Seed viability of 18 576 accessions of 23 crops was monitored. After 10-12 years storage in National Crop Genebank ofChina (NCGC), more than 96.12% of the accessions maintained high germination percentage (>85%). T...Seed viability of 18 576 accessions of 23 crops was monitored. After 10-12 years storage in National Crop Genebank ofChina (NCGC), more than 96.12% of the accessions maintained high germination percentage (>85%). The germination of95 accessions, accounting for 0.51% of the total, declined significantly from above 80% to below 70%. For each crop ofcarrot (Daucus carota var. sativa DC.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cotton (Gossypium sp. L.), flax (Linum usitatissimumL.) and castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis L.), the mean monitored germination percentage declined significantly as awhole, of which carrot and lettuce seeds lost viability more rapidly. Seed initial germination percentage and pre-storageenvironments affect subsequent seed viability in storage.展开更多
This study aimed to observe the viability of the pollen grains of Malpighia emarginata DC. (West Indian cherry) and the action of a lectin in their germination. Lectins are proteins that specifically interact with car...This study aimed to observe the viability of the pollen grains of Malpighia emarginata DC. (West Indian cherry) and the action of a lectin in their germination. Lectins are proteins that specifically interact with carbohydrates, but don’t modify them and bind with high affinity and specificity, promoting a transfer of information that is clearly central to many cellular processes in living beings. For the viability test was used aniline blue in lactophenol. The in vitro germination test used was the hanging drop method, in control medium containing sucrose, boric acid, calcium nitrate and agar. The experiment dealt with three different treatments in order to pollen germination: growing medium without addition of lectin, with 1.0 μg/ml and with 3.0 μg/ml CPL lectin. This lectin is extracted from seeds of Crotalaria pallida L.-Leguminosae. Data on pollen grains were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, with 95% reliability and comparison of averages by Turkey test at 5% probability. It was found that despite previous high viability of the pollen grains (c. 70%), a germinability rate has been low, yet exceptionally larger in pollen samples placed on a growing medium with addition of 3.0 μg/ml of CPL lectin (24%). There was no significant difference among the pollen grains germinate in medium without lectin and those in medium with the addition of only 1.0 μg/ml. According to data obtained in the treatments, CPL lectin, with concentration of 3.0 μg/ml, influenced the formation of the pollen tube and thus more pollen germinated in Malpighia emarginata.展开更多
Ex situ conservation in seed banks is a potential complementary conservation strategy for native plant species.It is well established that ex situ seed banking of native wild plants prolongs seed viability and thereby...Ex situ conservation in seed banks is a potential complementary conservation strategy for native plant species.It is well established that ex situ seed banking of native wild plants prolongs seed viability and thereby preserves genetic and species diversity for future use.We evaluated ex situ storage potential of eight halophytic species from deserts in the United Arab Emirates(UAE)by studying seed germination.Specifically,we examined the germinability of freshly collected seeds and seeds stored for three years in a seed bank.We also examined the effect of light conditions on fresh and stored seed germination.Fresh seeds of seven of the eight species tested had a higher germination rates under 12/12 h light/dark fluctuations than did those exposed to total darkness.Storage reduced light sensitivity in Halocnemum strobilaceum,Suaeda aegyptiaca,Salsola drummondii and Salsola imbricata,but increased the requirement for light in Arthrocnemum macrostachyum.In Anabasis setifera,storage decreased germination percentage when there was a 12-hour light/dark fluctuation,but increased germination rate when exposed to the dark treatment.Storage significantly reduced germination in both the light/dark and dark treatments in Suaeda vermiculata and S.aegyptiaca.Germination speed also responded differently to storage;whereas Timson's index significantly increased in A.macrostachyum and H.strobilaceum,it significantly decreased for S.drummondii,S.aegyptiaca and S.vermiculata.Germination of these species at a range of temperatures requires further testing;additionally,we strongly suggest that these laboratory findings be complemented by field studies.展开更多
A double haploid population, derived from anther culture of F, hybrid between a typical indica and a japonica (ZYQ8/JX17), has been used to investigate the low temperature germinability (LTG) at 15℃. The low temperat...A double haploid population, derived from anther culture of F, hybrid between a typical indica and a japonica (ZYQ8/JX17), has been used to investigate the low temperature germinability (LTG) at 15℃. The low temperature germinability of two parents was significantly different. In 6-11 d, the germination percentage of ZYQ8 was higher than that of JX17. In 12-16 d, the germination percentage of JX17 was higher than that of ZYQ8. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of every day for low temperature germinabilityhave been mapped based on a molecular linkage map constructed from this population. In 8-11 d, qLTG-9 was identified in C397B-RZ617B on chromosome 9, the additive effect was positive, showing that, the allele from JX17 could increase low temperature germinability. In 12-16 d, qLTG-4 was mapped between RG908 and CT563 on chromosome 4, the additive effect was negative, showing that the allele from ZYQ8 could increase low temperature germinability. These two QTLs were detected at different stages,展开更多
Gibberellins(GAs)and auxin play central regulatory roles in seed germination and root system development,respectively,so that the application of these phytohormones to crops would be worthwhile,with an increasing pote...Gibberellins(GAs)and auxin play central regulatory roles in seed germination and root system development,respectively,so that the application of these phytohormones to crops would be worthwhile,with an increasing potential demand in agriculture.However,there are few effective chemicals that simultaneously enhance both GA and auxin signaling.Here,we report on an artificial thiourea derivative chemical,Y21,that serves as both a GA-signaling agonist and an auxin analog,promoting seed germination and root development,as well as low-phosphorus tolerance.Phenotypic,biochemical,and genetic evidence demonstrated that Y21 enhances the interaction between GA and its receptor GID1C via the Val239 amino acid residue and consequently promotes degradation of the DELLA proteins REPRESSOR OF ga1-3(RGA)and RGA-LIKE 2.Furthermore,we found that Y21 interacts with the auxin receptor TIR1 via the Cys405 residue and thus promotes the turnover of the auxinresponsive Aux/IAA proteins.Consequently,Y21significantly increases low-phosphorus tolerance of treated plants by positively regulating lateral root development.To our knowledge,Y21 is the first GA-signaling agonist to be identified,and our results also demonstrate that this potent synthetic chemical,identified by chemical genetic screening,is effective at modulating plant development and stress tolerance.展开更多
Seaweed extract contains plant growth regulators and bio-stimulants that enhance plant growth and development.In Bangladesh,winter rice(Boro rice)in the nursery bed often shows poor seed emergence and weak seedling gr...Seaweed extract contains plant growth regulators and bio-stimulants that enhance plant growth and development.In Bangladesh,winter rice(Boro rice)in the nursery bed often shows poor seed emergence and weak seedling growth due to low temperature.This problem can be addressed by using seaweed extract as a seed priming agent and bio-stimulant.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of seaweed extract(Crop Plus)on seed emergence,seedling growth,and vigor of winter rice in the nursery.Two experiments were conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University using BRRI dhan89.The laboratory experiment consisted of 17 treatments combining three concentrations of Crop Plus(5000,10,000 and 15,000 ppm)and four priming durations(6,12,18,and 24 h),along with hydro-priming and a no priming as control.Seed priming with 15,000 ppm for 24 h produced the highest germination percentage and superior seedling growth traits.The nursery bed experiment comprised 11 treatments combining two doses(1 mL m^(−2)and 2 mL m^(−2))of Crop Plus and five different foliar application schedules,along with a control.All treatments outperformed the control,with the best results from Crop Plus@2 mL m^(−2)applied at 20 and 30 days after sowing(DAS).Overall,the treatment involving seed priming with 15,000 ppm seaweed extract for 24 h,followed by nursery application at 2 mL m^(−2)at 20 and 30 DAS,resulted in higher germination and improved early growth of winter rice.However,further validation across multiple locations,seasons,and rice cultivars is recommended.展开更多
Seed vigor is critical for uniform germination and emergence,directly influencing subsequent seedling development.This is especially important under both normal and stress conditions that may arise post-sowing.Chillin...Seed vigor is critical for uniform germination and emergence,directly influencing subsequent seedling development.This is especially important under both normal and stress conditions that may arise post-sowing.Chilling stress during emergence and early growth poses significant challenges for tomato seedlings,potentially leading to uneven emergence,abnormal growth,and higher seedling mortality.This study evaluated the effectiveness of combining drum-priming with melatonin to alleviate chilling stress during these two critical stages.Tomato seeds were primed with melatonin at various concentrations and compared to untreated controls under chilling stress conditions.Higher concentrations of melatonin significantly accelerated emergence and improved early growth under stress.These stress-mitigating effects were evidenced by reductions in oxidative stress markers,such as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide,along with increased total polyphenol and flavonoid contents.Furthermore,melatonin priming preserved photosynthetic efficiency,typically reduced by chilling stress,and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes,including catalase and peroxidase.These biochemical changes reduced oxidative damage and promoted stress resilience.Melatonin also accelerated the expression of genes within the C-repeat binding factor pathway,which is crucial for cold acclimation.This suggests that melatonin priming enabled quicker adaptation to chilling stress following sowing and bolstered seedling resilience during subsequent growth stages.Overall,our results demonstrate that melatonin priming not only enhances germination but also significantly supports seedling growth under adverse conditions.The findings highlight melatonin as a promising tool in crop management strategies to improve resilience against sudden chilling stress.展开更多
Germinal matrix hemorrhage in preterm neonates often leads to white matter injury,contributing to long-term neurodevelopmental impairments.As resident brain immune cells,microglia play a complex role in injury respons...Germinal matrix hemorrhage in preterm neonates often leads to white matter injury,contributing to long-term neurodevelopmental impairments.As resident brain immune cells,microglia play a complex role in injury response,including inflammation and repair.Although colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitors such as PLX5622 enable the selective depletion of microglia,their therapeutic potential in neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage remains underexplored.Here,we used a collagenase-induced germinal matrix hemorrhage model in postnatal day 5 mice,and intraperitoneally administered PLX562272 hours post-germinal matrix hemorrhage to achieve targeted,temporary microglial depletion during the peak injury response.We then assessed the effects of this delayed intervention on oligodendrocyte lineage cell maturation,white matter integrity,and neurobehavioral outcomes.Additionally,RNA sequencing data from a germinal matrix hemorrhage rat model were analyzed using weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify the critical phases for interventions.RNA sequencing data revealed a critical period in which key synaptic functions declined while immune responses intensified post-germinal matrix hemorrhage,thus pinpointing the critical response phases for potential interventions.Delayed PLX5622 treatment effectively depleted activated microglia,protecting against white matter injury and enhancing oligodendrocyte lineage cell maturation and myelination in subcortical white matter regions.Moreover,magnetic resonance imaging analysis revealed reduced brain lesion volumes in treated mice.Behaviorally,PLX5622-treated mice exhibited significant improvements in motor coordination and reduced hyperactivity compared with vehicle-treated germinal matrix hemorrhage model mice.These findings suggest that,when timed to avoid interference with initial oligodendrocyte lineage cell proliferation,targeted microglial depletion with PLX5622 significantly mitigates white matter damage and improves neurobehavioral outcomes in neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage.The present study highlights the therapeutic potential of selectively modulating microglial reactivity to support neurodevelopment in preterm infants with brain injury.展开更多
The plant life cycle and the promise of crop yield start with successful seed germination,which requires an optimal balance between the phytohormones abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellin(GA).Here,we report that the APETA...The plant life cycle and the promise of crop yield start with successful seed germination,which requires an optimal balance between the phytohormones abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellin(GA).Here,we report that the APETALA 2-type transcription factor SALT AND ABA RESPONSE ERF 1(OsSAE1)antagonistically modulates ABA and GA signaling to control seed germination in rice(Oryza sativa L.).We show that knocking out OsSAE1 delays seed germination,concomitant with the accumulation of SLENDER RICE1(OsSLR1),a GA signaling repressor DELLA protein;importantly,GA application rescued the seed germination defect of ossae1 mutants.OsSAE1 directly activates transcription of the GA biosynthesis gene OsKS1 and represses that of the GA metabolism gene OsGA2ox3,resulting in higher GA levels.Moreover,OsSLR1physically interacts with ABA-INSENSITIVE 5(OsABI5),a key ABA signaling component,enhancing the transcriptional activation capacity of OsABI5 toward its target genes to regulate seed germination.The temporal expression pattern of OsSAE1 supports its role in orchestrating GA and ABA signaling to modulate seed germination and seed dormancy.Different OsSAE1 haplotypes differentially affected OsSAE1 transcript levels and seed germination rates,illustrating the potential of the elite OsSAE1 haplotype for genetic improvement of seed germination.Overall,our study reveals that OsSAE1 controls rice seed germination by regulating the balance between ABA and GA,providing a pivotal selection target for breeding rice cultivars suitable for direct seeding.展开更多
Strontium has similar chemical properties to calcium and has recently been recognized as a non-essential beneficial element for plants.In order to compare the effects of strontium and calcium on improving salt toleran...Strontium has similar chemical properties to calcium and has recently been recognized as a non-essential beneficial element for plants.In order to compare the effects of strontium and calcium on improving salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage during the germination stage,2,4,and 8 mmol/L of SrCl_(2),CaCl_(2) or an equimolar mixture of both were added separately to a 150 mmol/L NaCl solution.The results showed that Ca-Sr addition significantly increased seed viability,seed vigor,seed germination rate and seed germination uniformity of Chinese cabbage compared with the salt-control group.The differences in germination percentage(GP)and germination energy(GE)among the Ca-addition and Sr-addition groups were not significant,and the differences in coefficient of rate of germination(CRG),index of rate of germination(IRG)and coefficient of variation of the germination time(CVT)were relatively small,but clear differences were observed in germination index(GI),vigor index(VI)and coefficient of uniformity of germination(CUG).The results of GI and VI indicated that the higher the concentration of Ca-addition or Sr-addition,the more significant the enhancement of seed vigor.Under saline stress(150 mmol/L NaCl),the Ca-Sr co-addition outperformed Sr-treatment alone,and Ca-addition achieved the highest seed vigor at equivalent concentrations.Furthermore,all Ca-Sr treatments significantly enhanced the uniformity of Chinese cabbage sprouts exposed to 150 mM NaCl,with the best uniformity improved by the addition of 2 and 4 mmol/L SrCl_(2).Ca-Sr treatments increased the salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage sprouts during the germination stage mainly because the Ca2+and Sr2+significantly enhanced plasma membrane stability and reduced oxidative stress(as indicated by decreased contents of malondialdehyde and O2⋅-contents)in sprouts.The decrease of soluble sugar and proline content caused by Ca-Sr addition implies that elevated levels of these osmolytes were not the primary contributors to improved seed germinability in Chinese cabbage.These findings demonstrate that Sr is a beneficial element for enhancing salt tolerance in plants,laying a theoretical foundation for the development and application of strontium in agriculture.展开更多
Population shrinkage of alpine cushion plants with ongoing climate warming has been empirically confirmed.Since cushion plants play important roles in sustaining alpine plant community and ecosystem functions,their po...Population shrinkage of alpine cushion plants with ongoing climate warming has been empirically confirmed.Since cushion plants play important roles in sustaining alpine plant community and ecosystem functions,their population dynamics may directly influence the future alpine ecosystems.However,little is known about how climate warming affect cushion population recruitment,especially at early life-history stages.In this study,we conducted a laboratory simulation of climate warming to detect the effects of warming temperature and associated moisture and light changes on seed germination and seedling growth of the typical alpine cushion plant Arenaria oreophila.Results suggested that increasing temperature indeed exerted strong constraints on the population recruitment processes.Specifically,increased temperatures could quickly initialize seed germination(4e6 days at higher temperatures vs.29 e32 days at low temperature,respectively,after sowing),accelerate them to reach the maximum germination percentage(9e19 days at higher temperatures vs.57e86 days at low temperature,respectively,after sowing)and significantly accelerate seedling growth rate.However,higher temperatures accelerated seedling mortality(more than 80%).In addition,lower light availability also increased seedling mortality though it could generally increase the final seed germination percentage.The effects of water might be dependent on temperature and light.All results suggested that cushion A.oreophila is quite sensitive to climate warming which strongly constrains its seedling establishment process.We,therefore,speculate that the continuing climate warming in future will exert uncertain risks in the persistence of cushion A.oreophila,possibly by constraining the process of seedling recruitments.展开更多
The oilseed crop Camelina sativa exhibits salinity tolerance,but the effects on early growth stages across a range of different salts and in combination with salicylic acid(SA)have not been thoroughly evaluated.In thi...The oilseed crop Camelina sativa exhibits salinity tolerance,but the effects on early growth stages across a range of different salts and in combination with salicylic acid(SA)have not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,seeds were germinated in varying concentrations of six salts(NaCl,CaCl_(2),ZnCl_(2),KCl,MgSO_(4),and Na2SO_(4))with or without 0.5 mM SA.Using the halotime model,we estimated salt thresholds for germination and parameters of seedling growth.Germination and seedling growth parameters of camelina significantly decreased with increasing salt concentration across all salt types.Salts containing Zn and SO_(4) were most detrimental to germination and seedling growth.Except for KCl,0.5 mM SA generally reduced the salinity tolerance threshold(Saltb(50))of camelina.Specifically,Saltb(50)was 21.5%higher for KCl and 16.1%,25.0%,54.9%,21.0%,and 5.6%lower for CaCl_(2),NaCl,MgSO_(4),Na2SO_(4),and ZnCl_(2),respectively,when 0.5 mM SA was compared to 0 mM SA.Furthermore,camelina seedling growth was consistently more sensitive than germination across all salt types.SA did not significantly enhance germination or seedling growth and was harmful when combined with certain salts or at the germination stage.It can be concluded that both the type of salt and the concentration of SA are as critical as the salt concentration in saline irrigation water.展开更多
[Objectives]To identify the drought resistance of main wheat varieties in Shandong Province and screen suitable cultivars for dryland cultivation.[Methods]Employing eight varieties including Jimai 60 as test materials...[Objectives]To identify the drought resistance of main wheat varieties in Shandong Province and screen suitable cultivars for dryland cultivation.[Methods]Employing eight varieties including Jimai 60 as test materials,this study simulated drought stress using 20%PEG-6000 and measured changes in germination-stage indicators.A comprehensive evaluation was conducted using the membership function method,incorporating relative coleoptile length,relative germ length,relative radicle length,relative germination rate,relative germination potential,and stress germination index.[Results]Drought stress not only reduced wheat seed germination rate but also inhibited the growth of the germ,coleoptile,and radicle.The D values of the eight varieties were ranked as follows:Jimai 60>Linmai 9>Yannong 999>Shannong 30>Shannong 28>Luyuan 502>Yannong 1212>Jimai 22.Based on D values,the eight dominant wheat varieties were classified into three categories:highly drought-resistant varieties(Linmai 9 and Jimai 60),moderately drought-resistant varieties(Yannong 999 and Shannong 30),and sensitive varieties(the others).Linmai 9 and Jimai 60 are recommended as suitable wheat varieties for dryland cultivation in Shandong Province.[Conclusions]Drought stress induced by 20%PEG-6000 reduced germination rate,germination potential,and germination index of wheat varieties while inhibiting the growth of coleoptiles and radicles.These indicators can provide a preliminary assessment of drought resistance in wheat cultivars.However,since filter paper was selected as the growth medium,root length measurement errors were introduced during root washing,leading to variations in final experimental results.Futuer studies could attempt using sterilized sand as an alternative growth medium.展开更多
The present study examines the toxicological effects and bioaccumulation of strontium(Sr^(2+))in two Moroccan wheat species,Triticum durum(Nachit)and Triticum aestivum(Ibtissam).Germination rates and seedling growth p...The present study examines the toxicological effects and bioaccumulation of strontium(Sr^(2+))in two Moroccan wheat species,Triticum durum(Nachit)and Triticum aestivum(Ibtissam).Germination rates and seedling growth parameters were evaluated under Sr^(2+)concentrations of 0,10,100,and 1000 mM.Results revealed a significant decline in germination rates as Sr^(2+)concentrations increased,with T.aestivum showing higher sensitivity compared to T.durum.Low Sr^(2+)concentrations(10 mM)initially promoted stem growth in T.aestivum,but growth declined sharply at higher concentrations.Both species sustained growth at moderate Sr^(2+)concentrations(100 mM),but experienced a substantial reduction at 1000 mM,with T.durum demonstrating slightly better tolerance.Elevated Sr^(2+)concentrations notably affected root length and stem branching,indicating severe phytotoxic effects.Enzyme activity assays showed that at low Sr^(2+)concentration(10 mM),GST,CAT,POD,and SOD activities were similar to the control.At moderate concentrations(100 mM),GST and POD activities increased,suggesting enhanced detoxification.At high concentrations(1000 mM),all enzyme activities were significantly elevated,reflecting a robust antioxidative defense mechanism.This study provides valuable insights into the toxicological impacts and physiological responses of these wheat species to Sr^(2+)stress.展开更多
Roasting is important for improving the content of bioactive compounds and enhancing the flavor of flaxseed oil.However,the effect of roasting time on germinated flaxseed oil(GFO)is unclear.Herein,the influence of roa...Roasting is important for improving the content of bioactive compounds and enhancing the flavor of flaxseed oil.However,the effect of roasting time on germinated flaxseed oil(GFO)is unclear.Herein,the influence of roasting time(0–50 min)at a specific temperature of 160?C on the physicochemical properties,bioactive compounds,antioxidant capacity,and volatile compounds of GFO from three flaxseed varieties was examined.An extension in roasting time increased the a^(*)value of GFO,while the L^(*)and b^(*)values of GFO decreased.Higher chlorophylls(1.63±0.01–2.18±0.01 mg/kg),carotenoids(2.25±0.00–2.69±0.02 mg/kg),total phenolic content(156.75±2.93–200.03±6.29 mg GAE/kg),phytosterol(1801.93±30.64–1965.23±13.71 mg GAE/kg)and DPPH(320.11±18.22–432.19±14.95μmol TE/kg)and ABTS radical scavenging activity(810.68±16.29–1119.01±14.25μmol TE/kg)were detected in GFO after roasting for 20–30 min.However,the total tocopherol and unsaturated fatty acid content declined,and the composition of fatty acids changed insignificantly(P>0.05).GC–MS recognized 68 volatile compounds in GFO,in which pyrazine imparted a nutty flavor to the GFO.This study provides important information for the development of high-quality GFO.展开更多
Pinus koraiensis is the dominant and constructive species of the zonal vegetation in Northeast China,known as the mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forest.Although carbohydrate metabolism pathways in the seed embryo are kno...Pinus koraiensis is the dominant and constructive species of the zonal vegetation in Northeast China,known as the mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forest.Although carbohydrate metabolism pathways in the seed embryo are known to play crucial roles during seed dormancy and germination in P.koraiensis,it remains unclear whether these metabolic pathways function differentially across tissues.P.koraiensis seeds that had undergone different durations of moist chilling in their natural environment,yielding seeds with relatively deeper primary physiological dormancy(DDS)and seeds with released primary physiological dormancy(RDS).A non-targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on the radicle and hypocotyl-cotyledon portions of both DDS and RDS,before and after a two-week incubation under favorable conditions.Under germination conditions,RDS and DDS showed divergent metabolic profiles,especially regarding carbohydrate metabolism.Specifically,RDS seeds showed significantly reduced substrates of respiratory metabolic pathways in both radicles and hypocotyl-cotyledons.Conversely,the intermediates of the carbohydrate metabolism pathway(particularly the tricarboxylic acid cycle)accumulating in radicles of DDS seeds under germination conditions.Moreover,in RDS,the carbohydrate metabolic pathways were more prevalent in the hypocotyl-cotyledon,while lysine degradation and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism were the dominant metabolic pathways in radicles.In contrast,the tricarboxylic acid cycle showed higher activity in DDS radicles compared to hypocotyl-cotyledons.We further demonstrated that carbohydratemetabolic pathways continue to play a dominant role in both dormancy maintenance and germination processes of P.koraiensis seeds.Notably,the carbohydratemetabolism in radicles likely exerts more critical regulatory functions in these two physiological processes compared to that in cotyledon and hypocotyl tissues.展开更多
Salt stress is a major threat to crop agricultural productivity.Salinity affects plants’physiological and biochemical functions by hampering metabolic functions and decreasing photosynthetic rates.Salinity causes hyp...Salt stress is a major threat to crop agricultural productivity.Salinity affects plants’physiological and biochemical functions by hampering metabolic functions and decreasing photosynthetic rates.Salinity causes hyperosmotic and hyperionic stress,directly impairing plant growth.In this study,eggplant seeds primed with moringa leaf extract(5%,10%,and 15%),nano-titaniumdioxide(0.02%,0.04%,and 0.06%),and ascorbic acid(0.5,1,and 2 mM)at different NaCl salt(0,75,and 150 mM)concentration were grown.The germination attributes(final germination percentage,germination index,mean germination time,and mean germination rate)and growth(root length,shoot length,fresh biomass,and dry biomass)were enhanced in the primed seedlings by the different priming agents,more prominently in ascorbic acid primed seedlings.The accumulation of hydrogen peroxide was greater in seedlings with higher salt levels.Similarly,the activity of antioxidant enzymes(superoxide dismutase,peroxidase,and catalase)was higher in primed seedlings compared to the control.At 150 mM,the antioxidant capacity was higher than 75 mM,and the seedlings’sodiumand chloride content was higher.The results demonstrate that seedling germination,growth,and activity of the antioxidant enzymes in ascorbic acid-primed seedlings increase their tolerance to salinity.Therefore,using different ascorbic acid concentrations(0.5,1,and 2 mM)as a priming agent to enhance germination and growth in saline conditions has proven effective.展开更多
Seed priming is an effective seed pretreatment technology that enhances germination and overall crop performance by optimizing seed hydration and metabolic processes before planting.Seed quality is a critical determin...Seed priming is an effective seed pretreatment technology that enhances germination and overall crop performance by optimizing seed hydration and metabolic processes before planting.Seed quality is a critical determinant of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)crop performance,influencing germination,plant vigor,and yield.This study evaluates the effects of seed priming with potassium salts(1%and 2%KCl and K2SO4)on germination,morphological traits,and Cry1Ac gene expression in three Bt cotton cultivars(IUB-2013,NIAB-878B,FH-142)as Cry1Ac enhance the pest resistance in Bt cotton and reduce the plant’s dependence on chemical insecticides.Seeds were primed for six hours,air-dried,and sown in the field.Germination rates,plant height,number of bolls per plant,boll weight,seed cotton yield,and ginning outturn(GOT)were assessed at crop maturity.Cry1Ac gene expression was quantified to explore the influence of priming treatments on transgene activity.Results demonstrated that 1%K2SO4 priming significantly enhanced germination and yield-related traits,with Cry1Ac expression peaking in the IUB-2013 cultivar under 1%K2SO4 treatment.These findings suggest that potassium-based halopriming improves cotton seedling establishment and Bt gene expression.This study addresses the critical gaps in understanding the effects of seed halopriming on morphological traits,germination,and expression of the Cry1Ac gene in Bt cotton while providing a novel eco-friendly and cost-effective halopriming approach,offering the potential to improve cotton production.展开更多
In grape breeding programs,the extensive planting of seedlings is a crucial aspect.However,grape seeds display distinct dormancy traits,necessitating a prolonged cold stratification process for dormancy release.In ord...In grape breeding programs,the extensive planting of seedlings is a crucial aspect.However,grape seeds display distinct dormancy traits,necessitating a prolonged cold stratification process for dormancy release.In order to enhance the efficiency of breeding programs,this study presents an innovative in vitro embryo germination technique that eliminates the requirement for cold stratification of seeds.The method involves the disruption of peripheral tissue in grape seed embryos using a straightforward mechanical technique,resulting in the efficient production of a substantial quantity of seed embryos,with a germination rate of up to 88% for these isolated embryos.These embryos are subsequently cultured in vitro to facilitate germination into seedlings,thereby eliminating the need for cold stratification.Consequently,grape seedlings can be obtained within a significantly reduced timeframe of 30-38 d,expediting the overall grape breeding process.This novel approach not only accelerates grape hybridization but also streamlines the selection of new grape varieties,contributing to an efficient and time-sensitive breeding methodology.展开更多
文摘Seed viability of 18 576 accessions of 23 crops was monitored. After 10-12 years storage in National Crop Genebank ofChina (NCGC), more than 96.12% of the accessions maintained high germination percentage (>85%). The germination of95 accessions, accounting for 0.51% of the total, declined significantly from above 80% to below 70%. For each crop ofcarrot (Daucus carota var. sativa DC.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cotton (Gossypium sp. L.), flax (Linum usitatissimumL.) and castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis L.), the mean monitored germination percentage declined significantly as awhole, of which carrot and lettuce seeds lost viability more rapidly. Seed initial germination percentage and pre-storageenvironments affect subsequent seed viability in storage.
文摘This study aimed to observe the viability of the pollen grains of Malpighia emarginata DC. (West Indian cherry) and the action of a lectin in their germination. Lectins are proteins that specifically interact with carbohydrates, but don’t modify them and bind with high affinity and specificity, promoting a transfer of information that is clearly central to many cellular processes in living beings. For the viability test was used aniline blue in lactophenol. The in vitro germination test used was the hanging drop method, in control medium containing sucrose, boric acid, calcium nitrate and agar. The experiment dealt with three different treatments in order to pollen germination: growing medium without addition of lectin, with 1.0 μg/ml and with 3.0 μg/ml CPL lectin. This lectin is extracted from seeds of Crotalaria pallida L.-Leguminosae. Data on pollen grains were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, with 95% reliability and comparison of averages by Turkey test at 5% probability. It was found that despite previous high viability of the pollen grains (c. 70%), a germinability rate has been low, yet exceptionally larger in pollen samples placed on a growing medium with addition of 3.0 μg/ml of CPL lectin (24%). There was no significant difference among the pollen grains germinate in medium without lectin and those in medium with the addition of only 1.0 μg/ml. According to data obtained in the treatments, CPL lectin, with concentration of 3.0 μg/ml, influenced the formation of the pollen tube and thus more pollen germinated in Malpighia emarginata.
文摘Ex situ conservation in seed banks is a potential complementary conservation strategy for native plant species.It is well established that ex situ seed banking of native wild plants prolongs seed viability and thereby preserves genetic and species diversity for future use.We evaluated ex situ storage potential of eight halophytic species from deserts in the United Arab Emirates(UAE)by studying seed germination.Specifically,we examined the germinability of freshly collected seeds and seeds stored for three years in a seed bank.We also examined the effect of light conditions on fresh and stored seed germination.Fresh seeds of seven of the eight species tested had a higher germination rates under 12/12 h light/dark fluctuations than did those exposed to total darkness.Storage reduced light sensitivity in Halocnemum strobilaceum,Suaeda aegyptiaca,Salsola drummondii and Salsola imbricata,but increased the requirement for light in Arthrocnemum macrostachyum.In Anabasis setifera,storage decreased germination percentage when there was a 12-hour light/dark fluctuation,but increased germination rate when exposed to the dark treatment.Storage significantly reduced germination in both the light/dark and dark treatments in Suaeda vermiculata and S.aegyptiaca.Germination speed also responded differently to storage;whereas Timson's index significantly increased in A.macrostachyum and H.strobilaceum,it significantly decreased for S.drummondii,S.aegyptiaca and S.vermiculata.Germination of these species at a range of temperatures requires further testing;additionally,we strongly suggest that these laboratory findings be complemented by field studies.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 39970471) and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 300220).
文摘A double haploid population, derived from anther culture of F, hybrid between a typical indica and a japonica (ZYQ8/JX17), has been used to investigate the low temperature germinability (LTG) at 15℃. The low temperature germinability of two parents was significantly different. In 6-11 d, the germination percentage of ZYQ8 was higher than that of JX17. In 12-16 d, the germination percentage of JX17 was higher than that of ZYQ8. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of every day for low temperature germinabilityhave been mapped based on a molecular linkage map constructed from this population. In 8-11 d, qLTG-9 was identified in C397B-RZ617B on chromosome 9, the additive effect was positive, showing that, the allele from JX17 could increase low temperature germinability. In 12-16 d, qLTG-4 was mapped between RG908 and CT563 on chromosome 4, the additive effect was negative, showing that the allele from ZYQ8 could increase low temperature germinability. These two QTLs were detected at different stages,
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32470364,31872850,and 31872804)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2025JC-JCQN-056 and 2024JC-YBMS-151)+2 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2025A1515012749)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2025M774348)the Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Chemistry&Biology(22JHZ007and 22JHQ054)。
文摘Gibberellins(GAs)and auxin play central regulatory roles in seed germination and root system development,respectively,so that the application of these phytohormones to crops would be worthwhile,with an increasing potential demand in agriculture.However,there are few effective chemicals that simultaneously enhance both GA and auxin signaling.Here,we report on an artificial thiourea derivative chemical,Y21,that serves as both a GA-signaling agonist and an auxin analog,promoting seed germination and root development,as well as low-phosphorus tolerance.Phenotypic,biochemical,and genetic evidence demonstrated that Y21 enhances the interaction between GA and its receptor GID1C via the Val239 amino acid residue and consequently promotes degradation of the DELLA proteins REPRESSOR OF ga1-3(RGA)and RGA-LIKE 2.Furthermore,we found that Y21 interacts with the auxin receptor TIR1 via the Cys405 residue and thus promotes the turnover of the auxinresponsive Aux/IAA proteins.Consequently,Y21significantly increases low-phosphorus tolerance of treated plants by positively regulating lateral root development.To our knowledge,Y21 is the first GA-signaling agonist to be identified,and our results also demonstrate that this potent synthetic chemical,identified by chemical genetic screening,is effective at modulating plant development and stress tolerance.
基金funded by Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System(BAURES)through the Project No.2024/48/BAU.
文摘Seaweed extract contains plant growth regulators and bio-stimulants that enhance plant growth and development.In Bangladesh,winter rice(Boro rice)in the nursery bed often shows poor seed emergence and weak seedling growth due to low temperature.This problem can be addressed by using seaweed extract as a seed priming agent and bio-stimulant.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of seaweed extract(Crop Plus)on seed emergence,seedling growth,and vigor of winter rice in the nursery.Two experiments were conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University using BRRI dhan89.The laboratory experiment consisted of 17 treatments combining three concentrations of Crop Plus(5000,10,000 and 15,000 ppm)and four priming durations(6,12,18,and 24 h),along with hydro-priming and a no priming as control.Seed priming with 15,000 ppm for 24 h produced the highest germination percentage and superior seedling growth traits.The nursery bed experiment comprised 11 treatments combining two doses(1 mL m^(−2)and 2 mL m^(−2))of Crop Plus and five different foliar application schedules,along with a control.All treatments outperformed the control,with the best results from Crop Plus@2 mL m^(−2)applied at 20 and 30 days after sowing(DAS).Overall,the treatment involving seed priming with 15,000 ppm seaweed extract for 24 h,followed by nursery application at 2 mL m^(−2)at 20 and 30 DAS,resulted in higher germination and improved early growth of winter rice.However,further validation across multiple locations,seasons,and rice cultivars is recommended.
文摘Seed vigor is critical for uniform germination and emergence,directly influencing subsequent seedling development.This is especially important under both normal and stress conditions that may arise post-sowing.Chilling stress during emergence and early growth poses significant challenges for tomato seedlings,potentially leading to uneven emergence,abnormal growth,and higher seedling mortality.This study evaluated the effectiveness of combining drum-priming with melatonin to alleviate chilling stress during these two critical stages.Tomato seeds were primed with melatonin at various concentrations and compared to untreated controls under chilling stress conditions.Higher concentrations of melatonin significantly accelerated emergence and improved early growth under stress.These stress-mitigating effects were evidenced by reductions in oxidative stress markers,such as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide,along with increased total polyphenol and flavonoid contents.Furthermore,melatonin priming preserved photosynthetic efficiency,typically reduced by chilling stress,and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes,including catalase and peroxidase.These biochemical changes reduced oxidative damage and promoted stress resilience.Melatonin also accelerated the expression of genes within the C-repeat binding factor pathway,which is crucial for cold acclimation.This suggests that melatonin priming enabled quicker adaptation to chilling stress following sowing and bolstered seedling resilience during subsequent growth stages.Overall,our results demonstrate that melatonin priming not only enhances germination but also significantly supports seedling growth under adverse conditions.The findings highlight melatonin as a promising tool in crop management strategies to improve resilience against sudden chilling stress.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2022YFC2704801(to CZhu)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.U21A20347(to CZhu),82203969(to YX),82371472(to XZ)+3 种基金Health Commission of Henan Province,Nos.SBGJ202303039(to XZ),SBGJ202301009(to CZhu),YQRC2024018(to XZ),YQRC2024019(to YX)Henan Science and Technology Department,Nos.242102311054(to XZ),241111521300(to CZhu),GZS2023003(to XW)Swedish Research Council,Nos.2022-01019(to CZhu),2021-01950(to XW)Swedish Governmental Grants to Scientists Working in Healthcare,Nos.ALFGBG-1005209(to CZhu),ALFBG-1005257(to XW),ALFGBG-965197(to CZhu).
文摘Germinal matrix hemorrhage in preterm neonates often leads to white matter injury,contributing to long-term neurodevelopmental impairments.As resident brain immune cells,microglia play a complex role in injury response,including inflammation and repair.Although colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitors such as PLX5622 enable the selective depletion of microglia,their therapeutic potential in neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage remains underexplored.Here,we used a collagenase-induced germinal matrix hemorrhage model in postnatal day 5 mice,and intraperitoneally administered PLX562272 hours post-germinal matrix hemorrhage to achieve targeted,temporary microglial depletion during the peak injury response.We then assessed the effects of this delayed intervention on oligodendrocyte lineage cell maturation,white matter integrity,and neurobehavioral outcomes.Additionally,RNA sequencing data from a germinal matrix hemorrhage rat model were analyzed using weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify the critical phases for interventions.RNA sequencing data revealed a critical period in which key synaptic functions declined while immune responses intensified post-germinal matrix hemorrhage,thus pinpointing the critical response phases for potential interventions.Delayed PLX5622 treatment effectively depleted activated microglia,protecting against white matter injury and enhancing oligodendrocyte lineage cell maturation and myelination in subcortical white matter regions.Moreover,magnetic resonance imaging analysis revealed reduced brain lesion volumes in treated mice.Behaviorally,PLX5622-treated mice exhibited significant improvements in motor coordination and reduced hyperactivity compared with vehicle-treated germinal matrix hemorrhage model mice.These findings suggest that,when timed to avoid interference with initial oligodendrocyte lineage cell proliferation,targeted microglial depletion with PLX5622 significantly mitigates white matter damage and improves neurobehavioral outcomes in neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage.The present study highlights the therapeutic potential of selectively modulating microglial reactivity to support neurodevelopment in preterm infants with brain injury.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472037,32030079)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1201700)+2 种基金the Youth innovation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y2024QC14)the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(1610392023004)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ZDRW202407)。
文摘The plant life cycle and the promise of crop yield start with successful seed germination,which requires an optimal balance between the phytohormones abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellin(GA).Here,we report that the APETALA 2-type transcription factor SALT AND ABA RESPONSE ERF 1(OsSAE1)antagonistically modulates ABA and GA signaling to control seed germination in rice(Oryza sativa L.).We show that knocking out OsSAE1 delays seed germination,concomitant with the accumulation of SLENDER RICE1(OsSLR1),a GA signaling repressor DELLA protein;importantly,GA application rescued the seed germination defect of ossae1 mutants.OsSAE1 directly activates transcription of the GA biosynthesis gene OsKS1 and represses that of the GA metabolism gene OsGA2ox3,resulting in higher GA levels.Moreover,OsSLR1physically interacts with ABA-INSENSITIVE 5(OsABI5),a key ABA signaling component,enhancing the transcriptional activation capacity of OsABI5 toward its target genes to regulate seed germination.The temporal expression pattern of OsSAE1 supports its role in orchestrating GA and ABA signaling to modulate seed germination and seed dormancy.Different OsSAE1 haplotypes differentially affected OsSAE1 transcript levels and seed germination rates,illustrating the potential of the elite OsSAE1 haplotype for genetic improvement of seed germination.Overall,our study reveals that OsSAE1 controls rice seed germination by regulating the balance between ABA and GA,providing a pivotal selection target for breeding rice cultivars suitable for direct seeding.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020MC144)the Scientific Research Training Program for Undergraduates of Qufu Normal University(XJ2024016).
文摘Strontium has similar chemical properties to calcium and has recently been recognized as a non-essential beneficial element for plants.In order to compare the effects of strontium and calcium on improving salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage during the germination stage,2,4,and 8 mmol/L of SrCl_(2),CaCl_(2) or an equimolar mixture of both were added separately to a 150 mmol/L NaCl solution.The results showed that Ca-Sr addition significantly increased seed viability,seed vigor,seed germination rate and seed germination uniformity of Chinese cabbage compared with the salt-control group.The differences in germination percentage(GP)and germination energy(GE)among the Ca-addition and Sr-addition groups were not significant,and the differences in coefficient of rate of germination(CRG),index of rate of germination(IRG)and coefficient of variation of the germination time(CVT)were relatively small,but clear differences were observed in germination index(GI),vigor index(VI)and coefficient of uniformity of germination(CUG).The results of GI and VI indicated that the higher the concentration of Ca-addition or Sr-addition,the more significant the enhancement of seed vigor.Under saline stress(150 mmol/L NaCl),the Ca-Sr co-addition outperformed Sr-treatment alone,and Ca-addition achieved the highest seed vigor at equivalent concentrations.Furthermore,all Ca-Sr treatments significantly enhanced the uniformity of Chinese cabbage sprouts exposed to 150 mM NaCl,with the best uniformity improved by the addition of 2 and 4 mmol/L SrCl_(2).Ca-Sr treatments increased the salt tolerance of Chinese cabbage sprouts during the germination stage mainly because the Ca2+and Sr2+significantly enhanced plasma membrane stability and reduced oxidative stress(as indicated by decreased contents of malondialdehyde and O2⋅-contents)in sprouts.The decrease of soluble sugar and proline content caused by Ca-Sr addition implies that elevated levels of these osmolytes were not the primary contributors to improved seed germinability in Chinese cabbage.These findings demonstrate that Sr is a beneficial element for enhancing salt tolerance in plants,laying a theoretical foundation for the development and application of strontium in agriculture.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2019QZKK0502 to H.S.)the Yunnan Applied Basic Research Project(202001AT070060 to J.G.C.)+1 种基金the CAS“Light ofWest China”Program(J.G.C.)the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province(202205AC160053 to J.G.C.).
文摘Population shrinkage of alpine cushion plants with ongoing climate warming has been empirically confirmed.Since cushion plants play important roles in sustaining alpine plant community and ecosystem functions,their population dynamics may directly influence the future alpine ecosystems.However,little is known about how climate warming affect cushion population recruitment,especially at early life-history stages.In this study,we conducted a laboratory simulation of climate warming to detect the effects of warming temperature and associated moisture and light changes on seed germination and seedling growth of the typical alpine cushion plant Arenaria oreophila.Results suggested that increasing temperature indeed exerted strong constraints on the population recruitment processes.Specifically,increased temperatures could quickly initialize seed germination(4e6 days at higher temperatures vs.29 e32 days at low temperature,respectively,after sowing),accelerate them to reach the maximum germination percentage(9e19 days at higher temperatures vs.57e86 days at low temperature,respectively,after sowing)and significantly accelerate seedling growth rate.However,higher temperatures accelerated seedling mortality(more than 80%).In addition,lower light availability also increased seedling mortality though it could generally increase the final seed germination percentage.The effects of water might be dependent on temperature and light.All results suggested that cushion A.oreophila is quite sensitive to climate warming which strongly constrains its seedling establishment process.We,therefore,speculate that the continuing climate warming in future will exert uncertain risks in the persistence of cushion A.oreophila,possibly by constraining the process of seedling recruitments.
基金the Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT) Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) for the use of the services and financial supports of this research
文摘The oilseed crop Camelina sativa exhibits salinity tolerance,but the effects on early growth stages across a range of different salts and in combination with salicylic acid(SA)have not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,seeds were germinated in varying concentrations of six salts(NaCl,CaCl_(2),ZnCl_(2),KCl,MgSO_(4),and Na2SO_(4))with or without 0.5 mM SA.Using the halotime model,we estimated salt thresholds for germination and parameters of seedling growth.Germination and seedling growth parameters of camelina significantly decreased with increasing salt concentration across all salt types.Salts containing Zn and SO_(4) were most detrimental to germination and seedling growth.Except for KCl,0.5 mM SA generally reduced the salinity tolerance threshold(Saltb(50))of camelina.Specifically,Saltb(50)was 21.5%higher for KCl and 16.1%,25.0%,54.9%,21.0%,and 5.6%lower for CaCl_(2),NaCl,MgSO_(4),Na2SO_(4),and ZnCl_(2),respectively,when 0.5 mM SA was compared to 0 mM SA.Furthermore,camelina seedling growth was consistently more sensitive than germination across all salt types.SA did not significantly enhance germination or seedling growth and was harmful when combined with certain salts or at the germination stage.It can be concluded that both the type of salt and the concentration of SA are as critical as the salt concentration in saline irrigation water.
基金Supported by National Wheat Industry Technology System"Linyi Integrated Experimental Station"(CARS-03-66)Shandong Provincial Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System"Linyi Integrated Experimental Station"(SDATT-01-18).
文摘[Objectives]To identify the drought resistance of main wheat varieties in Shandong Province and screen suitable cultivars for dryland cultivation.[Methods]Employing eight varieties including Jimai 60 as test materials,this study simulated drought stress using 20%PEG-6000 and measured changes in germination-stage indicators.A comprehensive evaluation was conducted using the membership function method,incorporating relative coleoptile length,relative germ length,relative radicle length,relative germination rate,relative germination potential,and stress germination index.[Results]Drought stress not only reduced wheat seed germination rate but also inhibited the growth of the germ,coleoptile,and radicle.The D values of the eight varieties were ranked as follows:Jimai 60>Linmai 9>Yannong 999>Shannong 30>Shannong 28>Luyuan 502>Yannong 1212>Jimai 22.Based on D values,the eight dominant wheat varieties were classified into three categories:highly drought-resistant varieties(Linmai 9 and Jimai 60),moderately drought-resistant varieties(Yannong 999 and Shannong 30),and sensitive varieties(the others).Linmai 9 and Jimai 60 are recommended as suitable wheat varieties for dryland cultivation in Shandong Province.[Conclusions]Drought stress induced by 20%PEG-6000 reduced germination rate,germination potential,and germination index of wheat varieties while inhibiting the growth of coleoptiles and radicles.These indicators can provide a preliminary assessment of drought resistance in wheat cultivars.However,since filter paper was selected as the growth medium,root length measurement errors were introduced during root washing,leading to variations in final experimental results.Futuer studies could attempt using sterilized sand as an alternative growth medium.
文摘The present study examines the toxicological effects and bioaccumulation of strontium(Sr^(2+))in two Moroccan wheat species,Triticum durum(Nachit)and Triticum aestivum(Ibtissam).Germination rates and seedling growth parameters were evaluated under Sr^(2+)concentrations of 0,10,100,and 1000 mM.Results revealed a significant decline in germination rates as Sr^(2+)concentrations increased,with T.aestivum showing higher sensitivity compared to T.durum.Low Sr^(2+)concentrations(10 mM)initially promoted stem growth in T.aestivum,but growth declined sharply at higher concentrations.Both species sustained growth at moderate Sr^(2+)concentrations(100 mM),but experienced a substantial reduction at 1000 mM,with T.durum demonstrating slightly better tolerance.Elevated Sr^(2+)concentrations notably affected root length and stem branching,indicating severe phytotoxic effects.Enzyme activity assays showed that at low Sr^(2+)concentration(10 mM),GST,CAT,POD,and SOD activities were similar to the control.At moderate concentrations(100 mM),GST and POD activities increased,suggesting enhanced detoxification.At high concentrations(1000 mM),all enzyme activities were significantly elevated,reflecting a robust antioxidative defense mechanism.This study provides valuable insights into the toxicological impacts and physiological responses of these wheat species to Sr^(2+)stress.
基金supported by Shaanxi Province Qin Chuangyuan“Scientist+Engineer”team construction project(2024QCY-KXJ-079)Shaanxi Science and Technology Innovation Team Project(2024RSCXTD-70)for the financial support。
文摘Roasting is important for improving the content of bioactive compounds and enhancing the flavor of flaxseed oil.However,the effect of roasting time on germinated flaxseed oil(GFO)is unclear.Herein,the influence of roasting time(0–50 min)at a specific temperature of 160?C on the physicochemical properties,bioactive compounds,antioxidant capacity,and volatile compounds of GFO from three flaxseed varieties was examined.An extension in roasting time increased the a^(*)value of GFO,while the L^(*)and b^(*)values of GFO decreased.Higher chlorophylls(1.63±0.01–2.18±0.01 mg/kg),carotenoids(2.25±0.00–2.69±0.02 mg/kg),total phenolic content(156.75±2.93–200.03±6.29 mg GAE/kg),phytosterol(1801.93±30.64–1965.23±13.71 mg GAE/kg)and DPPH(320.11±18.22–432.19±14.95μmol TE/kg)and ABTS radical scavenging activity(810.68±16.29–1119.01±14.25μmol TE/kg)were detected in GFO after roasting for 20–30 min.However,the total tocopherol and unsaturated fatty acid content declined,and the composition of fatty acids changed insignificantly(P>0.05).GC–MS recognized 68 volatile compounds in GFO,in which pyrazine imparted a nutty flavor to the GFO.This study provides important information for the development of high-quality GFO.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901300).
文摘Pinus koraiensis is the dominant and constructive species of the zonal vegetation in Northeast China,known as the mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forest.Although carbohydrate metabolism pathways in the seed embryo are known to play crucial roles during seed dormancy and germination in P.koraiensis,it remains unclear whether these metabolic pathways function differentially across tissues.P.koraiensis seeds that had undergone different durations of moist chilling in their natural environment,yielding seeds with relatively deeper primary physiological dormancy(DDS)and seeds with released primary physiological dormancy(RDS).A non-targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on the radicle and hypocotyl-cotyledon portions of both DDS and RDS,before and after a two-week incubation under favorable conditions.Under germination conditions,RDS and DDS showed divergent metabolic profiles,especially regarding carbohydrate metabolism.Specifically,RDS seeds showed significantly reduced substrates of respiratory metabolic pathways in both radicles and hypocotyl-cotyledons.Conversely,the intermediates of the carbohydrate metabolism pathway(particularly the tricarboxylic acid cycle)accumulating in radicles of DDS seeds under germination conditions.Moreover,in RDS,the carbohydrate metabolic pathways were more prevalent in the hypocotyl-cotyledon,while lysine degradation and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism were the dominant metabolic pathways in radicles.In contrast,the tricarboxylic acid cycle showed higher activity in DDS radicles compared to hypocotyl-cotyledons.We further demonstrated that carbohydratemetabolic pathways continue to play a dominant role in both dormancy maintenance and germination processes of P.koraiensis seeds.Notably,the carbohydratemetabolism in radicles likely exerts more critical regulatory functions in these two physiological processes compared to that in cotyledon and hypocotyl tissues.
文摘Salt stress is a major threat to crop agricultural productivity.Salinity affects plants’physiological and biochemical functions by hampering metabolic functions and decreasing photosynthetic rates.Salinity causes hyperosmotic and hyperionic stress,directly impairing plant growth.In this study,eggplant seeds primed with moringa leaf extract(5%,10%,and 15%),nano-titaniumdioxide(0.02%,0.04%,and 0.06%),and ascorbic acid(0.5,1,and 2 mM)at different NaCl salt(0,75,and 150 mM)concentration were grown.The germination attributes(final germination percentage,germination index,mean germination time,and mean germination rate)and growth(root length,shoot length,fresh biomass,and dry biomass)were enhanced in the primed seedlings by the different priming agents,more prominently in ascorbic acid primed seedlings.The accumulation of hydrogen peroxide was greater in seedlings with higher salt levels.Similarly,the activity of antioxidant enzymes(superoxide dismutase,peroxidase,and catalase)was higher in primed seedlings compared to the control.At 150 mM,the antioxidant capacity was higher than 75 mM,and the seedlings’sodiumand chloride content was higher.The results demonstrate that seedling germination,growth,and activity of the antioxidant enzymes in ascorbic acid-primed seedlings increase their tolerance to salinity.Therefore,using different ascorbic acid concentrations(0.5,1,and 2 mM)as a priming agent to enhance germination and growth in saline conditions has proven effective.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(3216045632360474+2 种基金32360486)grants from the Provincial Basic Research Program(Natural Science)([2020]1Z018)Provincial Key Technology R&D Program([2021]YiBan272).
文摘Seed priming is an effective seed pretreatment technology that enhances germination and overall crop performance by optimizing seed hydration and metabolic processes before planting.Seed quality is a critical determinant of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)crop performance,influencing germination,plant vigor,and yield.This study evaluates the effects of seed priming with potassium salts(1%and 2%KCl and K2SO4)on germination,morphological traits,and Cry1Ac gene expression in three Bt cotton cultivars(IUB-2013,NIAB-878B,FH-142)as Cry1Ac enhance the pest resistance in Bt cotton and reduce the plant’s dependence on chemical insecticides.Seeds were primed for six hours,air-dried,and sown in the field.Germination rates,plant height,number of bolls per plant,boll weight,seed cotton yield,and ginning outturn(GOT)were assessed at crop maturity.Cry1Ac gene expression was quantified to explore the influence of priming treatments on transgene activity.Results demonstrated that 1%K2SO4 priming significantly enhanced germination and yield-related traits,with Cry1Ac expression peaking in the IUB-2013 cultivar under 1%K2SO4 treatment.These findings suggest that potassium-based halopriming improves cotton seedling establishment and Bt gene expression.This study addresses the critical gaps in understanding the effects of seed halopriming on morphological traits,germination,and expression of the Cry1Ac gene in Bt cotton while providing a novel eco-friendly and cost-effective halopriming approach,offering the potential to improve cotton production.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(Grant No.QNJJ202301)the Youth Research Foundation of Institute of Forestry and Pomology+2 种基金Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science(Grant No.LGJJ202202)the BAAFS Funding for the Development of Distinguished Scientist(Grant No.JKZX202402)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.6242019)。
文摘In grape breeding programs,the extensive planting of seedlings is a crucial aspect.However,grape seeds display distinct dormancy traits,necessitating a prolonged cold stratification process for dormancy release.In order to enhance the efficiency of breeding programs,this study presents an innovative in vitro embryo germination technique that eliminates the requirement for cold stratification of seeds.The method involves the disruption of peripheral tissue in grape seed embryos using a straightforward mechanical technique,resulting in the efficient production of a substantial quantity of seed embryos,with a germination rate of up to 88% for these isolated embryos.These embryos are subsequently cultured in vitro to facilitate germination into seedlings,thereby eliminating the need for cold stratification.Consequently,grape seedlings can be obtained within a significantly reduced timeframe of 30-38 d,expediting the overall grape breeding process.This novel approach not only accelerates grape hybridization but also streamlines the selection of new grape varieties,contributing to an efficient and time-sensitive breeding methodology.
