By analyzing the bus operation environment and accounting for prediction uncertainties,a bus arrival interval prediction model was developed utilizing a gated recur-rent unit(GRU)neural network.To reduce the impact of...By analyzing the bus operation environment and accounting for prediction uncertainties,a bus arrival interval prediction model was developed utilizing a gated recur-rent unit(GRU)neural network.To reduce the impact of irrelevant data and boost prediction accuracy,an attention mechanism was integrated into the point model to concen-trate on important input sequence information.Based on the point predictions,the lower upper bound estimation(LUBE)method was used,providing a range for the bus interval times predicted by the model.The model was vali-dated using data from 169 bus routes in Nanchang,Jiangxi Province.The results indicated that the attention-GRU model outperformed neural network,long short-term memory and GRU models.Compared with the Bootstrap method,the LUBE method has a narrower average interval width.The coverage width-based criterion(CWC)was reduced by 8.1%,2.2%,and 5.7%at confidence levels of 85%,90%,and 95%,respectively,during the off-peak period,and by 23.2%,26.9%,and 27.3%at confidence levels of 85%,90%,and 95%,respectively,during the peak period.Therefore,it can accurately describe the fluctuation range in bus arrival times with higher accuracy and stability.展开更多
The accurate state of health(SOH)estimation in lithium-ion batteries represents a critical technological challenge with profound implications for electric vehicle performance and user experience.Precise SOH assessment...The accurate state of health(SOH)estimation in lithium-ion batteries represents a critical technological challenge with profound implications for electric vehicle performance and user experience.Precise SOH assessment not only enables reliable mileage prediction but also ensures operational safety.However,the complex and non-linear capacity fading process during battery cycling poses a challenge to obtaining accurate SOH.To address this issue,this study proposes an effective health factor derived from the local voltage range during the battery charging phase.First,the battery charging phase is divided evenly with reference to voltage intervals,and an importance analysis is conducted on each voltage interval.From these,the voltage interval with the strongest correlation to State of Health(SOH)is extracted as the feature interval.Then,a data-driven framework integrating variational mode decomposition(VMD)with gated recurrent unit(GRU)neural networks enables comprehensive multi-scale temporal feature analysis for enhanced SOH estimation.The methodology begins with rigorous feature engineering to identify and extract optimal health indicators demonstrating superior correlation.Subsequently,the VMD algorithm performs sophisticated signal processing to decompose both the measured capacity and derived health indicators into their constituent intrinsic mode functions and residual components.Finally,a GRU-based neural network is implemented to establish a robust SOH estimation model.Experimental validation using cycling data from different datasets shows that the root mean square error of the estimation results is consistently below 3%,demonstrating the good accuracy and generalisation of the proposed method,using only local data from the charging phase.展开更多
The global population is rapidly expanding,driving an increasing demand for intelligent healthcare systems.Artificial intelligence(AI)applications in remote patient monitoring and diagnosis have achieved remarkable pr...The global population is rapidly expanding,driving an increasing demand for intelligent healthcare systems.Artificial intelligence(AI)applications in remote patient monitoring and diagnosis have achieved remarkable progress and are emerging as a major development trend.Among these applications,mouth motion tracking and mouth-state detection represent an important direction,providing valuable support for diagnosing neuromuscular disorders such as dysphagia,Bell’s palsy,and Parkinson’s disease.In this study,we focus on developing a real-time system capable of monitoring and detecting mouth state that can be efficiently deployed on edge devices.The proposed system integrates the Facial Landmark Detection technique with an optimized model combining a Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit(BiGRU)and Comprehensive Learning Particle Swarm Optimization(CLPSO).We conducted a comprehensive comparison and evaluation of the proposed model against several traditional models using multiple performance metrics,including accuracy,precision,recall,F1-score,cosine similarity,ROC–AUC,and the precision–recall curve.The proposed method achieved an impressive accuracy of 96.57%with an excellent precision of 98.25%on our self-collected dataset,outperforming traditional models and related works in the same field.These findings highlight the potential of the proposed approach for implementation in real-time patient monitoring systems,contributing to improved diagnostic accuracy and supporting healthcare professionals in patient treatment and care.展开更多
Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many comp...Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many competing and complex hidden units, such as the long short-term memory （LSTM） and the gated recurrent unit （GRU）. We propose a gated unit for RNN, named as minimal gated unit （MCU）, since it only contains one gate, which is a minimal design among all gated hidden units. The design of MCU benefits from evaluation results on LSTM and GRU in the literature. Experiments on various sequence data show that MCU has comparable accuracy with GRU, but has a simpler structure, fewer parameters, and faster training. Hence, MGU is suitable in RNN＇s applications. Its simple architecture also means that it is easier to evaluate and tune, and in principle it is easier to study MGU＇s properties theoretically and empirically.展开更多
An accurate prediction of earth pressure balance(EPB)shield moving performance is important to ensure the safety tunnel excavation.A hybrid model is developed based on the particle swarm optimization(PSO)and gated rec...An accurate prediction of earth pressure balance(EPB)shield moving performance is important to ensure the safety tunnel excavation.A hybrid model is developed based on the particle swarm optimization(PSO)and gated recurrent unit(GRU)neural network.PSO is utilized to assign the optimal hyperparameters of GRU neural network.There are mainly four steps:data collection and processing,hybrid model establishment,model performance evaluation and correlation analysis.The developed model provides an alternative to tackle with time-series data of tunnel project.Apart from that,a novel framework about model application is performed to provide guidelines in practice.A tunnel project is utilized to evaluate the performance of proposed hybrid model.Results indicate that geological and construction variables are significant to the model performance.Correlation analysis shows that construction variables(main thrust and foam liquid volume)display the highest correlation with the cutterhead torque(CHT).This work provides a feasible and applicable alternative way to estimate the performance of shield tunneling.展开更多
Aerial threat assessment is a crucial link in modern air combat, whose result counts a great deal for commanders to make decisions. With the consideration that the existing threat assessment methods have difficulties ...Aerial threat assessment is a crucial link in modern air combat, whose result counts a great deal for commanders to make decisions. With the consideration that the existing threat assessment methods have difficulties in dealing with high dimensional time series target data, a threat assessment method based on self-attention mechanism and gated recurrent unit(SAGRU) is proposed. Firstly, a threat feature system including air combat situations and capability features is established. Moreover, a data augmentation process based on fractional Fourier transform(FRFT) is applied to extract more valuable information from time series situation features. Furthermore, aiming to capture key characteristics of battlefield evolution, a bidirectional GRU and SA mechanisms are designed for enhanced features.Subsequently, after the concatenation of the processed air combat situation and capability features, the target threat level will be predicted by fully connected neural layers and the softmax classifier. Finally, in order to validate this model, an air combat dataset generated by a combat simulation system is introduced for model training and testing. The comparison experiments show the proposed model has structural rationality and can perform threat assessment faster and more accurately than the other existing models based on deep learning.展开更多
The Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU) neural network has great potential in estimating and predicting a variable. In addition to radar reflectivity(Z), radar echo-top height(ET) is also a good indicator of rainfall rate(R). I...The Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU) neural network has great potential in estimating and predicting a variable. In addition to radar reflectivity(Z), radar echo-top height(ET) is also a good indicator of rainfall rate(R). In this study, we propose a new method, GRU_Z-ET, by introducing Z and ET as two independent variables into the GRU neural network to conduct the quantitative single-polarization radar precipitation estimation. The performance of GRU_Z-ET is compared with that of the other three methods in three heavy rainfall cases in China during 2018, namely, the traditional Z-R relationship(Z=300R1.4), the optimal Z-R relationship(Z=79R1.68) and the GRU neural network with only Z as the independent input variable(GRU_Z). The results indicate that the GRU_Z-ET performs the best, while the traditional Z-R relationship performs the worst. The performances of the rest two methods are similar.To further evaluate the performance of the GRU_Z-ET, 200 rainfall events with 21882 total samples during May–July of 2018 are used for statistical analysis. Results demonstrate that the spatial correlation coefficients, threat scores and probability of detection between the observed and estimated precipitation are the largest for the GRU_Z-ET and the smallest for the traditional Z-R relationship, and the root mean square error is just the opposite. In addition, these statistics of GRU_Z are similar to those of optimal Z-R relationship. Thus, it can be concluded that the performance of the GRU_ZET is the best in the four methods for the quantitative precipitation estimation.展开更多
As an integrated application of modern information technologies and artificial intelligence,Prognostic and Health Management(PHM)is important for machine health monitoring.Prediction of tool wear is one of the symboli...As an integrated application of modern information technologies and artificial intelligence,Prognostic and Health Management(PHM)is important for machine health monitoring.Prediction of tool wear is one of the symbolic applications of PHM technology in modern manufacturing systems and industry.In this paper,a multi-scale Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit network(MCGRU)is proposed to address raw sensory data for tool wear prediction.At the bottom of MCGRU,six parallel and independent branches with different kernel sizes are designed to form a multi-scale convolutional neural network,which augments the adaptability to features of different time scales.These features of different scales extracted from raw data are then fed into a Deep Gated Recurrent Unit network to capture long-term dependencies and learn significant representations.At the top of the MCGRU,a fully connected layer and a regression layer are built for cutting tool wear prediction.Two case studies are performed to verify the capability and effectiveness of the proposed MCGRU network and results show that MCGRU outperforms several state-of-the-art baseline models.展开更多
Static Poisson’s ratio(vs)is crucial for determining geomechanical properties in petroleum applications,namely sand production.Some models have been used to predict vs;however,the published models were limited to spe...Static Poisson’s ratio(vs)is crucial for determining geomechanical properties in petroleum applications,namely sand production.Some models have been used to predict vs;however,the published models were limited to specific data ranges with an average absolute percentage relative error(AAPRE)of more than 10%.The published gated recurrent unit(GRU)models do not consider trend analysis to show physical behaviors.In this study,we aim to develop a GRU model using trend analysis and three inputs for predicting n s based on a broad range of data,n s(value of 0.1627-0.4492),bulk formation density(RHOB)(0.315-2.994 g/mL),compressional time(DTc)(44.43-186.9 μs/ft),and shear time(DTs)(72.9-341.2μ s/ft).The GRU model was evaluated using different approaches,including statistical error an-alyses.The GRU model showed the proper trends,and the model data ranges were wider than previous ones.The GRU model has the largest correlation coefficient(R)of 0.967 and the lowest AAPRE,average percent relative error(APRE),root mean square error(RMSE),and standard deviation(SD)of 3.228%,1.054%,4.389,and 0.013,respectively,compared to other models.The GRU model has a high accuracy for the different datasets:training,validation,testing,and the whole datasets with R and AAPRE values were 0.981 and 2.601%,0.966 and 3.274%,0.967 and 3.228%,and 0.977 and 2.861%,respectively.The group error analyses of all inputs show that the GRU model has less than 5% AAPRE for all input ranges,which is superior to other models that have different AAPRE values of more than 10% at various ranges of inputs.展开更多
Micro-seismic monitoring is one of the most critical technologies that guide hydraulic fracturing in hot dry rock resource development. Micro-seismic monitoring requires high precision detection of micro-seismic event...Micro-seismic monitoring is one of the most critical technologies that guide hydraulic fracturing in hot dry rock resource development. Micro-seismic monitoring requires high precision detection of micro-seismic events with a low signal-to-noise ratio. Because of this requirement, we propose a recurrent neural network model named gated recurrent unit and support vector machine(GRU;VM). The proposed model ensures high accuracy while reducing the parameter number and hardware requirement in the training process. Since micro-seismic events in hot dry rock produce large wave amplitudes and strong vibrations, it is difficult to reverse the onset of each individual event. In this study, we utilize a support vector machine(SVM) as a classifier to improve the micro-seismic event detection accuracy. To validate the methodology, we compare the simulation results of the short-term-average to the long-term-average(STA/LTA) method with GRU;VM method by using hot dry rock micro-seismic event data in Qinghai Province, China. Our proposed method has an accuracy of about 95% for identifying micro-seismic events with low signal-to-noise ratios. By ignoring smaller micro-seismic events, the detection procedure can be processed more efficiently, which is able to provide a real-time observation on the types of hydraulic fracturing in the reservoirs.展开更多
Recently,speech enhancement methods based on Generative Adversarial Networks have achieved good performance in time-domain noisy signals.However,the training of Generative Adversarial Networks has such problems as con...Recently,speech enhancement methods based on Generative Adversarial Networks have achieved good performance in time-domain noisy signals.However,the training of Generative Adversarial Networks has such problems as convergence difficulty,model collapse,etc.In this work,an end-to-end speech enhancement model based on Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks is proposed,and some improvements have been made in order to get faster convergence speed and better generated speech quality.Specifically,in the generator coding part,each convolution layer adopts different convolution kernel sizes to conduct convolution operations for obtaining speech coding information from multiple scales;a gated linear unit is introduced to alleviate the vanishing gradient problem with the increase of network depth;the gradient penalty of the discriminator is replaced with spectral normalization to accelerate the convergence rate of themodel;a hybrid penalty termcomposed of L1 regularization and a scale-invariant signal-to-distortion ratio is introduced into the loss function of the generator to improve the quality of generated speech.The experimental results on both TIMIT corpus and Tibetan corpus show that the proposed model improves the speech quality significantly and accelerates the convergence speed of the model.展开更多
Turnout is one of the important signal infrastructure equipment,which will directly affect the safety and efficiency of driving.Base on analysis of the power curve of the turnout,we extract and select the time domain ...Turnout is one of the important signal infrastructure equipment,which will directly affect the safety and efficiency of driving.Base on analysis of the power curve of the turnout,we extract and select the time domain and Haar wavelet transform characteristics of the curve firstly.Then the correlation between the degradation state and the fault state is established by using the clustering algorithm and the Pearson correlation coefficient.Finally,the convolutional neural network(CNN)and the gated recurrent unit(GRU)are used to establish the state prediction model of the turnout to realize the failure prediction.The CNN can directly extract features from the original data of the turnout and reduce the dimension,which simplifies the prediction process.Due to its unique gate structure and time series processing features,GRU has certain advantages over the traditional forecasting methods in terms of prediction accuracy and time.The experimental results show that the accuracy of prediction can reach 94.2%when the feature matrix adopts 40-dimensional input and iterates 50 times.展开更多
Due to the complexity of underground engineering geology,the tunnel boring machine(TBM)usually shows poor adaptability to the surrounding rock mass,leading to machine jamming and geological hazards.For the TBM project...Due to the complexity of underground engineering geology,the tunnel boring machine(TBM)usually shows poor adaptability to the surrounding rock mass,leading to machine jamming and geological hazards.For the TBM project of Lanzhou Water Source Construction,this study proposed a neural network called PCA-GRU,which combines principal component analysis(PCA)with gated recurrent unit(GRU)to improve the accuracy of predicting rock mass classification in TBM tunneling.The input variables from the PCA dimension reduction of nine parameters in the sample data set were utilized for establishing the PCA-GRU model.Subsequently,in order to speed up the response time of surrounding rock mass classification predictions,the PCA-GRU model was optimized.Finally,the prediction results obtained by the PCA-GRU model were compared with those of four other models and further examined using random sampling analysis.As indicated by the results,the PCA-GRU model can predict the rock mass classification in TBM tunneling rapidly,requiring about 20 s to run.It performs better than the previous four models in predicting the rock mass classification,with accuracy A,macro precision MP,and macro recall MR being 0.9667,0.963,and 0.9763,respectively.In Class II,III,and IV rock mass prediction,the PCA-GRU model demonstrates better precision P and recall R owing to the dimension reduction technique.The random sampling analysis indicates that the PCA-GRU model shows stronger generalization,making it more appropriate in situations where the distribution of various rock mass classes and lithologies change in percentage.展开更多
The development of accurate prediction models continues to be highly beneficial in myriad disciplines. Deep learning models have performed well in stock price prediction and give high accuracy. However, these models a...The development of accurate prediction models continues to be highly beneficial in myriad disciplines. Deep learning models have performed well in stock price prediction and give high accuracy. However, these models are largely affected by the vanishing gradient problem escalated by some activation functions. This study proposes the use of the Vanishing Gradient Resilient Optimized Gated Recurrent Unit (OGRU) model with a scaled mean Approximation Coefficient (AC) time lag which should counter slow convergence, vanishing gradient and large error metrics. This study employed the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), Hyperbolic Tangent (Tanh), Sigmoid and Exponential Linear Unit (ELU) activation functions. Real-life datasets including the daily Apple and 5-minute Netflix closing stock prices were used, and they were decomposed using the Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT). The decomposed series formed a decomposed data model which was compared to an undecomposed data model with similar hyperparameters and different default lags. The Apple daily dataset performed well with a Default_1 lag, using an undecomposed data model and the ReLU, attaining 0.01312, 0.00854 and 3.67 minutes for RMSE, MAE and runtime. The Netflix data performed best with the MeanAC_42 lag, using decomposed data model and the ELU achieving 0.00620, 0.00487 and 3.01 minutes for the same metrics.展开更多
This study proposed a new real-time manufacturing process monitoring method to monitor and detect process shifts in manufacturing operations.Since real-time production process monitoring is critical in today’s smart ...This study proposed a new real-time manufacturing process monitoring method to monitor and detect process shifts in manufacturing operations.Since real-time production process monitoring is critical in today’s smart manufacturing.The more robust the monitoring model,the more reliable a process is to be under control.In the past,many researchers have developed real-time monitoring methods to detect process shifts early.However,thesemethods have limitations in detecting process shifts as quickly as possible and handling various data volumes and varieties.In this paper,a robust monitoring model combining Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU)and Random Forest(RF)with Real-Time Contrast(RTC)called GRU-RF-RTC was proposed to detect process shifts rapidly.The effectiveness of the proposed GRU-RF-RTC model is first evaluated using multivariate normal and nonnormal distribution datasets.Then,to prove the applicability of the proposed model in a realmanufacturing setting,the model was evaluated using real-world normal and non-normal problems.The results demonstrate that the proposed GRU-RF-RTC outperforms other methods in detecting process shifts quickly with the lowest average out-of-control run length(ARL1)in all synthesis and real-world problems under normal and non-normal cases.The experiment results on real-world problems highlight the significance of the proposed GRU-RF-RTC model in modern manufacturing process monitoring applications.The result reveals that the proposed method improves the shift detection capability by 42.14%in normal and 43.64%in gamma distribution problems.展开更多
Interlayer heat accumulation(IHA)is major challenge in the laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)process,as it exacerbates the instability of melt pools,and compromises the quality of the as-built samples.Infrared radiation mo...Interlayer heat accumulation(IHA)is major challenge in the laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)process,as it exacerbates the instability of melt pools,and compromises the quality of the as-built samples.Infrared radiation monitoring is an effective method for exploring IHA.Based on the defined sequence features of interlayer infrared radiation intensity(IIRI),this study established a gated recurrent unit(GRU)neural network model for predicting IIRI in formed samples using machine learning to mitigate the IHA.The model trained on 316 L alloys achieved precise prediction results when transferred to the DZ125 superalloy,effectively managing various emergencies in the LPBF process.The truncated pyramid components were fabricated through parameter optimization based on IIRI prediction results.Compared with the non-optimized components,the CT results demonstrated a significant reduction in internal voids,with the relative density increasing from 91.6% to 98.5%.Additionally,surface roughness(Ra)decreased from 32.58μm to 19.91μm,while residual stress on the top surface was reduced from 169.21 MPa to 102.37 MPa.展开更多
High complexity and uncertainty of air combat pose significant challenges to target intention prediction.Current interpolation methods for data pre-processing and wrangling have limitations in capturing interrelations...High complexity and uncertainty of air combat pose significant challenges to target intention prediction.Current interpolation methods for data pre-processing and wrangling have limitations in capturing interrelationships among intricate variable patterns.Accordingly,this study proposes a Mogrifier gate recurrent unit-D(Mog-GRU-D)model to address the com-bat target intention prediction issue under the incomplete infor-mation condition.The proposed model directly processes miss-ing data while reducing the independence between inputs and output states.A total of 1200 samples from twelve continuous moments are captured through the combat simulation system,each of which consists of seven dimensional features.To bench-mark the experiment,a missing valued dataset has been gener-ated by randomly removing 20%of the original data.Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed model obtains the state-of-the-art performance with an accuracy of 73.25%when dealing with incomplete information.This study provides possi-ble interpretations for the principle of target interactive mecha-nism,highlighting the model’s effectiveness in potential air war-fare implementation.展开更多
Power load forecasting load forecasting is a core task in power system scheduling,operation,and planning.To enhance forecasting performance,this paper proposes a dual-input deep learning model that integrates Convolut...Power load forecasting load forecasting is a core task in power system scheduling,operation,and planning.To enhance forecasting performance,this paper proposes a dual-input deep learning model that integrates Convolutional Neural Networks,Gated Recurrent Units,and a self-attention mechanism.Based on standardized data cleaning and normalization,the method performs convolutional feature extraction and recurrent modeling on load and meteorological time series separately.The self-attention mechanism is then applied to assign weights to key time steps,after which the two feature streams are flattened and concatenated.Finally,a fully connected layer is used to generate the forecast.Under a training setup with mean squared error as the loss function and an adaptive optimization strategy,the proposed model consistently outperforms baseline methods across multiple error and fitting metrics,demonstrating stronger generalization capability and interpretability.The paper also provides a complete data processing and evaluation workflow,ensuring strong reproducibility and practical applicability.展开更多
Landslide susceptibility mapping(LSM) is crucial for reducing disaster risk in complex mountainous regions. This study evaluated the impact of various sampling methods on the accuracy of LSM over the next decade in Bi...Landslide susceptibility mapping(LSM) is crucial for reducing disaster risk in complex mountainous regions. This study evaluated the impact of various sampling methods on the accuracy of LSM over the next decade in Bijie City, Guizhou Province, China. Datasets were collected from 614 landslides and 500 non-landslides, and four sampling methods were proposed. Recurrent Neural Network(RNN), Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU), K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN), and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGB) models were assessed utilising 15 metrics(Elevation, Slope, Aspect, Plan curvature, Profile curvature, Stream Power Index, Sediment Transport Index, Vector Ruggedness Measurement, Topographic Roughness Index, Lithology, Land use, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), Rainfall, Distance from Road, Distance from River). The results demonstrated that the GRU model combined with a 5-m sample boundary from the interior of the landslide and non-landslide areas exhibited superior performance with F1, Accuracy, and Area Under Curve(AUC) scores of 0.9700, 0.9450, and 0.8925, respectively. LSM will be projected for the next decade by coupling the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model version 4(GFDLESM4) with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP119). This study provides valuable insights into landslide risk management in landslide-prone areas.展开更多
Accurate forecasting of oil production is essential for optimizing resource management and minimizing operational risks in the energy sector. Traditional time-series forecasting techniques, despite their widespread ap...Accurate forecasting of oil production is essential for optimizing resource management and minimizing operational risks in the energy sector. Traditional time-series forecasting techniques, despite their widespread application, often encounter difficulties in handling the complexities of oil production data, which is characterized by non-linear patterns, skewed distributions, and the presence of outliers. To overcome these limitations, deep learning methods have emerged as more robust alternatives. However, while deep neural networks offer improved accuracy, they demand substantial amounts of data for effective training. Conversely, shallow networks with fewer layers lack the capacity to model complex data distributions adequately. To address these challenges, this study introduces a novel hybrid model called Transfer LSTM to GRU (TLTG), which combines the strengths of deep and shallow networks using transfer learning. The TLTG model integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) to enhance predictive accuracy while maintaining computational efficiency. Gaussian transformation is applied to the input data to reduce outliers and skewness, creating a more normal-like distribution. The proposed approach is validated on datasets from various wells in the Tahe oil field, China. Experimental results highlight the superior performance of the TLTG model, achieving 100% accuracy and faster prediction times (200 s) compared to eight other approaches, demonstrating its effectiveness and efficiency.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52162042)General Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Transportation(No.2024YB039).
文摘By analyzing the bus operation environment and accounting for prediction uncertainties,a bus arrival interval prediction model was developed utilizing a gated recur-rent unit(GRU)neural network.To reduce the impact of irrelevant data and boost prediction accuracy,an attention mechanism was integrated into the point model to concen-trate on important input sequence information.Based on the point predictions,the lower upper bound estimation(LUBE)method was used,providing a range for the bus interval times predicted by the model.The model was vali-dated using data from 169 bus routes in Nanchang,Jiangxi Province.The results indicated that the attention-GRU model outperformed neural network,long short-term memory and GRU models.Compared with the Bootstrap method,the LUBE method has a narrower average interval width.The coverage width-based criterion(CWC)was reduced by 8.1%,2.2%,and 5.7%at confidence levels of 85%,90%,and 95%,respectively,during the off-peak period,and by 23.2%,26.9%,and 27.3%at confidence levels of 85%,90%,and 95%,respectively,during the peak period.Therefore,it can accurately describe the fluctuation range in bus arrival times with higher accuracy and stability.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(Program No.23JP100)the Key Natural Science Research Project of Shaanxi Energy Institute:Comprehensive Characterization Study of Lithium-Ion Batteries for New Energy Vehicles(Project No.23QNZRZ01).
文摘The accurate state of health(SOH)estimation in lithium-ion batteries represents a critical technological challenge with profound implications for electric vehicle performance and user experience.Precise SOH assessment not only enables reliable mileage prediction but also ensures operational safety.However,the complex and non-linear capacity fading process during battery cycling poses a challenge to obtaining accurate SOH.To address this issue,this study proposes an effective health factor derived from the local voltage range during the battery charging phase.First,the battery charging phase is divided evenly with reference to voltage intervals,and an importance analysis is conducted on each voltage interval.From these,the voltage interval with the strongest correlation to State of Health(SOH)is extracted as the feature interval.Then,a data-driven framework integrating variational mode decomposition(VMD)with gated recurrent unit(GRU)neural networks enables comprehensive multi-scale temporal feature analysis for enhanced SOH estimation.The methodology begins with rigorous feature engineering to identify and extract optimal health indicators demonstrating superior correlation.Subsequently,the VMD algorithm performs sophisticated signal processing to decompose both the measured capacity and derived health indicators into their constituent intrinsic mode functions and residual components.Finally,a GRU-based neural network is implemented to establish a robust SOH estimation model.Experimental validation using cycling data from different datasets shows that the root mean square error of the estimation results is consistently below 3%,demonstrating the good accuracy and generalisation of the proposed method,using only local data from the charging phase.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Council,Taiwan,with grant numbers NSTC 114-2622-8-992-007-TD1 and 112-2811-E-992-003-MY3.
文摘The global population is rapidly expanding,driving an increasing demand for intelligent healthcare systems.Artificial intelligence(AI)applications in remote patient monitoring and diagnosis have achieved remarkable progress and are emerging as a major development trend.Among these applications,mouth motion tracking and mouth-state detection represent an important direction,providing valuable support for diagnosing neuromuscular disorders such as dysphagia,Bell’s palsy,and Parkinson’s disease.In this study,we focus on developing a real-time system capable of monitoring and detecting mouth state that can be efficiently deployed on edge devices.The proposed system integrates the Facial Landmark Detection technique with an optimized model combining a Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit(BiGRU)and Comprehensive Learning Particle Swarm Optimization(CLPSO).We conducted a comprehensive comparison and evaluation of the proposed model against several traditional models using multiple performance metrics,including accuracy,precision,recall,F1-score,cosine similarity,ROC–AUC,and the precision–recall curve.The proposed method achieved an impressive accuracy of 96.57%with an excellent precision of 98.25%on our self-collected dataset,outperforming traditional models and related works in the same field.These findings highlight the potential of the proposed approach for implementation in real-time patient monitoring systems,contributing to improved diagnostic accuracy and supporting healthcare professionals in patient treatment and care.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61422203 and 61333014)National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB340501)
文摘Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many competing and complex hidden units, such as the long short-term memory （LSTM） and the gated recurrent unit （GRU）. We propose a gated unit for RNN, named as minimal gated unit （MCU）, since it only contains one gate, which is a minimal design among all gated hidden units. The design of MCU benefits from evaluation results on LSTM and GRU in the literature. Experiments on various sequence data show that MCU has comparable accuracy with GRU, but has a simpler structure, fewer parameters, and faster training. Hence, MGU is suitable in RNN＇s applications. Its simple architecture also means that it is easier to evaluate and tune, and in principle it is easier to study MGU＇s properties theoretically and empirically.
基金funded by“The Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program”of Guangdong Province in 2019(Grant No.2019CX01G338)the Research Funding of Shantou University for New Faculty Member(Grant No.NTF19024-2019).
文摘An accurate prediction of earth pressure balance(EPB)shield moving performance is important to ensure the safety tunnel excavation.A hybrid model is developed based on the particle swarm optimization(PSO)and gated recurrent unit(GRU)neural network.PSO is utilized to assign the optimal hyperparameters of GRU neural network.There are mainly four steps:data collection and processing,hybrid model establishment,model performance evaluation and correlation analysis.The developed model provides an alternative to tackle with time-series data of tunnel project.Apart from that,a novel framework about model application is performed to provide guidelines in practice.A tunnel project is utilized to evaluate the performance of proposed hybrid model.Results indicate that geological and construction variables are significant to the model performance.Correlation analysis shows that construction variables(main thrust and foam liquid volume)display the highest correlation with the cutterhead torque(CHT).This work provides a feasible and applicable alternative way to estimate the performance of shield tunneling.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (6202201562088101)+1 种基金Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2021SHZDZX0100)Shanghai Municip al Commission of Science and Technology Project (19511132101)。
文摘Aerial threat assessment is a crucial link in modern air combat, whose result counts a great deal for commanders to make decisions. With the consideration that the existing threat assessment methods have difficulties in dealing with high dimensional time series target data, a threat assessment method based on self-attention mechanism and gated recurrent unit(SAGRU) is proposed. Firstly, a threat feature system including air combat situations and capability features is established. Moreover, a data augmentation process based on fractional Fourier transform(FRFT) is applied to extract more valuable information from time series situation features. Furthermore, aiming to capture key characteristics of battlefield evolution, a bidirectional GRU and SA mechanisms are designed for enhanced features.Subsequently, after the concatenation of the processed air combat situation and capability features, the target threat level will be predicted by fully connected neural layers and the softmax classifier. Finally, in order to validate this model, an air combat dataset generated by a combat simulation system is introduced for model training and testing. The comparison experiments show the proposed model has structural rationality and can perform threat assessment faster and more accurately than the other existing models based on deep learning.
基金jointly supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42275007 and 41865003)Jiangxi Provincial Department of science and technology project (Grant No. 20171BBG70004)。
文摘The Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU) neural network has great potential in estimating and predicting a variable. In addition to radar reflectivity(Z), radar echo-top height(ET) is also a good indicator of rainfall rate(R). In this study, we propose a new method, GRU_Z-ET, by introducing Z and ET as two independent variables into the GRU neural network to conduct the quantitative single-polarization radar precipitation estimation. The performance of GRU_Z-ET is compared with that of the other three methods in three heavy rainfall cases in China during 2018, namely, the traditional Z-R relationship(Z=300R1.4), the optimal Z-R relationship(Z=79R1.68) and the GRU neural network with only Z as the independent input variable(GRU_Z). The results indicate that the GRU_Z-ET performs the best, while the traditional Z-R relationship performs the worst. The performances of the rest two methods are similar.To further evaluate the performance of the GRU_Z-ET, 200 rainfall events with 21882 total samples during May–July of 2018 are used for statistical analysis. Results demonstrate that the spatial correlation coefficients, threat scores and probability of detection between the observed and estimated precipitation are the largest for the GRU_Z-ET and the smallest for the traditional Z-R relationship, and the root mean square error is just the opposite. In addition, these statistics of GRU_Z are similar to those of optimal Z-R relationship. Thus, it can be concluded that the performance of the GRU_ZET is the best in the four methods for the quantitative precipitation estimation.
基金Supported in part by Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51835009,51705398)Shaanxi Province 2020 Natural Science Basic Research Plan(Grant No.2020JQ-042)Aeronautical Science Foundation(Grant No.2019ZB070001).
文摘As an integrated application of modern information technologies and artificial intelligence,Prognostic and Health Management(PHM)is important for machine health monitoring.Prediction of tool wear is one of the symbolic applications of PHM technology in modern manufacturing systems and industry.In this paper,a multi-scale Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit network(MCGRU)is proposed to address raw sensory data for tool wear prediction.At the bottom of MCGRU,six parallel and independent branches with different kernel sizes are designed to form a multi-scale convolutional neural network,which augments the adaptability to features of different time scales.These features of different scales extracted from raw data are then fed into a Deep Gated Recurrent Unit network to capture long-term dependencies and learn significant representations.At the top of the MCGRU,a fully connected layer and a regression layer are built for cutting tool wear prediction.Two case studies are performed to verify the capability and effectiveness of the proposed MCGRU network and results show that MCGRU outperforms several state-of-the-art baseline models.
基金The authors thank the Yayasan Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS(YUTP FRG Grant No.015LC0-428)at Universiti Teknologi PETRO-NAS for supporting this study.
文摘Static Poisson’s ratio(vs)is crucial for determining geomechanical properties in petroleum applications,namely sand production.Some models have been used to predict vs;however,the published models were limited to specific data ranges with an average absolute percentage relative error(AAPRE)of more than 10%.The published gated recurrent unit(GRU)models do not consider trend analysis to show physical behaviors.In this study,we aim to develop a GRU model using trend analysis and three inputs for predicting n s based on a broad range of data,n s(value of 0.1627-0.4492),bulk formation density(RHOB)(0.315-2.994 g/mL),compressional time(DTc)(44.43-186.9 μs/ft),and shear time(DTs)(72.9-341.2μ s/ft).The GRU model was evaluated using different approaches,including statistical error an-alyses.The GRU model showed the proper trends,and the model data ranges were wider than previous ones.The GRU model has the largest correlation coefficient(R)of 0.967 and the lowest AAPRE,average percent relative error(APRE),root mean square error(RMSE),and standard deviation(SD)of 3.228%,1.054%,4.389,and 0.013,respectively,compared to other models.The GRU model has a high accuracy for the different datasets:training,validation,testing,and the whole datasets with R and AAPRE values were 0.981 and 2.601%,0.966 and 3.274%,0.967 and 3.228%,and 0.977 and 2.861%,respectively.The group error analyses of all inputs show that the GRU model has less than 5% AAPRE for all input ranges,which is superior to other models that have different AAPRE values of more than 10% at various ranges of inputs.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFB1501803,2019YFC1804805-4)China Geological Survey Project(Grant No.DD2019135)。
文摘Micro-seismic monitoring is one of the most critical technologies that guide hydraulic fracturing in hot dry rock resource development. Micro-seismic monitoring requires high precision detection of micro-seismic events with a low signal-to-noise ratio. Because of this requirement, we propose a recurrent neural network model named gated recurrent unit and support vector machine(GRU;VM). The proposed model ensures high accuracy while reducing the parameter number and hardware requirement in the training process. Since micro-seismic events in hot dry rock produce large wave amplitudes and strong vibrations, it is difficult to reverse the onset of each individual event. In this study, we utilize a support vector machine(SVM) as a classifier to improve the micro-seismic event detection accuracy. To validate the methodology, we compare the simulation results of the short-term-average to the long-term-average(STA/LTA) method with GRU;VM method by using hot dry rock micro-seismic event data in Qinghai Province, China. Our proposed method has an accuracy of about 95% for identifying micro-seismic events with low signal-to-noise ratios. By ignoring smaller micro-seismic events, the detection procedure can be processed more efficiently, which is able to provide a real-time observation on the types of hydraulic fracturing in the reservoirs.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.62066039.
文摘Recently,speech enhancement methods based on Generative Adversarial Networks have achieved good performance in time-domain noisy signals.However,the training of Generative Adversarial Networks has such problems as convergence difficulty,model collapse,etc.In this work,an end-to-end speech enhancement model based on Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks is proposed,and some improvements have been made in order to get faster convergence speed and better generated speech quality.Specifically,in the generator coding part,each convolution layer adopts different convolution kernel sizes to conduct convolution operations for obtaining speech coding information from multiple scales;a gated linear unit is introduced to alleviate the vanishing gradient problem with the increase of network depth;the gradient penalty of the discriminator is replaced with spectral normalization to accelerate the convergence rate of themodel;a hybrid penalty termcomposed of L1 regularization and a scale-invariant signal-to-distortion ratio is introduced into the loss function of the generator to improve the quality of generated speech.The experimental results on both TIMIT corpus and Tibetan corpus show that the proposed model improves the speech quality significantly and accelerates the convergence speed of the model.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61863024,71761023)Funding for Scientific Research Projects of Colleges and Universities in Gansu Province(Nos.2018C-11,2018A-22)Natural Science Fund of Gansu Province(No.18JR3RA130)。
文摘Turnout is one of the important signal infrastructure equipment,which will directly affect the safety and efficiency of driving.Base on analysis of the power curve of the turnout,we extract and select the time domain and Haar wavelet transform characteristics of the curve firstly.Then the correlation between the degradation state and the fault state is established by using the clustering algorithm and the Pearson correlation coefficient.Finally,the convolutional neural network(CNN)and the gated recurrent unit(GRU)are used to establish the state prediction model of the turnout to realize the failure prediction.The CNN can directly extract features from the original data of the turnout and reduce the dimension,which simplifies the prediction process.Due to its unique gate structure and time series processing features,GRU has certain advantages over the traditional forecasting methods in terms of prediction accuracy and time.The experimental results show that the accuracy of prediction can reach 94.2%when the feature matrix adopts 40-dimensional input and iterates 50 times.
基金State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering of Tsinghua University,Grant/Award Number:2019-KY-03Key Technology of Intelligent Construction of Urban Underground Space of North China University of Technology,Grant/Award Number:110051360022XN108-19+3 种基金Research Start-up Fund Project of North China University of Technology,Grant/Award Number:110051360002Yujie Project of North China University of Technology,Grant/Award Number:216051360020XN199/006National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:51522903,51774184National Key R&D Program of China,Grant/Award Numbers:2018YFC1504801,2018YFC1504902。
文摘Due to the complexity of underground engineering geology,the tunnel boring machine(TBM)usually shows poor adaptability to the surrounding rock mass,leading to machine jamming and geological hazards.For the TBM project of Lanzhou Water Source Construction,this study proposed a neural network called PCA-GRU,which combines principal component analysis(PCA)with gated recurrent unit(GRU)to improve the accuracy of predicting rock mass classification in TBM tunneling.The input variables from the PCA dimension reduction of nine parameters in the sample data set were utilized for establishing the PCA-GRU model.Subsequently,in order to speed up the response time of surrounding rock mass classification predictions,the PCA-GRU model was optimized.Finally,the prediction results obtained by the PCA-GRU model were compared with those of four other models and further examined using random sampling analysis.As indicated by the results,the PCA-GRU model can predict the rock mass classification in TBM tunneling rapidly,requiring about 20 s to run.It performs better than the previous four models in predicting the rock mass classification,with accuracy A,macro precision MP,and macro recall MR being 0.9667,0.963,and 0.9763,respectively.In Class II,III,and IV rock mass prediction,the PCA-GRU model demonstrates better precision P and recall R owing to the dimension reduction technique.The random sampling analysis indicates that the PCA-GRU model shows stronger generalization,making it more appropriate in situations where the distribution of various rock mass classes and lithologies change in percentage.
文摘The development of accurate prediction models continues to be highly beneficial in myriad disciplines. Deep learning models have performed well in stock price prediction and give high accuracy. However, these models are largely affected by the vanishing gradient problem escalated by some activation functions. This study proposes the use of the Vanishing Gradient Resilient Optimized Gated Recurrent Unit (OGRU) model with a scaled mean Approximation Coefficient (AC) time lag which should counter slow convergence, vanishing gradient and large error metrics. This study employed the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), Hyperbolic Tangent (Tanh), Sigmoid and Exponential Linear Unit (ELU) activation functions. Real-life datasets including the daily Apple and 5-minute Netflix closing stock prices were used, and they were decomposed using the Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT). The decomposed series formed a decomposed data model which was compared to an undecomposed data model with similar hyperparameters and different default lags. The Apple daily dataset performed well with a Default_1 lag, using an undecomposed data model and the ReLU, attaining 0.01312, 0.00854 and 3.67 minutes for RMSE, MAE and runtime. The Netflix data performed best with the MeanAC_42 lag, using decomposed data model and the ELU achieving 0.00620, 0.00487 and 3.01 minutes for the same metrics.
基金support from the National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan(Contract Nos.111-2221 E-011081 and 111-2622-E-011019)the support from Intelligent Manufacturing Innovation Center(IMIC),National Taiwan University of Science and Technology(NTUST),Taipei,Taiwan,which is a Featured Areas Research Center in Higher Education Sprout Project of Ministry of Education(MOE),Taiwan(since 2023)was appreciatedWe also thank Wang Jhan Yang Charitable Trust Fund(Contract No.WJY 2020-HR-01)for its financial support.
文摘This study proposed a new real-time manufacturing process monitoring method to monitor and detect process shifts in manufacturing operations.Since real-time production process monitoring is critical in today’s smart manufacturing.The more robust the monitoring model,the more reliable a process is to be under control.In the past,many researchers have developed real-time monitoring methods to detect process shifts early.However,thesemethods have limitations in detecting process shifts as quickly as possible and handling various data volumes and varieties.In this paper,a robust monitoring model combining Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU)and Random Forest(RF)with Real-Time Contrast(RTC)called GRU-RF-RTC was proposed to detect process shifts rapidly.The effectiveness of the proposed GRU-RF-RTC model is first evaluated using multivariate normal and nonnormal distribution datasets.Then,to prove the applicability of the proposed model in a realmanufacturing setting,the model was evaluated using real-world normal and non-normal problems.The results demonstrate that the proposed GRU-RF-RTC outperforms other methods in detecting process shifts quickly with the lowest average out-of-control run length(ARL1)in all synthesis and real-world problems under normal and non-normal cases.The experiment results on real-world problems highlight the significance of the proposed GRU-RF-RTC model in modern manufacturing process monitoring applications.The result reveals that the proposed method improves the shift detection capability by 42.14%in normal and 43.64%in gamma distribution problems.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52275333)the Key Research&Development Program of China Hubei Province(Grant No.2023BAB089).
文摘Interlayer heat accumulation(IHA)is major challenge in the laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)process,as it exacerbates the instability of melt pools,and compromises the quality of the as-built samples.Infrared radiation monitoring is an effective method for exploring IHA.Based on the defined sequence features of interlayer infrared radiation intensity(IIRI),this study established a gated recurrent unit(GRU)neural network model for predicting IIRI in formed samples using machine learning to mitigate the IHA.The model trained on 316 L alloys achieved precise prediction results when transferred to the DZ125 superalloy,effectively managing various emergencies in the LPBF process.The truncated pyramid components were fabricated through parameter optimization based on IIRI prediction results.Compared with the non-optimized components,the CT results demonstrated a significant reduction in internal voids,with the relative density increasing from 91.6% to 98.5%.Additionally,surface roughness(Ra)decreased from 32.58μm to 19.91μm,while residual stress on the top surface was reduced from 169.21 MPa to 102.37 MPa.
基金supported by the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(2020Z023053002).
文摘High complexity and uncertainty of air combat pose significant challenges to target intention prediction.Current interpolation methods for data pre-processing and wrangling have limitations in capturing interrelationships among intricate variable patterns.Accordingly,this study proposes a Mogrifier gate recurrent unit-D(Mog-GRU-D)model to address the com-bat target intention prediction issue under the incomplete infor-mation condition.The proposed model directly processes miss-ing data while reducing the independence between inputs and output states.A total of 1200 samples from twelve continuous moments are captured through the combat simulation system,each of which consists of seven dimensional features.To bench-mark the experiment,a missing valued dataset has been gener-ated by randomly removing 20%of the original data.Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed model obtains the state-of-the-art performance with an accuracy of 73.25%when dealing with incomplete information.This study provides possi-ble interpretations for the principle of target interactive mecha-nism,highlighting the model’s effectiveness in potential air war-fare implementation.
基金supported in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Liaoning Universities(LJ212410146025)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College students of University of Science and Technology Liaoning(S202510146005).
文摘Power load forecasting load forecasting is a core task in power system scheduling,operation,and planning.To enhance forecasting performance,this paper proposes a dual-input deep learning model that integrates Convolutional Neural Networks,Gated Recurrent Units,and a self-attention mechanism.Based on standardized data cleaning and normalization,the method performs convolutional feature extraction and recurrent modeling on load and meteorological time series separately.The self-attention mechanism is then applied to assign weights to key time steps,after which the two feature streams are flattened and concatenated.Finally,a fully connected layer is used to generate the forecast.Under a training setup with mean squared error as the loss function and an adaptive optimization strategy,the proposed model consistently outperforms baseline methods across multiple error and fitting metrics,demonstrating stronger generalization capability and interpretability.The paper also provides a complete data processing and evaluation workflow,ensuring strong reproducibility and practical applicability.
基金supported by the Technological Innovation Center of Geological Disaster Prevention and ecological Restoration in the western region of the Ministry of Natural Resources opened the fund (Grant No.TICGP2023K003)the Project of Sichuan Disaster Economic Research Center (Grant No.ZHJJ2024YJS004)。
文摘Landslide susceptibility mapping(LSM) is crucial for reducing disaster risk in complex mountainous regions. This study evaluated the impact of various sampling methods on the accuracy of LSM over the next decade in Bijie City, Guizhou Province, China. Datasets were collected from 614 landslides and 500 non-landslides, and four sampling methods were proposed. Recurrent Neural Network(RNN), Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU), K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN), and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGB) models were assessed utilising 15 metrics(Elevation, Slope, Aspect, Plan curvature, Profile curvature, Stream Power Index, Sediment Transport Index, Vector Ruggedness Measurement, Topographic Roughness Index, Lithology, Land use, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), Rainfall, Distance from Road, Distance from River). The results demonstrated that the GRU model combined with a 5-m sample boundary from the interior of the landslide and non-landslide areas exhibited superior performance with F1, Accuracy, and Area Under Curve(AUC) scores of 0.9700, 0.9450, and 0.8925, respectively. LSM will be projected for the next decade by coupling the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model version 4(GFDLESM4) with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway(SSP119). This study provides valuable insights into landslide risk management in landslide-prone areas.
文摘Accurate forecasting of oil production is essential for optimizing resource management and minimizing operational risks in the energy sector. Traditional time-series forecasting techniques, despite their widespread application, often encounter difficulties in handling the complexities of oil production data, which is characterized by non-linear patterns, skewed distributions, and the presence of outliers. To overcome these limitations, deep learning methods have emerged as more robust alternatives. However, while deep neural networks offer improved accuracy, they demand substantial amounts of data for effective training. Conversely, shallow networks with fewer layers lack the capacity to model complex data distributions adequately. To address these challenges, this study introduces a novel hybrid model called Transfer LSTM to GRU (TLTG), which combines the strengths of deep and shallow networks using transfer learning. The TLTG model integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) to enhance predictive accuracy while maintaining computational efficiency. Gaussian transformation is applied to the input data to reduce outliers and skewness, creating a more normal-like distribution. The proposed approach is validated on datasets from various wells in the Tahe oil field, China. Experimental results highlight the superior performance of the TLTG model, achieving 100% accuracy and faster prediction times (200 s) compared to eight other approaches, demonstrating its effectiveness and efficiency.
