Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae are malaria vector mosquitoes. Knowing their resting behavior is important for implementing control methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the resting behaviour of t...Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae are malaria vector mosquitoes. Knowing their resting behavior is important for implementing control methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the resting behaviour of the two malaria mosquitoes. The study was conducted in Kilombero River Valley and mosquitoes were collected using indoor and outdoor traps from 2012-2015. Poisson mixed models were used to quantify the impact of environment variables on resting behaviour. A log ratio rate between the type of trap and its interaction with environmental variables was used to determine if there was a change over time in the resting behaviour. A total of 4696 mosquitoes were resting indoors of which 57% were A. funestus and 43% were A. gambiae. Similarly, a total of 12,028 mosquitoes were resting outdoor of which 13% were A. funestus and 87% were A. gambiae. Temperature was significant and affected the resting behaviour of A. funestus. Humidity, saturation deficit and temperature were significant variables influencing the resting behaviour of A. gambiae. A. funestus was resting indoor while A. gambiae was resting outdoor over time generally. The findings of this study on the effects of environmental variables and the variations in the resting behaviour of A. gambiae and A. funestus could be used as a guide to implementing appropriate intervention measures such as indoor residential spraying (IRS), insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and mosquito repellents.展开更多
Background:Vector-borne diseases are increasingly becoming a major health problem among communities living along the major rivers of Africa.Although larger water bodies such as lakes and dams have been extensively res...Background:Vector-borne diseases are increasingly becoming a major health problem among communities living along the major rivers of Africa.Although larger water bodies such as lakes and dams have been extensively researched,rivers and their tributaries have largely been ignored.This study sought to establish the spatial distribution of mosquito species during the dry season and further characterize their habitats along the Mara River and its tributaries.Methods:In this cross-sectional survey,mosquito larvae were sampled along the Mara River,its two perennial tributaries(Amala and Nyangores),drying streams,and adjacent aquatic habitats(e.g.swamps,puddles that receive direct sunlight[open sunlit puddles],rock pools,hippo and livestock hoof prints,and vegetated pools).Each habitat was dipped 20 times using a standard dipper.Distance between breeding sites and human habitation was determined using global positioning system coordinates.The collected mosquito larvae were identified using standard taxonomic keys.Water physico-chemical parameters were measured in situ using a multiparameter meter.Mean mosquito larvae per habitat type were compared using analysis of variance and chi-square tests,while the relationship between mosquito larvae and physicochemical parameters was evaluated using a generalized linear mixed model.The Cox-Stuart test was used to detect trends of mosquito larvae distribution.The test allowed for verification of monotonic tendency(rejection of null hypothesis of trend absence)and its variability.Results:A total of 4001 mosquito larvae were collected,of which 2712(67.8%)were collected from river/stream edge habitats and 1289(32.2%)were sampled from aquatic habitats located in the terrestrial ecosystem about 50 m away from the main river/streams.Anopheles gambiae s.s,An.arabiensis,and An.funestus group,the three most potent vectors of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa,together with other anopheline mosquitoes,were the most dominant mosquito species(70.3%),followed by Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx.pipiens complex combined(29.5%).Drying streams accounted for the highest number of larvae captured compared to the other habitat types.A stronger relationship between mosquito larvae abundance and dissolved oxygen(Z=7.37,P≤0.001),temperature(Z=7.65,P≤0.001),turbidity(Z=−5.25,P≤0.001),and distance to the nearest human habitation(Z=4.57,P≤0.001),was observed.Conclusions:Presence of malaria and non-malaria mosquito larvae within the Mara River basin calls for immediate action to curtail the insurgence of vector-borne diseases within the basin.A vector control program should be conducted during the dry period,targeting drying streams shown to produce the highest number of larval mosquitoes.展开更多
Background:Lymphatic filariasis(LF)elimination program in Tanzania started in 2000 in response to the Global program for the elimination of LF by 2020.Evidence shows a persistent LF transmission despite more than a de...Background:Lymphatic filariasis(LF)elimination program in Tanzania started in 2000 in response to the Global program for the elimination of LF by 2020.Evidence shows a persistent LF transmission despite more than a decade of mass drug administration(MDA).It is advocated that,regular monitoring should be conducted in endemic areas to evaluate the progress towards elimination and detect resurgence of the disease timely.This study was therefore designed to assess the status of Wuchererio bancrofti infection in Culex quinqefasciatus and Anopheles species after six rounds of MDA in Masasi District,South Eastern Tanzania.展开更多
文摘Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae are malaria vector mosquitoes. Knowing their resting behavior is important for implementing control methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the resting behaviour of the two malaria mosquitoes. The study was conducted in Kilombero River Valley and mosquitoes were collected using indoor and outdoor traps from 2012-2015. Poisson mixed models were used to quantify the impact of environment variables on resting behaviour. A log ratio rate between the type of trap and its interaction with environmental variables was used to determine if there was a change over time in the resting behaviour. A total of 4696 mosquitoes were resting indoors of which 57% were A. funestus and 43% were A. gambiae. Similarly, a total of 12,028 mosquitoes were resting outdoor of which 13% were A. funestus and 87% were A. gambiae. Temperature was significant and affected the resting behaviour of A. funestus. Humidity, saturation deficit and temperature were significant variables influencing the resting behaviour of A. gambiae. A. funestus was resting indoor while A. gambiae was resting outdoor over time generally. The findings of this study on the effects of environmental variables and the variations in the resting behaviour of A. gambiae and A. funestus could be used as a guide to implementing appropriate intervention measures such as indoor residential spraying (IRS), insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and mosquito repellents.
基金This study was financially supported by the East African Community/Lake Victoria Basin Commission Secretariat through a grant implemented by Maseno University.
文摘Background:Vector-borne diseases are increasingly becoming a major health problem among communities living along the major rivers of Africa.Although larger water bodies such as lakes and dams have been extensively researched,rivers and their tributaries have largely been ignored.This study sought to establish the spatial distribution of mosquito species during the dry season and further characterize their habitats along the Mara River and its tributaries.Methods:In this cross-sectional survey,mosquito larvae were sampled along the Mara River,its two perennial tributaries(Amala and Nyangores),drying streams,and adjacent aquatic habitats(e.g.swamps,puddles that receive direct sunlight[open sunlit puddles],rock pools,hippo and livestock hoof prints,and vegetated pools).Each habitat was dipped 20 times using a standard dipper.Distance between breeding sites and human habitation was determined using global positioning system coordinates.The collected mosquito larvae were identified using standard taxonomic keys.Water physico-chemical parameters were measured in situ using a multiparameter meter.Mean mosquito larvae per habitat type were compared using analysis of variance and chi-square tests,while the relationship between mosquito larvae and physicochemical parameters was evaluated using a generalized linear mixed model.The Cox-Stuart test was used to detect trends of mosquito larvae distribution.The test allowed for verification of monotonic tendency(rejection of null hypothesis of trend absence)and its variability.Results:A total of 4001 mosquito larvae were collected,of which 2712(67.8%)were collected from river/stream edge habitats and 1289(32.2%)were sampled from aquatic habitats located in the terrestrial ecosystem about 50 m away from the main river/streams.Anopheles gambiae s.s,An.arabiensis,and An.funestus group,the three most potent vectors of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa,together with other anopheline mosquitoes,were the most dominant mosquito species(70.3%),followed by Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx.pipiens complex combined(29.5%).Drying streams accounted for the highest number of larvae captured compared to the other habitat types.A stronger relationship between mosquito larvae abundance and dissolved oxygen(Z=7.37,P≤0.001),temperature(Z=7.65,P≤0.001),turbidity(Z=−5.25,P≤0.001),and distance to the nearest human habitation(Z=4.57,P≤0.001),was observed.Conclusions:Presence of malaria and non-malaria mosquito larvae within the Mara River basin calls for immediate action to curtail the insurgence of vector-borne diseases within the basin.A vector control program should be conducted during the dry period,targeting drying streams shown to produce the highest number of larval mosquitoes.
文摘Background:Lymphatic filariasis(LF)elimination program in Tanzania started in 2000 in response to the Global program for the elimination of LF by 2020.Evidence shows a persistent LF transmission despite more than a decade of mass drug administration(MDA).It is advocated that,regular monitoring should be conducted in endemic areas to evaluate the progress towards elimination and detect resurgence of the disease timely.This study was therefore designed to assess the status of Wuchererio bancrofti infection in Culex quinqefasciatus and Anopheles species after six rounds of MDA in Masasi District,South Eastern Tanzania.
