Background: Most research on galacto-oligosaccharides(GOS) has mainly focused on their prebiotic effects on the hindgut,but their beneficial effects on the small intestine(SI) have received little attention.Since jeju...Background: Most research on galacto-oligosaccharides(GOS) has mainly focused on their prebiotic effects on the hindgut,but their beneficial effects on the small intestine(SI) have received little attention.Since jejunum is the important place to digest and absorb nutrients efficiently,optimal maturation of the jejunum is necessary for maintaining the high growth rate in the neonate.Therefore,this study investigates the effect of the early intervention with GOS on the intestinal development of the jejunum.Methods: A total of 6 litters of neonatal piglets(10 piglets per litter; Duroc × Landrace × Large White) with an average birth weight of 1.55 ± 0.05 kg received 1 of 2 treatments based on their assignment to either the control(CON) group or the GOS(GOS) group in each litter.Piglets in the GOS group were orally administrated 10 mL of a GOS solution(reaching 1 g GOS/kg body weight) per day from the age of 1 to 7 d; the piglets in the CON group were treated with the same dose of physiological saline.All piglets were weaned on d 21.On d 8 and 21 of the experimental trial,1 pig per group from each of the 6 litters was euthanized.Results: The early intervention with GOS increased the average daily gains in the third week(P < 0.05).Decreased crypt depth was also observed in the jejunum of the piglets on d 21(P < 0.05).The early intervention with GOS increased the jejunal lactase activity on d 8,maltase activity and sucrase activity on d 21(P < 0.05).In addition,the early intervention with GOS also facilitated the mRNA expression of Sodium glucose co-transporter 1(SGLT1) on d 8 and the m RNA expression of Glucose transporter type 2(GLUT2) on d 21(P < 0.05).It was further determined that GOS up-regulated the m RNA expression of preproglucagon(GCG),insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1),insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor(IGF-1 R) and epidermal growth factor(EGF).GOS also up-regulated the protein expression of glucagon-like peptide-2(GLP-2) and EGF in the jejunum of the piglets.Furthermore,it was also found that GOS enhanced the protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin on d 8(P < 0.05),as well as increased the mRNA expression of TGF-β and decrease the mRNA expression of IL-12(P < 0.05).Conclusions: These results indicate that GOS have a positive effect on piglet growth performance in addition to decreasing the crypt depth and enhancing functional development in jejunum of suckling piglets.展开更多
Preserving a functional intestinal barrier is crucial for overall host health,as increased permeability can lead to systemic pathologies,including a dysregulated immune system and increased susceptibility to infection...Preserving a functional intestinal barrier is crucial for overall host health,as increased permeability can lead to systemic pathologies,including a dysregulated immune system and increased susceptibility to infections.Pure β(1-4)galacto-oligosaccharides(GOS)and Type 2 LacNAc-enriched β(1-4)GOS(humanized GOS,hGOS)modulate the gut microbiome,increasing the abundance of beneficial microorganisms,including Bifidobacterium,Akkermansia,and Lactobacillus.In this study,we report that direct exposure of monolayers of human primary colonic cells toβ(1-4)GOS and β(1-4)hGOS enhances barrier integrity by significantly upregulating MUC2(2-5 fold)and tight junction genes(1.5-8 fold)(p<0.05).RNA sequencing revealed thatβ(1-4)GOS and β(1-4)hGOS activated the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(AHR)pathway,with GOS specifically inducing CYP1A1(log2FC=3.57)and TIPARP,while hGOS enriched pathways related to apical junction integrity.This suggests that AHR activation may enhance gut barrier function,in part,by repressing IL-1β-mediated inflammation.These findings were validated in vivo in young and old C57BL/6 mice,where GOS and hGOS enhanced intestinal permeability by increasing the expression of Muc2 and promoting mucus production,resulting in a thicker mucus layer(GOS:95%CI 0.054-0.146;hGOS:95%CI 0.080-0.176).Tight junction integrity genes were also upregulated by the prebiotics in our study(two-way ANOVA,p<0.05).Our findings suggest that,beyond their modulation of the gut microbiome,GOS and hGOS enhance intestinal barrier function by directly inducing the expression of mucin and tight junction genes,likely through the AHR pathway.These results highlight the potential of prebiotic supple-mentation in improving gut barrier function and maintaining intestinal health.展开更多
为了研究桑椹低聚半乳糖(mulberry galacto-oligosaccharide,MGO)对鼠李糖乳酪杆菌EN-08胞内蛋白质表达的影响,采用串联质量标签(tandem mass tags,TMT)定量蛋白质组学技术进行分析。将鼠李糖乳酪杆菌EN-08分别接种到含MGO、桑椹多糖(mu...为了研究桑椹低聚半乳糖(mulberry galacto-oligosaccharide,MGO)对鼠李糖乳酪杆菌EN-08胞内蛋白质表达的影响,采用串联质量标签(tandem mass tags,TMT)定量蛋白质组学技术进行分析。将鼠李糖乳酪杆菌EN-08分别接种到含MGO、桑椹多糖(mulberry polysaccharide,MPS)和低聚半乳糖(galactooligosaccharides,GOS)的MRS培养基中发酵培养。培养18 h后提取所有样品的蛋白质进行TMT技术鉴定,采用相关性热图和主成分分析观察各组相关性,发现添加MGO和MPS后,鼠李糖乳酪杆菌EN-08全蛋白组成发生变化。在MGO组中鉴定出192个差异蛋白,其中上调蛋白有110个,下调蛋白有82个。KEGG功能注释显示,上调差异蛋白的功能主要集中在碳水化合物代谢和膜运输方面,分别有17个和16个上调蛋白参与。KEGG富集分析显示,上调差异蛋白质显著富集于果糖和甘露糖代谢以及磷酸转移酶系统通路,富集因子分别为0.2195和0.2286。分析结果表明,MGO主要从碳水化合物代谢以及环境信息处理这两方面影响菌株的生命活动。说明MGO可作为有潜力的碳源,促进菌体代谢调控,为鼠李糖乳酪杆菌EN-08的高密度工业化生产提供参考。展开更多
Background Oligosaccharides in human milk may protect infants by improving the intestinal micro-flora and fermentation. This study was to investigate effects of infant formula milk consisting of galacto-oligosaccharid...Background Oligosaccharides in human milk may protect infants by improving the intestinal micro-flora and fermentation. This study was to investigate effects of infant formula milk consisting of galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) on intestinal microbial populations and the fermentation characteristics in term infants in comparison with that of human milk. Methods The test formula (Frisolac H,Friesland,Netherland) was supplemented with GOS at a concentration of 0.24 g/dl. Human milk and another formula without oligosaccharides (Frisolac H,Friesland,Netherland) were used as positive and negative control respectively. Growth,stool characteristics,and side effects of the recruited infants were recorded after 3 and 6 months’ follow-up,and the fecal species were collected for the analysis of intestinal micro-flora,short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and pH.Results At the end of 3- and 6-month feeding period,intestinal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli were significantly increased in infants fed with GOS supplemented formula and human milk when compared with infants fed with negative control formula; however,there was no statistically significant difference between GOS supplemented formula and human milk groups. Stool characteristics were influenced by the supplement and main fecal SCFA (acetic),and stool frequency were significantly increased in infants fed with GOS supplemented formula and human milk,while the fecal pH was significantly decreased as compared with that of negative control ( P <0.05). Supplementation had no influence on incidence of side effects (including crying,regurgitation and vomiting). Conclusions Supplementing infant formula with GOS at a concentration of 0.24 g/dl stimulates the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the intestine and stool characteristics are similar to in term infants fed with human milk.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China2017YFD0500505the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(KYZ201722)
文摘Background: Most research on galacto-oligosaccharides(GOS) has mainly focused on their prebiotic effects on the hindgut,but their beneficial effects on the small intestine(SI) have received little attention.Since jejunum is the important place to digest and absorb nutrients efficiently,optimal maturation of the jejunum is necessary for maintaining the high growth rate in the neonate.Therefore,this study investigates the effect of the early intervention with GOS on the intestinal development of the jejunum.Methods: A total of 6 litters of neonatal piglets(10 piglets per litter; Duroc × Landrace × Large White) with an average birth weight of 1.55 ± 0.05 kg received 1 of 2 treatments based on their assignment to either the control(CON) group or the GOS(GOS) group in each litter.Piglets in the GOS group were orally administrated 10 mL of a GOS solution(reaching 1 g GOS/kg body weight) per day from the age of 1 to 7 d; the piglets in the CON group were treated with the same dose of physiological saline.All piglets were weaned on d 21.On d 8 and 21 of the experimental trial,1 pig per group from each of the 6 litters was euthanized.Results: The early intervention with GOS increased the average daily gains in the third week(P < 0.05).Decreased crypt depth was also observed in the jejunum of the piglets on d 21(P < 0.05).The early intervention with GOS increased the jejunal lactase activity on d 8,maltase activity and sucrase activity on d 21(P < 0.05).In addition,the early intervention with GOS also facilitated the mRNA expression of Sodium glucose co-transporter 1(SGLT1) on d 8 and the m RNA expression of Glucose transporter type 2(GLUT2) on d 21(P < 0.05).It was further determined that GOS up-regulated the m RNA expression of preproglucagon(GCG),insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1),insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor(IGF-1 R) and epidermal growth factor(EGF).GOS also up-regulated the protein expression of glucagon-like peptide-2(GLP-2) and EGF in the jejunum of the piglets.Furthermore,it was also found that GOS enhanced the protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin on d 8(P < 0.05),as well as increased the mRNA expression of TGF-β and decrease the mRNA expression of IL-12(P < 0.05).Conclusions: These results indicate that GOS have a positive effect on piglet growth performance in addition to decreasing the crypt depth and enhancing functional development in jejunum of suckling piglets.
基金financial support from the Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease(CGIBD,P30 DK034987)the UNC Nutrition Obesity Research Center(NORC,P30 DK056350),which partially funded the Microbiome Core.
文摘Preserving a functional intestinal barrier is crucial for overall host health,as increased permeability can lead to systemic pathologies,including a dysregulated immune system and increased susceptibility to infections.Pure β(1-4)galacto-oligosaccharides(GOS)and Type 2 LacNAc-enriched β(1-4)GOS(humanized GOS,hGOS)modulate the gut microbiome,increasing the abundance of beneficial microorganisms,including Bifidobacterium,Akkermansia,and Lactobacillus.In this study,we report that direct exposure of monolayers of human primary colonic cells toβ(1-4)GOS and β(1-4)hGOS enhances barrier integrity by significantly upregulating MUC2(2-5 fold)and tight junction genes(1.5-8 fold)(p<0.05).RNA sequencing revealed thatβ(1-4)GOS and β(1-4)hGOS activated the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(AHR)pathway,with GOS specifically inducing CYP1A1(log2FC=3.57)and TIPARP,while hGOS enriched pathways related to apical junction integrity.This suggests that AHR activation may enhance gut barrier function,in part,by repressing IL-1β-mediated inflammation.These findings were validated in vivo in young and old C57BL/6 mice,where GOS and hGOS enhanced intestinal permeability by increasing the expression of Muc2 and promoting mucus production,resulting in a thicker mucus layer(GOS:95%CI 0.054-0.146;hGOS:95%CI 0.080-0.176).Tight junction integrity genes were also upregulated by the prebiotics in our study(two-way ANOVA,p<0.05).Our findings suggest that,beyond their modulation of the gut microbiome,GOS and hGOS enhance intestinal barrier function by directly inducing the expression of mucin and tight junction genes,likely through the AHR pathway.These results highlight the potential of prebiotic supple-mentation in improving gut barrier function and maintaining intestinal health.
基金Thisstudywassupportedby grantsfromFrieslandNutritionInstituteofNetherlandsandEdwardKellerCo Ltd ofChina (No .2 0 0 1sh)
文摘Background Oligosaccharides in human milk may protect infants by improving the intestinal micro-flora and fermentation. This study was to investigate effects of infant formula milk consisting of galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) on intestinal microbial populations and the fermentation characteristics in term infants in comparison with that of human milk. Methods The test formula (Frisolac H,Friesland,Netherland) was supplemented with GOS at a concentration of 0.24 g/dl. Human milk and another formula without oligosaccharides (Frisolac H,Friesland,Netherland) were used as positive and negative control respectively. Growth,stool characteristics,and side effects of the recruited infants were recorded after 3 and 6 months’ follow-up,and the fecal species were collected for the analysis of intestinal micro-flora,short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and pH.Results At the end of 3- and 6-month feeding period,intestinal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli were significantly increased in infants fed with GOS supplemented formula and human milk when compared with infants fed with negative control formula; however,there was no statistically significant difference between GOS supplemented formula and human milk groups. Stool characteristics were influenced by the supplement and main fecal SCFA (acetic),and stool frequency were significantly increased in infants fed with GOS supplemented formula and human milk,while the fecal pH was significantly decreased as compared with that of negative control ( P <0.05). Supplementation had no influence on incidence of side effects (including crying,regurgitation and vomiting). Conclusions Supplementing infant formula with GOS at a concentration of 0.24 g/dl stimulates the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the intestine and stool characteristics are similar to in term infants fed with human milk.
