Due to the complexity of underground engineering geology,the tunnel boring machine(TBM)usually shows poor adaptability to the surrounding rock mass,leading to machine jamming and geological hazards.For the TBM project...Due to the complexity of underground engineering geology,the tunnel boring machine(TBM)usually shows poor adaptability to the surrounding rock mass,leading to machine jamming and geological hazards.For the TBM project of Lanzhou Water Source Construction,this study proposed a neural network called PCA-GRU,which combines principal component analysis(PCA)with gated recurrent unit(GRU)to improve the accuracy of predicting rock mass classification in TBM tunneling.The input variables from the PCA dimension reduction of nine parameters in the sample data set were utilized for establishing the PCA-GRU model.Subsequently,in order to speed up the response time of surrounding rock mass classification predictions,the PCA-GRU model was optimized.Finally,the prediction results obtained by the PCA-GRU model were compared with those of four other models and further examined using random sampling analysis.As indicated by the results,the PCA-GRU model can predict the rock mass classification in TBM tunneling rapidly,requiring about 20 s to run.It performs better than the previous four models in predicting the rock mass classification,with accuracy A,macro precision MP,and macro recall MR being 0.9667,0.963,and 0.9763,respectively.In Class II,III,and IV rock mass prediction,the PCA-GRU model demonstrates better precision P and recall R owing to the dimension reduction technique.The random sampling analysis indicates that the PCA-GRU model shows stronger generalization,making it more appropriate in situations where the distribution of various rock mass classes and lithologies change in percentage.展开更多
Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many comp...Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many competing and complex hidden units, such as the long short-term memory （LSTM） and the gated recurrent unit （GRU）. We propose a gated unit for RNN, named as minimal gated unit （MCU）, since it only contains one gate, which is a minimal design among all gated hidden units. The design of MCU benefits from evaluation results on LSTM and GRU in the literature. Experiments on various sequence data show that MCU has comparable accuracy with GRU, but has a simpler structure, fewer parameters, and faster training. Hence, MGU is suitable in RNN＇s applications. Its simple architecture also means that it is easier to evaluate and tune, and in principle it is easier to study MGU＇s properties theoretically and empirically.展开更多
An accurate prediction of earth pressure balance(EPB)shield moving performance is important to ensure the safety tunnel excavation.A hybrid model is developed based on the particle swarm optimization(PSO)and gated rec...An accurate prediction of earth pressure balance(EPB)shield moving performance is important to ensure the safety tunnel excavation.A hybrid model is developed based on the particle swarm optimization(PSO)and gated recurrent unit(GRU)neural network.PSO is utilized to assign the optimal hyperparameters of GRU neural network.There are mainly four steps:data collection and processing,hybrid model establishment,model performance evaluation and correlation analysis.The developed model provides an alternative to tackle with time-series data of tunnel project.Apart from that,a novel framework about model application is performed to provide guidelines in practice.A tunnel project is utilized to evaluate the performance of proposed hybrid model.Results indicate that geological and construction variables are significant to the model performance.Correlation analysis shows that construction variables(main thrust and foam liquid volume)display the highest correlation with the cutterhead torque(CHT).This work provides a feasible and applicable alternative way to estimate the performance of shield tunneling.展开更多
Aerial threat assessment is a crucial link in modern air combat, whose result counts a great deal for commanders to make decisions. With the consideration that the existing threat assessment methods have difficulties ...Aerial threat assessment is a crucial link in modern air combat, whose result counts a great deal for commanders to make decisions. With the consideration that the existing threat assessment methods have difficulties in dealing with high dimensional time series target data, a threat assessment method based on self-attention mechanism and gated recurrent unit(SAGRU) is proposed. Firstly, a threat feature system including air combat situations and capability features is established. Moreover, a data augmentation process based on fractional Fourier transform(FRFT) is applied to extract more valuable information from time series situation features. Furthermore, aiming to capture key characteristics of battlefield evolution, a bidirectional GRU and SA mechanisms are designed for enhanced features.Subsequently, after the concatenation of the processed air combat situation and capability features, the target threat level will be predicted by fully connected neural layers and the softmax classifier. Finally, in order to validate this model, an air combat dataset generated by a combat simulation system is introduced for model training and testing. The comparison experiments show the proposed model has structural rationality and can perform threat assessment faster and more accurately than the other existing models based on deep learning.展开更多
Combinatory categorial grammer(CCG) supertagging is an important subtask that takes place before full parsing and can benefit many natural language processing(NLP) tasks like question answering and machine translation...Combinatory categorial grammer(CCG) supertagging is an important subtask that takes place before full parsing and can benefit many natural language processing(NLP) tasks like question answering and machine translation. CCG supertagging can be regarded as a sequence labeling problem that remains a challenging problem where each word is assigned to a CCG lexical category and the number of the probably associated CCG supertags to each word is large. To address this, recently recurrent neural networks(RNNs), as extremely powerful sequential models, have been proposed for CCG supertagging and achieved good performances. In this paper, a variant of recurrent networks is proposed whose design makes it much easier to train and memorize information for long range dependencies based on gated recurrent units(GRUs), which have been recently introduced on some but not all tasks. Results of the experiments revealed the effectiveness of the proposed method on the CCGBank datasets and show that the model has comparable accuracy with the previously proposed models for CCG supertagging.展开更多
Static Poisson’s ratio(vs)is crucial for determining geomechanical properties in petroleum applications,namely sand production.Some models have been used to predict vs;however,the published models were limited to spe...Static Poisson’s ratio(vs)is crucial for determining geomechanical properties in petroleum applications,namely sand production.Some models have been used to predict vs;however,the published models were limited to specific data ranges with an average absolute percentage relative error(AAPRE)of more than 10%.The published gated recurrent unit(GRU)models do not consider trend analysis to show physical behaviors.In this study,we aim to develop a GRU model using trend analysis and three inputs for predicting n s based on a broad range of data,n s(value of 0.1627-0.4492),bulk formation density(RHOB)(0.315-2.994 g/mL),compressional time(DTc)(44.43-186.9 μs/ft),and shear time(DTs)(72.9-341.2μ s/ft).The GRU model was evaluated using different approaches,including statistical error an-alyses.The GRU model showed the proper trends,and the model data ranges were wider than previous ones.The GRU model has the largest correlation coefficient(R)of 0.967 and the lowest AAPRE,average percent relative error(APRE),root mean square error(RMSE),and standard deviation(SD)of 3.228%,1.054%,4.389,and 0.013,respectively,compared to other models.The GRU model has a high accuracy for the different datasets:training,validation,testing,and the whole datasets with R and AAPRE values were 0.981 and 2.601%,0.966 and 3.274%,0.967 and 3.228%,and 0.977 and 2.861%,respectively.The group error analyses of all inputs show that the GRU model has less than 5% AAPRE for all input ranges,which is superior to other models that have different AAPRE values of more than 10% at various ranges of inputs.展开更多
Turnout is one of the important signal infrastructure equipment,which will directly affect the safety and efficiency of driving.Base on analysis of the power curve of the turnout,we extract and select the time domain ...Turnout is one of the important signal infrastructure equipment,which will directly affect the safety and efficiency of driving.Base on analysis of the power curve of the turnout,we extract and select the time domain and Haar wavelet transform characteristics of the curve firstly.Then the correlation between the degradation state and the fault state is established by using the clustering algorithm and the Pearson correlation coefficient.Finally,the convolutional neural network(CNN)and the gated recurrent unit(GRU)are used to establish the state prediction model of the turnout to realize the failure prediction.The CNN can directly extract features from the original data of the turnout and reduce the dimension,which simplifies the prediction process.Due to its unique gate structure and time series processing features,GRU has certain advantages over the traditional forecasting methods in terms of prediction accuracy and time.The experimental results show that the accuracy of prediction can reach 94.2%when the feature matrix adopts 40-dimensional input and iterates 50 times.展开更多
长尾现象在序列推荐系统中长期存在,包括长尾用户和长尾项目两个方面。虽然现有许多研究缓解了序列推荐系统中的长尾问题,但大部分只是单方面地关注长尾用户或长尾项目。然而,长尾用户和长尾项目问题常常同时存在,只考虑其中一方会导致...长尾现象在序列推荐系统中长期存在,包括长尾用户和长尾项目两个方面。虽然现有许多研究缓解了序列推荐系统中的长尾问题,但大部分只是单方面地关注长尾用户或长尾项目。然而,长尾用户和长尾项目问题常常同时存在,只考虑其中一方会导致另一方性能不佳,且未关注到长尾用户、长尾项目各自的信息匮乏问题。提出一种利用GRU双分支信息协同增强的长尾推荐模型(long-tail recommendation model utilizing gated recurrent unit dualbranch information collaboration enhancement,LT-GRU),从用户与项目两个方面共同缓解长尾问题,并通过协同增强的方式丰富长尾信息。该模型由长尾用户和长尾项目双分支组成,每个分支分别负责各自的信息处理,并相互训练以充实另一方的信息。同时,引入一种偏好机制,通过演算用户与项目的影响因子,以动态调整用户偏好与项目热度,进一步缓解长尾推荐中信息不足问题。在Amazon系列的6个真实数据集上与6种经典模型进行实验对比,相较于长尾推荐模型中最优的结果,所提模型LT-GRU在HR与NDCG两个指标上分别平均提高2.49%、3.80%。这表明,在不牺牲头部用户和热门项目推荐性能的情况下,有效地缓解了长尾用户和长尾项目问题。展开更多
基金State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering of Tsinghua University,Grant/Award Number:2019-KY-03Key Technology of Intelligent Construction of Urban Underground Space of North China University of Technology,Grant/Award Number:110051360022XN108-19+3 种基金Research Start-up Fund Project of North China University of Technology,Grant/Award Number:110051360002Yujie Project of North China University of Technology,Grant/Award Number:216051360020XN199/006National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:51522903,51774184National Key R&D Program of China,Grant/Award Numbers:2018YFC1504801,2018YFC1504902。
文摘Due to the complexity of underground engineering geology,the tunnel boring machine(TBM)usually shows poor adaptability to the surrounding rock mass,leading to machine jamming and geological hazards.For the TBM project of Lanzhou Water Source Construction,this study proposed a neural network called PCA-GRU,which combines principal component analysis(PCA)with gated recurrent unit(GRU)to improve the accuracy of predicting rock mass classification in TBM tunneling.The input variables from the PCA dimension reduction of nine parameters in the sample data set were utilized for establishing the PCA-GRU model.Subsequently,in order to speed up the response time of surrounding rock mass classification predictions,the PCA-GRU model was optimized.Finally,the prediction results obtained by the PCA-GRU model were compared with those of four other models and further examined using random sampling analysis.As indicated by the results,the PCA-GRU model can predict the rock mass classification in TBM tunneling rapidly,requiring about 20 s to run.It performs better than the previous four models in predicting the rock mass classification,with accuracy A,macro precision MP,and macro recall MR being 0.9667,0.963,and 0.9763,respectively.In Class II,III,and IV rock mass prediction,the PCA-GRU model demonstrates better precision P and recall R owing to the dimension reduction technique.The random sampling analysis indicates that the PCA-GRU model shows stronger generalization,making it more appropriate in situations where the distribution of various rock mass classes and lithologies change in percentage.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61422203 and 61333014)National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB340501)
文摘Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many competing and complex hidden units, such as the long short-term memory （LSTM） and the gated recurrent unit （GRU）. We propose a gated unit for RNN, named as minimal gated unit （MCU）, since it only contains one gate, which is a minimal design among all gated hidden units. The design of MCU benefits from evaluation results on LSTM and GRU in the literature. Experiments on various sequence data show that MCU has comparable accuracy with GRU, but has a simpler structure, fewer parameters, and faster training. Hence, MGU is suitable in RNN＇s applications. Its simple architecture also means that it is easier to evaluate and tune, and in principle it is easier to study MGU＇s properties theoretically and empirically.
基金funded by“The Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program”of Guangdong Province in 2019(Grant No.2019CX01G338)the Research Funding of Shantou University for New Faculty Member(Grant No.NTF19024-2019).
文摘An accurate prediction of earth pressure balance(EPB)shield moving performance is important to ensure the safety tunnel excavation.A hybrid model is developed based on the particle swarm optimization(PSO)and gated recurrent unit(GRU)neural network.PSO is utilized to assign the optimal hyperparameters of GRU neural network.There are mainly four steps:data collection and processing,hybrid model establishment,model performance evaluation and correlation analysis.The developed model provides an alternative to tackle with time-series data of tunnel project.Apart from that,a novel framework about model application is performed to provide guidelines in practice.A tunnel project is utilized to evaluate the performance of proposed hybrid model.Results indicate that geological and construction variables are significant to the model performance.Correlation analysis shows that construction variables(main thrust and foam liquid volume)display the highest correlation with the cutterhead torque(CHT).This work provides a feasible and applicable alternative way to estimate the performance of shield tunneling.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (6202201562088101)+1 种基金Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2021SHZDZX0100)Shanghai Municip al Commission of Science and Technology Project (19511132101)。
文摘Aerial threat assessment is a crucial link in modern air combat, whose result counts a great deal for commanders to make decisions. With the consideration that the existing threat assessment methods have difficulties in dealing with high dimensional time series target data, a threat assessment method based on self-attention mechanism and gated recurrent unit(SAGRU) is proposed. Firstly, a threat feature system including air combat situations and capability features is established. Moreover, a data augmentation process based on fractional Fourier transform(FRFT) is applied to extract more valuable information from time series situation features. Furthermore, aiming to capture key characteristics of battlefield evolution, a bidirectional GRU and SA mechanisms are designed for enhanced features.Subsequently, after the concatenation of the processed air combat situation and capability features, the target threat level will be predicted by fully connected neural layers and the softmax classifier. Finally, in order to validate this model, an air combat dataset generated by a combat simulation system is introduced for model training and testing. The comparison experiments show the proposed model has structural rationality and can perform threat assessment faster and more accurately than the other existing models based on deep learning.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program(No.2014CB340503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61472105,61502120)
文摘Combinatory categorial grammer(CCG) supertagging is an important subtask that takes place before full parsing and can benefit many natural language processing(NLP) tasks like question answering and machine translation. CCG supertagging can be regarded as a sequence labeling problem that remains a challenging problem where each word is assigned to a CCG lexical category and the number of the probably associated CCG supertags to each word is large. To address this, recently recurrent neural networks(RNNs), as extremely powerful sequential models, have been proposed for CCG supertagging and achieved good performances. In this paper, a variant of recurrent networks is proposed whose design makes it much easier to train and memorize information for long range dependencies based on gated recurrent units(GRUs), which have been recently introduced on some but not all tasks. Results of the experiments revealed the effectiveness of the proposed method on the CCGBank datasets and show that the model has comparable accuracy with the previously proposed models for CCG supertagging.
基金The authors thank the Yayasan Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS(YUTP FRG Grant No.015LC0-428)at Universiti Teknologi PETRO-NAS for supporting this study.
文摘Static Poisson’s ratio(vs)is crucial for determining geomechanical properties in petroleum applications,namely sand production.Some models have been used to predict vs;however,the published models were limited to specific data ranges with an average absolute percentage relative error(AAPRE)of more than 10%.The published gated recurrent unit(GRU)models do not consider trend analysis to show physical behaviors.In this study,we aim to develop a GRU model using trend analysis and three inputs for predicting n s based on a broad range of data,n s(value of 0.1627-0.4492),bulk formation density(RHOB)(0.315-2.994 g/mL),compressional time(DTc)(44.43-186.9 μs/ft),and shear time(DTs)(72.9-341.2μ s/ft).The GRU model was evaluated using different approaches,including statistical error an-alyses.The GRU model showed the proper trends,and the model data ranges were wider than previous ones.The GRU model has the largest correlation coefficient(R)of 0.967 and the lowest AAPRE,average percent relative error(APRE),root mean square error(RMSE),and standard deviation(SD)of 3.228%,1.054%,4.389,and 0.013,respectively,compared to other models.The GRU model has a high accuracy for the different datasets:training,validation,testing,and the whole datasets with R and AAPRE values were 0.981 and 2.601%,0.966 and 3.274%,0.967 and 3.228%,and 0.977 and 2.861%,respectively.The group error analyses of all inputs show that the GRU model has less than 5% AAPRE for all input ranges,which is superior to other models that have different AAPRE values of more than 10% at various ranges of inputs.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61863024,71761023)Funding for Scientific Research Projects of Colleges and Universities in Gansu Province(Nos.2018C-11,2018A-22)Natural Science Fund of Gansu Province(No.18JR3RA130)。
文摘Turnout is one of the important signal infrastructure equipment,which will directly affect the safety and efficiency of driving.Base on analysis of the power curve of the turnout,we extract and select the time domain and Haar wavelet transform characteristics of the curve firstly.Then the correlation between the degradation state and the fault state is established by using the clustering algorithm and the Pearson correlation coefficient.Finally,the convolutional neural network(CNN)and the gated recurrent unit(GRU)are used to establish the state prediction model of the turnout to realize the failure prediction.The CNN can directly extract features from the original data of the turnout and reduce the dimension,which simplifies the prediction process.Due to its unique gate structure and time series processing features,GRU has certain advantages over the traditional forecasting methods in terms of prediction accuracy and time.The experimental results show that the accuracy of prediction can reach 94.2%when the feature matrix adopts 40-dimensional input and iterates 50 times.
文摘长尾现象在序列推荐系统中长期存在,包括长尾用户和长尾项目两个方面。虽然现有许多研究缓解了序列推荐系统中的长尾问题,但大部分只是单方面地关注长尾用户或长尾项目。然而,长尾用户和长尾项目问题常常同时存在,只考虑其中一方会导致另一方性能不佳,且未关注到长尾用户、长尾项目各自的信息匮乏问题。提出一种利用GRU双分支信息协同增强的长尾推荐模型(long-tail recommendation model utilizing gated recurrent unit dualbranch information collaboration enhancement,LT-GRU),从用户与项目两个方面共同缓解长尾问题,并通过协同增强的方式丰富长尾信息。该模型由长尾用户和长尾项目双分支组成,每个分支分别负责各自的信息处理,并相互训练以充实另一方的信息。同时,引入一种偏好机制,通过演算用户与项目的影响因子,以动态调整用户偏好与项目热度,进一步缓解长尾推荐中信息不足问题。在Amazon系列的6个真实数据集上与6种经典模型进行实验对比,相较于长尾推荐模型中最优的结果,所提模型LT-GRU在HR与NDCG两个指标上分别平均提高2.49%、3.80%。这表明,在不牺牲头部用户和热门项目推荐性能的情况下,有效地缓解了长尾用户和长尾项目问题。
