Physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have been shown as powerful tools for solving partial differential equations(PDEs)by embedding physical laws into the network training.Despite their remarkable results,complicate...Physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have been shown as powerful tools for solving partial differential equations(PDEs)by embedding physical laws into the network training.Despite their remarkable results,complicated problems such as irregular boundary conditions(BCs)and discontinuous or high-frequency behaviors remain persistent challenges for PINNs.For these reasons,we propose a novel two-phase framework,where a neural network is first trained to represent shape functions that can capture the irregularity of BCs in the first phase,and then these neural network-based shape functions are used to construct boundary shape functions(BSFs)that exactly satisfy both essential and natural BCs in PINNs in the second phase.This scheme is integrated into both the strong-form and energy PINN approaches,thereby improving the quality of solution prediction in the cases of irregular BCs.In addition,this study examines the benefits and limitations of these approaches in handling discontinuous and high-frequency problems.Overall,our method offers a unified and flexible solution framework that addresses key limitations of existing PINN methods with higher accuracy and stability for general PDE problems in solid mechanics.展开更多
This study investigates the effects of ocean boundaries on modal shapes in very-low-frequency(VLF,1–10 Hz)sound propagation through the deep ocean.Utilizing a normal mode solution formulated in terms of parabolic cyl...This study investigates the effects of ocean boundaries on modal shapes in very-low-frequency(VLF,1–10 Hz)sound propagation through the deep ocean.Utilizing a normal mode solution formulated in terms of parabolic cylinder functions(PCF),we demonstrate that boundary interactions induce a phase change reduction below-πat frequencies of several hertz.This reduction,in turn,forces a key transition in the solution,shifting the order of the PCF from integer to non-integer values.Analysis of the characteristic shape of the PCF versus its order reveals that these boundary-influenced modes exhibit an energy shift toward deeper regions and a weakened axial convergence of the underwater sound field.展开更多
Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography...Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography and microelectrode arrays.The challenges of these mentioned approaches are characterized by the bandwidth of the spatiotemporal resolution,which in turn is essential for large-area neuron recordings(Abiri et al.,2019).展开更多
It is well known that coarse-grained super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloys(SMAs)exhibit localized rather than homogeneous martensite transformation(MT),which,however,can be strongly influenced by either internal size...It is well known that coarse-grained super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloys(SMAs)exhibit localized rather than homogeneous martensite transformation(MT),which,however,can be strongly influenced by either internal size(grain size,GS)or the external size(geometric size).The coupled effect of GS and geometric size on the functional properties has not been clearly understood yet.In this work,the super-elasticity,one-way,and stress-assisted two-way shape memory effects of the polycrystalline NiTi SMAs with different aspect ratios(length/width for the gauge section)and different GSs are investigated based on the phase field method.The coupled effect of the aspect ratio and GS on the functional properties is adequately revealed.The simulated results indicate that when the aspect ratio is lower than about 4:1,the stress biaxiality and stress heterogeneity in the gauge section of the sample become more and more obvious with decreasing the aspect ratio,which can significantly influence the microstructure evolution in the process involving external stress.Therefore,the corresponding functional property is strongly dependent on the aspect ratio.With decreasing the GS and the aspect ratio(to be lower than 4:1),both the aspect ratio and GS can affect the MT or martensite reorientation in each grain and the interaction among grains.Thus,due to the strong internal constraint(i.e.,the constraint of grain boundary)and the external constraint(i.e.,the constraint of geometric boundary),the capabilities of the functional properties of NiTi SMAs are gradually weakened and highly dependent on these two factors.展开更多
During the initial impoundment period of a canyon-shaped reservoir,the water body fluctuated violently regarding water level,hydrological condition,and thermal stratification.These variations may alter the structure o...During the initial impoundment period of a canyon-shaped reservoir,the water body fluctuated violently regarding water level,hydrological condition,and thermal stratification.These variations may alter the structure of phytoplankton community,resulting in algal blooms and seriously threatening the ecological security of the reservoir.It is of great significance to understand the continuous changes of phytoplankton in the initial impoundment period for the protection of reservoir water quality.Therefore,a two-year in-situ monitoring study was conducted on water quality and phytoplankton in a representative canyonshaped reservoir named Sanhekou and the interannual changes of phytoplankton community and its response to environmental changes during the initial impoundment period were discussed at taxonomic versus functional classification levels.The results showed that the total nitrogen and permanganate index levels were relatively high in the first year due to rapid water storage and heavy rainfall input,and the more stable hydrological conditions in the second year promoted the increase of algae density and the transformation of community,and the proportion of cyanobacteria increased significantly.The succession order of phytoplankton in the first year of the initial impoundment periodwas Chlorophyta-Bacillariophyta-Chlorophyta,or J/F/X1-P/MP/W1-A/X1/MP,respectively.And the succession order in the second year was Cyanobacteria/Chlorophyta-Bacillariophyta-Chlorophyta,or L_(M)/G/P-P/A/X1-X1/J/G.Water temperature,relativewater column stability,mixing depth,and pHwere crucial factors affecting phytoplankton community succession.This study revealed the interannual succession law and driving factors of phytoplankton in the initial impoundment period and provided an important reference for the operation management and ecological protection of canyon-shaped reservoirs.展开更多
In this study,an improved integrated radial basis function with nonuniform shape parameter is introduced.The proposed shape parameter varies in each support domain and is defined byθ=1/d_(max),where d_(max)is the max...In this study,an improved integrated radial basis function with nonuniform shape parameter is introduced.The proposed shape parameter varies in each support domain and is defined byθ=1/d_(max),where d_(max)is the maximum distance of any pair of nodes in the support domain.The proposed method is verified and shows good performance.The results are stable and accurate with any number of nodes and an arbitrary nodal distribution.Notably,the support domain should be large enough to obtain accurate results.This method is then applied for transient analysis of curved shell structures made from functionally graded materials with complex geometries.Through several numerical examples,the accuracy of the proposed approach is demonstrated and discussed.Additionally,the influence of various factors on the dynamic behavior of the structures,including the power-law index,different materials,loading conditions,and geometrical parameters of the structures,was investigated.展开更多
Metamaterials,owing to their exceptional physical characteristics that are absent in natural materials,have emerged as a crucial constituent of intelligent devices and systems.However,there are still significant chall...Metamaterials,owing to their exceptional physical characteristics that are absent in natural materials,have emerged as a crucial constituent of intelligent devices and systems.However,there are still significant challenges that necessitate immediate attention,as they have considerably constrained the applicability of metamaterials,including fixed mechanical properties post-fabrication and restricted design freedom.Here,thermo-responsive,photo-responsive,electro-responsive,and magneto-responsive shape memory polymer nano-composites were developed,and shape memory gradient metamaterials were fabricated using multi-material 4D printing technology.The correlation mechanism between the design parameters and the mechanical properties of multi-responsive gradient metamaterials was systematically analyzed,and the highly designable and programmable configuration and mechanical properties of the gradient metamaterials were realized.More importantly,4D printed multi-responsive shape memory polymer gradient metamaterials can be programmed in situ without additional infrastructure for multi-functional mechanical functions,paving the way for the realization of multiple functions of a single structure.Based on the multi-responsive gradient metamaterials,4D printed digital pixel metamaterial intelligent information carriers were fabricated,featuring customizable encryption and decryption protocols,exceptional scalability,and reusability.Additionally,4D printed gradient metamaterial logic gate electronic devices were developed,which were anticipated to contribute to the development of smart,adaptable robotic systems that combine sensing,actuation,and decision-making capabilities.展开更多
Functional fatigue in the superelastic NiTi shape memory alloys occurs due to the accumulation of dislocations and retention of martensite with the cyclic loading.These mechanisms reduce the amount of the material ava...Functional fatigue in the superelastic NiTi shape memory alloys occurs due to the accumulation of dislocations and retention of martensite with the cyclic loading.These mechanisms reduce the amount of the material available for the stress-induced transformation and,thus,lower the elastocaloric effect that originates from the stress-induced latent heat variations.In this study,the individual contributions of the micromechanisms responsible for the functional fatigue in superelastic NiTi at different maximum tensile stress(σ_(max))are critically examined.Results show that the elastocaloric effect degrades significantly with cycling,and the saturated degraded value increases with σ_(max);the steady-state adiabatic temperature change is unexpectedly non-proportional to σ_(max).An overheating treatment(‘healing’)after mechanical fatigue reverts the retained martensite into austenite,making it available for subsequent transformation and restoring the elastocaloric effect significantly.Such a restoration increases exponentially with σ_(max).Consequently,the steady-state elastocaloric effect of the healed NiTi is proportional to σ_(max) and can reach more than twice that of NiTi without healing.The work sheds light on the physical origins of elastocaloric degradation of superelastic NiTi and also provides a feasible method for ameliorating functional fatigue.展开更多
A growing global population and the increasing prevalence of diet-related health issues such as“hidden hunger”,obesity,hypertension,and diabetes necessitate a fundamental rethinking of crop design and breeding.Synth...A growing global population and the increasing prevalence of diet-related health issues such as“hidden hunger”,obesity,hypertension,and diabetes necessitate a fundamental rethinking of crop design and breeding.Synthetic metabolic engineering offers a method to modify and redesign metabolic pathways to increase the nutritional value of crops.We summarize recent advances in the biofortification of key nutrients including provitamin A,vitamin C,vitamin B9,iron,zinc,anthocyanins,flavonoids,and unsaturated fatty acids.We discuss the potential of multi-gene stacking,gene editing,enzyme engineering,and artificial intelligence in synthetic metabolic engineering.We propose future research directions and potential solutions centered on leveraging AI-driven systems biology,precision gene editing,enzyme engineering,agrobacterium-mediated genotype-independent transformation,and modular metabolic engineering strategies to develop next-generation nutritionally enhanced super crops and transform global food systems.展开更多
This study investigates the properties of high-purity starches extracted from Polygonum multiflorum(PMS)and Smilax glabra(SGS).The starches were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,Fouriertransform infrared ...This study investigates the properties of high-purity starches extracted from Polygonum multiflorum(PMS)and Smilax glabra(SGS).The starches were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,high-performance anion-exchange chromatography,and differential scanning calorimetry.Significant differences were observed in their morphological,physicochemical,and functional properties.PMS had a smaller particle size(13.68 μm),irregular polygonal shape,A-type,lower water absorption(62.67 %),and higher oil absorption(51.17 %).In contrast,SGS exhibited larger particles(31.75 μm),a nearly spherical shape,B-type,higher crystallinity(50.66 %),and greater amylose content(21.54 %),with superior thermal stability,shear resistance,and gelatinization enthalpy.SGS also contained higher resistant starch(83.28 %) and longer average chain length(20.58 %),but showed lower solubility,swelling power,light transmittance,and freeze-thaw stability.The physicochemical properties differences in crystal pattern and particle morphology between PMS and SGS lead to distinct behaviors during in vitro digestion and fermentation.These findings highlight the potential of medicinal plant starches in functional ingredients and industrial processes.展开更多
Limitations regarding phosphorus(P)are widespread in ecosystems.Understanding the impacts of the wetland types on microbially mediated soil P availability and cycling is essential for the effective management of wetla...Limitations regarding phosphorus(P)are widespread in ecosystems.Understanding the impacts of the wetland types on microbially mediated soil P availability and cycling is essential for the effective management of wetlands.In this study,the Beidagang wetland,Baodi paddy field,and Dahuangpu wetland in Tianjin,China were chosen as representatives of the coastal wetland(B),constructed wetland(R),and swampy wetland(W),respectively.Sequential P extraction and metagenomics approaches were adopted to explore the soil P fraction and microbially regulated P cycle.Proteobacteria were the predominant microbes-related soil P cycle.IMPA,gph,rsbU_P,ugpQ,and glpK genes were dominant in organic P(Po)mineralization,while gcd,ppa,and ppx genes were dominant in inorganic P(Pi)solubilization.The salinity,NO_(3)^(-)-N concentration,the ratio of total carbon to total nitrogen(TC/TN),total carbon(TC),and the ratio of soil organic carbon to total P(SOC/TP)were the co-drivers of microbially mediated P cycle processes.Microbial network complexity-relate P cycle was the lowest in the coastal wetland.Salinity and NO_(3)^(-)-N exhibited a significant negative relation to the abundance of most genes-relate Pi solubilization and a remarkable positive correlation with the abundance of many genes-relate Po mineralization.These findings demonstrated that Po mineralization tended to occur in habitats with high salinity and nutrient imbalances,whereas the dissolution of Pi was prone to occur in low-salinity environments with relatively balanced soil nutrients.This study improves understanding of how salinity and soil nutrients jointly shape microbial-regulated soil P cycle in different types of wetlands.展开更多
In recent years,the demand for synchronous acquisition of three-dimensional(3D)shape and col-or texture has surged in fields such as cultural heritage preservation and healthcare.Addressing this need,this paper propos...In recent years,the demand for synchronous acquisition of three-dimensional(3D)shape and col-or texture has surged in fields such as cultural heritage preservation and healthcare.Addressing this need,this paper proposes a novel method for simultaneous 3D shape and color texture capture.First,a linear model correlating camera exposure time with grayscale values is established.Through exposure time calibration,the projected red,green and blue(RGB)light and white-light grayscale values captured by a monochrome cam-era are aligned.Then,three sets of color fringes are projected onto the object to identify optimal pixels for 3D reconstruction.And,three pure-color patterns are projected to synthesize the color texture.Experimental res-ults show that this method effectively achieves synchronous 3D shape and color texture acquisition,offering high speed and precision,and avoids color crosstalk interference common in 3D reconstruction of colored ob-jects using a monochrome camera.展开更多
Gauss radial basis functions(GRBF)are frequently employed in data fitting and machine learning.Their linear independence property can theoretically guarantee the avoidance of data redundancy.In this paper,one of the m...Gauss radial basis functions(GRBF)are frequently employed in data fitting and machine learning.Their linear independence property can theoretically guarantee the avoidance of data redundancy.In this paper,one of the main contributions is proving this property using linear algebra instead of profound knowledge.This makes it easy to read and understand this fundamental fact.The proof of linear independence of a set of Gauss functions relies on the constructing method for one-dimensional space and on the deducing method for higher dimensions.Additionally,under the condition of preserving the same moments between the original function and interpolating function,both the interpolating existence and uniqueness are proven for GRBF in one-dimensional space.The final work demonstrates the application of the GRBF method to locate lunar olivine.By combining preprocessed data using GRBF with the removing envelope curve method,a program is created to find the position of lunar olivine based on spectrum data,and the numerical experiment shows that it is an effective scheme.展开更多
Saikosaponins are the major pharmacologically active components in Bupleurum genus and exhibit significant application potential in multiple fields such as immune regulation and anti-tumor activity.To elucidate the bi...Saikosaponins are the major pharmacologically active components in Bupleurum genus and exhibit significant application potential in multiple fields such as immune regulation and anti-tumor activity.To elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of saikosaponins,we identified two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases,CYP716A41 and CYP716Y4,in Bupleurum chinense.These enzymes catalyze the C-28 oxidation and C-16 hydroxylation of oleanane-type triterpene skeletons,respectively.The catalytic efficiency of CYP716A41 from a southern B.chinense variety was significantly higher than that from a northern variety.Molecular docking and mutagenesis experiments revealed that amino acid residues at sites 9 and 35 may contribute to this difference in catalytic efficiency.Additionally,under cold stress,the expression levels of both CYP450 genes and the saikosaponin contents in the leaves of southern varieties were significantly higher compared to those in northern varieties.The variation in the catalytic efficiency of CYP716A41 and the differential expression of the two CYP450 genes under cold stress during winter are associated with the differences in saikosaponin biosynthesis in the leaves of southern and northern B.chinense varieties.This is consistent with the distinct medicinal usage practices observed between southern and northern China.展开更多
Vaginal delivery is a fascinating physiological process,but also a high-risk process.Up to 85%–90%of vaginal deliveries lead to perineal trauma,with nearly 11%of severe perineal tearing.It is a common occurrence,espe...Vaginal delivery is a fascinating physiological process,but also a high-risk process.Up to 85%–90%of vaginal deliveries lead to perineal trauma,with nearly 11%of severe perineal tearing.It is a common occurrence,especially for first-time mothers.Computational childbirth plays an essential role in the prediction and prevention of these traumas,but fast personalization of the pelvis and floor muscles is challenging due to their anatomical complexity.This study introduces a novel shape-prediction-based personalization of the pelvis and floor muscles for perineal tearing management and childbirth simulation.300 subjects were selected from public Computed Tomography(CT)databases.The pelvic bone nmjmeshes were generated using a coarse-to-fine non-rigid mesh alignment procedure.The floor muscle meshes were personalized using the bone mesh deformation information.A feature-to-pelvic structure reconstruction pipeline was proposed,incorporating various strategies.Ten-fold cross-validation helped determine the optimal reconstruction strategy,regression method,and feature sizes.The mesh-to-mesh distance metric was employed for evaluating.The statistical shape relation-based strategy,coupled with multi-output ridge regression,was the optimal approach for pelvic structure reconstruction.With a feature set ranging from 3 to 38,the mean errors were 2.672 to 1.613 mm,and 3.237 to 1.415 mm in muscle attachment regions.The best-and worst-case predictions had errors of 1.227±0.959 mm and 2.900±2.309 mm,respectively.This study provides a novel approach to achieving fast personalized childbirth modeling and simulation for perineal tearing management.展开更多
Spinal cord injury represents a severe form of central nervous system trauma for which effective treatments remain limited.Microglia is the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,play a critical role in s...Spinal cord injury represents a severe form of central nervous system trauma for which effective treatments remain limited.Microglia is the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,play a critical role in spinal cord injury.Previous studies have shown that microglia can promote neuronal survival by phagocytosing dead cells and debris and by releasing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory factors.However,excessive activation of microglia can lead to persistent inflammation and contribute to the formation of glial scars,which hinder axonal regeneration.Despite this,the precise role and mechanisms of microglia during the acute phase of spinal cord injury remain controversial and poorly understood.To elucidate the role of microglia in spinal cord injury,we employed the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX5622 to deplete microglia.We observed that sustained depletion of microglia resulted in an expansion of the lesion area,downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor,and impaired functional recovery after spinal cord injury.Next,we generated a transgenic mouse line with conditional overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor specifically in microglia.We found that brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia increased angiogenesis and blood flow following spinal cord injury and facilitated the recovery of hindlimb motor function.Additionally,brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia reduced inflammation and neuronal apoptosis during the acute phase of spinal cord injury.Furthermore,through using specific transgenic mouse lines,TMEM119,and the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX73086,we demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects were predominantly due to brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia rather than macrophages.In conclusion,our findings suggest the critical role of microglia in the formation of protective glial scars.Depleting microglia is detrimental to recovery of spinal cord injury,whereas targeting brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia represents a promising and novel therapeutic strategy to enhance motor function recovery in patients with spinal cord injury.展开更多
In recent years,researchers have extensively investigated the Hankel determinant,which consists of coefficients appearing in a holomorphic function’s Taylor-Maclaurin series.Hankel matrices are widely used in Markov ...In recent years,researchers have extensively investigated the Hankel determinant,which consists of coefficients appearing in a holomorphic function’s Taylor-Maclaurin series.Hankel matrices are widely used in Markov processes,non-stationary signals,and other mathematical disciplines.The aim of the current research article is to first improve the bounds of coefficient-related problems by employing the well-known Carathéodory function.The problems that we are going to improve were obtained by Tang et al.The sharp estimates of the most difficult problem of geometric function theory known as the third-order Hankel determinant are also contributed here.Zalcman and Fekete-Szegöinequalities are also studied here for the defined family of holomorphic functions.展开更多
To address the challenges of rapid bit failure and high drilling costs associated with hard limestone in Sichuan Basin of China,we conducted rock-breaking experiments and simulations of shaped(cylindrical,ridge,and ch...To address the challenges of rapid bit failure and high drilling costs associated with hard limestone in Sichuan Basin of China,we conducted rock-breaking experiments and simulations of shaped(cylindrical,ridge,and chopper)cutters.Rock mechanics,drillability,and acoustic emission indentation tests revealed the drilling resistance characteristics of the limestone:average uniaxial compressive strength of 202.472 MPa,tensile strength of 7.092 MPa,and drillability of 7.866.We evaluated the performance differences between the shaped cutters before introducing an efficient and innovative finite-discrete-infinite element method(FDIEM)to establish an interaction model between the shaped cutters and limestone.The simulation results indicated the following:(1)The shaped cutters demonstrated superior rock-breaking performance compared to the traditional cylindrical cutter.(2)Compared with the cylindrical cutter,the ridge cutter yielded the lowest peak indentation force and mechanical specific energy,with reductions of 8.71%and 33.83%,respectively.This confirmed that the ridge cutter had the optimal tooth profile for the target formation.Its rock-breaking mechanism relied on the convex edges to induce localized high stress in the rock,which enabled efficient rock fragmentation via a plowing mode while mitigating frictional resistance from cuttings.(3)The novel chopper cutter with its secondary step surface exerted a buffering effect on the cuttings,thereby achieving high cutting stability.This study provides theoretical and technical support for the design of personalized drill bits and the acceleration of the rate of penetration(ROP)in deep hard rock formations.展开更多
In the past few years,efforts have been made to extend the sensitivity of surface nuclear magnetic resonance(SNMR)to short relaxation times,typical for strongly bound water,which,for example,occurs in partially satura...In the past few years,efforts have been made to extend the sensitivity of surface nuclear magnetic resonance(SNMR)to short relaxation times,typical for strongly bound water,which,for example,occurs in partially saturated soils.The two limiting factors for the sensitivity are the dead time after the excitation pulse and the duration of the pulse itself.To enable short pulses,while also achieving proper depths of investigation,high pulse amplitudes are needed.This makes it necessary to consider the Bloch-Siegert effect,i.e.the counter-rotating component and the parallel component of the excitation field have significant influence on the excitation.If an untuned transmitter circuit is used,the pulse shape will also be non-sinusoidal.In this paper,we demonstrate that this influences SNMR measurements with short pulses in two ways:On one hand,the pulse shape influences the phase of the fundamental frequency oscillation.On the other,at very high pulse amplitudes,other frequency components of the excitation field start to influence the excitation.The behavior of the macroscopic magnetizations in the subsurface during the pulse is simulated by solving the Bloch equations,using the pulse shape as an input.Since these calculations are computational expensive,we propose a lookup scheme that allows a time efficient modeling of the obtained SNMR data.展开更多
Traffic sign detection is a critical component of driving systems.Single-stage network-based traffic sign detection algorithms,renowned for their fast detection speeds and high accuracy,have become the dominant approa...Traffic sign detection is a critical component of driving systems.Single-stage network-based traffic sign detection algorithms,renowned for their fast detection speeds and high accuracy,have become the dominant approach in current practices.However,in complex and dynamic traffic scenes,particularly with smaller traffic sign objects,challenges such as missed and false detections can lead to reduced overall detection accuracy.To address this issue,this paper proposes a detection algorithm that integrates edge and shape information.Recognizing that traffic signs have specific shapes and distinct edge contours,this paper introduces an edge feature extraction branch within the backbone network,enabling adaptive fusion with features of the same hierarchical level.Additionally,a shape prior convolution module is designed to replaces the first two convolutional modules of the backbone network,aimed at enhancing the model's perception ability for specific shape objects and reducing its sensitivity to background noise.The algorithm was evaluated on the CCTSDB and TT100k datasets,and compared to YOLOv8s,the mAP50 values increased by 3.0%and 10.4%,respectively,demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving the accuracy of traffic sign detection.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(No.RS-2024-00337001)。
文摘Physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have been shown as powerful tools for solving partial differential equations(PDEs)by embedding physical laws into the network training.Despite their remarkable results,complicated problems such as irregular boundary conditions(BCs)and discontinuous or high-frequency behaviors remain persistent challenges for PINNs.For these reasons,we propose a novel two-phase framework,where a neural network is first trained to represent shape functions that can capture the irregularity of BCs in the first phase,and then these neural network-based shape functions are used to construct boundary shape functions(BSFs)that exactly satisfy both essential and natural BCs in PINNs in the second phase.This scheme is integrated into both the strong-form and energy PINN approaches,thereby improving the quality of solution prediction in the cases of irregular BCs.In addition,this study examines the benefits and limitations of these approaches in handling discontinuous and high-frequency problems.Overall,our method offers a unified and flexible solution framework that addresses key limitations of existing PINN methods with higher accuracy and stability for general PDE problems in solid mechanics.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12204128)。
文摘This study investigates the effects of ocean boundaries on modal shapes in very-low-frequency(VLF,1–10 Hz)sound propagation through the deep ocean.Utilizing a normal mode solution formulated in terms of parabolic cylinder functions(PCF),we demonstrate that boundary interactions induce a phase change reduction below-πat frequencies of several hertz.This reduction,in turn,forces a key transition in the solution,shifting the order of the PCF from integer to non-integer values.Analysis of the characteristic shape of the PCF versus its order reveals that these boundary-influenced modes exhibit an energy shift toward deeper regions and a weakened axial convergence of the underwater sound field.
文摘Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography and microelectrode arrays.The challenges of these mentioned approaches are characterized by the bandwidth of the spatiotemporal resolution,which in turn is essential for large-area neuron recordings(Abiri et al.,2019).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12202294 and 12022208)the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No.2022M712243)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No.2023SCU12098).
文摘It is well known that coarse-grained super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloys(SMAs)exhibit localized rather than homogeneous martensite transformation(MT),which,however,can be strongly influenced by either internal size(grain size,GS)or the external size(geometric size).The coupled effect of GS and geometric size on the functional properties has not been clearly understood yet.In this work,the super-elasticity,one-way,and stress-assisted two-way shape memory effects of the polycrystalline NiTi SMAs with different aspect ratios(length/width for the gauge section)and different GSs are investigated based on the phase field method.The coupled effect of the aspect ratio and GS on the functional properties is adequately revealed.The simulated results indicate that when the aspect ratio is lower than about 4:1,the stress biaxiality and stress heterogeneity in the gauge section of the sample become more and more obvious with decreasing the aspect ratio,which can significantly influence the microstructure evolution in the process involving external stress.Therefore,the corresponding functional property is strongly dependent on the aspect ratio.With decreasing the GS and the aspect ratio(to be lower than 4:1),both the aspect ratio and GS can affect the MT or martensite reorientation in each grain and the interaction among grains.Thus,due to the strong internal constraint(i.e.,the constraint of grain boundary)and the external constraint(i.e.,the constraint of geometric boundary),the capabilities of the functional properties of NiTi SMAs are gradually weakened and highly dependent on these two factors.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC3203602)the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52370018)+1 种基金Shaanxi Provincial Youth Innovation Team Project(No.22JP040)Shaanxi Provincial Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Team(No.2023-CX-TD-32).
文摘During the initial impoundment period of a canyon-shaped reservoir,the water body fluctuated violently regarding water level,hydrological condition,and thermal stratification.These variations may alter the structure of phytoplankton community,resulting in algal blooms and seriously threatening the ecological security of the reservoir.It is of great significance to understand the continuous changes of phytoplankton in the initial impoundment period for the protection of reservoir water quality.Therefore,a two-year in-situ monitoring study was conducted on water quality and phytoplankton in a representative canyonshaped reservoir named Sanhekou and the interannual changes of phytoplankton community and its response to environmental changes during the initial impoundment period were discussed at taxonomic versus functional classification levels.The results showed that the total nitrogen and permanganate index levels were relatively high in the first year due to rapid water storage and heavy rainfall input,and the more stable hydrological conditions in the second year promoted the increase of algae density and the transformation of community,and the proportion of cyanobacteria increased significantly.The succession order of phytoplankton in the first year of the initial impoundment periodwas Chlorophyta-Bacillariophyta-Chlorophyta,or J/F/X1-P/MP/W1-A/X1/MP,respectively.And the succession order in the second year was Cyanobacteria/Chlorophyta-Bacillariophyta-Chlorophyta,or L_(M)/G/P-P/A/X1-X1/J/G.Water temperature,relativewater column stability,mixing depth,and pHwere crucial factors affecting phytoplankton community succession.This study revealed the interannual succession law and driving factors of phytoplankton in the initial impoundment period and provided an important reference for the operation management and ecological protection of canyon-shaped reservoirs.
基金Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM for supporting this study
文摘In this study,an improved integrated radial basis function with nonuniform shape parameter is introduced.The proposed shape parameter varies in each support domain and is defined byθ=1/d_(max),where d_(max)is the maximum distance of any pair of nodes in the support domain.The proposed method is verified and shows good performance.The results are stable and accurate with any number of nodes and an arbitrary nodal distribution.Notably,the support domain should be large enough to obtain accurate results.This method is then applied for transient analysis of curved shell structures made from functionally graded materials with complex geometries.Through several numerical examples,the accuracy of the proposed approach is demonstrated and discussed.Additionally,the influence of various factors on the dynamic behavior of the structures,including the power-law index,different materials,loading conditions,and geometrical parameters of the structures,was investigated.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3805700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12302198)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M720042)Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Science Foundation(LBH-Z22016)Key Project of Heilongjiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2022ZX02C25).
文摘Metamaterials,owing to their exceptional physical characteristics that are absent in natural materials,have emerged as a crucial constituent of intelligent devices and systems.However,there are still significant challenges that necessitate immediate attention,as they have considerably constrained the applicability of metamaterials,including fixed mechanical properties post-fabrication and restricted design freedom.Here,thermo-responsive,photo-responsive,electro-responsive,and magneto-responsive shape memory polymer nano-composites were developed,and shape memory gradient metamaterials were fabricated using multi-material 4D printing technology.The correlation mechanism between the design parameters and the mechanical properties of multi-responsive gradient metamaterials was systematically analyzed,and the highly designable and programmable configuration and mechanical properties of the gradient metamaterials were realized.More importantly,4D printed multi-responsive shape memory polymer gradient metamaterials can be programmed in situ without additional infrastructure for multi-functional mechanical functions,paving the way for the realization of multiple functions of a single structure.Based on the multi-responsive gradient metamaterials,4D printed digital pixel metamaterial intelligent information carriers were fabricated,featuring customizable encryption and decryption protocols,exceptional scalability,and reusability.Additionally,4D printed gradient metamaterial logic gate electronic devices were developed,which were anticipated to contribute to the development of smart,adaptable robotic systems that combine sensing,actuation,and decision-making capabilities.
基金financially supported by the Agency for Science,Technology and Research(A*STAR)of Singapore via the Structural Metal Alloys Programme(No.A18B1b0061).
文摘Functional fatigue in the superelastic NiTi shape memory alloys occurs due to the accumulation of dislocations and retention of martensite with the cyclic loading.These mechanisms reduce the amount of the material available for the stress-induced transformation and,thus,lower the elastocaloric effect that originates from the stress-induced latent heat variations.In this study,the individual contributions of the micromechanisms responsible for the functional fatigue in superelastic NiTi at different maximum tensile stress(σ_(max))are critically examined.Results show that the elastocaloric effect degrades significantly with cycling,and the saturated degraded value increases with σ_(max);the steady-state adiabatic temperature change is unexpectedly non-proportional to σ_(max).An overheating treatment(‘healing’)after mechanical fatigue reverts the retained martensite into austenite,making it available for subsequent transformation and restoring the elastocaloric effect significantly.Such a restoration increases exponentially with σ_(max).Consequently,the steady-state elastocaloric effect of the healed NiTi is proportional to σ_(max) and can reach more than twice that of NiTi without healing.The work sheds light on the physical origins of elastocaloric degradation of superelastic NiTi and also provides a feasible method for ameliorating functional fatigue.
基金supported by grants from the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project(GKAA24206023)the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD04077)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272120)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFF1000800)the Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Precise Breeding of Future Crops Major Project(FCBRCE-202502,FCBRCE-202504).
文摘A growing global population and the increasing prevalence of diet-related health issues such as“hidden hunger”,obesity,hypertension,and diabetes necessitate a fundamental rethinking of crop design and breeding.Synthetic metabolic engineering offers a method to modify and redesign metabolic pathways to increase the nutritional value of crops.We summarize recent advances in the biofortification of key nutrients including provitamin A,vitamin C,vitamin B9,iron,zinc,anthocyanins,flavonoids,and unsaturated fatty acids.We discuss the potential of multi-gene stacking,gene editing,enzyme engineering,and artificial intelligence in synthetic metabolic engineering.We propose future research directions and potential solutions centered on leveraging AI-driven systems biology,precision gene editing,enzyme engineering,agrobacterium-mediated genotype-independent transformation,and modular metabolic engineering strategies to develop next-generation nutritionally enhanced super crops and transform global food systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82174074)。
文摘This study investigates the properties of high-purity starches extracted from Polygonum multiflorum(PMS)and Smilax glabra(SGS).The starches were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,high-performance anion-exchange chromatography,and differential scanning calorimetry.Significant differences were observed in their morphological,physicochemical,and functional properties.PMS had a smaller particle size(13.68 μm),irregular polygonal shape,A-type,lower water absorption(62.67 %),and higher oil absorption(51.17 %).In contrast,SGS exhibited larger particles(31.75 μm),a nearly spherical shape,B-type,higher crystallinity(50.66 %),and greater amylose content(21.54 %),with superior thermal stability,shear resistance,and gelatinization enthalpy.SGS also contained higher resistant starch(83.28 %) and longer average chain length(20.58 %),but showed lower solubility,swelling power,light transmittance,and freeze-thaw stability.The physicochemical properties differences in crystal pattern and particle morphology between PMS and SGS lead to distinct behaviors during in vitro digestion and fermentation.These findings highlight the potential of medicinal plant starches in functional ingredients and industrial processes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32271777,31500365,31770499,and 42303014)Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(Nos.12JCYBJC19700 and 18JCYBJC96500)+1 种基金Tianjin Science and Technology Support Program(Nos.23YFZCSN00100,15ZCZDSF00410,and 23YFZCSN00210)the Special Investigation of Technological Basic Resources(No.2021FY101002)。
文摘Limitations regarding phosphorus(P)are widespread in ecosystems.Understanding the impacts of the wetland types on microbially mediated soil P availability and cycling is essential for the effective management of wetlands.In this study,the Beidagang wetland,Baodi paddy field,and Dahuangpu wetland in Tianjin,China were chosen as representatives of the coastal wetland(B),constructed wetland(R),and swampy wetland(W),respectively.Sequential P extraction and metagenomics approaches were adopted to explore the soil P fraction and microbially regulated P cycle.Proteobacteria were the predominant microbes-related soil P cycle.IMPA,gph,rsbU_P,ugpQ,and glpK genes were dominant in organic P(Po)mineralization,while gcd,ppa,and ppx genes were dominant in inorganic P(Pi)solubilization.The salinity,NO_(3)^(-)-N concentration,the ratio of total carbon to total nitrogen(TC/TN),total carbon(TC),and the ratio of soil organic carbon to total P(SOC/TP)were the co-drivers of microbially mediated P cycle processes.Microbial network complexity-relate P cycle was the lowest in the coastal wetland.Salinity and NO_(3)^(-)-N exhibited a significant negative relation to the abundance of most genes-relate Pi solubilization and a remarkable positive correlation with the abundance of many genes-relate Po mineralization.These findings demonstrated that Po mineralization tended to occur in habitats with high salinity and nutrient imbalances,whereas the dissolution of Pi was prone to occur in low-salinity environments with relatively balanced soil nutrients.This study improves understanding of how salinity and soil nutrients jointly shape microbial-regulated soil P cycle in different types of wetlands.
文摘In recent years,the demand for synchronous acquisition of three-dimensional(3D)shape and col-or texture has surged in fields such as cultural heritage preservation and healthcare.Addressing this need,this paper proposes a novel method for simultaneous 3D shape and color texture capture.First,a linear model correlating camera exposure time with grayscale values is established.Through exposure time calibration,the projected red,green and blue(RGB)light and white-light grayscale values captured by a monochrome cam-era are aligned.Then,three sets of color fringes are projected onto the object to identify optimal pixels for 3D reconstruction.And,three pure-color patterns are projected to synthesize the color texture.Experimental res-ults show that this method effectively achieves synchronous 3D shape and color texture acquisition,offering high speed and precision,and avoids color crosstalk interference common in 3D reconstruction of colored ob-jects using a monochrome camera.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB025904)Zhengzhou Shengda University of Economics,Business and Management(SD-YB2025085)。
文摘Gauss radial basis functions(GRBF)are frequently employed in data fitting and machine learning.Their linear independence property can theoretically guarantee the avoidance of data redundancy.In this paper,one of the main contributions is proving this property using linear algebra instead of profound knowledge.This makes it easy to read and understand this fundamental fact.The proof of linear independence of a set of Gauss functions relies on the constructing method for one-dimensional space and on the deducing method for higher dimensions.Additionally,under the condition of preserving the same moments between the original function and interpolating function,both the interpolating existence and uniqueness are proven for GRBF in one-dimensional space.The final work demonstrates the application of the GRBF method to locate lunar olivine.By combining preprocessed data using GRBF with the removing envelope curve method,a program is created to find the position of lunar olivine based on spectrum data,and the numerical experiment shows that it is an effective scheme.
基金supported by CARS(CARS-21),the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-032)the Science and Technology Department of Xizang(XZ202401ZY0020)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(2023YFH0044,2023YFH0018)the Sichuan Province Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(2022JDJQ0006)the Doctoral Fund of Southwest University of Science and Technology(19ZX7117,21ZX7116).
文摘Saikosaponins are the major pharmacologically active components in Bupleurum genus and exhibit significant application potential in multiple fields such as immune regulation and anti-tumor activity.To elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of saikosaponins,we identified two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases,CYP716A41 and CYP716Y4,in Bupleurum chinense.These enzymes catalyze the C-28 oxidation and C-16 hydroxylation of oleanane-type triterpene skeletons,respectively.The catalytic efficiency of CYP716A41 from a southern B.chinense variety was significantly higher than that from a northern variety.Molecular docking and mutagenesis experiments revealed that amino acid residues at sites 9 and 35 may contribute to this difference in catalytic efficiency.Additionally,under cold stress,the expression levels of both CYP450 genes and the saikosaponin contents in the leaves of southern varieties were significantly higher compared to those in northern varieties.The variation in the catalytic efficiency of CYP716A41 and the differential expression of the two CYP450 genes under cold stress during winter are associated with the differences in saikosaponin biosynthesis in the leaves of southern and northern B.chinense varieties.This is consistent with the distinct medicinal usage practices observed between southern and northern China.
基金funded by Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City(VNU-HCM)under grant number DS.C2025-28-06.
文摘Vaginal delivery is a fascinating physiological process,but also a high-risk process.Up to 85%–90%of vaginal deliveries lead to perineal trauma,with nearly 11%of severe perineal tearing.It is a common occurrence,especially for first-time mothers.Computational childbirth plays an essential role in the prediction and prevention of these traumas,but fast personalization of the pelvis and floor muscles is challenging due to their anatomical complexity.This study introduces a novel shape-prediction-based personalization of the pelvis and floor muscles for perineal tearing management and childbirth simulation.300 subjects were selected from public Computed Tomography(CT)databases.The pelvic bone nmjmeshes were generated using a coarse-to-fine non-rigid mesh alignment procedure.The floor muscle meshes were personalized using the bone mesh deformation information.A feature-to-pelvic structure reconstruction pipeline was proposed,incorporating various strategies.Ten-fold cross-validation helped determine the optimal reconstruction strategy,regression method,and feature sizes.The mesh-to-mesh distance metric was employed for evaluating.The statistical shape relation-based strategy,coupled with multi-output ridge regression,was the optimal approach for pelvic structure reconstruction.With a feature set ranging from 3 to 38,the mean errors were 2.672 to 1.613 mm,and 3.237 to 1.415 mm in muscle attachment regions.The best-and worst-case predictions had errors of 1.227±0.959 mm and 2.900±2.309 mm,respectively.This study provides a novel approach to achieving fast personalized childbirth modeling and simulation for perineal tearing management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82072165 and 82272256(both to XM)the Key Project of Xiangyang Central Hospital,No.2023YZ03(to RM)。
文摘Spinal cord injury represents a severe form of central nervous system trauma for which effective treatments remain limited.Microglia is the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,play a critical role in spinal cord injury.Previous studies have shown that microglia can promote neuronal survival by phagocytosing dead cells and debris and by releasing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory factors.However,excessive activation of microglia can lead to persistent inflammation and contribute to the formation of glial scars,which hinder axonal regeneration.Despite this,the precise role and mechanisms of microglia during the acute phase of spinal cord injury remain controversial and poorly understood.To elucidate the role of microglia in spinal cord injury,we employed the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX5622 to deplete microglia.We observed that sustained depletion of microglia resulted in an expansion of the lesion area,downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor,and impaired functional recovery after spinal cord injury.Next,we generated a transgenic mouse line with conditional overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor specifically in microglia.We found that brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia increased angiogenesis and blood flow following spinal cord injury and facilitated the recovery of hindlimb motor function.Additionally,brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia reduced inflammation and neuronal apoptosis during the acute phase of spinal cord injury.Furthermore,through using specific transgenic mouse lines,TMEM119,and the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX73086,we demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects were predominantly due to brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia rather than macrophages.In conclusion,our findings suggest the critical role of microglia in the formation of protective glial scars.Depleting microglia is detrimental to recovery of spinal cord injury,whereas targeting brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia represents a promising and novel therapeutic strategy to enhance motor function recovery in patients with spinal cord injury.
基金supported by the NSFC(11561001)the Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(NJYT18-A14)+4 种基金the NSF of Inner Mongolia(2022MS01004,2020MS01011)the Higher School Foundation of Inner Mongolia(NJZY20200)the Program for Key Laboratory Construction of Chifeng University(CFXYZD202004)the Research and Innovation Team of Complex Analysis and Nonlinear Dynamic Systems of Chifeng University(cfxykycxtd202005)the Youth Science Foundation of Chifeng University(cfxyqn202133).
文摘In recent years,researchers have extensively investigated the Hankel determinant,which consists of coefficients appearing in a holomorphic function’s Taylor-Maclaurin series.Hankel matrices are widely used in Markov processes,non-stationary signals,and other mathematical disciplines.The aim of the current research article is to first improve the bounds of coefficient-related problems by employing the well-known Carathéodory function.The problems that we are going to improve were obtained by Tang et al.The sharp estimates of the most difficult problem of geometric function theory known as the third-order Hankel determinant are also contributed here.Zalcman and Fekete-Szegöinequalities are also studied here for the defined family of holomorphic functions.
基金the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2025ZD1008300)the Major Scientific Research Instrument Development Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52327803).
文摘To address the challenges of rapid bit failure and high drilling costs associated with hard limestone in Sichuan Basin of China,we conducted rock-breaking experiments and simulations of shaped(cylindrical,ridge,and chopper)cutters.Rock mechanics,drillability,and acoustic emission indentation tests revealed the drilling resistance characteristics of the limestone:average uniaxial compressive strength of 202.472 MPa,tensile strength of 7.092 MPa,and drillability of 7.866.We evaluated the performance differences between the shaped cutters before introducing an efficient and innovative finite-discrete-infinite element method(FDIEM)to establish an interaction model between the shaped cutters and limestone.The simulation results indicated the following:(1)The shaped cutters demonstrated superior rock-breaking performance compared to the traditional cylindrical cutter.(2)Compared with the cylindrical cutter,the ridge cutter yielded the lowest peak indentation force and mechanical specific energy,with reductions of 8.71%and 33.83%,respectively.This confirmed that the ridge cutter had the optimal tooth profile for the target formation.Its rock-breaking mechanism relied on the convex edges to induce localized high stress in the rock,which enabled efficient rock fragmentation via a plowing mode while mitigating frictional resistance from cuttings.(3)The novel chopper cutter with its secondary step surface exerted a buffering effect on the cuttings,thereby achieving high cutting stability.This study provides theoretical and technical support for the design of personalized drill bits and the acceleration of the rate of penetration(ROP)in deep hard rock formations.
基金funded by the German Research Foundation(Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft-DFG)under grant MU 3318/8-1.
文摘In the past few years,efforts have been made to extend the sensitivity of surface nuclear magnetic resonance(SNMR)to short relaxation times,typical for strongly bound water,which,for example,occurs in partially saturated soils.The two limiting factors for the sensitivity are the dead time after the excitation pulse and the duration of the pulse itself.To enable short pulses,while also achieving proper depths of investigation,high pulse amplitudes are needed.This makes it necessary to consider the Bloch-Siegert effect,i.e.the counter-rotating component and the parallel component of the excitation field have significant influence on the excitation.If an untuned transmitter circuit is used,the pulse shape will also be non-sinusoidal.In this paper,we demonstrate that this influences SNMR measurements with short pulses in two ways:On one hand,the pulse shape influences the phase of the fundamental frequency oscillation.On the other,at very high pulse amplitudes,other frequency components of the excitation field start to influence the excitation.The behavior of the macroscopic magnetizations in the subsurface during the pulse is simulated by solving the Bloch equations,using the pulse shape as an input.Since these calculations are computational expensive,we propose a lookup scheme that allows a time efficient modeling of the obtained SNMR data.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62572057,62272049,U24A20331)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.4232026,4242020)Academic Research Projects of Beijing Union University(Grant No.ZK10202404).
文摘Traffic sign detection is a critical component of driving systems.Single-stage network-based traffic sign detection algorithms,renowned for their fast detection speeds and high accuracy,have become the dominant approach in current practices.However,in complex and dynamic traffic scenes,particularly with smaller traffic sign objects,challenges such as missed and false detections can lead to reduced overall detection accuracy.To address this issue,this paper proposes a detection algorithm that integrates edge and shape information.Recognizing that traffic signs have specific shapes and distinct edge contours,this paper introduces an edge feature extraction branch within the backbone network,enabling adaptive fusion with features of the same hierarchical level.Additionally,a shape prior convolution module is designed to replaces the first two convolutional modules of the backbone network,aimed at enhancing the model's perception ability for specific shape objects and reducing its sensitivity to background noise.The algorithm was evaluated on the CCTSDB and TT100k datasets,and compared to YOLOv8s,the mAP50 values increased by 3.0%and 10.4%,respectively,demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving the accuracy of traffic sign detection.
