Objective:Near vision loss(NVL)is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide,exerting a profound impact on individual quality of life and socio-economic development.This study aims to analyze the burden ...Objective:Near vision loss(NVL)is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide,exerting a profound impact on individual quality of life and socio-economic development.This study aims to analyze the burden of NVL in China by sex and age groups from 1990 to 2021 and to project trends over the next 15 years.Methods:Using data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,we conducted descriptive analyses of NVL prevalence in China,calculated age-standardized prevalence rates(ASPR)and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates(ASDR)to compare burden differences between sexes and age groups,and applied an autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)model to predict NVL trends for the next 15 years.The model selection was based on best-fit criteria to ensure reliable projections.Results:From 1990 to 2021,China’s ASPR of NVL rose from 10096.24/100000 to 15624.54/100000,and ASDR increased from 101.75/100000 to 158.75/100000.In 2021,ASPR(16551.70/100000)and ASDR(167.69/100000)were higher among females than males(14686.21/100000 and 149.76/100000,respectively).China ranked highest globally in both NVL cases and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),with female burden significantly exceeding male burden.Projections indicated this trend and sex gap will persist until 2036.Compared with 1990,the prevalence cases and DALYs increased by 239.20%and 238.82%,respectively in 2021,with the highest burden among females and the 55−59 age group.The ARIMA model predicted continued increases in prevalence and DALYs by 2036,with females maintaining a higher burden than males.Conclusion:This study reveals a marked increase in the NVL burden in China and predicts continued growth in the coming years.Public health policies should prioritize NVL prevention and control,with special attention to women and middle-aged populations to mitigate long-term societal and health impacts.展开更多
Objectives:Suicidal ideation is a strong predictor of suicide deaths,which refers to the consideration or desire to give up one's own life.Left-behind children in rural China are more vulnerable to psychological p...Objectives:Suicidal ideation is a strong predictor of suicide deaths,which refers to the consideration or desire to give up one's own life.Left-behind children in rural China are more vulnerable to psychological problems and suicidal ideation compared to their non-left-behind peers.The aim of the current study was to examine two potential protective factors,negotiable fate belief and coping self-efficacy,and to test the mediating role of coping self-efficacy in the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation.We also analyzed gender differences in this mediation model.Methods:Across-sectional survey was conducted in rural areas ofChina.A sample of 526 left-behind children(285 males,54.18%;241 females,45.82%;Meanage=13.29 years,SD=0.97 years)was recruited to complete the Negotiable Fate Belief Scale,Coping Self-Efficacy Scale,and the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory-Negative Scale.We used structural equation modeling to test the mediation model and multigroup analysis to test the moderation effect of gender.Results:Negotiable fate belief is negatively correlated with suicidal ideation(r=-0.13,p<0.01).Moreover,coping self-efficacy mediates the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation(β=-0.06,95%confidence interval(CI)[-0.12,-0.02]),accounting for 35.29%of the total effect.Finally,the mediating effect of coping self-efficacy was found to be significant only for female left-behind children(male:95%CI[-0.09,0.07];female:95%CI[-0.16,-0.01]).For female left-behind children,the mediating effect was complete,with a coefficient of-0.06,accounting for 85.71%of the total effect.Conclusions:The relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation among rural left-behind children is mediated by coping self-efficacy,and this mediation effect was moderated by gender.This study provides a theoretical explanation for how cultivating the belief in negotiable fate and coping self-efficacy is effective for reducing suicidal ideation of rural left-behind children.展开更多
AIM to evaluate gender differences in the aspect of ghrelin,nociception-related genes and psychological aspects and the quality of life(Qo L) in Korean functional dyspepsia(FD) patients.METHODS Total of 191 persons we...AIM to evaluate gender differences in the aspect of ghrelin,nociception-related genes and psychological aspects and the quality of life(Qo L) in Korean functional dyspepsia(FD) patients.METHODS Total of 191 persons were prospectively enrolled between March 2013 and May 2016 in Seoul National Bundang Hospital,and classified into control and FD group based on ROME Ⅲ criteria. Questionnaire included assessment for dyspepsia symptoms,Qo L and anxiety or depression. Preproghrelin and nociception genes in the gastric mucosa and plasma acyl/des-acyl ghrelin were measured. RESULTS Lower level of plasma acyl ghrelin in FD patients compared to control was significant only in male(15.9 fmol/m L vs 10.4 fmol/m L,P = 0.017). Significantly higher m RNA expressions of nerve growth factor and transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 were observed in male(P = 0.002 and P = 0.014,respectively) than in female. In contrast,female FD patients had a higher anxiety and depression score than male FD(P = 0.029),and anxiety score was correlated with epigastric pain only in female FD patients(female: Spearman rho = 0.420,P = 0.037). The impairment of overall Qo L was more prominent in female FD patients than male patients(5.4 ± 0.3 vs 6.5 ± 0.3,P = 0.020). CONCLUSION Gender differences of ghrelin and nociception-related genes in male and psychological factors in female underlie FD symptoms. More careful assessment of psychological or emotional status is required particularly for the female FD patients.展开更多
Cardiac rehabilitation （CR） programs are well known to improve patients＇ functional status after cardiac surgery and are recommended by current guideline. In fact, they pro- mote not only structured physical exerci...Cardiac rehabilitation （CR） programs are well known to improve patients＇ functional status after cardiac surgery and are recommended by current guideline. In fact, they pro- mote not only structured physical exercises but also a complete secondary prevention determining an overall reduction in recurrent cardiac events and an improvement in functional, psychosocial status and survival.展开更多
The paper employs the method of discourse analysis to analyze males' and females' differences in cross-gender conversations in Gossip Girl from the perspective of Searle's Indirect Speech Act Theory, Grice...The paper employs the method of discourse analysis to analyze males' and females' differences in cross-gender conversations in Gossip Girl from the perspective of Searle's Indirect Speech Act Theory, Grice's Cooperative Principle, and Leech's Politeness Principle. The study found that females tend to abide by Cooperative Principle, while males are more likely to fl out the CP, and that female characters are used to making requests or suggestions by raising question in a euphemistic way; while males concern less about courtesy, women always attach a great deal of importance to saving others' face in daily conversation. The paper contributed to reducing misunderstanding in cross-gender communication.展开更多
Background Heart failure （HF） is an increasing problem for the aging population, specifically among women. The etiology of HF influences both the selection and outcome of the treatment. There are variations between ...Background Heart failure （HF） is an increasing problem for the aging population, specifically among women. The etiology of HF influences both the selection and outcome of the treatment. There are variations between genders in morbidity and mortality in different studies, possibly reflecting etiology. The objective of this study was to examine the strength of evidence available for gender differences in the etiology of chronic heart failure. Methods Computer-assisted searches from 1980-2009 for gender differences in the etiology of heart failure were performed （Medline, EMBASE and PubMed）. From 2347 abstracts reviewed based on inclusion criteria, 35 original articles were chosen for review. Data extraction was based on observational studies （prospective/retrospective cohort or cross sectional） with a mean follow up of 3 months. There was no interrater variability between the 2 reviewers on data-extraction. Results Ventricular systolic dysfunction being more associated with male sex, but female sex was more reported to be associated with preserved left ventricular function. Ischemic etiology and associated coronary heart disease were strongly correlated with male sex. The risk for HF was dramatically more elevated for women with systolic hypertension but the association for diabetes mellitus as the etiology of HF was somewhat equal between males and females. Conclusions One of the limitations in reaching conclusions about gender differences in cardiovascular disease is that many major clinical trials do not include a gender analysis nor they are powered to do so as women are under-represented in most of the HF studies. The need remains for a well designed prospective study of sufficient numbers of male and female patients with and without heart failure and analyzing etiology and risk factors based on the sex differences.展开更多
The aim of the current study was to investigate gender differences in quality of attachment to God, forgiveness, altruism and mental health in college and seminary school students as well. To fulfil the stated goal 99...The aim of the current study was to investigate gender differences in quality of attachment to God, forgiveness, altruism and mental health in college and seminary school students as well. To fulfil the stated goal 993 individuals were selected by means of stratified sampling procedures and the following measures were distributed among them： Muslim-Spiritual Attachment Scale, Kin Altruism, Reciprocal Altruism Enright Forgiveness Inventory, and Symptom Checklist-90 Revised. Analysis of data using t test revealed significant differences between male and female students （/9 〈 0.01）. Moreover, data indicated that interpersonal sensitivity was higher in male students while somatization complains was higher among female students. Analysis of data showed that quality of secure attachment in female students were higher than male students （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, female students were higher in altruism, especially in domain of compassion （P 〈 0.05）. In addition female students were higher in perceiving God as a Safe Haven and providing them with comfort and tranquility. Moreover, females students were higher in altruism （p 〈 0.05）, and forgiveness （p 〈 0.01）. The analysis of data revealed that female students were higher in the secure attachment to God, sympathy toward others and they scored higher in somatization complain while male students were higher in the interpersonal sensitivity. Theoretical implication and practical application of findings have been discussed in the original paper. Findings in this project were consistent with body of research findings. Theoretical implication and practical usage of the current study was described in the original paper. Data revealed that female student were higher in secure attachment to God, altruism and forgiveness. Showing emotional stability and higher spirituality.展开更多
<strong>Introduction:</strong> Gender differences are still quite prevalent in the present time. Although there is literature regarding gender differences in healthcare expenditure in India, there is no da...<strong>Introduction:</strong> Gender differences are still quite prevalent in the present time. Although there is literature regarding gender differences in healthcare expenditure in India, there is no data regarding gender differences in hospital stay, hospital seeking behaviors and mortality. <strong>Aim:</strong> To evaluate the Gender differences in a hospital seeking behavior, mortality and hospital stay. <strong>Methods:</strong> We prospectively analyzed, from a retrospective database, all patients who underwent surgical gastrointestinal, hepato-biliary, pancreatic and splenic surgeries from 1996 to 2018 in our unit. Patients were divided into groups based on gender, admission time period and priority of admission i.e., elective or emergency. Both the gender groups were compared with respect to total procedures done, hospital stay and mortality. Organ specific mortality was calculated as proportions, was analyzed and compared between the groups. Time trends of the same were observed and compared. <strong>Results:</strong> Of 12,411 patients, 7979 (64.3%) were males and 4432 (35.7%) were females. 9191 (74.1%) patients underwent elective procedures whereas 3220 (25.9%) had emergency procedures (<strong>p ≤ 0.001</strong>). Overall mortality was higher in males (n = 473, 5.92%) in comparison to females (n = 185, 4.17%) (p ≤ 0.001). Majority of surgeries in males were of small intestine (22.5%) in which small bowel resection was most commonly done (5.4%), whereas, gallbladder and biliary surgeries (27.4%) were the most common in females in which laparoscopic cholecystectomy was most commonly done (5.8%). Median hospital stay was higher in males (10 days vs 9 days), (<strong>p ≤ 0.001</strong>). Mortality was higher in females in all organ categories except in liver (6.34% vs 2.7%), pancreas (37.3% Vs 18.3%) and spleen (3.38% Vs 1.62%) where mortality was higher for male gender. Highest mortality for females was in small intestinal surgery (34%) and for males, it was pancreatic surgery (37.3%). Highest mortality in males was emergency open pancreatic necrosectomy (21.6%) and that in females was emergency small intestinal surgery (11.9%). Although the number of surgeries in females increased over time (380 in 1996-1999 Vs 951 in 2016-2018), the proportion remained constant (36.3% Vs 38.3% in 1996-1999 and 2016-2018 respectively). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> We conclude that mortality is found to be higher in males after gastrointestinal surgery, which may be explained by the fact that hospital seeking behavior is more in males though it is fairly increasing in females in the recent years.展开更多
The issue of the extremely imbalanced gender ratio in preschool teachers has received widespread attention,and there are few studies on teacher-child verbal interaction behavior based on gender differences in preschoo...The issue of the extremely imbalanced gender ratio in preschool teachers has received widespread attention,and there are few studies on teacher-child verbal interaction behavior based on gender differences in preschool teachers.This article takes the“Little Light Bulb Is On”,a scientific exploration activity done by 5-6 years old kindergarten students as an example,and uses the improved Flanders Interaction Analysis System(iFIAS)as a tool to analyze the speech interaction behavior of male and female preschool teachers.The research results indicate that there are gender differences in teacher child language interaction between male and female teachers in terms of the atmosphere,the teaching structure,the teaching tendency,the way of raising questions,and the overall trend of interaction.展开更多
Objectives： To analyse motivation and preferences of pharmacists who participate in CE （continuing education） to develop suitable lifelong learning programmes for pharmacists. Methods： An online questionnaire, whi...Objectives： To analyse motivation and preferences of pharmacists who participate in CE （continuing education） to develop suitable lifelong learning programmes for pharmacists. Methods： An online questionnaire, which explored the motivation and preferences of the pharmacists to lifelong learning, was sent to all members of the Royal Dutch Pharmaceutical Society （4321） in the Netherlands. The data were analysed using a non-hierarchical clustering technique. Key findings： Two clusters of pharmacists were discovered. Cluster A pharmacists （n = 474） were more motivated by credit points （63.5% vs. 47.2%）, personal interest （84.1% vs. 56.3%）, updating knowledge （73.8% vs. 56.8%） and topicality of CE courses （47.7% vs. 26.1%）. Cluster B pharmacists （n = 199） were predominantly motivated by the aspect ＂duty as a care-giver＂ （97.0% vs. 0 % in cluster A）. Pharmacists who belonged to cluster A tended to be women （60.5%）, often worked part-time （29.3%） and mostly preferred lectures （71.1%）. Cluster B pharmacists consisted of statistically significantly more male pharmacists （52.8%, p = 0.001）, worked more full time （77.4%, p = 0.009） and mostly preferred blended learning （62.3%, p = 0.047）. Conclusions： These results suggest the use of different education formats for different kinds of pharmacists to participate in CE activities.展开更多
The present study analyzes the psychological adaptation of parents with children having congenital disabilities. The study included 83 men and 96 women, who were parents of children with severe spina bifida, cerebral ...The present study analyzes the psychological adaptation of parents with children having congenital disabilities. The study included 83 men and 96 women, who were parents of children with severe spina bifida, cerebral palsy, cleft lip and cleft palate. The Millon Index of Personality Styles was used to identify the most distinctive personality styles of parents caring for a child with a chronic disability and parental psychological adjustment. We also investigated if personality profiles differ by gender, and educational and socioeconomic level. The personality styles identified may serve as indicators of the way parents adapt to the child with a congenital disability. The results also suggest that a child’s disability has a differential impact on men and women. Gender issues are evaluated, as well as any repercussions these may have on women.展开更多
Objective To investigate the effect of gender differences in distal femoral geometry on the clinical outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods From March 2003 to October 2006,213 cases with 294 osteoarthritic ...Objective To investigate the effect of gender differences in distal femoral geometry on the clinical outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods From March 2003 to October 2006,213 cases with 294 osteoarthritic knees who展开更多
Background There are numerous but conflicting data regarding gender differences in outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). Furthermore, gender differences in clinical outcomes with acute myocardial...Background There are numerous but conflicting data regarding gender differences in outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). Furthermore, gender differences in clinical outcomes with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) following PCI in Asian population remain uncertain because of the under-representation of Asian in previous trials. Methods A total of 13,104 AMI patients from Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institute of Health(KAMIR-NIH) between November 2011 and December 2015 were classified into male(n = 8021, 75.9%) and female(n = 2547, 24.1%). We compared the demographic, clinical and angiographic characteristics, 30-days and 1-year major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events(MACCE) in women with those in men after AMI by using propensity score(PS) matching. Results Compared with men, women were older, had more comorbidities and more often presented with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI) and reduced left ventricular systolic function. Over the median follow-up of 363 days, gender differences in both 30-days and 1-year MACCE as well as thrombolysis in myocardial infarction minor bleeding risk were not observed in the PS matched population(30-days MACCE: 5.3% vs. 4.7%, log-rank P = 0.494, HR = 1.126, 95% CI: 0.800-1.585;1-year MACCE: 9.3% vs. 9.0%, log-rank P = 0.803, HR = 1.032, 95% CI: 0.802-1.328;TIMI minor bleeding: 4.9% vs. 3.9%, log-rank P = 0.215, HR = 1.255, 95% CI: 0.869-1.814). Conclusions Among Korean AMI population undergoing contemporary PCI, women, as compared with men, had different clinical and angiographic characteristics but showed similar 30-days and 1-year clinical outcomes. The risk of bleeding after PCI was comparable between men and women during one-year follow up.展开更多
AIM： To evaluate the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease（DED） in adolescents. METHODS： This was a cross-sectional, case-control study and outpatients aged 10 to 19y were recruited from six eye clinics of various...AIM： To evaluate the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease（DED） in adolescents. METHODS： This was a cross-sectional, case-control study and outpatients aged 10 to 19y were recruited from six eye clinics of various practices and locations in Japan, and 253 non-DED subjects and 70 DED patients were enrolled. Participants were examined for DED-related signs. Patients were also interviewed to ascertain the presence or absence of six common DED-related symptoms： dryness, irritation, pain, eye fatigue, blurring, and photophobia. Main outcome measures were differences in signs and symptoms of dry eye disease between boys and girls.RESULTS： Of the 323 adolescents recruited, 70（21.7%） were diagnosed with DED. Significant differences between the non-DED and DED groups were found for short tear break-up time（BUT; ≤5s; P=0.000） and superficial punctate keratopathy（SPK; staining score ≥3; P=0.000）. Late adolescent girls reported fewer symptoms than late adolescent boys, although their DED-related signs were worse compared to other groups. The prevalence and severity of DED were similar in the Tokyo area compared with suburban and local areas but myopic errors were worse. CONCLUSION： We find that adolescents reported symptoms of DED similar to those found in adults, and the majority have short BUT-type DED. The prevalence and severity of DED in late adolescent girls is comparable with adults. Adolescents with DED are underserved and we believe that DED is a hidden but potentially serious health problem for this age group.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Gender differences have been reported in some common mental disorders. However, few studies have monitored gender differences in individuals with delirium. OBJECTIVE： To explore gender differences in cha...BACKGROUND： Gender differences have been reported in some common mental disorders. However, few studies have monitored gender differences in individuals with delirium. OBJECTIVE： To explore gender differences in challenging behaviors, management and outcomes in age-matched elderly patients with delirium.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A retrospective cohort study was performed in the Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, Sydney, Australia, from October 2008 to April 2009. METHODS： Patients, aged 65-90 years, diagnosed with delirium according to the International Classification of Diseases （ICD）-10 in the Psychogeriatric Unit of Bankstown Lidcombe Hospital from January 2002 to October 2008 were reviewed. All the patients were measured according to the Confusion Assessment Method upon admission. Those who developed delirium during hospitalization were excluded.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Cause of delirium, wandering, aggression, duration of delirium, physical restraint, use of antipsychotic medicine, recovery from delirium, discharge back home, length of stay, one-to-one nursing care, falls and absconding rate.RESULTS： The 131 age-matched delirious patients comprised 54 males and 77 females. The behavioral disorders of wandering [odds ration （OR） = 2.612, 95% confidence interval （CI） = 1.26 -5.413, P = 0.009] and aggression （OR = 2.243, 95% CI = 1.028 - 4.891, P= 0.04） were more frequent in males than in females. More males received one-to-one nursing care （OR = 4.114, 95% CI = 1.355 - 12.491, P = 0.008）, were more likely to receive antipsychotic medications （OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.095-4.583, P = 0.021） and more likely to be physically restrained （OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.02-1.02, P = 0.043） compared with female patients. All absconding patients （3/131, 2.3%） were male. In addition, male patients displayed a greater falling rate compared with females （OR = 4.57, 95% CI= 1.519-13.722, P = 0.004）.CONCLUSION： There are gender differences in challenging behaviors, management and outcomes in elderly delirious patients. Males with delirium display more challenging behaviors that require physical restraint and pharmacological management including wandering and aggression; males also abscond and have a higher rate of falls compared with female patients.展开更多
Objective This study examined the gender differences in drug‐related problems and predictors of recidivism among a sample of 1444 offenders with co‐morbid drug abuse and mental disorders participating in California...Objective This study examined the gender differences in drug‐related problems and predictors of recidivism among a sample of 1444 offenders with co‐morbid drug abuse and mental disorders participating in California＇s Proposition 36 Program.Methods Background characteristics and problem severity in multiple key life areas were assessed at intake by using Addiction Severity Index,and drug treatment participation,mental health diagnoses and arrests were based on official records.Results Women demonstrated greater problem severity than men in family relationships,health,psychological health,and sexual and physical abuse history.Men on the other hand had greater criminal history,high rates of attention disorder,and psychotic disorder.More men than women were rearrested during the year after treatment admission.Logistic regression analyses showed that for the combined sample,male,young age,cocaine use（relative to methamphetamine）,drug abuse severity,methadone treatment,arrest history and fewer prior treatment history were associated with higher recidivism at 12‐month follow‐up;lower education,cocaine use,and arrest history were related to women＇s recidivism,while young age,outpatient treatment,and arrest history were predictors of men＇s recidivism.Conclusion Although the specific type of mental disorder did not seem to be predictive of recidivism,the high rates of mental health disorder and arrest of this population is problematic.Intervention strategies taking into consideration gender‐specific problems and needs can improve outcomes for both.展开更多
Background:Social support is related to depression,but the gender differences and related factors that contribute to low social support among adolescents with subthreshold depression remain to be elucidated.This study...Background:Social support is related to depression,but the gender differences and related factors that contribute to low social support among adolescents with subthreshold depression remain to be elucidated.This study explores the relationship between social support and depression,in addition to the gender difference in the incidence of low social support among adolescents with subthreshold depression and its related factors.Methods:A total of 371 Chinese adolescents with subthreshold depression were recruited.All subjects were rated on the Social Support Scale for Adolescents,the Response Style Scale,the Self-Perception Profile for Children,the Individualism-collectivism scale.Results:Binary logistic regression indicated that the stability dimension of cognitive style,the generality dimension of the Cognitive Style Questionnaire,and the social acceptance dimension of the Self-Perception Profile for Children scale were significantly correlated with social support level in male adolescents with subthreshold depression.In contrast,the total score of the Self-Perception Profile for Children scale,the social acceptance of the Self-Perception Profile for Children scale,total individualism,and total collectivism were significantly correlated with social support level in female adolescents with subthreshold depression.Limitations:This study is a cross-sectional study,and its effectiveness in explaining factors that influence levels of social support is limited.Conclusions:The gender difference between low social support among adolescents with subthreshold depression is related to cognitive style,self-perception,and collectivism–individualism.展开更多
Optic neuritis(ON)is a focal inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the optic nerve.Although classically regarded as a sentinel event for multiple sclerosis(MS),ON also occurs in antibody-mediated entities such as aqu...Optic neuritis(ON)is a focal inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the optic nerve.Although classically regarded as a sentinel event for multiple sclerosis(MS),ON also occurs in antibody-mediated entities such as aquaporin-4-IgGpositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder(AQP4-NMOSD)and myelinoligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody disease.In all these settings biological sex is a pivotal determinant of susceptibility,clinical expression,treatment response and long-term outcome.Data synthesized from an extensive literature analysis utilizing PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science in this review shows that women experience ON far more frequently–with female-to-male ratios ranging from 3:1 in MS to almost 9:1 in AQP4-NMOSD–yet men,when affected,tend to accumulate irreversible neuro-axonal loss more rapidly.Sex-specific patterns arise at every biological stratum:X-linked gene dosage,epigenetic regulation,hormonal cycles from puberty through menopause,metabolic co-modifiers such as obesity and vitamin-D status,and psychosocial forces that influence healthcare utilization.By weaving these elements into an expanded narrative,the present review provides a detailed resource for clinicians and investigators aiming at gender-tailored management of ON.展开更多
This study investigates the air movement preference of males and females aftermoderate-intensity exercise. 35 participants dressed in 0.6 clo exercised for 15 min in a roomat 30℃ and then entered another room at 24℃...This study investigates the air movement preference of males and females aftermoderate-intensity exercise. 35 participants dressed in 0.6 clo exercised for 15 min in a roomat 30℃ and then entered another room at 24℃/26℃/28℃. During the experiment, participants were able to adjust the fan speed according to their own thermal comfort needs. Theresults indicate that after a change in metabolic rate, female prefer higher fan usage andgreater air movement compared to males. When the body returns to thermal comfort, malehave higher fan usage and prefer higher air movement than female. There were no differencein subjective evaluation and skin temperature between female and male. However, the skinevaporative heat loss of female was significantly lower than that of male. The correlation between air temperature, air speed and the time after entering the room tailored to the thermalrequirements of distinct genders following moderate-intensity exercise has been established,which can provide a comprehensive control strategy for achieving both comfortable and energy-efficient thermal environments.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2023JJ30817)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation-Hengyang City Joint Fund Project(2025JJ70129)+1 种基金Changsha Natural Science Foundation(kq2403057)China。
文摘Objective:Near vision loss(NVL)is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide,exerting a profound impact on individual quality of life and socio-economic development.This study aims to analyze the burden of NVL in China by sex and age groups from 1990 to 2021 and to project trends over the next 15 years.Methods:Using data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,we conducted descriptive analyses of NVL prevalence in China,calculated age-standardized prevalence rates(ASPR)and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates(ASDR)to compare burden differences between sexes and age groups,and applied an autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)model to predict NVL trends for the next 15 years.The model selection was based on best-fit criteria to ensure reliable projections.Results:From 1990 to 2021,China’s ASPR of NVL rose from 10096.24/100000 to 15624.54/100000,and ASDR increased from 101.75/100000 to 158.75/100000.In 2021,ASPR(16551.70/100000)and ASDR(167.69/100000)were higher among females than males(14686.21/100000 and 149.76/100000,respectively).China ranked highest globally in both NVL cases and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),with female burden significantly exceeding male burden.Projections indicated this trend and sex gap will persist until 2036.Compared with 1990,the prevalence cases and DALYs increased by 239.20%and 238.82%,respectively in 2021,with the highest burden among females and the 55−59 age group.The ARIMA model predicted continued increases in prevalence and DALYs by 2036,with females maintaining a higher burden than males.Conclusion:This study reveals a marked increase in the NVL burden in China and predicts continued growth in the coming years.Public health policies should prioritize NVL prevention and control,with special attention to women and middle-aged populations to mitigate long-term societal and health impacts.
基金funded by the 2023Laibin City Philosophy and Social Science Research Project(No.2023LBZS035)2024Guangxi Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project(No.S202411546046X)2025 Research Project of Guangxi Science&Technology Normal University(No.GXKS2025YB020).
文摘Objectives:Suicidal ideation is a strong predictor of suicide deaths,which refers to the consideration or desire to give up one's own life.Left-behind children in rural China are more vulnerable to psychological problems and suicidal ideation compared to their non-left-behind peers.The aim of the current study was to examine two potential protective factors,negotiable fate belief and coping self-efficacy,and to test the mediating role of coping self-efficacy in the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation.We also analyzed gender differences in this mediation model.Methods:Across-sectional survey was conducted in rural areas ofChina.A sample of 526 left-behind children(285 males,54.18%;241 females,45.82%;Meanage=13.29 years,SD=0.97 years)was recruited to complete the Negotiable Fate Belief Scale,Coping Self-Efficacy Scale,and the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory-Negative Scale.We used structural equation modeling to test the mediation model and multigroup analysis to test the moderation effect of gender.Results:Negotiable fate belief is negatively correlated with suicidal ideation(r=-0.13,p<0.01).Moreover,coping self-efficacy mediates the relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation(β=-0.06,95%confidence interval(CI)[-0.12,-0.02]),accounting for 35.29%of the total effect.Finally,the mediating effect of coping self-efficacy was found to be significant only for female left-behind children(male:95%CI[-0.09,0.07];female:95%CI[-0.16,-0.01]).For female left-behind children,the mediating effect was complete,with a coefficient of-0.06,accounting for 85.71%of the total effect.Conclusions:The relationship between negotiable fate belief and suicidal ideation among rural left-behind children is mediated by coping self-efficacy,and this mediation effect was moderated by gender.This study provides a theoretical explanation for how cultivating the belief in negotiable fate and coping self-efficacy is effective for reducing suicidal ideation of rural left-behind children.
基金Supported by Support Program for Women in Science,Engineering and Technology through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning,no.2016H1C3A1903202
文摘AIM to evaluate gender differences in the aspect of ghrelin,nociception-related genes and psychological aspects and the quality of life(Qo L) in Korean functional dyspepsia(FD) patients.METHODS Total of 191 persons were prospectively enrolled between March 2013 and May 2016 in Seoul National Bundang Hospital,and classified into control and FD group based on ROME Ⅲ criteria. Questionnaire included assessment for dyspepsia symptoms,Qo L and anxiety or depression. Preproghrelin and nociception genes in the gastric mucosa and plasma acyl/des-acyl ghrelin were measured. RESULTS Lower level of plasma acyl ghrelin in FD patients compared to control was significant only in male(15.9 fmol/m L vs 10.4 fmol/m L,P = 0.017). Significantly higher m RNA expressions of nerve growth factor and transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 were observed in male(P = 0.002 and P = 0.014,respectively) than in female. In contrast,female FD patients had a higher anxiety and depression score than male FD(P = 0.029),and anxiety score was correlated with epigastric pain only in female FD patients(female: Spearman rho = 0.420,P = 0.037). The impairment of overall Qo L was more prominent in female FD patients than male patients(5.4 ± 0.3 vs 6.5 ± 0.3,P = 0.020). CONCLUSION Gender differences of ghrelin and nociception-related genes in male and psychological factors in female underlie FD symptoms. More careful assessment of psychological or emotional status is required particularly for the female FD patients.
文摘Cardiac rehabilitation （CR） programs are well known to improve patients＇ functional status after cardiac surgery and are recommended by current guideline. In fact, they pro- mote not only structured physical exercises but also a complete secondary prevention determining an overall reduction in recurrent cardiac events and an improvement in functional, psychosocial status and survival.
文摘The paper employs the method of discourse analysis to analyze males' and females' differences in cross-gender conversations in Gossip Girl from the perspective of Searle's Indirect Speech Act Theory, Grice's Cooperative Principle, and Leech's Politeness Principle. The study found that females tend to abide by Cooperative Principle, while males are more likely to fl out the CP, and that female characters are used to making requests or suggestions by raising question in a euphemistic way; while males concern less about courtesy, women always attach a great deal of importance to saving others' face in daily conversation. The paper contributed to reducing misunderstanding in cross-gender communication.
文摘Background Heart failure （HF） is an increasing problem for the aging population, specifically among women. The etiology of HF influences both the selection and outcome of the treatment. There are variations between genders in morbidity and mortality in different studies, possibly reflecting etiology. The objective of this study was to examine the strength of evidence available for gender differences in the etiology of chronic heart failure. Methods Computer-assisted searches from 1980-2009 for gender differences in the etiology of heart failure were performed （Medline, EMBASE and PubMed）. From 2347 abstracts reviewed based on inclusion criteria, 35 original articles were chosen for review. Data extraction was based on observational studies （prospective/retrospective cohort or cross sectional） with a mean follow up of 3 months. There was no interrater variability between the 2 reviewers on data-extraction. Results Ventricular systolic dysfunction being more associated with male sex, but female sex was more reported to be associated with preserved left ventricular function. Ischemic etiology and associated coronary heart disease were strongly correlated with male sex. The risk for HF was dramatically more elevated for women with systolic hypertension but the association for diabetes mellitus as the etiology of HF was somewhat equal between males and females. Conclusions One of the limitations in reaching conclusions about gender differences in cardiovascular disease is that many major clinical trials do not include a gender analysis nor they are powered to do so as women are under-represented in most of the HF studies. The need remains for a well designed prospective study of sufficient numbers of male and female patients with and without heart failure and analyzing etiology and risk factors based on the sex differences.
文摘The aim of the current study was to investigate gender differences in quality of attachment to God, forgiveness, altruism and mental health in college and seminary school students as well. To fulfil the stated goal 993 individuals were selected by means of stratified sampling procedures and the following measures were distributed among them： Muslim-Spiritual Attachment Scale, Kin Altruism, Reciprocal Altruism Enright Forgiveness Inventory, and Symptom Checklist-90 Revised. Analysis of data using t test revealed significant differences between male and female students （/9 〈 0.01）. Moreover, data indicated that interpersonal sensitivity was higher in male students while somatization complains was higher among female students. Analysis of data showed that quality of secure attachment in female students were higher than male students （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, female students were higher in altruism, especially in domain of compassion （P 〈 0.05）. In addition female students were higher in perceiving God as a Safe Haven and providing them with comfort and tranquility. Moreover, females students were higher in altruism （p 〈 0.05）, and forgiveness （p 〈 0.01）. The analysis of data revealed that female students were higher in the secure attachment to God, sympathy toward others and they scored higher in somatization complain while male students were higher in the interpersonal sensitivity. Theoretical implication and practical application of findings have been discussed in the original paper. Findings in this project were consistent with body of research findings. Theoretical implication and practical usage of the current study was described in the original paper. Data revealed that female student were higher in secure attachment to God, altruism and forgiveness. Showing emotional stability and higher spirituality.
文摘<strong>Introduction:</strong> Gender differences are still quite prevalent in the present time. Although there is literature regarding gender differences in healthcare expenditure in India, there is no data regarding gender differences in hospital stay, hospital seeking behaviors and mortality. <strong>Aim:</strong> To evaluate the Gender differences in a hospital seeking behavior, mortality and hospital stay. <strong>Methods:</strong> We prospectively analyzed, from a retrospective database, all patients who underwent surgical gastrointestinal, hepato-biliary, pancreatic and splenic surgeries from 1996 to 2018 in our unit. Patients were divided into groups based on gender, admission time period and priority of admission i.e., elective or emergency. Both the gender groups were compared with respect to total procedures done, hospital stay and mortality. Organ specific mortality was calculated as proportions, was analyzed and compared between the groups. Time trends of the same were observed and compared. <strong>Results:</strong> Of 12,411 patients, 7979 (64.3%) were males and 4432 (35.7%) were females. 9191 (74.1%) patients underwent elective procedures whereas 3220 (25.9%) had emergency procedures (<strong>p ≤ 0.001</strong>). Overall mortality was higher in males (n = 473, 5.92%) in comparison to females (n = 185, 4.17%) (p ≤ 0.001). Majority of surgeries in males were of small intestine (22.5%) in which small bowel resection was most commonly done (5.4%), whereas, gallbladder and biliary surgeries (27.4%) were the most common in females in which laparoscopic cholecystectomy was most commonly done (5.8%). Median hospital stay was higher in males (10 days vs 9 days), (<strong>p ≤ 0.001</strong>). Mortality was higher in females in all organ categories except in liver (6.34% vs 2.7%), pancreas (37.3% Vs 18.3%) and spleen (3.38% Vs 1.62%) where mortality was higher for male gender. Highest mortality for females was in small intestinal surgery (34%) and for males, it was pancreatic surgery (37.3%). Highest mortality in males was emergency open pancreatic necrosectomy (21.6%) and that in females was emergency small intestinal surgery (11.9%). Although the number of surgeries in females increased over time (380 in 1996-1999 Vs 951 in 2016-2018), the proportion remained constant (36.3% Vs 38.3% in 1996-1999 and 2016-2018 respectively). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> We conclude that mortality is found to be higher in males after gastrointestinal surgery, which may be explained by the fact that hospital seeking behavior is more in males though it is fairly increasing in females in the recent years.
文摘The issue of the extremely imbalanced gender ratio in preschool teachers has received widespread attention,and there are few studies on teacher-child verbal interaction behavior based on gender differences in preschool teachers.This article takes the“Little Light Bulb Is On”,a scientific exploration activity done by 5-6 years old kindergarten students as an example,and uses the improved Flanders Interaction Analysis System(iFIAS)as a tool to analyze the speech interaction behavior of male and female preschool teachers.The research results indicate that there are gender differences in teacher child language interaction between male and female teachers in terms of the atmosphere,the teaching structure,the teaching tendency,the way of raising questions,and the overall trend of interaction.
文摘Objectives： To analyse motivation and preferences of pharmacists who participate in CE （continuing education） to develop suitable lifelong learning programmes for pharmacists. Methods： An online questionnaire, which explored the motivation and preferences of the pharmacists to lifelong learning, was sent to all members of the Royal Dutch Pharmaceutical Society （4321） in the Netherlands. The data were analysed using a non-hierarchical clustering technique. Key findings： Two clusters of pharmacists were discovered. Cluster A pharmacists （n = 474） were more motivated by credit points （63.5% vs. 47.2%）, personal interest （84.1% vs. 56.3%）, updating knowledge （73.8% vs. 56.8%） and topicality of CE courses （47.7% vs. 26.1%）. Cluster B pharmacists （n = 199） were predominantly motivated by the aspect ＂duty as a care-giver＂ （97.0% vs. 0 % in cluster A）. Pharmacists who belonged to cluster A tended to be women （60.5%）, often worked part-time （29.3%） and mostly preferred lectures （71.1%）. Cluster B pharmacists consisted of statistically significantly more male pharmacists （52.8%, p = 0.001）, worked more full time （77.4%, p = 0.009） and mostly preferred blended learning （62.3%, p = 0.047）. Conclusions： These results suggest the use of different education formats for different kinds of pharmacists to participate in CE activities.
文摘The present study analyzes the psychological adaptation of parents with children having congenital disabilities. The study included 83 men and 96 women, who were parents of children with severe spina bifida, cerebral palsy, cleft lip and cleft palate. The Millon Index of Personality Styles was used to identify the most distinctive personality styles of parents caring for a child with a chronic disability and parental psychological adjustment. We also investigated if personality profiles differ by gender, and educational and socioeconomic level. The personality styles identified may serve as indicators of the way parents adapt to the child with a congenital disability. The results also suggest that a child’s disability has a differential impact on men and women. Gender issues are evaluated, as well as any repercussions these may have on women.
文摘Objective To investigate the effect of gender differences in distal femoral geometry on the clinical outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods From March 2003 to October 2006,213 cases with 294 osteoarthritic knees who
基金funded by Research of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Korea Health Technology R & D Project (2016-ER6304-01)Ministry of Health & Welfare (HI13C1527)。
文摘Background There are numerous but conflicting data regarding gender differences in outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). Furthermore, gender differences in clinical outcomes with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) following PCI in Asian population remain uncertain because of the under-representation of Asian in previous trials. Methods A total of 13,104 AMI patients from Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institute of Health(KAMIR-NIH) between November 2011 and December 2015 were classified into male(n = 8021, 75.9%) and female(n = 2547, 24.1%). We compared the demographic, clinical and angiographic characteristics, 30-days and 1-year major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events(MACCE) in women with those in men after AMI by using propensity score(PS) matching. Results Compared with men, women were older, had more comorbidities and more often presented with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI) and reduced left ventricular systolic function. Over the median follow-up of 363 days, gender differences in both 30-days and 1-year MACCE as well as thrombolysis in myocardial infarction minor bleeding risk were not observed in the PS matched population(30-days MACCE: 5.3% vs. 4.7%, log-rank P = 0.494, HR = 1.126, 95% CI: 0.800-1.585;1-year MACCE: 9.3% vs. 9.0%, log-rank P = 0.803, HR = 1.032, 95% CI: 0.802-1.328;TIMI minor bleeding: 4.9% vs. 3.9%, log-rank P = 0.215, HR = 1.255, 95% CI: 0.869-1.814). Conclusions Among Korean AMI population undergoing contemporary PCI, women, as compared with men, had different clinical and angiographic characteristics but showed similar 30-days and 1-year clinical outcomes. The risk of bleeding after PCI was comparable between men and women during one-year follow up.
文摘AIM： To evaluate the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease（DED） in adolescents. METHODS： This was a cross-sectional, case-control study and outpatients aged 10 to 19y were recruited from six eye clinics of various practices and locations in Japan, and 253 non-DED subjects and 70 DED patients were enrolled. Participants were examined for DED-related signs. Patients were also interviewed to ascertain the presence or absence of six common DED-related symptoms： dryness, irritation, pain, eye fatigue, blurring, and photophobia. Main outcome measures were differences in signs and symptoms of dry eye disease between boys and girls.RESULTS： Of the 323 adolescents recruited, 70（21.7%） were diagnosed with DED. Significant differences between the non-DED and DED groups were found for short tear break-up time（BUT; ≤5s; P=0.000） and superficial punctate keratopathy（SPK; staining score ≥3; P=0.000）. Late adolescent girls reported fewer symptoms than late adolescent boys, although their DED-related signs were worse compared to other groups. The prevalence and severity of DED were similar in the Tokyo area compared with suburban and local areas but myopic errors were worse. CONCLUSION： We find that adolescents reported symptoms of DED similar to those found in adults, and the majority have short BUT-type DED. The prevalence and severity of DED in late adolescent girls is comparable with adults. Adolescents with DED are underserved and we believe that DED is a hidden but potentially serious health problem for this age group.
文摘BACKGROUND： Gender differences have been reported in some common mental disorders. However, few studies have monitored gender differences in individuals with delirium. OBJECTIVE： To explore gender differences in challenging behaviors, management and outcomes in age-matched elderly patients with delirium.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A retrospective cohort study was performed in the Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, Sydney, Australia, from October 2008 to April 2009. METHODS： Patients, aged 65-90 years, diagnosed with delirium according to the International Classification of Diseases （ICD）-10 in the Psychogeriatric Unit of Bankstown Lidcombe Hospital from January 2002 to October 2008 were reviewed. All the patients were measured according to the Confusion Assessment Method upon admission. Those who developed delirium during hospitalization were excluded.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Cause of delirium, wandering, aggression, duration of delirium, physical restraint, use of antipsychotic medicine, recovery from delirium, discharge back home, length of stay, one-to-one nursing care, falls and absconding rate.RESULTS： The 131 age-matched delirious patients comprised 54 males and 77 females. The behavioral disorders of wandering [odds ration （OR） = 2.612, 95% confidence interval （CI） = 1.26 -5.413, P = 0.009] and aggression （OR = 2.243, 95% CI = 1.028 - 4.891, P= 0.04） were more frequent in males than in females. More males received one-to-one nursing care （OR = 4.114, 95% CI = 1.355 - 12.491, P = 0.008）, were more likely to receive antipsychotic medications （OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.095-4.583, P = 0.021） and more likely to be physically restrained （OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.02-1.02, P = 0.043） compared with female patients. All absconding patients （3/131, 2.3%） were male. In addition, male patients displayed a greater falling rate compared with females （OR = 4.57, 95% CI= 1.519-13.722, P = 0.004）.CONCLUSION： There are gender differences in challenging behaviors, management and outcomes in elderly delirious patients. Males with delirium display more challenging behaviors that require physical restraint and pharmacological management including wandering and aggression; males also abscond and have a higher rate of falls compared with female patients.
基金supported by the NIDA(Grants R01DA15431and P30DA016383)National Key Clinical Disciplines at Shanghai Mental Health Center(Office of Medical Affairs,Ministry of Health,2011-873)
文摘Objective This study examined the gender differences in drug‐related problems and predictors of recidivism among a sample of 1444 offenders with co‐morbid drug abuse and mental disorders participating in California＇s Proposition 36 Program.Methods Background characteristics and problem severity in multiple key life areas were assessed at intake by using Addiction Severity Index,and drug treatment participation,mental health diagnoses and arrests were based on official records.Results Women demonstrated greater problem severity than men in family relationships,health,psychological health,and sexual and physical abuse history.Men on the other hand had greater criminal history,high rates of attention disorder,and psychotic disorder.More men than women were rearrested during the year after treatment admission.Logistic regression analyses showed that for the combined sample,male,young age,cocaine use（relative to methamphetamine）,drug abuse severity,methadone treatment,arrest history and fewer prior treatment history were associated with higher recidivism at 12‐month follow‐up;lower education,cocaine use,and arrest history were related to women＇s recidivism,while young age,outpatient treatment,and arrest history were predictors of men＇s recidivism.Conclusion Although the specific type of mental disorder did not seem to be predictive of recidivism,the high rates of mental health disorder and arrest of this population is problematic.Intervention strategies taking into consideration gender‐specific problems and needs can improve outcomes for both.
文摘Background:Social support is related to depression,but the gender differences and related factors that contribute to low social support among adolescents with subthreshold depression remain to be elucidated.This study explores the relationship between social support and depression,in addition to the gender difference in the incidence of low social support among adolescents with subthreshold depression and its related factors.Methods:A total of 371 Chinese adolescents with subthreshold depression were recruited.All subjects were rated on the Social Support Scale for Adolescents,the Response Style Scale,the Self-Perception Profile for Children,the Individualism-collectivism scale.Results:Binary logistic regression indicated that the stability dimension of cognitive style,the generality dimension of the Cognitive Style Questionnaire,and the social acceptance dimension of the Self-Perception Profile for Children scale were significantly correlated with social support level in male adolescents with subthreshold depression.In contrast,the total score of the Self-Perception Profile for Children scale,the social acceptance of the Self-Perception Profile for Children scale,total individualism,and total collectivism were significantly correlated with social support level in female adolescents with subthreshold depression.Limitations:This study is a cross-sectional study,and its effectiveness in explaining factors that influence levels of social support is limited.Conclusions:The gender difference between low social support among adolescents with subthreshold depression is related to cognitive style,self-perception,and collectivism–individualism.
文摘Optic neuritis(ON)is a focal inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the optic nerve.Although classically regarded as a sentinel event for multiple sclerosis(MS),ON also occurs in antibody-mediated entities such as aquaporin-4-IgGpositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder(AQP4-NMOSD)and myelinoligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody disease.In all these settings biological sex is a pivotal determinant of susceptibility,clinical expression,treatment response and long-term outcome.Data synthesized from an extensive literature analysis utilizing PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science in this review shows that women experience ON far more frequently–with female-to-male ratios ranging from 3:1 in MS to almost 9:1 in AQP4-NMOSD–yet men,when affected,tend to accumulate irreversible neuro-axonal loss more rapidly.Sex-specific patterns arise at every biological stratum:X-linked gene dosage,epigenetic regulation,hormonal cycles from puberty through menopause,metabolic co-modifiers such as obesity and vitamin-D status,and psychosocial forces that influence healthcare utilization.By weaving these elements into an expanded narrative,the present review provides a detailed resource for clinicians and investigators aiming at gender-tailored management of ON.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51978553,51838011).
文摘This study investigates the air movement preference of males and females aftermoderate-intensity exercise. 35 participants dressed in 0.6 clo exercised for 15 min in a roomat 30℃ and then entered another room at 24℃/26℃/28℃. During the experiment, participants were able to adjust the fan speed according to their own thermal comfort needs. Theresults indicate that after a change in metabolic rate, female prefer higher fan usage andgreater air movement compared to males. When the body returns to thermal comfort, malehave higher fan usage and prefer higher air movement than female. There were no differencein subjective evaluation and skin temperature between female and male. However, the skinevaporative heat loss of female was significantly lower than that of male. The correlation between air temperature, air speed and the time after entering the room tailored to the thermalrequirements of distinct genders following moderate-intensity exercise has been established,which can provide a comprehensive control strategy for achieving both comfortable and energy-efficient thermal environments.
