High-k metal gate stacks are being used to suppress the gate leakage due to tunneling for sub-45 nm technology nodes.The reliability of thin dielectric films becomes a limitation to device manufacturing,especially to ...High-k metal gate stacks are being used to suppress the gate leakage due to tunneling for sub-45 nm technology nodes.The reliability of thin dielectric films becomes a limitation to device manufacturing,especially to the breakdown characteristic.In this work,a breakdown simulator based on a percolation model and the kinetic Monte Carlo method is set up,and the intrinsic relation between time to breakdown and trap generation rate R is studied by TDDB simulation.It is found that all degradation factors,such as trap generation rate time exponent m,Weibull slope β and percolation factor s,each could be expressed as a function of trap density time exponent α.Based on the percolation relation and power law lifetime projection,a temperature related trap generation model is proposed.The validity of this model is confirmed by comparing with experiment results.For other device and material conditions,the percolation relation provides a new way to study the relationship between trap generation and lifetime projection.展开更多
The human motion generation model can extract structural features from existing human motion capture data,and the generated data makes animated characters move.The 3D human motion capture sequences contain complex spa...The human motion generation model can extract structural features from existing human motion capture data,and the generated data makes animated characters move.The 3D human motion capture sequences contain complex spatial-temporal structures,and the deep learning model can fully describe the potential semantic structure of human motion.To improve the authenticity of the generated human motion sequences,we propose a multi-task motion generation model that consists of a discriminator and a generator.The discriminator classifies motion sequences into different styles according to their similarity to the mean spatial-temporal templates from motion sequences of 17 crucial human joints in three-freedom degrees.And target motion sequences are created with these styles by the generator.Unlike traditional related works,our model can handle multiple tasks,such as identifying styles and generating data.In addition,by extracting 17 crucial joints from 29 human joints,our model avoids data redundancy and improves the accuracy of model recognition.The experimental results show that the discriminator of the model can effectively recognize diversified movements,and the generated data can correctly fit the actual data.The combination of discriminator and generator solves the problem of low reuse rate of motion data,and the generated motion sequences are more suitable for actual movement.展开更多
The importance of organic geochemistry and basin modeling is widely recognized and used to understand the source rock potential and hydrocarbon generation history of the Mangahewa Formation,and thereby given the found...The importance of organic geochemistry and basin modeling is widely recognized and used to understand the source rock potential and hydrocarbon generation history of the Mangahewa Formation,and thereby given the foundational role in the petroleum exploration.This study utilized the total organic carbon(TOC)content and hydrogen index(HI)to investigate the dominant kerogen type and hydrogen richness for the significance of petroleum generative potential.The Mangahewa coals and carbonaceous shales exhibit an excellent source rocks,with high total organic content(TOC)of more than 22%.The coals and carbonaceous shales were also characterised by Type Ⅱ‒Ⅲ kerogen with Type Ⅲ kerogen,promising oiland gas-prones.The Mangahewa Formation reached the main oil generation,with vitrinite reflectances between 0.53%and 1.01%.Vitrinite reflectance was also used in developing themal models and reveal the transformation(TR)of 10‒50%kerogen to oil during the Late Miocene.The models also showed that the Mangahewa source rock has a significant oil generation and little expulsion competency,with a TR of up to 54%.These findings support the substantial oil-generating potential in the Taranaki Basin's southern graben and can be used as a guide when developing strategies for an oil exploration program.展开更多
Architecture framework has become an effective method recently to describe the system of systems(SoS)architecture,such as the United States(US)Department of Defense Architecture Framework Version 2.0(DoDAF2.0).As a vi...Architecture framework has become an effective method recently to describe the system of systems(SoS)architecture,such as the United States(US)Department of Defense Architecture Framework Version 2.0(DoDAF2.0).As a viewpoint in DoDAF2.0,the operational viewpoint(OV)describes operational activities,nodes,and resource flows.The OV models are important for SoS architecture development.However,as the SoS complexity increases,constructing OV models with traditional methods exposes shortcomings,such as inefficient data collection and low modeling standards.Therefore,we propose an intelligent modeling method for five OV models,including operational resource flow OV-2,organizational relationships OV-4,operational activity hierarchy OV-5a,operational activities model OV-5b,and operational activity sequences OV-6c.The main idea of the method is to extract OV architecture data from text and generate interoperable OV models.First,we construct the OV meta model based on the DoDAF2.0 meta model(DM2).Second,OV architecture named entities is recognized from text based on the bidirectional long short-term memory and conditional random field(BiLSTM-CRF)model.And OV architecture relationships are collected with relationship extraction rules.Finally,we define the generation rules for OV models and develop an OV modeling tool.We use unmanned surface vehicles(USV)swarm target defense SoS architecture as a case to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the intelligent modeling method.展开更多
In order to investigate the hydrocarbon generation process and gas potentials of source rocks in deepwater area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, kinetic parameters of gas generation （activation energy distribution and freq...In order to investigate the hydrocarbon generation process and gas potentials of source rocks in deepwater area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, kinetic parameters of gas generation （activation energy distribution and frequency factor） of the Yacheng Formation source rocks （coal and neritic mudstones） was determined by thermal simulation experiments in the closed system and the specific KINETICS Software. The results show that the activation energy （Ea） distribution of C1–C5 generation ranges from 50 to 74 kcal/mol with a frequency factor of 2.4×1015 s–1 for the neritic mudstone and the Ea distribution of C1–C5 generation ranges from 49 to 73 kcal/mol with a frequency factor of 8.92×1013 s–1 for the coal. On the basis of these kinetic parameters and combined with the data of sedimentary burial and paleothermal histories, the gas generation model of the Yacheng Formation source rocks closer to geological condition was worked out, indicating its main gas generation stage at Ro （vitrinite reflectance） of 1.25%–2.8%. Meanwhile, the gas generation process of the source rocks of different structural locations （central part, southern slope and south low uplift） in the Lingshui Sag was simulated. Among them, the gas generation of the Yacheng Formation source rocks in the central part and the southern slope of the sag entered the main gas window at 10 and 5 Ma respectively and the peak gas generation in the southern slope occurred at 3 Ma. The very late peak gas generation and the relatively large gas potential indices （GPI：20×10^8–60×10^8 m^3/km^2） would provide favorable conditions for the accumulation of large natural gas reserves in the deepwater area.展开更多
In accordance with the relative movement between end-milling cutter and workpiece surface, a theoretical generation model for milled surface was established with the movement error of principal axle considered. Then t...In accordance with the relative movement between end-milling cutter and workpiece surface, a theoretical generation model for milled surface was established with the movement error of principal axle considered. Then the milled surfaces under various cutting condition were simulated, the results of which showed that end milled surfaces were of "vaulted profile", heights of surface irregularty at various points to be different with maximum value in the middle and smaller at both sides, the difference were determined by diameter of milling cutter, feeding speed, ratio between the diameter of milling cutter and teeth point curve radius and width of workpiece. The study results can be applied to quality prediction of milled surfaces for precision and/or super precision milling operation.展开更多
Generation of mouse models carrying a defined point mutation,especially disease-related point mutations,is of considerable interest for research in biology and medicine.The standard method based on embryonic stem cell...Generation of mouse models carrying a defined point mutation,especially disease-related point mutations,is of considerable interest for research in biology and medicine.The standard method based on embryonic stem cell（ESC）-mediated homologous recombination（HR）is time-and labor-consuming.展开更多
A generation planning model of six main power grids in China is developed to evaluate the potential of advanced power generation technologies into the Chinese power system as CDM （clean development mechanism）. It is...A generation planning model of six main power grids in China is developed to evaluate the potential of advanced power generation technologies into the Chinese power system as CDM （clean development mechanism）. It is investigated how delivered coal price, on-grid power price, and environmental protection may influence the potential of advanced thermal power generation as CDM projects. One finding from the baseline analysis is that coal price, on-grid power price, and environmental protection policy have only a small significance to the grid-wide specific CO2 emissions of thermal power generation up to the year 2026, while the best thermal generation mix is influenced largely by environmental protection policy. And it is found that not only the price of CER （certified emission reduction） and the length of crediting period but also on-grid power price and the reduction of air pollutants in the baseline have a significant influence on the potential of the CDM activities.展开更多
In the framework of an overlapping generations model, forward-looking monetary policy roles and backward-looking monetary policy rules were investigated. It is shown that the monetary steady state is more likely to be...In the framework of an overlapping generations model, forward-looking monetary policy roles and backward-looking monetary policy rules were investigated. It is shown that the monetary steady state is more likely to be indeterminate under an active forwardlooking rule than under the corresponding backward-looking rule. It is also shown that backward-looking roles can render the monetary steady state unstable.展开更多
The accurate prediction of photovoltaic(PV)power generation is an important basis for hybrid grid scheduling.With the expansion of the scale of PV power plants and the popularization of distributed PV,this study propo...The accurate prediction of photovoltaic(PV)power generation is an important basis for hybrid grid scheduling.With the expansion of the scale of PV power plants and the popularization of distributed PV,this study proposes a multilayer PV power generation prediction model based on transfer learning to solve the problems of the lack of data on new PV bases and the low accuracy of PV power generation prediction.The proposed model,called DRAM,concatenates a dilated convolutional neural network(DCNN)module with a bidirectional long short-term memory(BiLSTM)module,and integrates an attention mechanism.First,the processed data are input into the DCNN layer,and the dilation convolution mechanism captures the spatial features of the wide sensory field of the input data.Subsequently,the temporal characteristics between the features are extracted in the BiLSTM layer.Finally,an attention mechanism is used to strengthen the key features by assigning weights to efficiently construct the relationship between the features and output variables.In addition,the power prediction accuracy of the new PV sites was improved by transferring the pre-trained model parameters to the new PV site prediction model.In this study,the pre-training of models using data from different source domains and the correlations between these pre-trained models and the target domain were analyzed.展开更多
The geochemical analysis and experimental simulation are comprehensively used to systematically study the hydrocarbon generation material,organic matter enrichment and hydrocarbon generation model of Paleogene source ...The geochemical analysis and experimental simulation are comprehensively used to systematically study the hydrocarbon generation material,organic matter enrichment and hydrocarbon generation model of Paleogene source rock in the Western Qaidam Depression,Qaidam Basin,NW China.Three main factors result in low TOC values of saline lacustrine source rock of the Qaidam Basin:relatively poor nutrient supply inhibits the algal bloom,too fast deposition rate causes the dilution of organic matter,and high organic matter conversion efficiency causes the low residual organic carbon.For this type of hydrogen-rich organic matter,due to the reduction of organic carbon during hydrocarbon generation,TOC needs to be restored based on maturity before evaluating organic matter abundance.The hydrocarbon generation of saline lacustrine source rocks of the Qaidam Basin is from two parts:soluble organic matter and insoluble organic matter.The soluble organic matter is inherited from organisms and preserved in saline lacustrine basins.It generates hydrocarbons during low-maturity stage,and the formed hydrocarbons are rich in complex compounds such as NOS,and undergo secondary cracking to form light components in the later stage;the hydrocarbon generation model of insoluble organic matter conforms to the traditional“Tissot”model,with an oil generation peak corresponding to Ro of 1.0%.展开更多
The Internet of Things(IoT)has the potential to be applied to social networks due to innovative characteristics and sophisticated solutions that challenge traditional uses.Social network analysis(SNA)is a good example...The Internet of Things(IoT)has the potential to be applied to social networks due to innovative characteristics and sophisticated solutions that challenge traditional uses.Social network analysis(SNA)is a good example that has recently gained a lot of scientific attention.It has its roots in social and economic research,as well as the evaluation of network science,such as graph theory.Scientists in this area have subverted predefined theories,offering revolutionary ones regarding interconnected networks,and they have highlighted the mystery of six degrees of separation with confirmation of the small-world phenomenon.The motivation of this study is to understand and capture the clustering properties of large networks and social networks.We present a network growth model in this paper and build a scale-free artificial social network with controllable clustering coefficients.The random walk technique is paired with a triangle generating scheme in our proposed model.As a result,the clustering controlmechanism and preferential attachment(PA)have been realized.This research builds on the present random walk model.We took numerous measurements for validation,including degree behavior and the measure of clustering decay in terms of node degree,among other things.Finally,we conclude that our suggested random walk model is more efficient and accurate than previous state-of-the-art methods,and hence it could be a viable alternative for societal evolution.展开更多
The social internet of things(SIoT)is one of the emerging paradigms that was proposed to solve the problems of network service discovery,navigability,and service composition.The SIoT aims to socialize the IoT devices ...The social internet of things(SIoT)is one of the emerging paradigms that was proposed to solve the problems of network service discovery,navigability,and service composition.The SIoT aims to socialize the IoT devices and shape the interconnection between them into social interaction just like human beings.In IoT,an object can offer multiple services and different objects can offer the same services with different parameters and interest factors.The proliferation of offered services led to difficulties during service customization and service filtering.This problem is known as service explosion.The selection of suitable service that fits the requirements of applications and objects is a challenging task.To address these issues,we propose an efficient automated query-based service search model based on the local network navigability concept for the SIoT.In the proposed model,objects can use information from their friends or friends of their friends while searching for the desired services,rather than exploring a global network.We employ a centrality metric that computes the degree of importance for each object in the social IoT that helps in selecting neighboring objects with high centrality scores.The distributed nature of our navigation model results in high scalability and short navigation times.We verified the efficacy of our model on a real-world SIoT-related dataset.The experimental results confirm the validity of our model in terms of scalability,navigability,and the desired objects that provide services are determined quickly via the shortest path,which in return improves the service search process in the SIoT.展开更多
The Dongpu Depression is a secondary salt-bearing tectonic unit in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China.The depositional environment of this depression regarding its Paleogene strata is clearly different in plane,includi...The Dongpu Depression is a secondary salt-bearing tectonic unit in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China.The depositional environment of this depression regarding its Paleogene strata is clearly different in plane,including the saltwater environment(SE)in the north,the freshwater environment(FE)in the south and the brackish water environment(BE)in the middle.The result of oil and gas exploration in the Dongpu Depression shows that more than 90%of the proven oil reserves are distributed in the northern saltwater environment.Previous studies indicate that the organic geochemistry characteristics and the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks are very clearly diverse under different environments,which results in the significant differences in the proved reserves between the north and the south.In order to further explore the differences in the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks under distinct depositional environments and the mechanism of their occurrence,three samples from different depositional environments(W18-5 for SE,H7-18 for BE,CH9 for FE)were used for confined gold tube pyrolysis experiments.The results show that the CH4 yields of W18-5,H7-18 and CH9 increase with increasing temperature,the maximum yields being 405.62 mg/g TOC,388.56 mg/g TOC and 367.89 mg/g TOC,respectively.The liquid hydrocarbon yields of W18-5,H7-18 and CH9 firstly increase with increasing temperature and then decrease after the critical temperatures.The maximum yields of C6-14 are 149.54 mg/g TOC,140.18 mg/g TOC and 116.94 mg/g TOC,the maximum yields of C14+being 852.4 mg/g TOC,652.6 mg/g TOC and 596.41 mg/g TOC,respectively for W18-5,H7-18 and CH9.To summarize,the order of hydrocarbon potential from high to low is W18-5,H7-18 and CH9.On this basis,through analyzing the influencing factors of hydrocarbon differences,this paper reveals that the saltwater environment is characterized by 4 factors:higher salinity,halophilic algae,high paleo-productivity and a strongly reducing environment,which are beneficial to the enrichment of organic matter and lead to the formation of high levels of sapropelite and exinite.According to the variation of oil and gas components in the pyrolysis experiments,the hydrocarbon generation process is divided into three stages:kerogen cracking,oil cracking and C2-5 cracking.Combined with hydrocarbon generation characteristics and stages,the evolutionary model of hydrocarbon generation for source rocks under different environments is established.展开更多
A number of mathematical modelling techniques exist which are used to measure the performance of a given system, by assessing each individual component within the system. This can be used to determine the failure freq...A number of mathematical modelling techniques exist which are used to measure the performance of a given system, by assessing each individual component within the system. This can be used to determine the failure frequency or probability of the system. Software is available to undertake the task of analysing these mathematical models after an individual or group of individuals manually create the models. The process of generating these models is time consuming and reduces the impact of the model on the system design. One way to improve this would be to generate the model automatically. In this work, the procedure to automatically construct a model, based on Petri nets, for systems undergoing a phased-mission is applied to a pressure tank system, undertaking a four phase mission.展开更多
In the modern analogue design, Transistor Level Fault Simulation (TLFS) plays the im-portant part since every fault in the whole circuit has to be simulated at that level. Unfortunately, it is a very CPU intensive tas...In the modern analogue design, Transistor Level Fault Simulation (TLFS) plays the im-portant part since every fault in the whole circuit has to be simulated at that level. Unfortunately, it is a very CPU intensive task even though it maintains the high accuracy. Therefore, High Level Fault Modeling (HLFM) and High Level Fault Simulation (HLFS) are required in order to alleviate the efforts of simulation. In this paper, different HLFM approaches are reviewed at the device level during last two decades. We clarify their domains of application and evaluate their strengths and current limitations. We also analyze causes of faults and introduce various test approaches.展开更多
Assessing and managing ecological risks in ecologically fragile areas remain challenging at present.To get to know the ecological risk situation in Turpan City,China,this study constructed an ecological risk evaluatio...Assessing and managing ecological risks in ecologically fragile areas remain challenging at present.To get to know the ecological risk situation in Turpan City,China,this study constructed an ecological risk evaluation system to obtain the ecological risk level(ERL)and ecological risk index(ERI)based on the multi-objective linear programming-patch generation land use simulation(MOP-PLUS)model,analyzed the changes in land use and ecological risk in Turpan City from 2000 to 2020,and predicted the land use and ecological risk in 2030 under four different scenarios(business as usual(BAU),rapid economic development(RED),ecological protection priority(EPP),and eco-economic equilibrium,(EEB)).The results showed that the conversion of land use from 2000 to 2030 was mainly between unused land and the other land use types.The ERL of unused land was the highest among all the land use types.The ecological risk increased sharply from 2000 to 2010 and then decreased from 2010 to 2020.According to the value of ERI,we divided the ecological risk into seven levels by natural breakpoint method;the higher the level,the higher the ecological risk.For the four scenarios in 2030,under the EPP scenario,the area at VII level was zero,while the area at VII level reached the largest under the RED scenario.Comparing with 2020,the areas at I and II levels increased under the BAU,EPP,and EEB scenarios,while decreased under the RED scenario.The spatial distributions of ecological risk of BAU and EEB scenarios were similar,but the areas at I and II levels were larger and the areas at V and VI levels were smaller under the EEB scenario than under the BAU scenario.Therefore,the EEB scenario was the optimal development route for Turpan City.In addition,the results of spatial autocorrelation showed that the large area of unused land was the main reason affecting the spatial pattern of ecological risk under different scenarios.According to Geodetector,the dominant driving factors of ecological risk were gross domestic product rating(GDPR),soil type,population,temperature,and distance from riverbed(DFRD).The interaction between driving factor pairs amplified their influence on ecological risk.This research would help explore the low ecological risk development path for urban construction in the future.展开更多
In light of the possibility of reignition when unsealing the closed fire zones, the occurrence of reignition was simulated by a home-made experimental device, hydrogen variety rule from combustion to unsealing was ana...In light of the possibility of reignition when unsealing the closed fire zones, the occurrence of reignition was simulated by a home-made experimental device, hydrogen variety rule from combustion to unsealing was analyzed, the three-stage generation model of hydrogen during reignition in fire zone was put forward and the probability that hydrogen was taken as an indicator gas was discussed. The results show that: when fire zone is ready to unseal, which is filled with hydrogen at a high concentration, it is more prone to reignite.展开更多
Immature crude oils are a kind of unconventional petroleum resources. They are generated through early low-temperature biochemical/chemical reactions of some specific organic matter. Their geological reserves explored...Immature crude oils are a kind of unconventional petroleum resources. They are generated through early low-temperature biochemical/chemical reactions of some specific organic matter. Their geological reserves explored are as high as several hundred million tons in China. Based on a detailed organic geochemical study, five genetic mechanisms of immature oils have been proposed in this paper for early hydrocarbon generation from suberinite, resinite, bacteria-reworked terrestrial organic matter, biolipids and sulphur-rich macromolecules respectively.展开更多
It is difficult to compute far-field waves in a relative large area by using one wave generation model when a large calculation domain is needed because of large dimensions of the waterway and long distance of the req...It is difficult to compute far-field waves in a relative large area by using one wave generation model when a large calculation domain is needed because of large dimensions of the waterway and long distance of the required computing points. Variation of waterway bathymetry and nonlinearity in the far field cannot be included in a ship fixed process either. A coupled method combining a wave generation model and wave propagation model is then used in this paper to simulate the wash waves generated by the passing ship. A NURBS-based higher order panel method is adopted as the stationary wave generation model; a wave spectrum method and Boussinesq-type equation wave model are used as the wave propagation model for the constant water depth condition and variable water depth condition, respectively. The waves calculated by the NURBS-based higher order panel method in the near field are used as the input for the wave spectrum method and the Boussinesq-type equation wave model to obtain the far-field waves. With this approach it is possible to simulate the ship wash waves including the effects of water depth and waterway bathymetry. Parts of the calculated results are validated experimentally, and the agreement is demonstrated. The effects of ship wash waves on the moored ship are discussed by using a diffraction theory method. The results indicate that the prediction of the ship induced waves by coupling models is feasible.展开更多
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.SS2015AA010601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61176091 and 61306129)the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices&Integrated Technology,Institute of Micro Electronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘High-k metal gate stacks are being used to suppress the gate leakage due to tunneling for sub-45 nm technology nodes.The reliability of thin dielectric films becomes a limitation to device manufacturing,especially to the breakdown characteristic.In this work,a breakdown simulator based on a percolation model and the kinetic Monte Carlo method is set up,and the intrinsic relation between time to breakdown and trap generation rate R is studied by TDDB simulation.It is found that all degradation factors,such as trap generation rate time exponent m,Weibull slope β and percolation factor s,each could be expressed as a function of trap density time exponent α.Based on the percolation relation and power law lifetime projection,a temperature related trap generation model is proposed.The validity of this model is confirmed by comparing with experiment results.For other device and material conditions,the percolation relation provides a new way to study the relationship between trap generation and lifetime projection.
文摘The human motion generation model can extract structural features from existing human motion capture data,and the generated data makes animated characters move.The 3D human motion capture sequences contain complex spatial-temporal structures,and the deep learning model can fully describe the potential semantic structure of human motion.To improve the authenticity of the generated human motion sequences,we propose a multi-task motion generation model that consists of a discriminator and a generator.The discriminator classifies motion sequences into different styles according to their similarity to the mean spatial-temporal templates from motion sequences of 17 crucial human joints in three-freedom degrees.And target motion sequences are created with these styles by the generator.Unlike traditional related works,our model can handle multiple tasks,such as identifying styles and generating data.In addition,by extracting 17 crucial joints from 29 human joints,our model avoids data redundancy and improves the accuracy of model recognition.The experimental results show that the discriminator of the model can effectively recognize diversified movements,and the generated data can correctly fit the actual data.The combination of discriminator and generator solves the problem of low reuse rate of motion data,and the generated motion sequences are more suitable for actual movement.
基金Supporting Project number(RSP2025R92)at King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,for their support.
文摘The importance of organic geochemistry and basin modeling is widely recognized and used to understand the source rock potential and hydrocarbon generation history of the Mangahewa Formation,and thereby given the foundational role in the petroleum exploration.This study utilized the total organic carbon(TOC)content and hydrogen index(HI)to investigate the dominant kerogen type and hydrogen richness for the significance of petroleum generative potential.The Mangahewa coals and carbonaceous shales exhibit an excellent source rocks,with high total organic content(TOC)of more than 22%.The coals and carbonaceous shales were also characterised by Type Ⅱ‒Ⅲ kerogen with Type Ⅲ kerogen,promising oiland gas-prones.The Mangahewa Formation reached the main oil generation,with vitrinite reflectances between 0.53%and 1.01%.Vitrinite reflectance was also used in developing themal models and reveal the transformation(TR)of 10‒50%kerogen to oil during the Late Miocene.The models also showed that the Mangahewa source rock has a significant oil generation and little expulsion competency,with a TR of up to 54%.These findings support the substantial oil-generating potential in the Taranaki Basin's southern graben and can be used as a guide when developing strategies for an oil exploration program.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(71690233,71971213,71901214)。
文摘Architecture framework has become an effective method recently to describe the system of systems(SoS)architecture,such as the United States(US)Department of Defense Architecture Framework Version 2.0(DoDAF2.0).As a viewpoint in DoDAF2.0,the operational viewpoint(OV)describes operational activities,nodes,and resource flows.The OV models are important for SoS architecture development.However,as the SoS complexity increases,constructing OV models with traditional methods exposes shortcomings,such as inefficient data collection and low modeling standards.Therefore,we propose an intelligent modeling method for five OV models,including operational resource flow OV-2,organizational relationships OV-4,operational activity hierarchy OV-5a,operational activities model OV-5b,and operational activity sequences OV-6c.The main idea of the method is to extract OV architecture data from text and generate interoperable OV models.First,we construct the OV meta model based on the DoDAF2.0 meta model(DM2).Second,OV architecture named entities is recognized from text based on the bidirectional long short-term memory and conditional random field(BiLSTM-CRF)model.And OV architecture relationships are collected with relationship extraction rules.Finally,we define the generation rules for OV models and develop an OV modeling tool.We use unmanned surface vehicles(USV)swarm target defense SoS architecture as a case to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the intelligent modeling method.
基金The National Science and Technology Major Project of China under contract No.2011ZX05025-002
文摘In order to investigate the hydrocarbon generation process and gas potentials of source rocks in deepwater area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, kinetic parameters of gas generation （activation energy distribution and frequency factor） of the Yacheng Formation source rocks （coal and neritic mudstones） was determined by thermal simulation experiments in the closed system and the specific KINETICS Software. The results show that the activation energy （Ea） distribution of C1–C5 generation ranges from 50 to 74 kcal/mol with a frequency factor of 2.4×1015 s–1 for the neritic mudstone and the Ea distribution of C1–C5 generation ranges from 49 to 73 kcal/mol with a frequency factor of 8.92×1013 s–1 for the coal. On the basis of these kinetic parameters and combined with the data of sedimentary burial and paleothermal histories, the gas generation model of the Yacheng Formation source rocks closer to geological condition was worked out, indicating its main gas generation stage at Ro （vitrinite reflectance） of 1.25%–2.8%. Meanwhile, the gas generation process of the source rocks of different structural locations （central part, southern slope and south low uplift） in the Lingshui Sag was simulated. Among them, the gas generation of the Yacheng Formation source rocks in the central part and the southern slope of the sag entered the main gas window at 10 and 5 Ma respectively and the peak gas generation in the southern slope occurred at 3 Ma. The very late peak gas generation and the relatively large gas potential indices （GPI：20×10^8–60×10^8 m^3/km^2） would provide favorable conditions for the accumulation of large natural gas reserves in the deepwater area.
文摘In accordance with the relative movement between end-milling cutter and workpiece surface, a theoretical generation model for milled surface was established with the movement error of principal axle considered. Then the milled surfaces under various cutting condition were simulated, the results of which showed that end milled surfaces were of "vaulted profile", heights of surface irregularty at various points to be different with maximum value in the middle and smaller at both sides, the difference were determined by diameter of milling cutter, feeding speed, ratio between the diameter of milling cutter and teeth point curve radius and width of workpiece. The study results can be applied to quality prediction of milled surfaces for precision and/or super precision milling operation.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2014CB964803 and 2015AA020307)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31530048, 31601163 and 81672117)+1 种基金he Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB19010204 and QYZDJ-SSW-SMC023)the Shanghai Municipal Commission for Science and Technology(16JC1420500, 17JC1400900 and 17140901500)
文摘Generation of mouse models carrying a defined point mutation,especially disease-related point mutations,is of considerable interest for research in biology and medicine.The standard method based on embryonic stem cell（ESC）-mediated homologous recombination（HR）is time-and labor-consuming.
文摘A generation planning model of six main power grids in China is developed to evaluate the potential of advanced power generation technologies into the Chinese power system as CDM （clean development mechanism）. It is investigated how delivered coal price, on-grid power price, and environmental protection may influence the potential of advanced thermal power generation as CDM projects. One finding from the baseline analysis is that coal price, on-grid power price, and environmental protection policy have only a small significance to the grid-wide specific CO2 emissions of thermal power generation up to the year 2026, while the best thermal generation mix is influenced largely by environmental protection policy. And it is found that not only the price of CER （certified emission reduction） and the length of crediting period but also on-grid power price and the reduction of air pollutants in the baseline have a significant influence on the potential of the CDM activities.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 70071012）
文摘In the framework of an overlapping generations model, forward-looking monetary policy roles and backward-looking monetary policy rules were investigated. It is shown that the monetary steady state is more likely to be indeterminate under an active forwardlooking rule than under the corresponding backward-looking rule. It is also shown that backward-looking roles can render the monetary steady state unstable.
基金Science and Technology Project of State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Co.,Ltd Research on Distributed Photovoltaic Fine Power Prediction Technology for Day-Ahead Scheduling,5229NX230007.
文摘The accurate prediction of photovoltaic(PV)power generation is an important basis for hybrid grid scheduling.With the expansion of the scale of PV power plants and the popularization of distributed PV,this study proposes a multilayer PV power generation prediction model based on transfer learning to solve the problems of the lack of data on new PV bases and the low accuracy of PV power generation prediction.The proposed model,called DRAM,concatenates a dilated convolutional neural network(DCNN)module with a bidirectional long short-term memory(BiLSTM)module,and integrates an attention mechanism.First,the processed data are input into the DCNN layer,and the dilation convolution mechanism captures the spatial features of the wide sensory field of the input data.Subsequently,the temporal characteristics between the features are extracted in the BiLSTM layer.Finally,an attention mechanism is used to strengthen the key features by assigning weights to efficiently construct the relationship between the features and output variables.In addition,the power prediction accuracy of the new PV sites was improved by transferring the pre-trained model parameters to the new PV site prediction model.In this study,the pre-training of models using data from different source domains and the correlations between these pre-trained models and the target domain were analyzed.
基金Supported by the PetroChina Science and Technology Project(2021DJ1808).
文摘The geochemical analysis and experimental simulation are comprehensively used to systematically study the hydrocarbon generation material,organic matter enrichment and hydrocarbon generation model of Paleogene source rock in the Western Qaidam Depression,Qaidam Basin,NW China.Three main factors result in low TOC values of saline lacustrine source rock of the Qaidam Basin:relatively poor nutrient supply inhibits the algal bloom,too fast deposition rate causes the dilution of organic matter,and high organic matter conversion efficiency causes the low residual organic carbon.For this type of hydrogen-rich organic matter,due to the reduction of organic carbon during hydrocarbon generation,TOC needs to be restored based on maturity before evaluating organic matter abundance.The hydrocarbon generation of saline lacustrine source rocks of the Qaidam Basin is from two parts:soluble organic matter and insoluble organic matter.The soluble organic matter is inherited from organisms and preserved in saline lacustrine basins.It generates hydrocarbons during low-maturity stage,and the formed hydrocarbons are rich in complex compounds such as NOS,and undergo secondary cracking to form light components in the later stage;the hydrocarbon generation model of insoluble organic matter conforms to the traditional“Tissot”model,with an oil generation peak corresponding to Ro of 1.0%.
基金This work was supported in part by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education under Grant NRF-2019R1A2C1006159 and Grant NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039493in part by the 2021 Yeungnam University Research Grant。
文摘The Internet of Things(IoT)has the potential to be applied to social networks due to innovative characteristics and sophisticated solutions that challenge traditional uses.Social network analysis(SNA)is a good example that has recently gained a lot of scientific attention.It has its roots in social and economic research,as well as the evaluation of network science,such as graph theory.Scientists in this area have subverted predefined theories,offering revolutionary ones regarding interconnected networks,and they have highlighted the mystery of six degrees of separation with confirmation of the small-world phenomenon.The motivation of this study is to understand and capture the clustering properties of large networks and social networks.We present a network growth model in this paper and build a scale-free artificial social network with controllable clustering coefficients.The random walk technique is paired with a triangle generating scheme in our proposed model.As a result,the clustering controlmechanism and preferential attachment(PA)have been realized.This research builds on the present random walk model.We took numerous measurements for validation,including degree behavior and the measure of clustering decay in terms of node degree,among other things.Finally,we conclude that our suggested random walk model is more efficient and accurate than previous state-of-the-art methods,and hence it could be a viable alternative for societal evolution.
基金This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(2020R1A2B5B01002145).
文摘The social internet of things(SIoT)is one of the emerging paradigms that was proposed to solve the problems of network service discovery,navigability,and service composition.The SIoT aims to socialize the IoT devices and shape the interconnection between them into social interaction just like human beings.In IoT,an object can offer multiple services and different objects can offer the same services with different parameters and interest factors.The proliferation of offered services led to difficulties during service customization and service filtering.This problem is known as service explosion.The selection of suitable service that fits the requirements of applications and objects is a challenging task.To address these issues,we propose an efficient automated query-based service search model based on the local network navigability concept for the SIoT.In the proposed model,objects can use information from their friends or friends of their friends while searching for the desired services,rather than exploring a global network.We employ a centrality metric that computes the degree of importance for each object in the social IoT that helps in selecting neighboring objects with high centrality scores.The distributed nature of our navigation model results in high scalability and short navigation times.We verified the efficacy of our model on a real-world SIoT-related dataset.The experimental results confirm the validity of our model in terms of scalability,navigability,and the desired objects that provide services are determined quickly via the shortest path,which in return improves the service search process in the SIoT.
基金granted by the Science Foundation of the Chinese University of Petroleum,Beijing(Grant No.2462020YXZZ021)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41872128)。
文摘The Dongpu Depression is a secondary salt-bearing tectonic unit in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China.The depositional environment of this depression regarding its Paleogene strata is clearly different in plane,including the saltwater environment(SE)in the north,the freshwater environment(FE)in the south and the brackish water environment(BE)in the middle.The result of oil and gas exploration in the Dongpu Depression shows that more than 90%of the proven oil reserves are distributed in the northern saltwater environment.Previous studies indicate that the organic geochemistry characteristics and the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks are very clearly diverse under different environments,which results in the significant differences in the proved reserves between the north and the south.In order to further explore the differences in the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks under distinct depositional environments and the mechanism of their occurrence,three samples from different depositional environments(W18-5 for SE,H7-18 for BE,CH9 for FE)were used for confined gold tube pyrolysis experiments.The results show that the CH4 yields of W18-5,H7-18 and CH9 increase with increasing temperature,the maximum yields being 405.62 mg/g TOC,388.56 mg/g TOC and 367.89 mg/g TOC,respectively.The liquid hydrocarbon yields of W18-5,H7-18 and CH9 firstly increase with increasing temperature and then decrease after the critical temperatures.The maximum yields of C6-14 are 149.54 mg/g TOC,140.18 mg/g TOC and 116.94 mg/g TOC,the maximum yields of C14+being 852.4 mg/g TOC,652.6 mg/g TOC and 596.41 mg/g TOC,respectively for W18-5,H7-18 and CH9.To summarize,the order of hydrocarbon potential from high to low is W18-5,H7-18 and CH9.On this basis,through analyzing the influencing factors of hydrocarbon differences,this paper reveals that the saltwater environment is characterized by 4 factors:higher salinity,halophilic algae,high paleo-productivity and a strongly reducing environment,which are beneficial to the enrichment of organic matter and lead to the formation of high levels of sapropelite and exinite.According to the variation of oil and gas components in the pyrolysis experiments,the hydrocarbon generation process is divided into three stages:kerogen cracking,oil cracking and C2-5 cracking.Combined with hydrocarbon generation characteristics and stages,the evolutionary model of hydrocarbon generation for source rocks under different environments is established.
文摘A number of mathematical modelling techniques exist which are used to measure the performance of a given system, by assessing each individual component within the system. This can be used to determine the failure frequency or probability of the system. Software is available to undertake the task of analysing these mathematical models after an individual or group of individuals manually create the models. The process of generating these models is time consuming and reduces the impact of the model on the system design. One way to improve this would be to generate the model automatically. In this work, the procedure to automatically construct a model, based on Petri nets, for systems undergoing a phased-mission is applied to a pressure tank system, undertaking a four phase mission.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Grand Scheme(Ref: frgs 2/2010/TK/UTP/0318, Ministry of High Education (MOHE)MalaysiaShort Tem Internal Research Fund (STIRF No. 20/10.11)) provided by Research Enterprise Office, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia in 2010-2012
文摘In the modern analogue design, Transistor Level Fault Simulation (TLFS) plays the im-portant part since every fault in the whole circuit has to be simulated at that level. Unfortunately, it is a very CPU intensive task even though it maintains the high accuracy. Therefore, High Level Fault Modeling (HLFM) and High Level Fault Simulation (HLFS) are required in order to alleviate the efforts of simulation. In this paper, different HLFM approaches are reviewed at the device level during last two decades. We clarify their domains of application and evaluate their strengths and current limitations. We also analyze causes of faults and introduce various test approaches.
基金financed by the Third Comprehensive Scientific Survey Project of Xinjiang(2021xjkk1003)the Youth Innovation and Cultivation Talent Project of Shihezi University(CXFZ202201,CXPY202201)+1 种基金the Annual Youth Doctoral Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region'Tianchi Elite'Introduction Plan(CZ002302,CZ002305)the High Level Talent Research Launch Project of Shihezi University(RCZK202316,RCZK202321).
文摘Assessing and managing ecological risks in ecologically fragile areas remain challenging at present.To get to know the ecological risk situation in Turpan City,China,this study constructed an ecological risk evaluation system to obtain the ecological risk level(ERL)and ecological risk index(ERI)based on the multi-objective linear programming-patch generation land use simulation(MOP-PLUS)model,analyzed the changes in land use and ecological risk in Turpan City from 2000 to 2020,and predicted the land use and ecological risk in 2030 under four different scenarios(business as usual(BAU),rapid economic development(RED),ecological protection priority(EPP),and eco-economic equilibrium,(EEB)).The results showed that the conversion of land use from 2000 to 2030 was mainly between unused land and the other land use types.The ERL of unused land was the highest among all the land use types.The ecological risk increased sharply from 2000 to 2010 and then decreased from 2010 to 2020.According to the value of ERI,we divided the ecological risk into seven levels by natural breakpoint method;the higher the level,the higher the ecological risk.For the four scenarios in 2030,under the EPP scenario,the area at VII level was zero,while the area at VII level reached the largest under the RED scenario.Comparing with 2020,the areas at I and II levels increased under the BAU,EPP,and EEB scenarios,while decreased under the RED scenario.The spatial distributions of ecological risk of BAU and EEB scenarios were similar,but the areas at I and II levels were larger and the areas at V and VI levels were smaller under the EEB scenario than under the BAU scenario.Therefore,the EEB scenario was the optimal development route for Turpan City.In addition,the results of spatial autocorrelation showed that the large area of unused land was the main reason affecting the spatial pattern of ecological risk under different scenarios.According to Geodetector,the dominant driving factors of ecological risk were gross domestic product rating(GDPR),soil type,population,temperature,and distance from riverbed(DFRD).The interaction between driving factor pairs amplified their influence on ecological risk.This research would help explore the low ecological risk development path for urban construction in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50604014)the Program for New Century Excellent Talent Project(No.NCET-08-0838)the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining,CUMT (No.09KF11)
文摘In light of the possibility of reignition when unsealing the closed fire zones, the occurrence of reignition was simulated by a home-made experimental device, hydrogen variety rule from combustion to unsealing was analyzed, the three-stage generation model of hydrogen during reignition in fire zone was put forward and the probability that hydrogen was taken as an indicator gas was discussed. The results show that: when fire zone is ready to unseal, which is filled with hydrogen at a high concentration, it is more prone to reignite.
文摘Immature crude oils are a kind of unconventional petroleum resources. They are generated through early low-temperature biochemical/chemical reactions of some specific organic matter. Their geological reserves explored are as high as several hundred million tons in China. Based on a detailed organic geochemical study, five genetic mechanisms of immature oils have been proposed in this paper for early hydrocarbon generation from suberinite, resinite, bacteria-reworked terrestrial organic matter, biolipids and sulphur-rich macromolecules respectively.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.50879066 and 51409201)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.200804970009)
文摘It is difficult to compute far-field waves in a relative large area by using one wave generation model when a large calculation domain is needed because of large dimensions of the waterway and long distance of the required computing points. Variation of waterway bathymetry and nonlinearity in the far field cannot be included in a ship fixed process either. A coupled method combining a wave generation model and wave propagation model is then used in this paper to simulate the wash waves generated by the passing ship. A NURBS-based higher order panel method is adopted as the stationary wave generation model; a wave spectrum method and Boussinesq-type equation wave model are used as the wave propagation model for the constant water depth condition and variable water depth condition, respectively. The waves calculated by the NURBS-based higher order panel method in the near field are used as the input for the wave spectrum method and the Boussinesq-type equation wave model to obtain the far-field waves. With this approach it is possible to simulate the ship wash waves including the effects of water depth and waterway bathymetry. Parts of the calculated results are validated experimentally, and the agreement is demonstrated. The effects of ship wash waves on the moored ship are discussed by using a diffraction theory method. The results indicate that the prediction of the ship induced waves by coupling models is feasible.
