Increased circulating branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs)have been involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance.However,evidence relating berberine(BBR),gut microbiota,BCAAs,and insulin resis⁃tance is ...Increased circulating branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs)have been involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance.However,evidence relating berberine(BBR),gut microbiota,BCAAs,and insulin resis⁃tance is limited.Here,we showed that BBR could effectively rectify steatohepatitis and glucose intolerance in high-fat diet(HFD)-fed mice.BBR reorganized gut microbiota populations under both the normal chow diet(NCD)and HFD.Particu⁃larly,BBR noticeably decreased the relative abundance of BCAA-producing bacteria,including order Clostridiales;fami⁃lies Streptococcaceae,Clostridiaceae,and Prevotellaceae;and genera Streptococcus and Prevotella.Compared with the HFD group,predictive metagenomics indicated a reduction in the proportion of gut microbiota genes involved in BCAA biosynthesis but the enrichment genes for BCAA degradation and transport by BBR treatment.Accordingly,the elevated serum BCAAs of HFD group were significantly decreased by BBR.Furthermore,the Western blotting results implied that BBR could promote the BCAA catabolism in the liver and epididymal white adipose tissues of HFD-fed mice by acti⁃vation of the multienzyme branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex,whereas by inhibition of the phosphoryla⁃tion state of BCKDHA(E1α subunit)and branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase.The ex vivo assay further confirmed that BBR could increase BCAA catabolism in both AML12 hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Finally,data from healthy subjects and diabetics confirmed that BBR could improve glycemic control and modulate circulating BCAAs.Besides,functional microbiomics integrated high-throughput microbial genomics,metabolomics and molecular biotechnology has also been successfully applied to reveal the anti-obesity mechanism of hydroxysafflor yellow A.展开更多
Biochar and organic fertilizer are widely supported to maintain crop production and sustainable development of agroecosystems.However,it is unclear how biochar and organic fertilizer alone or in combination regulate s...Biochar and organic fertilizer are widely supported to maintain crop production and sustainable development of agroecosystems.However,it is unclear how biochar and organic fertilizer alone or in combination regulate soil functional microbiomes and their relationships to ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).Herein,a long-term(started in 2013)field experiment,containing five fertilization treatments,was employed to explore the effects of biochar and organic fertilizer applications on the EMF(based on 18 functional indicators of crop productivity,soil nutrient supply,element cycling,and microbial biomass)and the functional microbiomes of bulk soil and rhizosphere soil[normalizing the abundances of 64 genes related to carbon(C),nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and sulphur(S)cycles].Compared with single-chemical fertilization,biochar and organic fertilizer inputs significantly enhanced most ecosystem-single functions and,in particular,the EMF significantly increased by 18.7-30.1%;biochar and organic fertilizer applications significantly increased the abundances of soil microbial functional taxa related to C-N-P-S cycles to varying degree.The combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer showed a better improvement in these indicators compared to using them individually.Most functional microbial populations in the soil,especially the taxa involved in C degradation,nitrification,nitrate-reduction,organic P mineralization,and S cycling showed significantly positive associations with the EMF at different threshold levels,which ultimately was regulated by soil pH and nutrient availability.These results highlight the strong links between soil microbiomes and agroecosystem functions,as well as providing scientific support for inclusion of biochar in agricultural production and services with organic amendments.展开更多
The incredibly complex soil microbial communities at small scales make their analysis and identification of reasons for the observed structures challenging.Microbial community structure is mainly a result of the inocu...The incredibly complex soil microbial communities at small scales make their analysis and identification of reasons for the observed structures challenging.Microbial community structure is mainly a result of the inoculum(dispersal),the selective advantages of those organisms under the habitat-based environmental attributes,and the ability of those colonizers to sustain themselves over time.Since soil is protective,and its microbial inhabitants have long adapted to varied soil conditions,significant portions of the soil microbial community structure are likely stable.Hence,a substantial portion of the community will not correlate to often measured soil attributes.We suggest that the drivers be ranked on the basis of their importance to the fundamental needs of the microbes:(i)those that supply energy,i.e.,organic carbon and electron acceptors;(i)environmental effectors or stressors,i.e.,pH,salt,drought,and toxic chemicals;(ii)macro-organism associations,i.e.,plants and their seasonality,animals and their fecal matter,and soil fauna;and(iv)nutrients,in order,N,P,and probably of lesser importance,other micronutrients,and metals.The relevance of drivers also varies with spatial and time scales,for example,aggregate to field to regional,and persistent to dynamic populations to transcripts,and with the extent of phylogenetic difference,hence phenotypic differences in organismal groups.We present a summary matrix to provide guidance on which drivers are important for particular studies,with special emphasis on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales,and illustrate this with genomic and population(rRNA gene)data from selected studies.展开更多
文摘Increased circulating branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs)have been involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance.However,evidence relating berberine(BBR),gut microbiota,BCAAs,and insulin resis⁃tance is limited.Here,we showed that BBR could effectively rectify steatohepatitis and glucose intolerance in high-fat diet(HFD)-fed mice.BBR reorganized gut microbiota populations under both the normal chow diet(NCD)and HFD.Particu⁃larly,BBR noticeably decreased the relative abundance of BCAA-producing bacteria,including order Clostridiales;fami⁃lies Streptococcaceae,Clostridiaceae,and Prevotellaceae;and genera Streptococcus and Prevotella.Compared with the HFD group,predictive metagenomics indicated a reduction in the proportion of gut microbiota genes involved in BCAA biosynthesis but the enrichment genes for BCAA degradation and transport by BBR treatment.Accordingly,the elevated serum BCAAs of HFD group were significantly decreased by BBR.Furthermore,the Western blotting results implied that BBR could promote the BCAA catabolism in the liver and epididymal white adipose tissues of HFD-fed mice by acti⁃vation of the multienzyme branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex,whereas by inhibition of the phosphoryla⁃tion state of BCKDHA(E1α subunit)and branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase.The ex vivo assay further confirmed that BBR could increase BCAA catabolism in both AML12 hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Finally,data from healthy subjects and diabetics confirmed that BBR could improve glycemic control and modulate circulating BCAAs.Besides,functional microbiomics integrated high-throughput microbial genomics,metabolomics and molecular biotechnology has also been successfully applied to reveal the anti-obesity mechanism of hydroxysafflor yellow A.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42107262)Key Field Research and Development Program of Hunan Province(2023NK2028).
文摘Biochar and organic fertilizer are widely supported to maintain crop production and sustainable development of agroecosystems.However,it is unclear how biochar and organic fertilizer alone or in combination regulate soil functional microbiomes and their relationships to ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).Herein,a long-term(started in 2013)field experiment,containing five fertilization treatments,was employed to explore the effects of biochar and organic fertilizer applications on the EMF(based on 18 functional indicators of crop productivity,soil nutrient supply,element cycling,and microbial biomass)and the functional microbiomes of bulk soil and rhizosphere soil[normalizing the abundances of 64 genes related to carbon(C),nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and sulphur(S)cycles].Compared with single-chemical fertilization,biochar and organic fertilizer inputs significantly enhanced most ecosystem-single functions and,in particular,the EMF significantly increased by 18.7-30.1%;biochar and organic fertilizer applications significantly increased the abundances of soil microbial functional taxa related to C-N-P-S cycles to varying degree.The combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer showed a better improvement in these indicators compared to using them individually.Most functional microbial populations in the soil,especially the taxa involved in C degradation,nitrification,nitrate-reduction,organic P mineralization,and S cycling showed significantly positive associations with the EMF at different threshold levels,which ultimately was regulated by soil pH and nutrient availability.These results highlight the strong links between soil microbiomes and agroecosystem functions,as well as providing scientific support for inclusion of biochar in agricultural production and services with organic amendments.
基金supported through funding from CSIRO Business Unit Agriculture&Food,MOSH-Future Science Platform in Australia,and Michigan State University in the USA.J.T.was also supported by a CSIRO McMaster fellowship when in Adelaide,Australia,and by the US Department of Energy Office of Science,awards DE-FC02-07ER6449 and DE-FG02-99ER62848the US National Science Foundation Award DBl-1759892.
文摘The incredibly complex soil microbial communities at small scales make their analysis and identification of reasons for the observed structures challenging.Microbial community structure is mainly a result of the inoculum(dispersal),the selective advantages of those organisms under the habitat-based environmental attributes,and the ability of those colonizers to sustain themselves over time.Since soil is protective,and its microbial inhabitants have long adapted to varied soil conditions,significant portions of the soil microbial community structure are likely stable.Hence,a substantial portion of the community will not correlate to often measured soil attributes.We suggest that the drivers be ranked on the basis of their importance to the fundamental needs of the microbes:(i)those that supply energy,i.e.,organic carbon and electron acceptors;(i)environmental effectors or stressors,i.e.,pH,salt,drought,and toxic chemicals;(ii)macro-organism associations,i.e.,plants and their seasonality,animals and their fecal matter,and soil fauna;and(iv)nutrients,in order,N,P,and probably of lesser importance,other micronutrients,and metals.The relevance of drivers also varies with spatial and time scales,for example,aggregate to field to regional,and persistent to dynamic populations to transcripts,and with the extent of phylogenetic difference,hence phenotypic differences in organismal groups.We present a summary matrix to provide guidance on which drivers are important for particular studies,with special emphasis on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales,and illustrate this with genomic and population(rRNA gene)data from selected studies.
