Functional gradient hydroxyapatite reinforced polyetheretherketone is one of the most promising or- thopedic implant biomaterials. In this study, functional gradient hydroxyapatite reinforced polyetheretherketone bioc...Functional gradient hydroxyapatite reinforced polyetheretherketone is one of the most promising or- thopedic implant biomaterials. In this study, functional gradient hydroxyapatite reinforced polyetheretherketone biocomposites were prepared by layer-by-layer method with the incorporation of hot press molding technology. Studies on the flexural mechanical properties of the functional gradient biocomposites revealed that the flexural stress-stain behavior of the biocomposites presented linear elastic characteristics. The fracture mechanism of the functional gradient biocomposites was predominated by brittle rupture. Furthermore, both flexural strength and break strain of the functional gradient HA/PEEK biocomposites obviously decreased with the rise of the total HA content. The effect of hydroxyapatite concentration difference between adjacent layers （HCDBAL） on the flexural strength obviously relied on the level of HCDBAL and total HA content in the functional gradient HA/PEEK biocomposites. The higher the total HA content in the functional gradient biocomposites is, the less the influence degree of HCDBAL on the flexural strength is. Moreover, total HA content and HCDBAL played synergistic influence on the flexural modulus of the functional gradient HA/PEEK biocomposites.展开更多
The thermal residual stresses developed in a disk-shaped, Ni/TiC functionally gradient material (FGM) during its fabrication are investigated by an elastic-plastic finite element numerical ap-proach. Constitutive rela...The thermal residual stresses developed in a disk-shaped, Ni/TiC functionally gradient material (FGM) during its fabrication are investigated by an elastic-plastic finite element numerical ap-proach. Constitutive relations for the graded Ni-TiC composite inter-layers between pure metal Ni and ceramic TiC are estimated by using an effectiv-medium approach, and effective plastic strain and stress distributions are computed for simulated cooling from an assumed fab-rication temperature. Analyses are performed for a fixed specimen ge-ometry and the graded region is treated as a series of perfectly bonded equal-thick layers. The results are compared with those obtained by on-ly considering elastic material response to assess the effect of plasticity on the optimum fabrication design of the Ni/TiC FGM. It is demon-strated that the consideration of plasticity is of critical importance for optimization of the metal/ceramic gradient materials.展开更多
In this paper, the wave propagation in functionally graded materials (FGM) is studied by the elastic wave theory based on thewave problems in homogeneous media. The auxiliary function and modulus function are introduc...In this paper, the wave propagation in functionally graded materials (FGM) is studied by the elastic wave theory based on thewave problems in homogeneous media. The auxiliary function and modulus function are introduced to construct the displacementfield and density function. The displacement field, modulus function, and density function are connected to proposea design theory of special FGM. An analytical method for elastic wave propagation in inhomogeneous media with varyingmodulus and density is derived to provide theoretical references for material design and dynamic stress analysis under elasticwaves. Taking the problem of dynamic stress concentration caused by shallow buried elliptical cavity in half space designedunder SH waves as an example, the calculation results are obtained and analyzed. The results show that the dynamic stressconcentration is sensitive to the change of the inhomogeneity of the medium.展开更多
Rechargeable lithium batteries with high-capacity cathodes/anodes promise high energy densities for nextgeneration electrochemical energy storage.However,the associated limitations at various scales greatly hinder the...Rechargeable lithium batteries with high-capacity cathodes/anodes promise high energy densities for nextgeneration electrochemical energy storage.However,the associated limitations at various scales greatly hinder their practical applications.Functional gradient material(FGM)design endows the electrode materials with property gradient,thus providing great opportunities to address the kinetics and stability obstacles.To date,still no review or perspective has covered recent advancements in gradient design at multiple scales for boosting lithium battery performances.To fill this void,this work provides a timely and comprehensive overview of this exciting and sustainable research field.We begin by overviewing the fundamental features of FGM and the rationales of gradient design for improved electrochemical performance.Then,we comprehensively review FGM design for rechargeable lithium batteries at various scales,including natural or artificial solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)at the nanoscale,micrometer-scale electrode particles,and macroscale electrode films.The link between gradient structure design and improved electrochemical performance is particularly highlighted.The most recent research into constructing novel functional gradients,such as valence and temperature gradients,has also been explored.Finally,we discussed the current constraints and future scope of FGM in rechargeable lithium batteries,aiming to inspire the development of novel FGM for next-generation high-performance lithium batteries.展开更多
Titanium alloy is widely utilized in diverse industries due to its exceptional specific strength,making it a material with significant potential for advancement.Nevertheless,homogeneous materials are inadequate to mee...Titanium alloy is widely utilized in diverse industries due to its exceptional specific strength,making it a material with significant potential for advancement.Nevertheless,homogeneous materials are inadequate to meet the demands of various applications.Functional gradient materials(FGMs)have garnered increasing interest for their ability to tailor materials and structures.The continuous transition in FGMs often offers a more uniform and well-connected interface.However,there remains a lack of comprehensive research on the transition interface.In this study,TC4/TC11 double-alloy materials were produced using doublewire additive manufacturing.The wire feeding rates were adjusted to create materials with varying compositions.The grain morphologies,microstructures,and mechanical properties were examined.It was observed that as the TC11 content increased,the grain size decreased,theβcontent rose,the ultimate tensile strength improved,and the elongation decreased.Additionally,analysis of the fracture morphologies revealed that the dimples became smaller,indicating characteristics of ductile fracture.Following the solid solution aging heat treatment,it is observed that theαphase increases in size,and the mechanical properties are enhanced.These observations indicate that double-wire additive manufacturing can produce diverse interfaces.Furthermore,the heat treatment process has been shown to enhance the material properties,thus establishing an experimental foundation for FGMs.展开更多
Non-uniform deformation of the dielectric subjected to external forces can induce the flexoelectric effect, a phenomenon that couples electrical polarization to strain gradients. However, limited by the size effects, ...Non-uniform deformation of the dielectric subjected to external forces can induce the flexoelectric effect, a phenomenon that couples electrical polarization to strain gradients. However, limited by the size effects, flexoelectricity is not significant at the macroscale and only becomes catchable at the microscale and nanoscale. In recent work, we obtained a considerable flexoelectric-like response by crumpling the dielectric embedded with charges, i.e., the electret, which significantly improved the flexoelectric effect at the macroscale. In this work, we further optimize the macroscopic performance of the flexoelectric response by applying gradient treatment to the electret films. Specifically, we analytically derive the electromechanical coupling of crumpled electret films with gradients of different thicknesses, charge densities, and Young’s moduli as key design variables. It is shown that the gradient-oriented electret film can be tuned to nearly five times that of a uniform electret film.展开更多
This paper presents an exact solution of the crack tip field in functionally gradient material with exponential variation of elastic constants. The dimensionless Poisson＇s ratios v0 of the engineering materials （iro...This paper presents an exact solution of the crack tip field in functionally gradient material with exponential variation of elastic constants. The dimensionless Poisson＇s ratios v0 of the engineering materials （iron, glass …… ） are far less than one; therefore, neglecting them, one can simplify the basic equation and the exact solution is easy to obtain. Although the exact solution for the case v0 ≠ 0 is also obtained, it is very complicated and the main result is the same with the case v0 = 0 （it will be dealt with in Appendix VII）. It has been found that the exponential term exp（ax ＋ by） in the constitutive equations becomes exp（ ax /2 ＋ by/2- kr /2 ） in the exact solution.展开更多
Based on the analyses of the severity of cutting process as well as the failure mechanisms of ceramic tools, a model for designing functionally gradient ceramic tool materials with symmetrical distribution is presente...Based on the analyses of the severity of cutting process as well as the failure mechanisms of ceramic tools, a model for designing functionally gradient ceramic tool materials with symmetrical distribution is presented, by which a Al 2O 3/(W,Ti)C ceramic tool material FG 2 was developed. Multi objective optimization method was employed in designing the compositional distribution of this ceramic tool material. The results of both continuous and intermittent cutting tests are indicative of the much better cutting behavior of the functionally gradient ceramic tool FG 2 than that of the common ceramic tool SG 4.展开更多
Cylindrical components of in situ functionally gradient composite materials of Al-19Si-5Mg alloy were manufactured by centrifugal casting. Microstructure characteristics of the manufactured components were observed an...Cylindrical components of in situ functionally gradient composite materials of Al-19Si-5Mg alloy were manufactured by centrifugal casting. Microstructure characteristics of the manufactured components were observed and the effects of the used process factors on these characteristics were analyzed. The results of observations shows that, in thickness, the components possess microstructures accumulating lots of Mg2Si particles and a portion of primary silicon particles in the inner layer, a little MgzSi and primary silicon particles in the outer layer, and without any Mg2Si and primary silicon particle in the middle layer. The results of the analysis indicate that the rotation rate of centrifugal casting, mould temperature, and melt pouring temperature have evidently affected the accumulation of the second phase particles. Also, the higher the centrifugal rotation rate, mould temperature, and melt pouring temperature are, the more evident in the inner layer the degree of accumulation of Mg2Si and primary silicon particles is.展开更多
Two kinds of Al based functionally gradient composite tubes reinforced by primary Si particles alone and primary Si/in situ Mg2Si particles jointly were successfully prepared by centrifugal casting,and their structura...Two kinds of Al based functionally gradient composite tubes reinforced by primary Si particles alone and primary Si/in situ Mg2Si particles jointly were successfully prepared by centrifugal casting,and their structural and mechanical characters were compared.It is found that the composite reinforced with primary Si particles takes a characteristic of particles distribution both in the inner and outer layers.However,composite reinforced with primary Si/Mg2Si particles jointly takes a characteristic of particles distribution only in the inner layer and shows a sudden change of particles distribution across the section of inner and outer layers.The hardness and wear resistance of Al-19Si-5Mg tube in the inner layer are greatly higher than that in the other layers of Al-19Si-5Mg tube and Al-19Si tube.Theoretical analysis reveals that the existence of Mg2Si particles is the key factor to form this sudden change of gradient distribution of two kinds of particles.Because Mg2Si particles with a lower density have a higher centripetal moving velocity than primary Si particles,in a field of centrifugal force,they would collide with primary Si particles and then impel the later to move together forward to the inner layer of the tube.展开更多
Based on the deep understanding of the requirements of cutting conditions on ceramic tools, a design model for functionally gradient ceramic tool materials with symmetrical composition distribution was presented in th...Based on the deep understanding of the requirements of cutting conditions on ceramic tools, a design model for functionally gradient ceramic tool materials with symmetrical composition distribution was presented in this paper, according to which an Al 2O 3-TiC functionally gradient ceramic tool material FG-1 was synthesized by powder-laminating and uniaxially hot-pressing technique. The thermal shock resistance of the Al 2O 3-TiC functionally gradient ceramics FG-1 was evaluated by water quenching and subsequent three-point bending tests of flexural strength diminution. Comparisons were made with results from parallel experiments conducted using a homogeneous Al 2O 3-TiC ceramics. Functionally gradient ceramics exhibited higher retained strength under all thermal shock temperature differences compared to homogeneous ceramics, indicating the higher thermal shock resistance. The experimental results were supported by the calculation of transient thermal stress field. The cutting performance of the Al 2O 3-TiC functionally gradient ceramic tool FG-1 was also investigated in rough turning the cylindrical surface of exhaust valve of diesel engine in comparison with that of a common Al 2O 3-TiC ceramic tool LT55. The results indicated that the tool life of FG-1 increased by 50 percent over that of LT55. Tool life of LT55 was mainly controlled by thermal shock cracking which was accompanied by mechanical shock. While tool life of FG-1 was mainly controlled by mechanical fatigue crack extension rather than thermal shock cracking, revealing the less thermal shock susceptibility of functionally gradient ceramics than that of common ceramics.展开更多
Thispaper proposed a new methodof producing Ceramic/ Metalfunctionally gradient mate rialby electroless platingtechnique. The experimentof producing SiC/ Ni PFGM wascar ried out with self made electroless plating ...Thispaper proposed a new methodof producing Ceramic/ Metalfunctionally gradient mate rialby electroless platingtechnique. The experimentof producing SiC/ Ni PFGM wascar ried out with self made electroless plating facilities. The results show that the thickness of FGMcoating andthegradientdistribution ofcompositioncanbecontrolled byoptimizingelec trolessplating technology and changing the parameters such as plating time, the additionspeed and concentration of SiCparticles. Analysisdemonstratesthatthereisastrongrelation ship amongthe SiCcontent,the microstructureandthe mechanicalproperty ofthe FGM.展开更多
Functionally gradient/graded materials （FGMs）, an emerging new class of materials, are the outcome of the recent innovative concepts in materials technology. FGMs are in their early stages of evolution and expected ...Functionally gradient/graded materials （FGMs）, an emerging new class of materials, are the outcome of the recent innovative concepts in materials technology. FGMs are in their early stages of evolution and expected to have a strong impact on the design and development of new components and structures with better performance. FGMs exhibit gradual transitions in the microstructure and/or the composition in a specific direction, the presence of which leads to variation in the functional performance within a part. The presence of gradual transitions in material composition in FGMs can reduce or eliminate the deleterious stress concentrations and result in a wide gradation of physical and/or chemical properties within the material. Functionally graded metal-ceramic composites are also getting the attention of the researchers. Among the fabrication routes for FGMs such as chemical vapour deposition, physical vapour deposition, the sol-gel technique, plasma spraying, molten metal infiltration, self propagating high temperature synthesis, spray forming, centrifugal casting, etc., the ones based on solidification route are preferred for FGMs because of their economics and capability to make large size products. The present paper discusses and compares various solidification processing tech- niques available for the fabrication of functionally gradient metals and metal-ceramic composites and lists their properties and possible applications. The other processing methods are briefly described.展开更多
The main objective of this paper is to study the singular natureof the crack-tip stress and electric displacement field in afunctionally gradient piezoelectric medium having materialcoefficients with a discontinuous d...The main objective of this paper is to study the singular natureof the crack-tip stress and electric displacement field in afunctionally gradient piezoelectric medium having materialcoefficients with a discontinuous derivative. The problem isconsidered for the simplest possible loading and geometry, namely,the anti-plane shear stress and electric displacement in -plane oftwo bonded half spaces in which the crack is parallel to theinterface.展开更多
Ti1Al2O3 Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) was prepared by an explosive compaction/SHS process. Ten sheets of the compounding powder were laminated and pressed to get a green body of FGM. It was then compacted expl...Ti1Al2O3 Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) was prepared by an explosive compaction/SHS process. Ten sheets of the compounding powder were laminated and pressed to get a green body of FGM. It was then compacted explosively By burying the explosive compaction body into a stoichiometric Al/TiO2 mixture and igniting the combustion of the stoichiometric Al/TiO2 mixture, the SHS reaction of the explosive compaction body was initiated by the heat released from the combustion of the stoichiometric Al/TiO2 mixture. In this way, Ti/Al2O3 FGM was synthesized. The adiabatic temperatures of each gradient layer were calculated when the preheating temperatures were 298 K and 1173 K, respectively The microstructure, composition and properties of Ti/Al2O3 FGM and the reaction mechanism of each gradient layer were studied. It was found that Ti/Al2O3 FGM prepared by the explosive compaction/SHS process had a high density and a high microhardness. Its structure, composition and properties showed apparent gradient distribution. The structure of the standard stoichiometric ratio gradient layer of FGM was a network structure. Its reaction mode could be described as follows: Al powder melted first, then the molten Al penetrated into the TiO2 zone and reacted with TiO2, and big pores were left in the original positions of Al powder. The reaction of gradient layers with the addition of Al3O3 as diluents was similar to that of the standard stoichiometric ratio gradient layer, so were their structure and composition. However, the reaction of gradient layers with the addition of Ti as diluents was more complex and the composition deviated slightly from the designed one展开更多
Higher order stress fields for a mode Ⅰ crack perpendicular to the direction of property variation in a functionally gradient material(FGM), which has an exponential variation of elastic modulus along the gradient di...Higher order stress fields for a mode Ⅰ crack perpendicular to the direction of property variation in a functionally gradient material(FGM), which has an exponential variation of elastic modulus along the gradient direction, were obtained through an asymptotic analysis. The Poisson’s ratio of the FGMs was assumed to be constant throughout the analysis. The first five terms in the asymptotic expansions of crack tip stress fields were derived to bring out the influence of nonhomogeneity on the structure of the stress field explicitly. The analysis reveals that only the higher order terms in the expansion are influenced by the material nonhomogeneity. Moreover, it can be seen from expressions of higher order stress fields that at least three terms must be considered in the case of FGMs in order to explicitly account for the nonhomogeneity effects on the structure of crack tip stress fields.展开更多
FeCrAl(f)/HA biological functionally gradient materials(FGMs) were successfully fabricated by the hot pressing technique.Scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS) and bending strength test ...FeCrAl(f)/HA biological functionally gradient materials(FGMs) were successfully fabricated by the hot pressing technique.Scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS) and bending strength test machine were utilized to characterize the microstructure,component,mechanical properties and the formation of the Ca-deficient apatite on the surface of these materials.The results indicate that an asymmetrical FeCrAl(f)/HA FGM,consolidating powders prepared by mixing HA with 3%–15%(volume fraction) is successfully prepared.Both of the matrix and FeCrAl fiber are integrated very tightly and bite into each other very deeply.And counter diffusion takes place to some extent in two phase interfaces.The elemental compositions of the FeCrAl(f)/HA FGM change progressively.Ca and P contents increase gradually with immersion time increasing,and thereafter approach equilibrium.The bone-like apatite layer forms on the materials surface,which possesses benign bioactivity,and the favorable biocompatibility can provide potential firm fixation between FeCrAl(f)/HA asymmetrical FGM implants and human bone.展开更多
The fabrication. microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrO2-Ni functionally gradient materials (FGM ) have been studied. FGM as well as non-FG M of ZrO2-Ni system was developed by powder metallurgical process. X...The fabrication. microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrO2-Ni functionally gradient materials (FGM ) have been studied. FGM as well as non-FG M of ZrO2-Ni system was developed by powder metallurgical process. X-ray diffractometer (XRD ). electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), scanning electron microscope (SEM ) and optical microscope were employed to investigate the crystalline phases. chemical composition and microstructure Experimental results demonstrate that the composition and microstructure of ZrO2-Ni FGM have the expected gradient distribution. There are no distinct interfaces in the FGM due to the gradient change of components. that is, the constituents are continuous in microstructure everywhere. Moreover, Vickers hardness and flexural strength were measured for the common composites as a function of composition. It is made clear that the mechanical properties of the FGM vary corresponding to the constitutional changes as well展开更多
Based on the thermal stress distribution for functionally gradient material (FGM) plates, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) method for the thermal stresses optimum design of FGM plate with computer technologies is given. The m...Based on the thermal stress distribution for functionally gradient material (FGM) plates, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) method for the thermal stresses optimum design of FGM plate with computer technologies is given. The minimum thermal stresses combination distribution for FGM is obtained.展开更多
The special case of a crack under mode Ⅲ conditions was treated, lying parallel to the edges of an infinite strip with finite width and with the shear modulus varying exponentially perpendicular to the edges. By usin...The special case of a crack under mode Ⅲ conditions was treated, lying parallel to the edges of an infinite strip with finite width and with the shear modulus varying exponentially perpendicular to the edges. By using Fourier transforms the problem was formulated in terms of a singular integral equation. It was numerically solved by representing the unknown dislocation density by a truncated series of Chebyshev polynomials leading to a linear system of equations. The stress intensity factor （SIF） results were discussed with respect to the influences of different geometric parameters and the strength of the non-homogeneity. It was indicated that the SIF increases with the increase of the crack length and decreases with the increase of the rigidity of the material in the vicinity of crack. The SIF of narrow strip is very sensitive to the change of the non-homogeneity parameter and its variation is complicated. With the increase of the non-homogeneity parameter, the stress intensity factor may increase, decrease or keep constant, which is mainly determined by the strip width and the relative crack location. If the crack is located at the midline of the strip or if the strip is wide, the stress intensity factor is not sensitive to the material non-homogeneity parameter.展开更多
基金financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51175004)
文摘Functional gradient hydroxyapatite reinforced polyetheretherketone is one of the most promising or- thopedic implant biomaterials. In this study, functional gradient hydroxyapatite reinforced polyetheretherketone biocomposites were prepared by layer-by-layer method with the incorporation of hot press molding technology. Studies on the flexural mechanical properties of the functional gradient biocomposites revealed that the flexural stress-stain behavior of the biocomposites presented linear elastic characteristics. The fracture mechanism of the functional gradient biocomposites was predominated by brittle rupture. Furthermore, both flexural strength and break strain of the functional gradient HA/PEEK biocomposites obviously decreased with the rise of the total HA content. The effect of hydroxyapatite concentration difference between adjacent layers （HCDBAL） on the flexural strength obviously relied on the level of HCDBAL and total HA content in the functional gradient HA/PEEK biocomposites. The higher the total HA content in the functional gradient biocomposites is, the less the influence degree of HCDBAL on the flexural strength is. Moreover, total HA content and HCDBAL played synergistic influence on the flexural modulus of the functional gradient HA/PEEK biocomposites.
文摘The thermal residual stresses developed in a disk-shaped, Ni/TiC functionally gradient material (FGM) during its fabrication are investigated by an elastic-plastic finite element numerical ap-proach. Constitutive relations for the graded Ni-TiC composite inter-layers between pure metal Ni and ceramic TiC are estimated by using an effectiv-medium approach, and effective plastic strain and stress distributions are computed for simulated cooling from an assumed fab-rication temperature. Analyses are performed for a fixed specimen ge-ometry and the graded region is treated as a series of perfectly bonded equal-thick layers. The results are compared with those obtained by on-ly considering elastic material response to assess the effect of plasticity on the optimum fabrication design of the Ni/TiC FGM. It is demon-strated that the consideration of plasticity is of critical importance for optimization of the metal/ceramic gradient materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12072085)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(Grant No.ZD2021A001)the program for Innovative Research Team in China Earthquake Administration.
文摘In this paper, the wave propagation in functionally graded materials (FGM) is studied by the elastic wave theory based on thewave problems in homogeneous media. The auxiliary function and modulus function are introduced to construct the displacementfield and density function. The displacement field, modulus function, and density function are connected to proposea design theory of special FGM. An analytical method for elastic wave propagation in inhomogeneous media with varyingmodulus and density is derived to provide theoretical references for material design and dynamic stress analysis under elasticwaves. Taking the problem of dynamic stress concentration caused by shallow buried elliptical cavity in half space designedunder SH waves as an example, the calculation results are obtained and analyzed. The results show that the dynamic stressconcentration is sensitive to the change of the inhomogeneity of the medium.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52261160384 and 52072208)the Project of Department of Education of Guangdong Province(No.2022ZDZX3018)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong(No.2023A1515010020)the Innovation and Technology Fund(No.ITS-325-22FP)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.KJZD20230923114107014)。
文摘Rechargeable lithium batteries with high-capacity cathodes/anodes promise high energy densities for nextgeneration electrochemical energy storage.However,the associated limitations at various scales greatly hinder their practical applications.Functional gradient material(FGM)design endows the electrode materials with property gradient,thus providing great opportunities to address the kinetics and stability obstacles.To date,still no review or perspective has covered recent advancements in gradient design at multiple scales for boosting lithium battery performances.To fill this void,this work provides a timely and comprehensive overview of this exciting and sustainable research field.We begin by overviewing the fundamental features of FGM and the rationales of gradient design for improved electrochemical performance.Then,we comprehensively review FGM design for rechargeable lithium batteries at various scales,including natural or artificial solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)at the nanoscale,micrometer-scale electrode particles,and macroscale electrode films.The link between gradient structure design and improved electrochemical performance is particularly highlighted.The most recent research into constructing novel functional gradients,such as valence and temperature gradients,has also been explored.Finally,we discussed the current constraints and future scope of FGM in rechargeable lithium batteries,aiming to inspire the development of novel FGM for next-generation high-performance lithium batteries.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB4601900)。
文摘Titanium alloy is widely utilized in diverse industries due to its exceptional specific strength,making it a material with significant potential for advancement.Nevertheless,homogeneous materials are inadequate to meet the demands of various applications.Functional gradient materials(FGMs)have garnered increasing interest for their ability to tailor materials and structures.The continuous transition in FGMs often offers a more uniform and well-connected interface.However,there remains a lack of comprehensive research on the transition interface.In this study,TC4/TC11 double-alloy materials were produced using doublewire additive manufacturing.The wire feeding rates were adjusted to create materials with varying compositions.The grain morphologies,microstructures,and mechanical properties were examined.It was observed that as the TC11 content increased,the grain size decreased,theβcontent rose,the ultimate tensile strength improved,and the elongation decreased.Additionally,analysis of the fracture morphologies revealed that the dimples became smaller,indicating characteristics of ductile fracture.Following the solid solution aging heat treatment,it is observed that theαphase increases in size,and the mechanical properties are enhanced.These observations indicate that double-wire additive manufacturing can produce diverse interfaces.Furthermore,the heat treatment process has been shown to enhance the material properties,thus establishing an experimental foundation for FGMs.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021MA011).
文摘Non-uniform deformation of the dielectric subjected to external forces can induce the flexoelectric effect, a phenomenon that couples electrical polarization to strain gradients. However, limited by the size effects, flexoelectricity is not significant at the macroscale and only becomes catchable at the microscale and nanoscale. In recent work, we obtained a considerable flexoelectric-like response by crumpling the dielectric embedded with charges, i.e., the electret, which significantly improved the flexoelectric effect at the macroscale. In this work, we further optimize the macroscopic performance of the flexoelectric response by applying gradient treatment to the electret films. Specifically, we analytically derive the electromechanical coupling of crumpled electret films with gradients of different thicknesses, charge densities, and Young’s moduli as key design variables. It is shown that the gradient-oriented electret film can be tuned to nearly five times that of a uniform electret film.
文摘This paper presents an exact solution of the crack tip field in functionally gradient material with exponential variation of elastic constants. The dimensionless Poisson＇s ratios v0 of the engineering materials （iron, glass …… ） are far less than one; therefore, neglecting them, one can simplify the basic equation and the exact solution is easy to obtain. Although the exact solution for the case v0 ≠ 0 is also obtained, it is very complicated and the main result is the same with the case v0 = 0 （it will be dealt with in Appendix VII）. It has been found that the exponential term exp（ax ＋ by） in the constitutive equations becomes exp（ ax /2 ＋ by/2- kr /2 ） in the exact solution.
文摘Based on the analyses of the severity of cutting process as well as the failure mechanisms of ceramic tools, a model for designing functionally gradient ceramic tool materials with symmetrical distribution is presented, by which a Al 2O 3/(W,Ti)C ceramic tool material FG 2 was developed. Multi objective optimization method was employed in designing the compositional distribution of this ceramic tool material. The results of both continuous and intermittent cutting tests are indicative of the much better cutting behavior of the functionally gradient ceramic tool FG 2 than that of the common ceramic tool SG 4.
文摘Cylindrical components of in situ functionally gradient composite materials of Al-19Si-5Mg alloy were manufactured by centrifugal casting. Microstructure characteristics of the manufactured components were observed and the effects of the used process factors on these characteristics were analyzed. The results of observations shows that, in thickness, the components possess microstructures accumulating lots of Mg2Si particles and a portion of primary silicon particles in the inner layer, a little MgzSi and primary silicon particles in the outer layer, and without any Mg2Si and primary silicon particle in the middle layer. The results of the analysis indicate that the rotation rate of centrifugal casting, mould temperature, and melt pouring temperature have evidently affected the accumulation of the second phase particles. Also, the higher the centrifugal rotation rate, mould temperature, and melt pouring temperature are, the more evident in the inner layer the degree of accumulation of Mg2Si and primary silicon particles is.
基金Project(2008BB4177) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China
文摘Two kinds of Al based functionally gradient composite tubes reinforced by primary Si particles alone and primary Si/in situ Mg2Si particles jointly were successfully prepared by centrifugal casting,and their structural and mechanical characters were compared.It is found that the composite reinforced with primary Si particles takes a characteristic of particles distribution both in the inner and outer layers.However,composite reinforced with primary Si/Mg2Si particles jointly takes a characteristic of particles distribution only in the inner layer and shows a sudden change of particles distribution across the section of inner and outer layers.The hardness and wear resistance of Al-19Si-5Mg tube in the inner layer are greatly higher than that in the other layers of Al-19Si-5Mg tube and Al-19Si tube.Theoretical analysis reveals that the existence of Mg2Si particles is the key factor to form this sudden change of gradient distribution of two kinds of particles.Because Mg2Si particles with a lower density have a higher centripetal moving velocity than primary Si particles,in a field of centrifugal force,they would collide with primary Si particles and then impel the later to move together forward to the inner layer of the tube.
文摘Based on the deep understanding of the requirements of cutting conditions on ceramic tools, a design model for functionally gradient ceramic tool materials with symmetrical composition distribution was presented in this paper, according to which an Al 2O 3-TiC functionally gradient ceramic tool material FG-1 was synthesized by powder-laminating and uniaxially hot-pressing technique. The thermal shock resistance of the Al 2O 3-TiC functionally gradient ceramics FG-1 was evaluated by water quenching and subsequent three-point bending tests of flexural strength diminution. Comparisons were made with results from parallel experiments conducted using a homogeneous Al 2O 3-TiC ceramics. Functionally gradient ceramics exhibited higher retained strength under all thermal shock temperature differences compared to homogeneous ceramics, indicating the higher thermal shock resistance. The experimental results were supported by the calculation of transient thermal stress field. The cutting performance of the Al 2O 3-TiC functionally gradient ceramic tool FG-1 was also investigated in rough turning the cylindrical surface of exhaust valve of diesel engine in comparison with that of a common Al 2O 3-TiC ceramic tool LT55. The results indicated that the tool life of FG-1 increased by 50 percent over that of LT55. Tool life of LT55 was mainly controlled by thermal shock cracking which was accompanied by mechanical shock. While tool life of FG-1 was mainly controlled by mechanical fatigue crack extension rather than thermal shock cracking, revealing the less thermal shock susceptibility of functionally gradient ceramics than that of common ceramics.
文摘Thispaper proposed a new methodof producing Ceramic/ Metalfunctionally gradient mate rialby electroless platingtechnique. The experimentof producing SiC/ Ni PFGM wascar ried out with self made electroless plating facilities. The results show that the thickness of FGMcoating andthegradientdistribution ofcompositioncanbecontrolled byoptimizingelec trolessplating technology and changing the parameters such as plating time, the additionspeed and concentration of SiCparticles. Analysisdemonstratesthatthereisastrongrelation ship amongthe SiCcontent,the microstructureandthe mechanicalproperty ofthe FGM.
文摘Functionally gradient/graded materials （FGMs）, an emerging new class of materials, are the outcome of the recent innovative concepts in materials technology. FGMs are in their early stages of evolution and expected to have a strong impact on the design and development of new components and structures with better performance. FGMs exhibit gradual transitions in the microstructure and/or the composition in a specific direction, the presence of which leads to variation in the functional performance within a part. The presence of gradual transitions in material composition in FGMs can reduce or eliminate the deleterious stress concentrations and result in a wide gradation of physical and/or chemical properties within the material. Functionally graded metal-ceramic composites are also getting the attention of the researchers. Among the fabrication routes for FGMs such as chemical vapour deposition, physical vapour deposition, the sol-gel technique, plasma spraying, molten metal infiltration, self propagating high temperature synthesis, spray forming, centrifugal casting, etc., the ones based on solidification route are preferred for FGMs because of their economics and capability to make large size products. The present paper discusses and compares various solidification processing tech- niques available for the fabrication of functionally gradient metals and metal-ceramic composites and lists their properties and possible applications. The other processing methods are briefly described.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10072041)the National Excellent Young Scholar Fund of China (No.10125209)the Teaching and Research Award Program for Outstanding Young Teachers in Higher Education Institutions of MOE,P.R.C..
文摘The main objective of this paper is to study the singular natureof the crack-tip stress and electric displacement field in afunctionally gradient piezoelectric medium having materialcoefficients with a discontinuous derivative. The problem isconsidered for the simplest possible loading and geometry, namely,the anti-plane shear stress and electric displacement in -plane oftwo bonded half spaces in which the crack is parallel to theinterface.
文摘Ti1Al2O3 Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) was prepared by an explosive compaction/SHS process. Ten sheets of the compounding powder were laminated and pressed to get a green body of FGM. It was then compacted explosively By burying the explosive compaction body into a stoichiometric Al/TiO2 mixture and igniting the combustion of the stoichiometric Al/TiO2 mixture, the SHS reaction of the explosive compaction body was initiated by the heat released from the combustion of the stoichiometric Al/TiO2 mixture. In this way, Ti/Al2O3 FGM was synthesized. The adiabatic temperatures of each gradient layer were calculated when the preheating temperatures were 298 K and 1173 K, respectively The microstructure, composition and properties of Ti/Al2O3 FGM and the reaction mechanism of each gradient layer were studied. It was found that Ti/Al2O3 FGM prepared by the explosive compaction/SHS process had a high density and a high microhardness. Its structure, composition and properties showed apparent gradient distribution. The structure of the standard stoichiometric ratio gradient layer of FGM was a network structure. Its reaction mode could be described as follows: Al powder melted first, then the molten Al penetrated into the TiO2 zone and reacted with TiO2, and big pores were left in the original positions of Al powder. The reaction of gradient layers with the addition of Al3O3 as diluents was similar to that of the standard stoichiometric ratio gradient layer, so were their structure and composition. However, the reaction of gradient layers with the addition of Ti as diluents was more complex and the composition deviated slightly from the designed one
基金Projects(90305023 59731020) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Higher order stress fields for a mode Ⅰ crack perpendicular to the direction of property variation in a functionally gradient material(FGM), which has an exponential variation of elastic modulus along the gradient direction, were obtained through an asymptotic analysis. The Poisson’s ratio of the FGMs was assumed to be constant throughout the analysis. The first five terms in the asymptotic expansions of crack tip stress fields were derived to bring out the influence of nonhomogeneity on the structure of the stress field explicitly. The analysis reveals that only the higher order terms in the expansion are influenced by the material nonhomogeneity. Moreover, it can be seen from expressions of higher order stress fields that at least three terms must be considered in the case of FGMs in order to explicitly account for the nonhomogeneity effects on the structure of crack tip stress fields.
基金Project(51274247)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012BAE06B00)supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program to China+1 种基金Project(2011QNZT046)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of Central South Universities of ChinaProject supported by Hunan Postdoctoral Scientific Program,China
文摘FeCrAl(f)/HA biological functionally gradient materials(FGMs) were successfully fabricated by the hot pressing technique.Scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS) and bending strength test machine were utilized to characterize the microstructure,component,mechanical properties and the formation of the Ca-deficient apatite on the surface of these materials.The results indicate that an asymmetrical FeCrAl(f)/HA FGM,consolidating powders prepared by mixing HA with 3%–15%(volume fraction) is successfully prepared.Both of the matrix and FeCrAl fiber are integrated very tightly and bite into each other very deeply.And counter diffusion takes place to some extent in two phase interfaces.The elemental compositions of the FeCrAl(f)/HA FGM change progressively.Ca and P contents increase gradually with immersion time increasing,and thereafter approach equilibrium.The bone-like apatite layer forms on the materials surface,which possesses benign bioactivity,and the favorable biocompatibility can provide potential firm fixation between FeCrAl(f)/HA asymmetrical FGM implants and human bone.
文摘The fabrication. microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrO2-Ni functionally gradient materials (FGM ) have been studied. FGM as well as non-FG M of ZrO2-Ni system was developed by powder metallurgical process. X-ray diffractometer (XRD ). electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), scanning electron microscope (SEM ) and optical microscope were employed to investigate the crystalline phases. chemical composition and microstructure Experimental results demonstrate that the composition and microstructure of ZrO2-Ni FGM have the expected gradient distribution. There are no distinct interfaces in the FGM due to the gradient change of components. that is, the constituents are continuous in microstructure everywhere. Moreover, Vickers hardness and flexural strength were measured for the common composites as a function of composition. It is made clear that the mechanical properties of the FGM vary corresponding to the constitutional changes as well
文摘Based on the thermal stress distribution for functionally gradient material (FGM) plates, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) method for the thermal stresses optimum design of FGM plate with computer technologies is given. The minimum thermal stresses combination distribution for FGM is obtained.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.90305023)
文摘The special case of a crack under mode Ⅲ conditions was treated, lying parallel to the edges of an infinite strip with finite width and with the shear modulus varying exponentially perpendicular to the edges. By using Fourier transforms the problem was formulated in terms of a singular integral equation. It was numerically solved by representing the unknown dislocation density by a truncated series of Chebyshev polynomials leading to a linear system of equations. The stress intensity factor （SIF） results were discussed with respect to the influences of different geometric parameters and the strength of the non-homogeneity. It was indicated that the SIF increases with the increase of the crack length and decreases with the increase of the rigidity of the material in the vicinity of crack. The SIF of narrow strip is very sensitive to the change of the non-homogeneity parameter and its variation is complicated. With the increase of the non-homogeneity parameter, the stress intensity factor may increase, decrease or keep constant, which is mainly determined by the strip width and the relative crack location. If the crack is located at the midline of the strip or if the strip is wide, the stress intensity factor is not sensitive to the material non-homogeneity parameter.
