling.Here,we report on an artificial thiourea derivative chemical,Y21,that serves as both a GA-signaling agonist and an auxin analog,promoting seed germination and root development,as well as low-phosphorus tolerance.Phenotypic,biochemical,and genetic evidence demonstrated that Y21 enhances the interaction between GA and its receptor GID1C via the Val239 amino acid residue and consequently promotes degradation of the DELLA proteins REPRESSOR OF ga1-3(RGA)and RGA-LIKE 2.Furthermore,we found that Y21 interacts with the auxin receptor TIR1 via the Cys405 residue and thus promotes the turnover of the auxinresponsive Aux/IAA proteins.Consequently,Y21significantly increases low-phosphorus tolerance of treated plants by positively regulating lateral root development.To our knowledge,Y21 is the first GA-signaling agonist to be identified,and our results also demonstrate that this potent synthetic chemical,identified by chemical genetic screening,is effective at modulating plant development and stress tolerance.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472037,32030079)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1201700)+2 种基金the Youth innovation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y2024QC14)the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(1610392023004)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ZDRW202407)。
文摘The plant life cycle and the promise of crop yield start with successful seed germination,which requires an optimal balance between the phytohormones abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellin(GA).Here,we report that the APETALA 2-type transcription factor SALT AND ABA RESPONSE ERF 1(OsSAE1)antagonistically modulates ABA and GA signaling to control seed germination in rice(Oryza sativa L.).We show that knocking out OsSAE1 delays seed germination,concomitant with the accumulation of SLENDER RICE1(OsSLR1),a GA signaling repressor DELLA protein;importantly,GA application rescued the seed germination defect of ossae1 mutants.OsSAE1 directly activates transcription of the GA biosynthesis gene OsKS1 and represses that of the GA metabolism gene OsGA2ox3,resulting in higher GA levels.Moreover,OsSLR1physically interacts with ABA-INSENSITIVE 5(OsABI5),a key ABA signaling component,enhancing the transcriptional activation capacity of OsABI5 toward its target genes to regulate seed germination.The temporal expression pattern of OsSAE1 supports its role in orchestrating GA and ABA signaling to modulate seed germination and seed dormancy.Different OsSAE1 haplotypes differentially affected OsSAE1 transcript levels and seed germination rates,illustrating the potential of the elite OsSAE1 haplotype for genetic improvement of seed germination.Overall,our study reveals that OsSAE1 controls rice seed germination by regulating the balance between ABA and GA,providing a pivotal selection target for breeding rice cultivars suitable for direct seeding.
基金Supported by National Wheat Industry Technology System"Linyi Integrated Experimental Station"(CARS-03-66)Shandong Provincial Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System"Linyi Integrated Experimental Station"(SDATT-01-18).
文摘[Objectives]To identify the drought resistance of main wheat varieties in Shandong Province and screen suitable cultivars for dryland cultivation.[Methods]Employing eight varieties including Jimai 60 as test materials,this study simulated drought stress using 20%PEG-6000 and measured changes in germination-stage indicators.A comprehensive evaluation was conducted using the membership function method,incorporating relative coleoptile length,relative germ length,relative radicle length,relative germination rate,relative germination potential,and stress germination index.[Results]Drought stress not only reduced wheat seed germination rate but also inhibited the growth of the germ,coleoptile,and radicle.The D values of the eight varieties were ranked as follows:Jimai 60>Linmai 9>Yannong 999>Shannong 30>Shannong 28>Luyuan 502>Yannong 1212>Jimai 22.Based on D values,the eight dominant wheat varieties were classified into three categories:highly drought-resistant varieties(Linmai 9 and Jimai 60),moderately drought-resistant varieties(Yannong 999 and Shannong 30),and sensitive varieties(the others).Linmai 9 and Jimai 60 are recommended as suitable wheat varieties for dryland cultivation in Shandong Province.[Conclusions]Drought stress induced by 20%PEG-6000 reduced germination rate,germination potential,and germination index of wheat varieties while inhibiting the growth of coleoptiles and radicles.These indicators can provide a preliminary assessment of drought resistance in wheat cultivars.However,since filter paper was selected as the growth medium,root length measurement errors were introduced during root washing,leading to variations in final experimental results.Futuer studies could attempt using sterilized sand as an alternative growth medium.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020MC144)the Scientific Research Training Program for Undergraduates of Qufu Normal University(XJ2024016).
文摘Strontium has similar chemical properties to calcium and has recently been recognized as a non-essential beneficial element for plants.In order to compare the effects of strontium and calcium on improving salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage during the germination stage,2,4,and 8 mmol/L of SrCl_(2),CaCl_(2) or an equimolar mixture of both were added separately to a 150 mmol/L NaCl solution.The results showed that Ca-Sr addition significantly increased seed viability,seed vigor,seed germination rate and seed germination uniformity of Chinese cabbage compared with the salt-control group.The differences in germination percentage(GP)and germination energy(GE)among the Ca-addition and Sr-addition groups were not significant,and the differences in coefficient of rate of germination(CRG),index of rate of germination(IRG)and coefficient of variation of the germination time(CVT)were relatively small,but clear differences were observed in germination index(GI),vigor index(VI)and coefficient of uniformity of germination(CUG).The results of GI and VI indicated that the higher the concentration of Ca-addition or Sr-addition,the more significant the enhancement of seed vigor.Under saline stress(150 mmol/L NaCl),the Ca-Sr co-addition outperformed Sr-treatment alone,and Ca-addition achieved the highest seed vigor at equivalent concentrations.Furthermore,all Ca-Sr treatments significantly enhanced the uniformity of Chinese cabbage sprouts exposed to 150 mM NaCl,with the best uniformity improved by the addition of 2 and 4 mmol/L SrCl_(2).Ca-Sr treatments increased the salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage sprouts during the germination stage mainly because the Ca2+and Sr2+significantly enhanced plasma membrane stability and reduced oxidative stress(as indicated by decreased contents of malondialdehyde and O2⋅-contents)in sprouts.The decrease of soluble sugar and proline content caused by Ca-Sr addition implies that elevated levels of these osmolytes were not the primary contributors to improved seed germinability in Chinese cabbage.These findings demonstrate that Sr is a beneficial element for enhancing salt tolerance in plants,laying a theoretical foundation for the development and application of strontium in agriculture.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(3216045632360474+2 种基金32360486)grants from the Provincial Basic Research Program(Natural Science)([2020]1Z018)Provincial Key Technology R&D Program([2021]YiBan272).
文摘Seed priming is an effective seed pretreatment technology that enhances germination and overall crop performance by optimizing seed hydration and metabolic processes before planting.Seed quality is a critical determinant of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)crop performance,influencing germination,plant vigor,and yield.This study evaluates the effects of seed priming with potassium salts(1%and 2%KCl and K2SO4)on germination,morphological traits,and Cry1Ac gene expression in three Bt cotton cultivars(IUB-2013,NIAB-878B,FH-142)as Cry1Ac enhance the pest resistance in Bt cotton and reduce the plant’s dependence on chemical insecticides.Seeds were primed for six hours,air-dried,and sown in the field.Germination rates,plant height,number of bolls per plant,boll weight,seed cotton yield,and ginning outturn(GOT)were assessed at crop maturity.Cry1Ac gene expression was quantified to explore the influence of priming treatments on transgene activity.Results demonstrated that 1%K2SO4 priming significantly enhanced germination and yield-related traits,with Cry1Ac expression peaking in the IUB-2013 cultivar under 1%K2SO4 treatment.These findings suggest that potassium-based halopriming improves cotton seedling establishment and Bt gene expression.This study addresses the critical gaps in understanding the effects of seed halopriming on morphological traits,germination,and expression of the Cry1Ac gene in Bt cotton while providing a novel eco-friendly and cost-effective halopriming approach,offering the potential to improve cotton production.
基金supported by Shaanxi Province Qin Chuangyuan“Scientist+Engineer”team construction project(2024QCY-KXJ-079)Shaanxi Science and Technology Innovation Team Project(2024RSCXTD-70)for the financial support。
文摘Roasting is important for improving the content of bioactive compounds and enhancing the flavor of flaxseed oil.However,the effect of roasting time on germinated flaxseed oil(GFO)is unclear.Herein,the influence of roasting time(0–50 min)at a specific temperature of 160?C on the physicochemical properties,bioactive compounds,antioxidant capacity,and volatile compounds of GFO from three flaxseed varieties was examined.An extension in roasting time increased the a^(*)value of GFO,while the L^(*)and b^(*)values of GFO decreased.Higher chlorophylls(1.63±0.01–2.18±0.01 mg/kg),carotenoids(2.25±0.00–2.69±0.02 mg/kg),total phenolic content(156.75±2.93–200.03±6.29 mg GAE/kg),phytosterol(1801.93±30.64–1965.23±13.71 mg GAE/kg)and DPPH(320.11±18.22–432.19±14.95μmol TE/kg)and ABTS radical scavenging activity(810.68±16.29–1119.01±14.25μmol TE/kg)were detected in GFO after roasting for 20–30 min.However,the total tocopherol and unsaturated fatty acid content declined,and the composition of fatty acids changed insignificantly(P>0.05).GC–MS recognized 68 volatile compounds in GFO,in which pyrazine imparted a nutty flavor to the GFO.This study provides important information for the development of high-quality GFO.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901300).
文摘Pinus koraiensis is the dominant and constructive species of the zonal vegetation in Northeast China,known as the mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forest.Although carbohydrate metabolism pathways in the seed embryo are known to play crucial roles during seed dormancy and germination in P.koraiensis,it remains unclear whether these metabolic pathways function differentially across tissues.P.koraiensis seeds that had undergone different durations of moist chilling in their natural environment,yielding seeds with relatively deeper primary physiological dormancy(DDS)and seeds with released primary physiological dormancy(RDS).A non-targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on the radicle and hypocotyl-cotyledon portions of both DDS and RDS,before and after a two-week incubation under favorable conditions.Under germination conditions,RDS and DDS showed divergent metabolic profiles,especially regarding carbohydrate metabolism.Specifically,RDS seeds showed significantly reduced substrates of respiratory metabolic pathways in both radicles and hypocotyl-cotyledons.Conversely,the intermediates of the carbohydrate metabolism pathway(particularly the tricarboxylic acid cycle)accumulating in radicles of DDS seeds under germination conditions.Moreover,in RDS,the carbohydrate metabolic pathways were more prevalent in the hypocotyl-cotyledon,while lysine degradation and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism were the dominant metabolic pathways in radicles.In contrast,the tricarboxylic acid cycle showed higher activity in DDS radicles compared to hypocotyl-cotyledons.We further demonstrated that carbohydratemetabolic pathways continue to play a dominant role in both dormancy maintenance and germination processes of P.koraiensis seeds.Notably,the carbohydratemetabolism in radicles likely exerts more critical regulatory functions in these two physiological processes compared to that in cotyledon and hypocotyl tissues.
基金support from the project of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine 2-24-26 BO Development of Measures to Ensure Sustainable Productivity of Agrophytocenoses under the Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Stress Factors,state registration No.0124U000457.
文摘β-Aminobutyric acid(BABA)is a physiologically active plant compound that has not been extensively studied.It has been shown to increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors and enhance seed germination in certain plant species.However,its effects on cereal grains with low germination rates have not yet been studied.This study investigated the effects of BABA on the germination of aged triticale seeds,the metabolite content of seedlings,and the state of their antioxidant systems.The study found that a three-hour treatment of seeds in BABA solutions at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mM increased germination energy and germination(by 10%–14%)and enhanced the accumulation of shoot and root biomass(by 17%–26%).Additionally,amylase activity increased in the grains,and the accumulation of osmolytes(sugars and proline)increased in the shoots.The content of anthocyanins in shoots increased by almost twofold,and the activity of antioxidant enzymes(superoxide dismutase,catalase,and guaiacol peroxidase)increased by approximately 20%–30%.Simultaneously,BABA seed priming caused a noticeable decrease in the levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation products in the shoots of seedlings.The conclusion was made that the use of BABA as a bioregulator has the potential to enhance the germination of seeds with low sowing qualities.This is due to the ability of BABA to activate the metabolism of reserve substances in the grain and prevent the development of oxidative stress.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023NK1010,2024NK1010,2023NK2002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20208,32171927)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2025JJ30010,2023JJ40318)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515111230)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20220531103803008)the Hong Kong Research Grant Council(Ao E/M-05/12,Ao E/M-403/16,GRF12102423,12101722,12105824)。
文摘Low-temperature(LT)stress is a significant abiotic stress in rice growth,especially under direct seeding cultivation,where low temperatures can significantly affect seed germination and seedling growth of direct-seeded rice,thereby impacting the final yield of rice.In this study,we have identified a trehalose synthesis pathway gene,trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase 3(Os TPP3),involved in the regulation of low-temperature(LT)germination in rice,as well as its upstream regulatory factor,the ABA signaling pathway gene OsbZIP23.LT stress induced the accumulation of ABA by upregulating the expression of Os NCED3.Consistently,the overexpression of Os NCED3 significantly inhibited seed germination under LT.RT-q PCR experiments found that the expression of OsbZIP23 was also significantly induced under LT stress and ABA treatment.Overexpression of OsbZIP23 has increased the sensitivity to LT stress of rice seed,resembling the phenotype of Os NCED3 overexpressing seeds.Furthermore,both LT stress and exogenous ABA treatment increased the trehalose content in WT seeds by upregulating the expression of Os TPP3.Enhancing the expression of Os TPP3 or application of exogenous trehalose have significantly increased the sensitivity to LT stress during seed germination.Transcriptional activation and yeast one-hybrid assays demonstrated that OsbZIP23 bound to the promoter of Os TPP3 and activated its expression,which was intensified by LT stress or the application of ABA.Our study discovered an ABAdependent OsbZIP23–Os TPP3 module that responds to LT stress,inhibiting seed germination under LT conditions by increasing trehalose accumulation,thus might balance the growth and stress resistance and provide a new insight into the genetic improvement of rice cultivars with better LT germination performance.
基金the Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT) Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) for the use of the services and financial supports of this research
文摘The oilseed crop Camelina sativa exhibits salinity tolerance,but the effects on early growth stages across a range of different salts and in combination with salicylic acid(SA)have not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,seeds were germinated in varying concentrations of six salts(NaCl,CaCl_(2),ZnCl_(2),KCl,MgSO_(4),and Na2SO_(4))with or without 0.5 mM SA.Using the halotime model,we estimated salt thresholds for germination and parameters of seedling growth.Germination and seedling growth parameters of camelina significantly decreased with increasing salt concentration across all salt types.Salts containing Zn and SO_(4) were most detrimental to germination and seedling growth.Except for KCl,0.5 mM SA generally reduced the salinity tolerance threshold(Saltb(50))of camelina.Specifically,Saltb(50)was 21.5%higher for KCl and 16.1%,25.0%,54.9%,21.0%,and 5.6%lower for CaCl_(2),NaCl,MgSO_(4),Na2SO_(4),and ZnCl_(2),respectively,when 0.5 mM SA was compared to 0 mM SA.Furthermore,camelina seedling growth was consistently more sensitive than germination across all salt types.SA did not significantly enhance germination or seedling growth and was harmful when combined with certain salts or at the germination stage.It can be concluded that both the type of salt and the concentration of SA are as critical as the salt concentration in saline irrigation water.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(ZCLMS25C1302)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202408)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP)
文摘Rice seed germination marks the start of cultivation and influences subsequent seedling growth,and is affected by hormones and environmental factors.Ubiquitination plays a critical role in this process by regulating hormonal homeostasis.In the ubiquitination cascade,ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes(UBCs)function as ubiquitin carriers to determine linkage specificity of ubiquitin chains.In rice(Oryza sativa),39 UBC genes are identified,but only one gene OsUBC12 has been functionally studied to promote seed germination under low-temperatures in japonica rice.To elucidate the role of UBCs in seed germination,we generated CRISPR-Cas9 mutants for 23 UBC genes and overexpressed 20 members in rice.Among them,seven UBC genes(OsUBC4/6/7/12/25/27/48)were found to regulate seed germination,with OsUBC27 and OsUBC48 acting through the ABA pathway.Exogenous ABA inhibitors restored the germination rate of osubc27^(CR).RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the ABA synthesis genes OsNCED1-5 were significantly upregulated in the mutants.Further differential ubiquitination proteomics in knockout mutants and wild-type plants showed that OsUBC27 regulates ABA homeostasis by modulating ubiquitination of the ABA-degrading protein OsABA8ox1,thereby balancing seed dormancy and germination.Sequence analysis identified distinct haplotypes of the seven OsUBCs that showed differential distribution between japonica and indica subspecies.Our study provides valuable molecular targets for developing rice varieties resistant to seed vivipary.
基金supported by the Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland,Ministry of Education(KFT202302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372052).
文摘Multiple phytohormones,including gibberellin(GA),abscisic acid(ABA),and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),regulate seed germination.In this study,a barley aldehyde oxidase 1(HvAO1)gene was identified,which is located near the SD2(seed dormancy 2)region at the telomeric end of chromosome 5H.A doubledhaploid population(AC Metcalfe/Baudin)was used to characterize HvAO1 and validated its association with seed germination and malting quality.Aldehyde oxidase is predicted to catalyse the oxidation of various aldehydes,such as indoleacetaldehyde and abscisic aldehyde,into IAA and ABA,which is the final step of IAA/ABA biogenesis.This process influences the final IAA/ABA concentration in the seed,affecting the seed dormancy.Sequence analysis revealed substantial variations in the HvAO1 promoter regions between AC Metcalfe and Baudin.The combining seed germination tests,genetic variation analysis,gene expression,and phytohormone measurements showed that Baudin,which displays strong seed dormancy,has a specific sequence variation in the promoter region of the HvAO1 gene.This variation is associated with a higher expression level of the HvAO1 gene and an increased level of ABA than those in AC Metcalfe,which shows weak dormancy and lacks this sequence variation.In addition to its strong effect on the SD2 gene,HvAO1 shows excellent potential to fine-tune malting quality and seed dormancy,as evidenced by genotyping with HvAO1-specific markers,dormancy phenotypes,and malting quality.Our findings provide a new strategy for introducing favourable HvAO1 alleles to achieve the desired level of seed dormancy and high malting quality in barley.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(Grant No.QNJJ202301)the Youth Research Foundation of Institute of Forestry and Pomology+2 种基金Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science(Grant No.LGJJ202202)the BAAFS Funding for the Development of Distinguished Scientist(Grant No.JKZX202402)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.6242019)。
文摘In grape breeding programs,the extensive planting of seedlings is a crucial aspect.However,grape seeds display distinct dormancy traits,necessitating a prolonged cold stratification process for dormancy release.In order to enhance the efficiency of breeding programs,this study presents an innovative in vitro embryo germination technique that eliminates the requirement for cold stratification of seeds.The method involves the disruption of peripheral tissue in grape seed embryos using a straightforward mechanical technique,resulting in the efficient production of a substantial quantity of seed embryos,with a germination rate of up to 88% for these isolated embryos.These embryos are subsequently cultured in vitro to facilitate germination into seedlings,thereby eliminating the need for cold stratification.Consequently,grape seedlings can be obtained within a significantly reduced timeframe of 30-38 d,expediting the overall grape breeding process.This novel approach not only accelerates grape hybridization but also streamlines the selection of new grape varieties,contributing to an efficient and time-sensitive breeding methodology.
文摘This study explores the dose-dependent impacts of light crude oil contamination on seed germination and seedling growth in Zea mays L.(maize),a critical agricultural species.We hypothesized that higher concentrations of light crude oil in soil would progressively suppress germination kinetics and seedling vigor.To test this,Zea mays seeds were exposed to light crude oil at concentrations ranging from 0.0%to 10.0%(v/v)mixed with soil.The experimental design included a control group treated with distilled water to establish baseline germination and growth metrics.Results revealed a clear concentration-dependent phytotoxic effect.Germination percentage significantly declined from 93.3%in the control to 40.0%at 8.0%(v/v)oil concentration(p<0.05),with complete inhibition of germination observed at 10.0%(v/v).Seedling vigor,assessed through shoot length,exhibited a drastic 93%reduction at 8.0%(v/v)compared to the control,while concentrations up to 4.0%(v/v)showed minimal impact on growth.Germination indices,such as Mean Germination Time(MGT)and Coefficient of Velocity of Germination(CGV),further corroborated the inhibitory effects,with higher oil concentrations delaying and reducing germination rates.These findings suggest a phytotoxicity threshold for Zea mays around 6.0%(v/v)light crude oil,beyond which severe impairments occur.The data provide valuable insights for developing phytoremediation strategies in oil-contaminated agricultural soils.However,the study’s limitations include its focus on a single species and the absence of field-based validation,necessitating further research to confirm these findings under natural conditions and across diverse plant species.
基金supported by the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2022ZD04010)Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(2024RS-CXTD-69)+1 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2021LLRH-07)a grant from the Yang Ling Seed Industry Innovation Center(K3031122024).
文摘Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)is a global oil crop.Salinity stress impedes the growth of rapeseed,especially during seed germination.The key genes mediating salinity stress response during seed germination in B.napus remain largely unknown.Here,we found that all six paralogs of C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor WIP DOMAIN PROTEIN 2(BnaWIP2)showed increased expression during the initial 12 hours of germination,and expression was further enhanced by salinity stress.Under NaCl treatment,knocking out all six BnaWIP2 paralogs in B.napus led to significantly reduced germination,while overexpression of BnaC06.WIP2 promoted germination.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that BnaC06.WIP2 downregulated a series of genes related to abscisic acid(ABA)biosynthesis and signaling,among which BnaA05.NCED3,BnaC04.ABI5-2,BnaA03.EM6,and BnaA05.EM6 were directly repressed by BnaC06.WIP2.Further analysis showed that in germinating seeds,BnaC06.WIP2 was induced by ABA and in turn restrained ABA production,indicating that BnaC06.WIP2 forms a negative feedback loop with ABA to promote seed germination under salinity stress in B.napus.Collectively,these results enhance our understanding of the novel function of BnaWIP2 and provide valuable genetic resources for breeding salinity-tolerant rapeseed varieties.
基金Supported by the National Grass Industry Technology Innovation Center,Major Innovation Platform Construction Project(Topic CCPTZX2023N04CCPTZX2024GJ01–1–2)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1200302)the Joint Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(ZL2024C018)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471760)。
文摘Trifolium repens L.served as the experimental subject to investigate the effects of varying concentrations of Hg and Pb stress on seed germination,thereby providing a theoretical foundation for further research on the remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil utilizing this species.The findings indicated that the germination energy,germination percentage and germination index under 10 mg·L^(-1) Hg treatment were significantly elevated compared to the CK group(P<0.05),with a remarkable germination percentage reaching 97%.Conversely,the germination energy,germination percentage,germination index,vigor index,radicle length,and fresh weight under 200 mg·L^(-1) Hg treatment were substantially lower than those of the CK group(P<0.05).At 100 mg·L^(-1) Pb treatment,the radicle length of Trifolium repens L.was significantly higher than that of the CK group,whereas the 500 mg·L^(-1) Pb treatment resulted in a notable reduction in seed germination energy,germination percentage,germination index,and vigor index compared to the CK group(P<0.05).Under Hg and Pb stress,the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD)initially increased before declining,while catalase(CAT)activity rose with increasing heavy metal concentrations.Ultrastructure observations of the radicle revealed that 200 mg·L^(-1) Hg inflicted considerable damage to the radicle of Trifolium repens L.,and 500 mg·L^(-1) Pb also harmed root cells,resulting in the dissolution of nucleoli within the nuclear membrane.The results demonstrated that low concentrations of heavy metal also promoted the germination of Trifolium repens L.,while both 200 mg·L^(-1) Hg and 500 mg·L^(-1) Pb significantly inhibited its germination.
文摘在干旱、盐害、重金属污染等非生物胁迫日益威胁农业生产稳定性的背景下,提升种子抗逆性成为保障粮食安全的关键,本文系统综述激光辐照技术提升种子抗逆性的研究进展,初步探讨激光处理在非生物胁迫条件下对种子生理代谢与分子调节机制的作用路径,并结合现代农业发展趋势,探讨该技术在农业生产尤其是智能农业中的应用前景,为抗逆农业技术创新提供理论支撑。对Web of Science和CNKI数据库的文献检索,评估多种激光辐照在不同非生物胁迫条件下对种子萌发、抗逆性和基因表达的影响,并探讨不同激光波长、剂量和时长对种子调节效果的影响。激光辐照通过激活PhyB-GA信号通路、增强ROS清除能力和抗氧化酶活性等途径,显著提高种子在干旱、盐害及重金属胁迫下的抗逆性。此外,激光还能通过调节激素水平和优化渗透调节物质的积累,提升种子适应性,促进作物在逆境中的稳定生长。激光辐照作为绿色高效的物理手段,可通过调节植物光信号响应,激活抗氧化防御,促进渗透调节与水分/养分吸收,并协调内源激素与能量代谢,从而显著增强作物抗逆性并优化早期生长。其特性契合绿色可持续农业发展,未来应与计算机、纳米技术等融合,构建可推广、可复制的应用范式,以应对气候变化与环境胁迫下的农业生产挑战。
