This study investigates the distribution and imbalances of research funding in the field of Environmental Chemistry,utilizing application and funding data fromthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)over...This study investigates the distribution and imbalances of research funding in the field of Environmental Chemistry,utilizing application and funding data fromthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)over the past decade.The findings reveal significant regional disparities,with Eastern regions receiving over 70%of the national funding,while the Northeast accounts for only 4%to 6.5%.Additionally,the analysis shows notable differences in funding allocation among various research institutions,with a substantial portion of funds concentrated in a few leading institutions,leading to inequities across different types and levels of organizations.The impact of applicant gender on funding disparities is relatively minor;although female applicants have a slightly lower funding rate,the concentration of funds is marginally higher among females.Furthermore,the study highlights that key projects and talent-oriented initiatives,due to their significant funding concentration,exacerbate the existing imbalances.Overall,this research provides valuable insights for optimizing funding policies and advocates for a more equitable distribution of resources in Environmental Chemistry research,addressing the identified disparities.展开更多
The Rural Revitalization Investment Fund serves as a crucial financial instrument for advancing rural revitalization and promoting common prosperity.It aims to address financing and land-use challenges faced by rural ...The Rural Revitalization Investment Fund serves as a crucial financial instrument for advancing rural revitalization and promoting common prosperity.It aims to address financing and land-use challenges faced by rural industries through financial support while fostering coordinated industrial development.The fund primarily operates through equity direct investment and the“mother fund+direct investment”model,with an increasing emphasis on combining government guidance with social capital participation.However,challenges persist,including a shortage of professional talent,insufficient institutional innovation,and weak industrial foundations in rural areas.To enhance the fund’s effectiveness,it is recommended to strengthen professional team management,clearly define its strategic positioning,implement strict supervision,innovate operational mechanisms,and prioritize environmental and social responsibility.These measures will ensure that the fund contributes to rural revitalization while promoting sustainable development and common prosperity.展开更多
The inaugural"Belt and Road Nepal-China Buddhist Culture and Art Summit Forum"was held at the Lumbini Buddhist University in Nepal.The"Faxian-Xuanzang Scholarship Fund",jointly established by the C...The inaugural"Belt and Road Nepal-China Buddhist Culture and Art Summit Forum"was held at the Lumbini Buddhist University in Nepal.The"Faxian-Xuanzang Scholarship Fund",jointly established by the Chinese Culture Promotion Society and the Lumbini Buddhist University,was officially launched during the forum.The programme aims to support 100 Chinese and Nepali students in the next three years in conducting specialised research in such fields as Buddhist art and historical scripts.展开更多
Using a novel measure of stock-level trade imitation,we uncover‘smart’copycats:fund managers that use their own information when beneficial,and otherwise imitate other managers’better trades.Contrary to previous re...Using a novel measure of stock-level trade imitation,we uncover‘smart’copycats:fund managers that use their own information when beneficial,and otherwise imitate other managers’better trades.Contrary to previous research,we find that these partial imitation strategies lead to outperformance.Our‘Copycat Score’combines the propensity to imitate and to lead trades.Funds at the high and low ends of the score outperform all others.The Copycat Score is persistent in time,related to other measures of skill,and a good predictor of fund performance.We conclude that smart copycatting is another skill of successful fund managers.展开更多
Crowdfunding is emerging as an alternative form of funding for medical purposes,with capital being raised directly from a broader and more diverse audience of investors.In this paper,we have systematically researched ...Crowdfunding is emerging as an alternative form of funding for medical purposes,with capital being raised directly from a broader and more diverse audience of investors.In this paper,we have systematically researched and reviewed the literature on medical crowdfunding to determine how crowdfunding connects with the health care industry.The health care industry has been struggling to develop sustainable research and business models for economic systems and investors alike,especially in pharmaceuticals.The research results have revealed a wealth of evidence concerning the way crowdfunding is applied in real life.Patients and caregivers utilize web platform–based campaigns all over the world to fund their medical expenses,generally on a spot basis,using donation-based or even reward-based schemes,regardless of the health care system archetype(public,private insurance-based or hybrid).Academics have also focused on funding campaigns and the predictors of success(which range from social behaviour and environment to the basic demographics of the campaigners and their diseases)and on social and regulatory concerns,including heightened social inequality and stigma.While equity crowdfunding is disrupting the way many ventures/businesses seek capital in the market,our research indicates that there are no relevant or consistent data on the practice of medical equity crowdfunding in health care,apart from a few anecdotal cases.展开更多
The phenomena of financial crisis (2007-2008) shows a significant breakdown of US$16 trillion in conventional financial industry. This provides an opportunity for Islamic capital market to drive the global asset growt...The phenomena of financial crisis (2007-2008) shows a significant breakdown of US$16 trillion in conventional financial industry. This provides an opportunity for Islamic capital market to drive the global asset growth investments to investors. Previous studies signal mixture results on Islamic mutual fund (IMF) and conventional mutual fund (CMF) performance. This study aims to analyze the performance of 200 IMFs and CMFs from 2007 to 2015. The sub-sample period of 2007 to 2015 will be compared to the era of financial crisis from 2007-2008. Findings show all types of mutual funds are performed throughout 2007 until 2015. The results provide information that would benefit the investors and market players in asset funds selection.展开更多
Objective The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)has made great progress in promoting the development of aortic dissection research in recent years.This study aimed to examine the development and resear...Objective The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)has made great progress in promoting the development of aortic dissection research in recent years.This study aimed to examine the development and research status of aortic dissection research in China so as to provide references for future research.Methods The NSFC projects data from 2008 to 2019 were collected from the Internet-based Science Information System and other websites utilized as search engines.The publications and citations were retrieved by Google Scholar,and the impact factors were checked by the InCite Journal Citation Reports database.The investigator’s degree and department were identified from the institutional faculty profiles.Results A total of 250 grant funds totaling 124.3 million Yuan and resulting in 747 publications were analyzed.The funds in economically developed and densely populated areas were more than those in underdeveloped and sparsely populated areas.There was no significant difference in the amount of funding per grant between different departments’investigators.However,the funding output ratios of the grants for cardiologists were higher than those for basic science investigators.The amount of funding for clinical researchers and basic scientific researchers in aortic dissection was also similar.Clinical researchers were better in terms of the funding output ratio.Conclusion These results suggest that the medical and scientific research level of aortic dissection in China has been greatly improved.However,there are still some problems that urgently need to be solved,such as the unreasonable regional allocation of medical and scientific research resources,and the slow transition from basic science to clinical practice.展开更多
This paper explores the disposition effect, the tendency of investors to hold losing investments too long and sell winning investments too soon, by analyzing a unique data set that consists of the buying and selling p...This paper explores the disposition effect, the tendency of investors to hold losing investments too long and sell winning investments too soon, by analyzing a unique data set that consists of the buying and selling positions of open-end fund investors in China. Results show that investors' buying and selling behaviors are significantly affected by fund performance. The reasons that lie behind such results are mainly related to the non-persistence of fund performance. When fund performance is non-persistent, investors are not clear about the future returns on funds. So, investors, especially individual investors, would have to realize the profits on hand immediately. Meanwhile, fund investors are highly sensitive to fund age and loading fees, but not sensitive to management fees charged by funds when they buy or sell fund shares.展开更多
The fund budget of multipurpose transit smart card systems is studied by stochastic programming to assign limited funds to different applications reasonably. Under the constraints of a gross fund, models of chance-con...The fund budget of multipurpose transit smart card systems is studied by stochastic programming to assign limited funds to different applications reasonably. Under the constraints of a gross fund, models of chance-constrained and dependentchance for the fund budget of multipurpose transit smart card systems are established with application scale and social demand as random variables, respectively aiming to maximize earnings and satisfy the service requirements the furthest; and the genetic algorithm based on stochastic simulation is adopted for model solution. The calculation results show that the fund budget differs greatly with different system objectives which can cause the systems to have distinct expansibilities, and the application scales of some applications may not satisfy user demands with limited funds. The analysis results indicate that the forecast of application scales and application future demands should be done first, and then the system objective is determined according to the system mission, which can help reduce the risks of fund budgets.展开更多
The adequacy of state funding for higher education in America is vital to cultivate the qualified workforce and help in developing the state’s economy.With the economy downturn situation,whether the current state fun...The adequacy of state funding for higher education in America is vital to cultivate the qualified workforce and help in developing the state’s economy.With the economy downturn situation,whether the current state funding is adequate to the need of institutions and students is a valuable question to be investigated.This research reviewed the whole trends of state and federal support of the higher education,having analyzed the data of higher education funding for the whole state,for the institution development,and for the students and their families.With the enrollment increasing and the inflation growing,the state fund was dropping.Although states supply a greater part of funding to public universities,most of the state funding goes to community colleges and non-research public institutions.The public research institutions and undergraduate education are important components in higher education,generating changing the development for the entire society.The state should make some adjustments in distributing funding in order to keep up with the most urgent needs of the higher education and ease pressure on the institutions,and ease the financial burden on students and their families.展开更多
It is a rather challenging project to seek the amount of funds raised by funds-raising companies. This paper is focused on China private equity funds that have succeeded in raising their funds. The grey systemic model...It is a rather challenging project to seek the amount of funds raised by funds-raising companies. This paper is focused on China private equity funds that have succeeded in raising their funds. The grey systemic model is applied in the research and a formula is established for the law of fund-raising of the private equity funds in order to sum up the capacity of China private equity investment funds and to establish a model accordingly.展开更多
Background:Gold exchange-traded funds,since introduction,are primarily aimed at tracking the price of physical gold in the financial market.This,a category of exchange-traded funds,whose units represent physical gold,...Background:Gold exchange-traded funds,since introduction,are primarily aimed at tracking the price of physical gold in the financial market.This,a category of exchange-traded funds,whose units represent physical gold,is traded on exchanges like any other financial instrument.In the Indian financial market,gold exchange traded funds were introduced a decade ago to facilitate ordinary households'participation in the bullion market.They were also designed to assist in the price discovery mechanism of the bullion market.Presentation of the hypothesis:In this paper,it is attempted to check if one of the constituents of price discovery mechanism,informational efficiency,has been achieved in gold exchange-traded funds’market.Information efficiency becomes evident only when all available information is reflected in the market price of the instrument.Testing the hypothesis:Therefore,in order to assess the weak-form efficiency of the gold exchange-traded funds market,the daily returns of five gold exchangetraded funds traded on the Indian Stock Exchange over the period March 22,2010,to August 28,2015,were used.The non-parametric runs test,the parametric serial correlation test,and the augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test are employed.Implications of the hypothesis:The test results provide evidence that the efficient market hypothesis does not hold for the gold exchange-traded funds’market in India.Further,the test results address several underlying issues with respect to price discovery in the market under study and suggest that the Indian market for this derivative is not weak-form efficient.Hence,the factors affecting gold exchange traded-funds’market warrant the attention of the country’s regulatory bodies,as appropriate legislation in support of market efficiency is needed.展开更多
Canadian governments have moved towards a matching funding model for agricultural research. Agricultural organizations can take advantage of this if Canadian Controlled Private Corporations are established to fund res...Canadian governments have moved towards a matching funding model for agricultural research. Agricultural organizations can take advantage of this if Canadian Controlled Private Corporations are established to fund research through matching grants, tax credits and investments. A low risk options strategy is presented which uses index options and is a diagonal put spread where an in-the-money put is bought which expires in 1 to 2 years and out-of-the-money puts are sold which expire monthly. In summary, “A small Canadian Controlled Private Corporation can, for a $100,000 up front initial investment, generate at least $100,000 annually in research funding, in perpetuity”.展开更多
Hedge funds have traditionally served wealthy individuals and institutional investors with the promise of delivering protection of capital and uncorrelated positive returns irrespective of market direction,allowing th...Hedge funds have traditionally served wealthy individuals and institutional investors with the promise of delivering protection of capital and uncorrelated positive returns irrespective of market direction,allowing them to better manage portfolio risk.However,the financial crisis of 2008 has heightened investor sensitivity to the high fees,illiquidity,lack of transparency,and lockup periods typically associated with hedge funds.Hedge fund replication products,or clones,seek to answer these challenges by providing daily liquidity,transparency,and immediate exposure to a desired hedge fund strategy.Nonetheless,although lowering cost and adding simplicity by using a common set of factors,traditional replication products might offer lower risk-reward performance compared to hedge funds.This research explores hedge fund replication further by examining the importance of constructing clones with specific factors relevant to each hedge fund strategy,and then compares the strategy specific clone risk and reward performance against both actual hedge fund performance and hedge fund clones constructed using a more general set of common factors.Testing shows that using strategy specific factors to replicate common hedge fund strategies can offer superior risk-reward performance compared to previous general model clones.展开更多
The Global Fund has long been the largest international assistance in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)responses for three Southeast Asian countries,including Myanmar,Laos,and Vietnam.However,it recently decided to re...The Global Fund has long been the largest international assistance in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)responses for three Southeast Asian countries,including Myanmar,Laos,and Vietnam.However,it recently decided to reduce or withdraw its funding from countries not yet going through donor phase out,aiming to make these countries respond with their own resources.In examining whether these three countries are well-prepared to donor transition,we uncover potential challenges that will appear in their healthcare systems and especially in the prevention and control for vulnerable populations.By reviewing China's succesful experience in donor transition,we propose recommendations for these pre transition countries,in terms of program operation,budget allocation,and social stigmatization.展开更多
Background: International research and innovation efforts for neglected tropical diseases have increased in recent decades due to disparities in overall health research funding in relation to global burden of disease....Background: International research and innovation efforts for neglected tropical diseases have increased in recent decades due to disparities in overall health research funding in relation to global burden of disease. However, within the field of neglected tropical diseases some seem far more neglected than others. In this research the aim is to investigate the distribution of resources and efforts, as well as the mechanisms that underpin funding allocation for neglected tropical diseases. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted to establish a comprehensive overview of known indicators for innovation efforts related to a wide range of neglected tropical diseases. Articles were selected based on a subjective evaluation of their relevance, the presence of original data, and the breadth of their scope. This was followed by thirteen in-depth open-ended interviews with representatives of private, public and philanthropic funding organizations, concerning evaluation criteria for funding research proposals. Results: The findings reveal a large difference in the extent to which the individual diseases are neglected with notable differences between absolute and relative efforts. Criteria used in the evaluation of research proposals relate to potential impact, the probability of success and strategic fit. Private organizations prioritize strategic fit and economic impact;philanthropic organizations prioritize short-term societal impact;and public generally prioritize the probability of success by accounting for follow-up funding and involvement of industry. Funding decisions of different types of organizations are highly interrelated. Conclusions: This study shows that the evaluation of funding proposals introduces and retains unequal funding distribution, reinforcing the relative neglect of diseases. Societal impact is the primary rationale for funding but application of it as a funding criterion is associated with significant challenges. Furthermore, current application of evaluation criteria leads to a primary focus on short-term impact. Through current practice, the relatively most neglected diseases will remain so, and a long-term strategy is needed to resolve this.展开更多
On the international levels, funding has a wide importance in the sense that it is vehemently regarded as something that attracts both the developed countries and the developing countries. This is considered as the fo...On the international levels, funding has a wide importance in the sense that it is vehemently regarded as something that attracts both the developed countries and the developing countries. This is considered as the focal point of economy and economic activities. This is because of the fact that any economy can not continue without funding. This leads to a great care by institutions and governments as well as any social, political, and economic activity. The funding policy is regarded as one of the most important and active methods in having and preparing strategies that aim at having total control on private and public f＇mancial resources throughout financial activities to refresh the Palestinian economy. Due to the sensitivity of the current conditions, funding has a very important position and role. The deprivation stages the Palestirtian people have witnessed led to lack of Palestinian rights to build national institutions and bodies that are able to adopt social and economic policies that aim at having development as well as enabling the Palestinian entire society members to face both internal and external challenges and vice versa. There is vacuum of having an independent Palestinian state after 1967. There is a strict political s~,stem of lawful individuals and political domination, imposing by an Israeli military occupation to control and rule, controlling all Palestinian life to destroy the Palestinian economy and to distort the system without any lawful and constitutional independence. During the occupation period, the Palestinians lived under a lawful and managerial military power that destroys productivity paving the way to expel Palestinians out of their home which did not enable Palestinians to have their own social policies. The Palestinian national authority, ever since its rule, started to have a rehabilitation of its economic policies within a strategic plan that ensures economic development, stability, and geographical continuation amongst Palestinian resources control in a way that supports the Palestinian economy. That builds Palestinian policies to have economic development and improvement of general performance to develop, complete, and unify law and constitution. This also aims at Palestinian society development in terms of economy giving future hopes for Palestinians to have international development projects in the sense that any Palestinian strategy quickly faces lack of fund and therefore consequently everything is put to an end. The possibility of this study is to strengthen and stimulat the direct foreign investment as an alternative of the internal funding. Moreover, this study will investigate how to achieve an increase efficiency of investment and the national funding resources that generate income. The study＇s methodology is, descriptive analytical approach which has been applied because it matches the nature of this study. To answer study questions ＂What is the funding strategy followed by the Palestinian authority to develop the national economy？＂, confirmation is made that there are no funding strategies applied by the Palestinian authority to create funding mechanisms for development of national economy. This is not helpful for the national economy.展开更多
According to the developing trends of plant science and the traits of the division of botany,"attaching importance to the frontiers in botany,supporting weak subdisciplines,and paying attention to newly growing p...According to the developing trends of plant science and the traits of the division of botany,"attaching importance to the frontiers in botany,supporting weak subdisciplines,and paying attention to newly growing points"is picked up as the funding strategy of Division of Botany in NSFC.The budget and the number of projects funded have increased year after year in recent four years,and in 2004,the budget and the number of projects funded are twice of that in 2001.The paper presents principle adopted in recommending projects to be funded and briefly introduces the applications as well as a survey of fund.The list of programs funded by Division of Botany in 2004 is provided.展开更多
基金supported by the Major Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research of Jiangsu(No.2019SJZDA073).
文摘This study investigates the distribution and imbalances of research funding in the field of Environmental Chemistry,utilizing application and funding data fromthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)over the past decade.The findings reveal significant regional disparities,with Eastern regions receiving over 70%of the national funding,while the Northeast accounts for only 4%to 6.5%.Additionally,the analysis shows notable differences in funding allocation among various research institutions,with a substantial portion of funds concentrated in a few leading institutions,leading to inequities across different types and levels of organizations.The impact of applicant gender on funding disparities is relatively minor;although female applicants have a slightly lower funding rate,the concentration of funds is marginally higher among females.Furthermore,the study highlights that key projects and talent-oriented initiatives,due to their significant funding concentration,exacerbate the existing imbalances.Overall,this research provides valuable insights for optimizing funding policies and advocates for a more equitable distribution of resources in Environmental Chemistry research,addressing the identified disparities.
文摘The Rural Revitalization Investment Fund serves as a crucial financial instrument for advancing rural revitalization and promoting common prosperity.It aims to address financing and land-use challenges faced by rural industries through financial support while fostering coordinated industrial development.The fund primarily operates through equity direct investment and the“mother fund+direct investment”model,with an increasing emphasis on combining government guidance with social capital participation.However,challenges persist,including a shortage of professional talent,insufficient institutional innovation,and weak industrial foundations in rural areas.To enhance the fund’s effectiveness,it is recommended to strengthen professional team management,clearly define its strategic positioning,implement strict supervision,innovate operational mechanisms,and prioritize environmental and social responsibility.These measures will ensure that the fund contributes to rural revitalization while promoting sustainable development and common prosperity.
文摘The inaugural"Belt and Road Nepal-China Buddhist Culture and Art Summit Forum"was held at the Lumbini Buddhist University in Nepal.The"Faxian-Xuanzang Scholarship Fund",jointly established by the Chinese Culture Promotion Society and the Lumbini Buddhist University,was officially launched during the forum.The programme aims to support 100 Chinese and Nepali students in the next three years in conducting specialised research in such fields as Buddhist art and historical scripts.
文摘Using a novel measure of stock-level trade imitation,we uncover‘smart’copycats:fund managers that use their own information when beneficial,and otherwise imitate other managers’better trades.Contrary to previous research,we find that these partial imitation strategies lead to outperformance.Our‘Copycat Score’combines the propensity to imitate and to lead trades.Funds at the high and low ends of the score outperform all others.The Copycat Score is persistent in time,related to other measures of skill,and a good predictor of fund performance.We conclude that smart copycatting is another skill of successful fund managers.
文摘Crowdfunding is emerging as an alternative form of funding for medical purposes,with capital being raised directly from a broader and more diverse audience of investors.In this paper,we have systematically researched and reviewed the literature on medical crowdfunding to determine how crowdfunding connects with the health care industry.The health care industry has been struggling to develop sustainable research and business models for economic systems and investors alike,especially in pharmaceuticals.The research results have revealed a wealth of evidence concerning the way crowdfunding is applied in real life.Patients and caregivers utilize web platform–based campaigns all over the world to fund their medical expenses,generally on a spot basis,using donation-based or even reward-based schemes,regardless of the health care system archetype(public,private insurance-based or hybrid).Academics have also focused on funding campaigns and the predictors of success(which range from social behaviour and environment to the basic demographics of the campaigners and their diseases)and on social and regulatory concerns,including heightened social inequality and stigma.While equity crowdfunding is disrupting the way many ventures/businesses seek capital in the market,our research indicates that there are no relevant or consistent data on the practice of medical equity crowdfunding in health care,apart from a few anecdotal cases.
文摘The phenomena of financial crisis (2007-2008) shows a significant breakdown of US$16 trillion in conventional financial industry. This provides an opportunity for Islamic capital market to drive the global asset growth investments to investors. Previous studies signal mixture results on Islamic mutual fund (IMF) and conventional mutual fund (CMF) performance. This study aims to analyze the performance of 200 IMFs and CMFs from 2007 to 2015. The sub-sample period of 2007 to 2015 will be compared to the era of financial crisis from 2007-2008. Findings show all types of mutual funds are performed throughout 2007 until 2015. The results provide information that would benefit the investors and market players in asset funds selection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81800413 and No.81974048).
文摘Objective The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)has made great progress in promoting the development of aortic dissection research in recent years.This study aimed to examine the development and research status of aortic dissection research in China so as to provide references for future research.Methods The NSFC projects data from 2008 to 2019 were collected from the Internet-based Science Information System and other websites utilized as search engines.The publications and citations were retrieved by Google Scholar,and the impact factors were checked by the InCite Journal Citation Reports database.The investigator’s degree and department were identified from the institutional faculty profiles.Results A total of 250 grant funds totaling 124.3 million Yuan and resulting in 747 publications were analyzed.The funds in economically developed and densely populated areas were more than those in underdeveloped and sparsely populated areas.There was no significant difference in the amount of funding per grant between different departments’investigators.However,the funding output ratios of the grants for cardiologists were higher than those for basic science investigators.The amount of funding for clinical researchers and basic scientific researchers in aortic dissection was also similar.Clinical researchers were better in terms of the funding output ratio.Conclusion These results suggest that the medical and scientific research level of aortic dissection in China has been greatly improved.However,there are still some problems that urgently need to be solved,such as the unreasonable regional allocation of medical and scientific research resources,and the slow transition from basic science to clinical practice.
文摘This paper explores the disposition effect, the tendency of investors to hold losing investments too long and sell winning investments too soon, by analyzing a unique data set that consists of the buying and selling positions of open-end fund investors in China. Results show that investors' buying and selling behaviors are significantly affected by fund performance. The reasons that lie behind such results are mainly related to the non-persistence of fund performance. When fund performance is non-persistent, investors are not clear about the future returns on funds. So, investors, especially individual investors, would have to realize the profits on hand immediately. Meanwhile, fund investors are highly sensitive to fund age and loading fees, but not sensitive to management fees charged by funds when they buy or sell fund shares.
基金The Key Technology R& D Program of Jiangsu Scienceand Technology Department(No.BE2006010)the Key Technology R& DProgram of Nanjing Science and Technology Bureau(No.200601001)Sci-ence and Technology Research Projects of Nanjing Metro Headquarters(No.8550143007).
文摘The fund budget of multipurpose transit smart card systems is studied by stochastic programming to assign limited funds to different applications reasonably. Under the constraints of a gross fund, models of chance-constrained and dependentchance for the fund budget of multipurpose transit smart card systems are established with application scale and social demand as random variables, respectively aiming to maximize earnings and satisfy the service requirements the furthest; and the genetic algorithm based on stochastic simulation is adopted for model solution. The calculation results show that the fund budget differs greatly with different system objectives which can cause the systems to have distinct expansibilities, and the application scales of some applications may not satisfy user demands with limited funds. The analysis results indicate that the forecast of application scales and application future demands should be done first, and then the system objective is determined according to the system mission, which can help reduce the risks of fund budgets.
文摘The adequacy of state funding for higher education in America is vital to cultivate the qualified workforce and help in developing the state’s economy.With the economy downturn situation,whether the current state funding is adequate to the need of institutions and students is a valuable question to be investigated.This research reviewed the whole trends of state and federal support of the higher education,having analyzed the data of higher education funding for the whole state,for the institution development,and for the students and their families.With the enrollment increasing and the inflation growing,the state fund was dropping.Although states supply a greater part of funding to public universities,most of the state funding goes to community colleges and non-research public institutions.The public research institutions and undergraduate education are important components in higher education,generating changing the development for the entire society.The state should make some adjustments in distributing funding in order to keep up with the most urgent needs of the higher education and ease pressure on the institutions,and ease the financial burden on students and their families.
文摘It is a rather challenging project to seek the amount of funds raised by funds-raising companies. This paper is focused on China private equity funds that have succeeded in raising their funds. The grey systemic model is applied in the research and a formula is established for the law of fund-raising of the private equity funds in order to sum up the capacity of China private equity investment funds and to establish a model accordingly.
文摘Background:Gold exchange-traded funds,since introduction,are primarily aimed at tracking the price of physical gold in the financial market.This,a category of exchange-traded funds,whose units represent physical gold,is traded on exchanges like any other financial instrument.In the Indian financial market,gold exchange traded funds were introduced a decade ago to facilitate ordinary households'participation in the bullion market.They were also designed to assist in the price discovery mechanism of the bullion market.Presentation of the hypothesis:In this paper,it is attempted to check if one of the constituents of price discovery mechanism,informational efficiency,has been achieved in gold exchange-traded funds’market.Information efficiency becomes evident only when all available information is reflected in the market price of the instrument.Testing the hypothesis:Therefore,in order to assess the weak-form efficiency of the gold exchange-traded funds market,the daily returns of five gold exchangetraded funds traded on the Indian Stock Exchange over the period March 22,2010,to August 28,2015,were used.The non-parametric runs test,the parametric serial correlation test,and the augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test are employed.Implications of the hypothesis:The test results provide evidence that the efficient market hypothesis does not hold for the gold exchange-traded funds’market in India.Further,the test results address several underlying issues with respect to price discovery in the market under study and suggest that the Indian market for this derivative is not weak-form efficient.Hence,the factors affecting gold exchange traded-funds’market warrant the attention of the country’s regulatory bodies,as appropriate legislation in support of market efficiency is needed.
文摘Canadian governments have moved towards a matching funding model for agricultural research. Agricultural organizations can take advantage of this if Canadian Controlled Private Corporations are established to fund research through matching grants, tax credits and investments. A low risk options strategy is presented which uses index options and is a diagonal put spread where an in-the-money put is bought which expires in 1 to 2 years and out-of-the-money puts are sold which expire monthly. In summary, “A small Canadian Controlled Private Corporation can, for a $100,000 up front initial investment, generate at least $100,000 annually in research funding, in perpetuity”.
基金The Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering at the Missouri University of Science and Technology provided graduate assistantship funding for Mr.Sujit Subhash.
文摘Hedge funds have traditionally served wealthy individuals and institutional investors with the promise of delivering protection of capital and uncorrelated positive returns irrespective of market direction,allowing them to better manage portfolio risk.However,the financial crisis of 2008 has heightened investor sensitivity to the high fees,illiquidity,lack of transparency,and lockup periods typically associated with hedge funds.Hedge fund replication products,or clones,seek to answer these challenges by providing daily liquidity,transparency,and immediate exposure to a desired hedge fund strategy.Nonetheless,although lowering cost and adding simplicity by using a common set of factors,traditional replication products might offer lower risk-reward performance compared to hedge funds.This research explores hedge fund replication further by examining the importance of constructing clones with specific factors relevant to each hedge fund strategy,and then compares the strategy specific clone risk and reward performance against both actual hedge fund performance and hedge fund clones constructed using a more general set of common factors.Testing shows that using strategy specific factors to replicate common hedge fund strategies can offer superior risk-reward performance compared to previous general model clones.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71904171)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2020QNA7021)China Medical Board(Project No.202032).
文摘The Global Fund has long been the largest international assistance in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)responses for three Southeast Asian countries,including Myanmar,Laos,and Vietnam.However,it recently decided to reduce or withdraw its funding from countries not yet going through donor phase out,aiming to make these countries respond with their own resources.In examining whether these three countries are well-prepared to donor transition,we uncover potential challenges that will appear in their healthcare systems and especially in the prevention and control for vulnerable populations.By reviewing China's succesful experience in donor transition,we propose recommendations for these pre transition countries,in terms of program operation,budget allocation,and social stigmatization.
文摘Background: International research and innovation efforts for neglected tropical diseases have increased in recent decades due to disparities in overall health research funding in relation to global burden of disease. However, within the field of neglected tropical diseases some seem far more neglected than others. In this research the aim is to investigate the distribution of resources and efforts, as well as the mechanisms that underpin funding allocation for neglected tropical diseases. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted to establish a comprehensive overview of known indicators for innovation efforts related to a wide range of neglected tropical diseases. Articles were selected based on a subjective evaluation of their relevance, the presence of original data, and the breadth of their scope. This was followed by thirteen in-depth open-ended interviews with representatives of private, public and philanthropic funding organizations, concerning evaluation criteria for funding research proposals. Results: The findings reveal a large difference in the extent to which the individual diseases are neglected with notable differences between absolute and relative efforts. Criteria used in the evaluation of research proposals relate to potential impact, the probability of success and strategic fit. Private organizations prioritize strategic fit and economic impact;philanthropic organizations prioritize short-term societal impact;and public generally prioritize the probability of success by accounting for follow-up funding and involvement of industry. Funding decisions of different types of organizations are highly interrelated. Conclusions: This study shows that the evaluation of funding proposals introduces and retains unequal funding distribution, reinforcing the relative neglect of diseases. Societal impact is the primary rationale for funding but application of it as a funding criterion is associated with significant challenges. Furthermore, current application of evaluation criteria leads to a primary focus on short-term impact. Through current practice, the relatively most neglected diseases will remain so, and a long-term strategy is needed to resolve this.
文摘On the international levels, funding has a wide importance in the sense that it is vehemently regarded as something that attracts both the developed countries and the developing countries. This is considered as the focal point of economy and economic activities. This is because of the fact that any economy can not continue without funding. This leads to a great care by institutions and governments as well as any social, political, and economic activity. The funding policy is regarded as one of the most important and active methods in having and preparing strategies that aim at having total control on private and public f＇mancial resources throughout financial activities to refresh the Palestinian economy. Due to the sensitivity of the current conditions, funding has a very important position and role. The deprivation stages the Palestirtian people have witnessed led to lack of Palestinian rights to build national institutions and bodies that are able to adopt social and economic policies that aim at having development as well as enabling the Palestinian entire society members to face both internal and external challenges and vice versa. There is vacuum of having an independent Palestinian state after 1967. There is a strict political s~,stem of lawful individuals and political domination, imposing by an Israeli military occupation to control and rule, controlling all Palestinian life to destroy the Palestinian economy and to distort the system without any lawful and constitutional independence. During the occupation period, the Palestinians lived under a lawful and managerial military power that destroys productivity paving the way to expel Palestinians out of their home which did not enable Palestinians to have their own social policies. The Palestinian national authority, ever since its rule, started to have a rehabilitation of its economic policies within a strategic plan that ensures economic development, stability, and geographical continuation amongst Palestinian resources control in a way that supports the Palestinian economy. That builds Palestinian policies to have economic development and improvement of general performance to develop, complete, and unify law and constitution. This also aims at Palestinian society development in terms of economy giving future hopes for Palestinians to have international development projects in the sense that any Palestinian strategy quickly faces lack of fund and therefore consequently everything is put to an end. The possibility of this study is to strengthen and stimulat the direct foreign investment as an alternative of the internal funding. Moreover, this study will investigate how to achieve an increase efficiency of investment and the national funding resources that generate income. The study＇s methodology is, descriptive analytical approach which has been applied because it matches the nature of this study. To answer study questions ＂What is the funding strategy followed by the Palestinian authority to develop the national economy？＂, confirmation is made that there are no funding strategies applied by the Palestinian authority to create funding mechanisms for development of national economy. This is not helpful for the national economy.
文摘According to the developing trends of plant science and the traits of the division of botany,"attaching importance to the frontiers in botany,supporting weak subdisciplines,and paying attention to newly growing points"is picked up as the funding strategy of Division of Botany in NSFC.The budget and the number of projects funded have increased year after year in recent four years,and in 2004,the budget and the number of projects funded are twice of that in 2001.The paper presents principle adopted in recommending projects to be funded and briefly introduces the applications as well as a survey of fund.The list of programs funded by Division of Botany in 2004 is provided.
