Genome sequencing opened the flood gate of ＂-omics＂ studies, among which the research about correlations between genomic and phenomic variables is an important part. With the development of functional genomics and s...Genome sequencing opened the flood gate of ＂-omics＂ studies, among which the research about correlations between genomic and phenomic variables is an important part. With the development of functional genomics and systems biology, genome-wide investigation of the correlations between many genomic and phenomic variables became possible. In this review, five genomic variables, such as evolution rate （or ＂age＂ of the gene）, the length of intron and ORF （protein length） in one gene, the biases of amino acid composition and codon usage, along with the phenomic variables related to expression patterns （level and breadth） are focused on. In most cases, genes with higher mRNA/protein expression level tend to evolve slowly, have less intronic DNA, code for smaller proteins, and have higher biases of amino acid composition and codon usage. In addition, broadly expressed proteins evolve more slowly and are shorter than tissue-specific proteins. Studies in this field are helpful for deeper understanding the signatures of selection mediated by the features of gene expression and are of great significance to enrich the evolution theory.展开更多
Hepatitis E virus(HEV)and hepatitis C virus(HCV)are both RNA viruses with a tropism for liver parenchyma but are also capable of extrahepatic manifestations.Hepatitis E is usually a viral acute fecal-oral transmitted ...Hepatitis E virus(HEV)and hepatitis C virus(HCV)are both RNA viruses with a tropism for liver parenchyma but are also capable of extrahepatic manifestations.Hepatitis E is usually a viral acute fecal-oral transmitted and self-limiting disease presenting with malaise,jaundice,nausea and vomiting.Rarely,HEV causes a chronic infection in immunocompromised persons and severe fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women.Parenteral HCV infection is typically asymptomatic for decades until chronic complications,such as cirrhosis and cancer,occur.Despite being two very different viruses in terms of phylogenetic and clinical presentations,HEV and HCV show many similarities regarding possible transmission through organ transplantation and blood transfusion,pathogenesis(production of antinuclear antibodies and cryoglobulins)and response to treatment with some direct-acting antiviral drugs.Although both HEV and HCV are well studied individually,there is a lack of knowledge about coinfection and its consequences.The aim of this review is to analyze current literature by evaluating original articles and case reports and to hypothesize some interactions that can be useful for research and clinical practice.展开更多
基金supported by the National Hightech R&D Program (863 Program) (No. 2006AA02A308)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2006CB910401, 2006CB910801 and 2006CB910600)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30700988 and 30700356)the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Creative Research Groups (No. 30621063)the Chinese State Key Project Specialized for Infectious Diseases (No. 2008ZX10002-016, 2009ZX10004-103 and 2009ZX09301002)supported by the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics (No. SKLP-Y200801)
文摘Genome sequencing opened the flood gate of ＂-omics＂ studies, among which the research about correlations between genomic and phenomic variables is an important part. With the development of functional genomics and systems biology, genome-wide investigation of the correlations between many genomic and phenomic variables became possible. In this review, five genomic variables, such as evolution rate （or ＂age＂ of the gene）, the length of intron and ORF （protein length） in one gene, the biases of amino acid composition and codon usage, along with the phenomic variables related to expression patterns （level and breadth） are focused on. In most cases, genes with higher mRNA/protein expression level tend to evolve slowly, have less intronic DNA, code for smaller proteins, and have higher biases of amino acid composition and codon usage. In addition, broadly expressed proteins evolve more slowly and are shorter than tissue-specific proteins. Studies in this field are helpful for deeper understanding the signatures of selection mediated by the features of gene expression and are of great significance to enrich the evolution theory.
基金Supported by PON Research and Innovation 2014-2020(Nadia Marascio),Attraction and International Mobility programmeNo.Proposal Code_Activity AIM1879147_1。
文摘Hepatitis E virus(HEV)and hepatitis C virus(HCV)are both RNA viruses with a tropism for liver parenchyma but are also capable of extrahepatic manifestations.Hepatitis E is usually a viral acute fecal-oral transmitted and self-limiting disease presenting with malaise,jaundice,nausea and vomiting.Rarely,HEV causes a chronic infection in immunocompromised persons and severe fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women.Parenteral HCV infection is typically asymptomatic for decades until chronic complications,such as cirrhosis and cancer,occur.Despite being two very different viruses in terms of phylogenetic and clinical presentations,HEV and HCV show many similarities regarding possible transmission through organ transplantation and blood transfusion,pathogenesis(production of antinuclear antibodies and cryoglobulins)and response to treatment with some direct-acting antiviral drugs.Although both HEV and HCV are well studied individually,there is a lack of knowledge about coinfection and its consequences.The aim of this review is to analyze current literature by evaluating original articles and case reports and to hypothesize some interactions that can be useful for research and clinical practice.
