Rose has emerged as a model ornamental plant for studies of flower development, senescence, and morphology, as well as the metabolism of floral fragrances and colors.Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS) has long been us...Rose has emerged as a model ornamental plant for studies of flower development, senescence, and morphology, as well as the metabolism of floral fragrances and colors.Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS) has long been used in functional genomics studies of rose by vacuum infiltration of cuttings or seedlings with an Agrobacterium suspension carrying TRV-derived vectors. However, VIGS in rose flowers remains a challenge because of its low efficiency and long time to establish silencing. Here we present a novel and rapid VIGS method that can be used to analyze gene function in rose,called ‘graft-accelerated VIGS’, where axil ary sprouts are cut from the rose plant and vacuum infiltrated with Agrobacterium. The inoculated scions are then grafted back onto the plants to flower and silencing phenotypes can be observed within 5 weeks, post-infiltration. Using this new method, we successfully silenced expression of the RhDFR, RhA G, and RhNUDXin rose flowers, and affected their color, petal number, as well as fragrance, respectively. This grafting method will facilitate high-throughput functional analysis of genes in rose flowers. Importantly, it may also be applied to other woody species that are not currently amenable to VIGS by conventional leaf or plantlet/seedling infiltration methods.展开更多
There is a debate about unmatched results between manipulative warming using constant warming rates every year(CW)and long-term observations warming affect temperature sensitivity of flowering phenology.This may be be...There is a debate about unmatched results between manipulative warming using constant warming rates every year(CW)and long-term observations warming affect temperature sensitivity of flowering phenology.This may be because long-term observations represent the actual yearly increase in temperature(i.e.a yearly stepwise warming rate per year,SW)which would differ from CW and their effects would be regulated by precipitation alteration.We conducted a warming experiment with CW(temperature increase by+1°C and sustained this elevated temperature for the duration of the study)and SW(temperature increase by+0.25°C progressively each year)with precipitation addition in an alpine grassland for four years.Our results showed that neither warming rate affected community flowering phenology.However,precipitation addition advanced onsets of flowering for early-spring flowering(ESF)and midsummer flowering(MSF)groups,and advanced the end date of flowering for ESF but delayed it for the MSF group.Therefore,flowering duration remained stable for the ESF group and prolonged for the MSF group,and further prolonging the flowering duration of the community.There were no interactions between warming rates and precipitation addition on the community’s flowering phenology.A severe drought in a year significantly decreased the maximal number of community flowers in the following year.Therefore,a change in precipitation has a greater effect than warming on the community flowering phenology in the semi-arid alpine grassland.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31501791, 31660579, and 31360492)Leading talents in science and technology (2016HA005)funded in part by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (6162017)
文摘Rose has emerged as a model ornamental plant for studies of flower development, senescence, and morphology, as well as the metabolism of floral fragrances and colors.Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS) has long been used in functional genomics studies of rose by vacuum infiltration of cuttings or seedlings with an Agrobacterium suspension carrying TRV-derived vectors. However, VIGS in rose flowers remains a challenge because of its low efficiency and long time to establish silencing. Here we present a novel and rapid VIGS method that can be used to analyze gene function in rose,called ‘graft-accelerated VIGS’, where axil ary sprouts are cut from the rose plant and vacuum infiltrated with Agrobacterium. The inoculated scions are then grafted back onto the plants to flower and silencing phenotypes can be observed within 5 weeks, post-infiltration. Using this new method, we successfully silenced expression of the RhDFR, RhA G, and RhNUDXin rose flowers, and affected their color, petal number, as well as fragrance, respectively. This grafting method will facilitate high-throughput functional analysis of genes in rose flowers. Importantly, it may also be applied to other woody species that are not currently amenable to VIGS by conventional leaf or plantlet/seedling infiltration methods.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41731175 and 41988101)the Strategic Priority Research Program A of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20050101)+1 种基金the Joint Key Research Fund under a cooperative agreement between the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)and Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR)(U20A2005)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2019QZKK0608 and 2019QZKK0302).
文摘There is a debate about unmatched results between manipulative warming using constant warming rates every year(CW)and long-term observations warming affect temperature sensitivity of flowering phenology.This may be because long-term observations represent the actual yearly increase in temperature(i.e.a yearly stepwise warming rate per year,SW)which would differ from CW and their effects would be regulated by precipitation alteration.We conducted a warming experiment with CW(temperature increase by+1°C and sustained this elevated temperature for the duration of the study)and SW(temperature increase by+0.25°C progressively each year)with precipitation addition in an alpine grassland for four years.Our results showed that neither warming rate affected community flowering phenology.However,precipitation addition advanced onsets of flowering for early-spring flowering(ESF)and midsummer flowering(MSF)groups,and advanced the end date of flowering for ESF but delayed it for the MSF group.Therefore,flowering duration remained stable for the ESF group and prolonged for the MSF group,and further prolonging the flowering duration of the community.There were no interactions between warming rates and precipitation addition on the community’s flowering phenology.A severe drought in a year significantly decreased the maximal number of community flowers in the following year.Therefore,a change in precipitation has a greater effect than warming on the community flowering phenology in the semi-arid alpine grassland.
