Seed dispersal is a pivotal process in seed plant life cycle,owing to its effects on seed germination,seedling survival,population recruitment,and diversity maintenance in the entire community(Howe and Smallwood,1982;...Seed dispersal is a pivotal process in seed plant life cycle,owing to its effects on seed germination,seedling survival,population recruitment,and diversity maintenance in the entire community(Howe and Smallwood,1982;Rogers et al.,2021).There are diverse dispersal modes,such as anemochory(wind-driven dispersal),hydrochory(water-mediated dispersal),autochory(self-dispersal),and zoochory,which relies on a diverse array of animals for seed dispersal(Howe and Smallwood,1982).It is widely known that these varying dispersal modes impose selective pressures on many seed and fruit traits,especially the seed size,a key trait which is associated with multiple stages of the life cycle of plants,such as dispersal,germination,and establishment,particularly during early development(Leishman et al.,2000).展开更多
[Objective] The paper aimed to analyze genetic diversity and genetic relationship of large fruited tomato core germplasms based on genotypic value.[Method] Taking 55 large fruited tomato core germplasms as tested mate...[Objective] The paper aimed to analyze genetic diversity and genetic relationship of large fruited tomato core germplasms based on genotypic value.[Method] Taking 55 large fruited tomato core germplasms as tested materials, the genetic diversity of seven agronomic traits was analyzed, and the correlation between traits and genetic relationship between germplasms were analyzed based on genotypic effect value.[Result] The diversity indexes of seven agronomic traits were 3.98, 3.97, 3.99, 3.99, 3.97, 3.98 and 3.87, respectively, indicating there were rich genetic diversities in large fruited tomato core germplasms. Correlation analysis of traits was conducted based on genotypic effect value. The results showed that there was extremely significant positive correlation between leaf length and leaf width, and the correlation coefficient was 0.66. There was extremely significant positive correlation between fruit length and fruit width, with a correlation coefficient of 0.49. There was extremely significant positive correlation between weight per fruit and fruit width, with a correlation coefficient of 0.46. The genetic distance between large fruited tomato core germplasms was calculated based on the phenotypic value of traits. When the distance was 5, 55 large fruited tomato core germplasms were divided into three groups. The genetic distance between large fruited core germplasms tomato was calculated based on genotypic predictive value of traits. When the distance was 10, 55 large fruited tomato core germplasms were divided into six groups. Comparing the results of two clustering analysis, it was found that the clustering analysis based on genotypic value could better explain the genetic relationship between germplasms.[Conclusion] The results could provide some basis for understanding the population variation of large fruited tomato and genetic improvement of tomato cultivars.展开更多
To gain insight into the molecular and genetic basis of fruit size and shape in cucumber,we conducted Quantitative Trait Locus(QTL)mapping with F2 and BC1F1 populations derived froma cross between the Northern-China t...To gain insight into the molecular and genetic basis of fruit size and shape in cucumber,we conducted Quantitative Trait Locus(QTL)mapping with F2 and BC1F1 populations derived froma cross between the Northern-China type inbred line CNS21 and the Southern-China type inbred line RNS7.Populations were evaluated during two developmental stages,ovary at anthesis and commercial fruit(immature fruit).A total of 13 major-effect QTLs(R2>10%)were detected for six traits,and one of them,fruit shape index 2.1,explained more than 50%of phenotypic variation.All QTLs distributed on chromosome(chr)1 and 2.We constructed a physical map containing almost all of the QTLs with their physical location from previous studies.For fruit size and shape,the highest number of QTLs were mapped on chr1 and chr6,and the fewest number were mapped on chr2 and chr7.At least one consensus region was presented on each chromosome.In addition,three candidate genes were predicted between the long-fruited and round-fruited inbred lines by comparing the sequences of the consensus region of chr3,where many QTLs for marketable fruit length had been detected.Our results provide a base for additional QTLs and molecular markers for fruit size and shape in cucumber breeding.展开更多
Fruit size is one of the most important agronomic characters,which is mainly determined by cell number and cell size.However,our current knowledge about pear is largely unknown.Through counting of pear mesocarp cells ...Fruit size is one of the most important agronomic characters,which is mainly determined by cell number and cell size.However,our current knowledge about pear is largely unknown.Through counting of pear mesocarp cells at different stages,we found that the cell number,rather than the cell size,is responsible for the differences between small- and large-fruited cultivars.Fruit weight-2.2（fw2.2） is an important quantitative trait locus（QTL） affecting fruit weight in tomato and functions as a negative regulator in carpel cell division.To get more insights into this QTL in pear fruit development,we isolated two putative homologous fw2.2 genes,which were designated as fw2.2-like（PbFWL） genes.PbFWLs encode Cys-rich proteins with the CCXXXXCPC motif and belong to the PLAC8 superfamily.In addition,results from the subcellular localization indicated that PbFWLs were localized in the plasma membrane.The expression profile of the PbFWL genes by qRT-PCR showed they expressed higher in small-sized fruit cultivar than that in large-sized fruit cultivar during the cell division period.In summary,our data suggest that these two PbFWLs might be negatively related to the cell division in pear fruit.展开更多
Chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation are essential processes of fruit maturation in many horticultural plants,and play a crucial role in fruit color and quality.The pathways of chlorophyll and carotenoi...Chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation are essential processes of fruit maturation in many horticultural plants,and play a crucial role in fruit color and quality.The pathways of chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation are well understood,and key regulatory genes controlling these pathways have been identified in citrus.This article reviewed the recent research on chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism in citrus fruits,encompassing the metabolic pathways,transcriptional regulation,influencing factors,and the interplay between chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism,aiming to provide insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing the coloration of citrus fruits.展开更多
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herb...Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.展开更多
Photosynthesis is one the most important chemical reaction in plants,and it is the ultimate energy source of any living organisms.The light and dark reactions are two essential phases of photosynthesis.Light reaction ...Photosynthesis is one the most important chemical reaction in plants,and it is the ultimate energy source of any living organisms.The light and dark reactions are two essential phases of photosynthesis.Light reaction harvests light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH through an electron transport chain,and as well as giving out O_(2);dark reaction fixes CO_(2) into six carbon sugars by utilizing NADPH and energy from ATP.Subsequently,plants convert optical energy into chemical energy for maintaining growth and development through absorbing light energy.Here,firstly,we highlighted the biological importance of photosynthesis,and hormones and metabolites,photosynthetic and regulating enzymes,and signaling components that collectively regulate photosynthesis in tomato.Next,we reviewed the advances in tomato photosynthesis,including two aspects of genetic basis and genetic improvement.Numerous genes regulating tomato photosynthesis are gradually uncovered,and the interaction network among those genes remains to be constructed.Finally,the photosynthesis occurring in fruit of tomato and the relationship between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit were discussed.Leaves and fruits are photosynthate sources and sinks of tomato respectively,and interaction between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit exists.Additionally,future perspectives that needs to be addressed on tomato photosynthesis were proposed.展开更多
Brassinosteroids(BRs),a class of plant-specific steroidal hormones,play crucial roles in regulating various plant physiological functions,such as growth,development,and adaptability to the environment.Despite this bro...Brassinosteroids(BRs),a class of plant-specific steroidal hormones,play crucial roles in regulating various plant physiological functions,such as growth,development,and adaptability to the environment.Despite this broader role of BRs,previously published reviews mainly focused on the molecular mechanisms of BR-mediated regulation of vegetative and reproductive growth of model plants like Arabidopsis and some food crops,such as rice,maize,and wheat.While horticultural plants hold significant economic importance in modern agriculture,less attention has been paid to understanding the role of BRs in regulating the physiological functions of these plants.Given the lack of relevant reviews,this article aims to discuss the major roles of BRs in horticultural plants,particularly fruit and leaf development,whole plant architecture,and adaptive stress response.We also highlight key challenges and provide some future research directions for genetically improving horticultural plants by altering the BR signaling pathway.展开更多
The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms as...The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms associated with fruit development is crucial for breeding improved fruit varieties.Here,we report that MdCIbHLH1,a low temperature-induced b HLH transcription factor,inhibits the accumulation of soluble sugars by regulating sugar-metabolizing enzyme activities,photosynthetic performance,and the expression of sugar-related genes in developing apple fruits.MdCIbHLH1 inhibits MdFBP and MdPEPCK expression,thus blocking the conversion of acids to sugars in apple fruits.We also discovered that MdCIbHLH1 decreases the photosynthetic rate and carbohydrate accumulation in apple leaves.Our results suggest that soluble sugar accumulation in apple fruits is influenced by multiple factors,including metabolic status,photosynthesis,and carbohydrate allocation.MdCIbHLH1 is critically involved in controlling the accumulation of soluble sugars by coordinating carbohydrate synthesis and allocation,thus influencing sugar transport and its metabolism during the development of apple fruits.展开更多
Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperat...Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperated with MaHDA1 to precisely regulate the transcription of ripening-associated genes via histone deacetylation.However,whether MaERF11 is subjected to post-translational modification during banana ripening is largely unknown.In this study,we found that MaERF11 targeted a subset of starch degradation-related genes using the DNA affinity purification sequence(DAP-Seq)approach.Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)and dual-luciferase reporter assay(DLR)demonstrated that MaERF11 could specifically bind and repress the expression of the starch degradation-related genes MaAMY3,MaBAM2 and MaGWD1.Further analyses of yeast two-hybrid(Y2H),bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and Luciferase complementation imaging(LCI)assays indicated that MaERF11 interacted with the ubiquitin E3 ligase MaRFA1,and this interaction weakened the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional repression capacity.Collectively,our results suggest an additional regulatory layer in which MaERF11 regulates banana fruit ripening and expands the regulatory network in fruit ripening at the post-translational modification level.展开更多
The WSC proteins produced by Penicillium expansum play a crucial role in causing blue mold on pears.To analyze the role of the WSC1 gene in the pathogenic process of this fungal pathogen,we conducted transcriptomic an...The WSC proteins produced by Penicillium expansum play a crucial role in causing blue mold on pears.To analyze the role of the WSC1 gene in the pathogenic process of this fungal pathogen,we conducted transcriptomic analysis of a WSC1 knockout(ΔWSC1)strain.The knockout of WSC1 significantly altered the gene expression profile in P.expansum,particularly for genes involved in cell wall integrity,signaling,stress response,and toxin production.The differential expression of these genes might make theΔWSC1 strain more vulnerable to environmental stress,while reducing the toxin production capacity,ultimately leading to a decrease in the pathogenicity.The transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of genes related to stress response signals,defense mechanisms and oxidative stress management changed when pear fruits were infected with theΔWSC1 strain.These changes may trigger a cascade of responses in pear fruits.In addition,compared with those infected with the wild-type strain,pear fruits infected with theΔWSC1 strain exhibited up-regulated expression of genes related to defense and oxidative stress.This study clarifies how the WSC1 gene influences P.expansum’s ability to infect pear fruits and how pear fruits respond to the infection.展开更多
In 2015,the discovery of mammalian fossils,paleolithic artifacts,and burned bones in the Maoershan Cave of the Guilin Basin,northeastern Guangxi,indicated that it is a late Middle Pleistocene Paleolithic site.In 2021,...In 2015,the discovery of mammalian fossils,paleolithic artifacts,and burned bones in the Maoershan Cave of the Guilin Basin,northeastern Guangxi,indicated that it is a late Middle Pleistocene Paleolithic site.In 2021,stratigraphic sectioning and the systematic screening of small mammal sand samples were conducted.This paper presents a comprehensive account of the new material of the fruit bat Rousettus leschenaultii,accompanied by a concise overview of the non-volant micromammals that coexisted with it in the Quaternary sediments of the Maoershan Cave.This finding marks the second occurrence of fruit bat fossils in China,contributing to our understanding of the dental morphology and past geographical distribution of Rousettus.The micromammalian assemblage of the Maoershan Cave is composed of 3 orders,9 families,26 genera,and 30 species,and exhibits notable similarities with those of the late Middle Pleistocene Yumi Cave,Xinglong Cave,Yanhui Cave,Mawokou Cave,Zhongliangshan,and Chuan Cave faunas.The biochronology of the micromammalian assemblage from the Maoershan Cave has been determined to be consistent with the late Middle Pleistocene,providing a new assemblage in the Pleistocene mammalian faunal sequence in southern China.The presence of abundant oriental forested elements indicates that the Guilin Basin used to be a humid and warm subtropical forest paleoenvironment similar to the contemporary environment during the late Middle Pleistocene.展开更多
Tephritid fruit flies are considered one of the world’s most notorious pests of horticultural crops, including mango (Mangefera indica L.) in Sierra Leone, causing extensive direct and indirect damage. A survey was c...Tephritid fruit flies are considered one of the world’s most notorious pests of horticultural crops, including mango (Mangefera indica L.) in Sierra Leone, causing extensive direct and indirect damage. A survey was conducted among 60 mango farmers in 7 districts in Sierra Leone between June and August, 2022, to assess their perceptions regarding fruit fly pest status and the current management options adopted for the control of this pest. Semi-structured questions designed in an open and closed-ended fashion were used for the study. The majority (83%) of the farmers were already aware of the fruit fly problem in the country with 62% perceiving it to be very severe. The majority (60%) of farmers, however, demonstrated poor knowledge of identifying fruit fly species, especially Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis capitata, and Ceratitis cosyra. Farmers were more conversant about the direct damage symptoms to host fruits and the economic impact of fruit flies. A total of 32% of growers took no action to control fruit flies on their farms. Sixty-nine percent (69%) of the farmers adopted cultural control measures, like practicing prompt harvesting, collection and disposal of infested fruits, and weeding to maintain better sanitary conditions on their farms. Recommended fruit fly management strategies such as the use of botanicals and resistant varieties were either unknown or inaccessible to growers. A total of 52% applied chemicals that were not recommended for the control of fruit flies without considering their environmental and health risks. It is important to train fruit growers to improve their capabilities for fruit fly management through extension agents that are appropriate for helping them acquire basic knowledge of fruit fly pests and their management.展开更多
BACKGROUND Fruits of Gardenia jasminoides(G.jasminoides)have extremely high medicinal value.However,the quality and traits of the plants vary significantly based on their provenances.In addition,the behaviour of the k...BACKGROUND Fruits of Gardenia jasminoides(G.jasminoides)have extremely high medicinal value.However,the quality and traits of the plants vary significantly based on their provenances.In addition,the behaviour of the known bioactive components,such as geniposide and crocin,has been the primary focus of the research on G.jasminoides.However,the identification of unknown bioactive components and their metabolomics remains underexplored.Therefore,analysing the metabolic differences between gardenias from different sources is essential to provide a comprehensive theoretical basis for the evaluation of G.jasminoides and germplasm resource identification.AIM To systematically evaluate the morphology,secondary metabolites,typical active ingredients,and antioxidant activity of wild G.jasminoides fruits.METHODS Gardenia fruits were collected from different provenances.Metabolites were identified via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).The metabolic differences were compared using hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA).The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays,and its correlation with typical active ingredients was analysed.RESULTS A total of 444 and 240 metabolites were identified using UPLC-MS/MS in positive and negative ion modes,respectively.The HCA results of the flavonoids indicated that the higher content of flavonoids was in the fruits from Lukou.The differential analysis of metabolites in fruits from Shaoyang,Miluo and Lukou showed that the fruit from Miluo had the highest upregulated differential metabolites.CONCLUSION The metabolic characteristics of the Ningxiang and Xiangxi extracts were similar,while those of Lukou,Miluo and Shaoyang extracts differed significantly.展开更多
In this study,an automated multimodal system for detecting,classifying,and dating fruit was developed using a two-stage YOLOv11 pipeline.In the first stage,the YOLOv11 detection model locates individual date fruits in...In this study,an automated multimodal system for detecting,classifying,and dating fruit was developed using a two-stage YOLOv11 pipeline.In the first stage,the YOLOv11 detection model locates individual date fruits in real time by drawing bounding boxes around them.These bounding boxes are subsequently passed to a YOLOv11 classification model,which analyzes cropped images and assigns class labels.An additional counting module automatically tallies the detected fruits,offering a near-instantaneous estimation of quantity.The experimental results suggest high precision and recall for detection,high classification accuracy(across 15 classes),and near-perfect counting in real time.This paper presents a multi-stage pipeline for date fruit detection,classification,and automated counting,employing YOLOv11-based models to achieve high accuracy while maintaining real-time throughput.The results demonstrated that the detection precision exceeded 90%,the classification accuracy approached 92%,and the counting module correlated closely with the manual tallies.These findings confirm the potential of reducing manual labour and enhancing operational efficiency in post-harvesting processes.Future studies will include dataset expansion,user-centric interfaces,and integration with harvesting robotics.展开更多
[Objectives]To explore the pharmacodynamic effect of the Castanopsis sclerophylla(Lindl)Schottk fruit on diarrhea model mice.[Methods]The anti-diarrheal efficacy of the C.sclerophylla fruit was evaluated using a casto...[Objectives]To explore the pharmacodynamic effect of the Castanopsis sclerophylla(Lindl)Schottk fruit on diarrhea model mice.[Methods]The anti-diarrheal efficacy of the C.sclerophylla fruit was evaluated using a castor oil-induced acute diarrhea model in mice and the small intestinal charcoal propulsion test,with assessment of onset time of diarrhea,frequency of loose stools,and small intestinal propulsion rate.[Results]Compared with the model group,the C.sclerophylla frui-treated group demonstrated significantly delayed onset of diarrhea,reduced frequency of loose stools,and decreased small intestinal charcoal propulsion rate in a dose-dependent manner,with the high-dose group achieving efficacy comparable to the loperamide-treated group.[Conclusions]The C.sclerophylla fruit has certain anti-diarrhea effect,and its anti-diarrhea mechanism may be related to the inhibition of small intestinal peristalsis.展开更多
Hello,everyone! Now I want to talk about my eating habits.Healthy eating habits mean a lot to everyone.First,I have three meals a day.For breakfast,I like eggs,milk and noodles.For lunch,I prefer rice,vegetables,beef ...Hello,everyone! Now I want to talk about my eating habits.Healthy eating habits mean a lot to everyone.First,I have three meals a day.For breakfast,I like eggs,milk and noodles.For lunch,I prefer rice,vegetables,beef and fish.And also there are snacks in the afternoon.I often have porridge or noodles.Water and fruit are necessary in my daily life.They are good for my health.展开更多
Terpenoids are vital secondary metabolites in plants that function as agents for defense and stress resistance.These genes not only play crucial roles in plant growth and development but also function in diverse biolo...Terpenoids are vital secondary metabolites in plants that function as agents for defense and stress resistance.These genes not only play crucial roles in plant growth and development but also function in diverse biological group interactions.Terpenoids released by fruit trees possess defensive properties and constitute a class of aromatic compounds.For some fruits,terpenoids are indispensable indicators for evaluating fruit quality and the economic value.Significant research progress has been made in terpenoids biosynthesis and regulation.In this review,we introduce the main terpenoids of fruit trees,emphasize synthetic enzymes and regulatory factors involved in the mevalonate pathway and the methylerythritol pathway,and analyze TPS gene family identification and diversity in several fruit tree species.Moreover,the regulation of terpenes biosynthesis,including the molecular interaction mechanisms of environmental factors and hormone signaling pathways,are comprehensively described.Our objective is to summarize the molecular regulatory network and research foundation of terpenoids biosynthesis,providing a reference for investigations of metabolic pathways and promoting the development of techniques for the regulation and breeding of terpenoids in fruit trees.展开更多
[Objectives]This study adopted a three-factor three-level orthogonal design to explore the effects of different application periods and methods of fish protein peptide on the fruit quality of‘Tieshanzha’.[Methods]Fa...[Objectives]This study adopted a three-factor three-level orthogonal design to explore the effects of different application periods and methods of fish protein peptide on the fruit quality of‘Tieshanzha’.[Methods]Factor A was set as the application period,with three levels:fruit-setting stage,core-hardening stage,and pre-coloring stage.Factor B was set as the application method,with three levels:root application,foliar spray,and root application+foliar spray.Factor C was set as the application concentration,with three levels:0,5 and 10 ml/L.[Results]Application period had an extremely significant effect on single fruit weight.Fertilization at the fruit-setting stage showed a single fruit weight as high as 13.36 g,which was 27.9%and 24%higher than those achieved by fertilization at the core-hardening stage and the pre-coloring stage,respectively.The factor that had the greatest impact on the internal quality of hawthorn fruit,specifically the Vc content,was application method.The optimal combination was foliar spray at the core-hardening stage with a concentration of 10 ml/L,which achieved the best fertilization effect.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for improving fruit quality of‘Tieshanzha’.展开更多
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171533 and 31971444)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2208085J28).
文摘Seed dispersal is a pivotal process in seed plant life cycle,owing to its effects on seed germination,seedling survival,population recruitment,and diversity maintenance in the entire community(Howe and Smallwood,1982;Rogers et al.,2021).There are diverse dispersal modes,such as anemochory(wind-driven dispersal),hydrochory(water-mediated dispersal),autochory(self-dispersal),and zoochory,which relies on a diverse array of animals for seed dispersal(Howe and Smallwood,1982).It is widely known that these varying dispersal modes impose selective pressures on many seed and fruit traits,especially the seed size,a key trait which is associated with multiple stages of the life cycle of plants,such as dispersal,germination,and establishment,particularly during early development(Leishman et al.,2000).
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project of Hainan Province(ZDYF2018035)
文摘[Objective] The paper aimed to analyze genetic diversity and genetic relationship of large fruited tomato core germplasms based on genotypic value.[Method] Taking 55 large fruited tomato core germplasms as tested materials, the genetic diversity of seven agronomic traits was analyzed, and the correlation between traits and genetic relationship between germplasms were analyzed based on genotypic effect value.[Result] The diversity indexes of seven agronomic traits were 3.98, 3.97, 3.99, 3.99, 3.97, 3.98 and 3.87, respectively, indicating there were rich genetic diversities in large fruited tomato core germplasms. Correlation analysis of traits was conducted based on genotypic effect value. The results showed that there was extremely significant positive correlation between leaf length and leaf width, and the correlation coefficient was 0.66. There was extremely significant positive correlation between fruit length and fruit width, with a correlation coefficient of 0.49. There was extremely significant positive correlation between weight per fruit and fruit width, with a correlation coefficient of 0.46. The genetic distance between large fruited tomato core germplasms was calculated based on the phenotypic value of traits. When the distance was 5, 55 large fruited tomato core germplasms were divided into three groups. The genetic distance between large fruited core germplasms tomato was calculated based on genotypic predictive value of traits. When the distance was 10, 55 large fruited tomato core germplasms were divided into six groups. Comparing the results of two clustering analysis, it was found that the clustering analysis based on genotypic value could better explain the genetic relationship between germplasms.[Conclusion] The results could provide some basis for understanding the population variation of large fruited tomato and genetic improvement of tomato cultivars.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31672170,31872950 and 31222048)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.JQ201309),the Shandong“Double Tops”Program(Grant No.SYL2017YSTD06)the‘Taishan Scholar’Foundation of the People’s Government of Shandong Province(Grant No.ts20130932).
文摘To gain insight into the molecular and genetic basis of fruit size and shape in cucumber,we conducted Quantitative Trait Locus(QTL)mapping with F2 and BC1F1 populations derived froma cross between the Northern-China type inbred line CNS21 and the Southern-China type inbred line RNS7.Populations were evaluated during two developmental stages,ovary at anthesis and commercial fruit(immature fruit).A total of 13 major-effect QTLs(R2>10%)were detected for six traits,and one of them,fruit shape index 2.1,explained more than 50%of phenotypic variation.All QTLs distributed on chromosome(chr)1 and 2.We constructed a physical map containing almost all of the QTLs with their physical location from previous studies.For fruit size and shape,the highest number of QTLs were mapped on chr1 and chr6,and the fewest number were mapped on chr2 and chr7.At least one consensus region was presented on each chromosome.In addition,three candidate genes were predicted between the long-fruited and round-fruited inbred lines by comparing the sequences of the consensus region of chr3,where many QTLs for marketable fruit length had been detected.Our results provide a base for additional QTLs and molecular markers for fruit size and shape in cucumber breeding.
基金supported by the National High-Tech Researchand Development Program of China(2011AA10020604)the Pomology Major Projects of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China(201130102-1)the Special Research Projects of National Forestry Industry of Public Benefit,China(201304701-1)
文摘Fruit size is one of the most important agronomic characters,which is mainly determined by cell number and cell size.However,our current knowledge about pear is largely unknown.Through counting of pear mesocarp cells at different stages,we found that the cell number,rather than the cell size,is responsible for the differences between small- and large-fruited cultivars.Fruit weight-2.2（fw2.2） is an important quantitative trait locus（QTL） affecting fruit weight in tomato and functions as a negative regulator in carpel cell division.To get more insights into this QTL in pear fruit development,we isolated two putative homologous fw2.2 genes,which were designated as fw2.2-like（PbFWL） genes.PbFWLs encode Cys-rich proteins with the CCXXXXCPC motif and belong to the PLAC8 superfamily.In addition,results from the subcellular localization indicated that PbFWLs were localized in the plasma membrane.The expression profile of the PbFWL genes by qRT-PCR showed they expressed higher in small-sized fruit cultivar than that in large-sized fruit cultivar during the cell division period.In summary,our data suggest that these two PbFWLs might be negatively related to the cell division in pear fruit.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.LQ23C150004 and LR23C150001)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC+1 种基金Grant No.32102318)NSFC Excellent Young Scientists Fund,and the Key Project for New Agricultural Cultivar Breeding in Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.2021C02066-1).
文摘Chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation are essential processes of fruit maturation in many horticultural plants,and play a crucial role in fruit color and quality.The pathways of chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation are well understood,and key regulatory genes controlling these pathways have been identified in citrus.This article reviewed the recent research on chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism in citrus fruits,encompassing the metabolic pathways,transcriptional regulation,influencing factors,and the interplay between chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism,aiming to provide insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing the coloration of citrus fruits.
基金funded by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2022B0202070002)the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(Grant No.GuikeAA23023007-2)+1 种基金the Guangdong Province Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Innovation Team Construction Project(2024CXTD19)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515010303)。
文摘Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research&Development Plan(Grants Nos.2022YFF10030022022YFD1200502)+7 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.3237269631991182)Wuhan Biological Breeding Major Project(Grant No.2022021302024852)Key Project of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(2021hszd007)HZAU-AGIS Cooperation Fund(Grant No.SZYJY2023022)Funds for High Quality Development of Hubei Seed Industry(HBZY2023B004)Hubei Agriculture Research System(2023HBSTX4-06)Hubei Key Research&Development Plan(Grants Nos.2022BBA0066,2022BBA0062)。
文摘Photosynthesis is one the most important chemical reaction in plants,and it is the ultimate energy source of any living organisms.The light and dark reactions are two essential phases of photosynthesis.Light reaction harvests light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH through an electron transport chain,and as well as giving out O_(2);dark reaction fixes CO_(2) into six carbon sugars by utilizing NADPH and energy from ATP.Subsequently,plants convert optical energy into chemical energy for maintaining growth and development through absorbing light energy.Here,firstly,we highlighted the biological importance of photosynthesis,and hormones and metabolites,photosynthetic and regulating enzymes,and signaling components that collectively regulate photosynthesis in tomato.Next,we reviewed the advances in tomato photosynthesis,including two aspects of genetic basis and genetic improvement.Numerous genes regulating tomato photosynthesis are gradually uncovered,and the interaction network among those genes remains to be constructed.Finally,the photosynthesis occurring in fruit of tomato and the relationship between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit were discussed.Leaves and fruits are photosynthate sources and sinks of tomato respectively,and interaction between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit exists.Additionally,future perspectives that needs to be addressed on tomato photosynthesis were proposed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants 32030005,32470325,32400288)GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(grant 2023A1515110339)internal funding from Guangzhou University.
文摘Brassinosteroids(BRs),a class of plant-specific steroidal hormones,play crucial roles in regulating various plant physiological functions,such as growth,development,and adaptability to the environment.Despite this broader role of BRs,previously published reviews mainly focused on the molecular mechanisms of BR-mediated regulation of vegetative and reproductive growth of model plants like Arabidopsis and some food crops,such as rice,maize,and wheat.While horticultural plants hold significant economic importance in modern agriculture,less attention has been paid to understanding the role of BRs in regulating the physiological functions of these plants.Given the lack of relevant reviews,this article aims to discuss the major roles of BRs in horticultural plants,particularly fruit and leaf development,whole plant architecture,and adaptive stress response.We also highlight key challenges and provide some future research directions for genetically improving horticultural plants by altering the BR signaling pathway.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32122080,31972375)Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2020YQ25)。
文摘The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms associated with fruit development is crucial for breeding improved fruit varieties.Here,we report that MdCIbHLH1,a low temperature-induced b HLH transcription factor,inhibits the accumulation of soluble sugars by regulating sugar-metabolizing enzyme activities,photosynthetic performance,and the expression of sugar-related genes in developing apple fruits.MdCIbHLH1 inhibits MdFBP and MdPEPCK expression,thus blocking the conversion of acids to sugars in apple fruits.We also discovered that MdCIbHLH1 decreases the photosynthetic rate and carbohydrate accumulation in apple leaves.Our results suggest that soluble sugar accumulation in apple fruits is influenced by multiple factors,including metabolic status,photosynthesis,and carbohydrate allocation.MdCIbHLH1 is critically involved in controlling the accumulation of soluble sugars by coordinating carbohydrate synthesis and allocation,thus influencing sugar transport and its metabolism during the development of apple fruits.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31830071,32202561)the earmarked fund for CARS(Grant No.CARS-31)。
文摘Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperated with MaHDA1 to precisely regulate the transcription of ripening-associated genes via histone deacetylation.However,whether MaERF11 is subjected to post-translational modification during banana ripening is largely unknown.In this study,we found that MaERF11 targeted a subset of starch degradation-related genes using the DNA affinity purification sequence(DAP-Seq)approach.Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)and dual-luciferase reporter assay(DLR)demonstrated that MaERF11 could specifically bind and repress the expression of the starch degradation-related genes MaAMY3,MaBAM2 and MaGWD1.Further analyses of yeast two-hybrid(Y2H),bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and Luciferase complementation imaging(LCI)assays indicated that MaERF11 interacted with the ubiquitin E3 ligase MaRFA1,and this interaction weakened the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional repression capacity.Collectively,our results suggest an additional regulatory layer in which MaERF11 regulates banana fruit ripening and expands the regulatory network in fruit ripening at the post-translational modification level.
文摘The WSC proteins produced by Penicillium expansum play a crucial role in causing blue mold on pears.To analyze the role of the WSC1 gene in the pathogenic process of this fungal pathogen,we conducted transcriptomic analysis of a WSC1 knockout(ΔWSC1)strain.The knockout of WSC1 significantly altered the gene expression profile in P.expansum,particularly for genes involved in cell wall integrity,signaling,stress response,and toxin production.The differential expression of these genes might make theΔWSC1 strain more vulnerable to environmental stress,while reducing the toxin production capacity,ultimately leading to a decrease in the pathogenicity.The transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of genes related to stress response signals,defense mechanisms and oxidative stress management changed when pear fruits were infected with theΔWSC1 strain.These changes may trigger a cascade of responses in pear fruits.In addition,compared with those infected with the wild-type strain,pear fruits infected with theΔWSC1 strain exhibited up-regulated expression of genes related to defense and oxidative stress.This study clarifies how the WSC1 gene influences P.expansum’s ability to infect pear fruits and how pear fruits respond to the infection.
文摘In 2015,the discovery of mammalian fossils,paleolithic artifacts,and burned bones in the Maoershan Cave of the Guilin Basin,northeastern Guangxi,indicated that it is a late Middle Pleistocene Paleolithic site.In 2021,stratigraphic sectioning and the systematic screening of small mammal sand samples were conducted.This paper presents a comprehensive account of the new material of the fruit bat Rousettus leschenaultii,accompanied by a concise overview of the non-volant micromammals that coexisted with it in the Quaternary sediments of the Maoershan Cave.This finding marks the second occurrence of fruit bat fossils in China,contributing to our understanding of the dental morphology and past geographical distribution of Rousettus.The micromammalian assemblage of the Maoershan Cave is composed of 3 orders,9 families,26 genera,and 30 species,and exhibits notable similarities with those of the late Middle Pleistocene Yumi Cave,Xinglong Cave,Yanhui Cave,Mawokou Cave,Zhongliangshan,and Chuan Cave faunas.The biochronology of the micromammalian assemblage from the Maoershan Cave has been determined to be consistent with the late Middle Pleistocene,providing a new assemblage in the Pleistocene mammalian faunal sequence in southern China.The presence of abundant oriental forested elements indicates that the Guilin Basin used to be a humid and warm subtropical forest paleoenvironment similar to the contemporary environment during the late Middle Pleistocene.
文摘Tephritid fruit flies are considered one of the world’s most notorious pests of horticultural crops, including mango (Mangefera indica L.) in Sierra Leone, causing extensive direct and indirect damage. A survey was conducted among 60 mango farmers in 7 districts in Sierra Leone between June and August, 2022, to assess their perceptions regarding fruit fly pest status and the current management options adopted for the control of this pest. Semi-structured questions designed in an open and closed-ended fashion were used for the study. The majority (83%) of the farmers were already aware of the fruit fly problem in the country with 62% perceiving it to be very severe. The majority (60%) of farmers, however, demonstrated poor knowledge of identifying fruit fly species, especially Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis capitata, and Ceratitis cosyra. Farmers were more conversant about the direct damage symptoms to host fruits and the economic impact of fruit flies. A total of 32% of growers took no action to control fruit flies on their farms. Sixty-nine percent (69%) of the farmers adopted cultural control measures, like practicing prompt harvesting, collection and disposal of infested fruits, and weeding to maintain better sanitary conditions on their farms. Recommended fruit fly management strategies such as the use of botanicals and resistant varieties were either unknown or inaccessible to growers. A total of 52% applied chemicals that were not recommended for the control of fruit flies without considering their environmental and health risks. It is important to train fruit growers to improve their capabilities for fruit fly management through extension agents that are appropriate for helping them acquire basic knowledge of fruit fly pests and their management.
基金Supported by The Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Funded Project of Hunan Forestry Bureau,No.XLKY202221。
文摘BACKGROUND Fruits of Gardenia jasminoides(G.jasminoides)have extremely high medicinal value.However,the quality and traits of the plants vary significantly based on their provenances.In addition,the behaviour of the known bioactive components,such as geniposide and crocin,has been the primary focus of the research on G.jasminoides.However,the identification of unknown bioactive components and their metabolomics remains underexplored.Therefore,analysing the metabolic differences between gardenias from different sources is essential to provide a comprehensive theoretical basis for the evaluation of G.jasminoides and germplasm resource identification.AIM To systematically evaluate the morphology,secondary metabolites,typical active ingredients,and antioxidant activity of wild G.jasminoides fruits.METHODS Gardenia fruits were collected from different provenances.Metabolites were identified via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).The metabolic differences were compared using hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA).The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays,and its correlation with typical active ingredients was analysed.RESULTS A total of 444 and 240 metabolites were identified using UPLC-MS/MS in positive and negative ion modes,respectively.The HCA results of the flavonoids indicated that the higher content of flavonoids was in the fruits from Lukou.The differential analysis of metabolites in fruits from Shaoyang,Miluo and Lukou showed that the fruit from Miluo had the highest upregulated differential metabolites.CONCLUSION The metabolic characteristics of the Ningxiang and Xiangxi extracts were similar,while those of Lukou,Miluo and Shaoyang extracts differed significantly.
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research,Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research,King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia,Grant No.KFU250098.
文摘In this study,an automated multimodal system for detecting,classifying,and dating fruit was developed using a two-stage YOLOv11 pipeline.In the first stage,the YOLOv11 detection model locates individual date fruits in real time by drawing bounding boxes around them.These bounding boxes are subsequently passed to a YOLOv11 classification model,which analyzes cropped images and assigns class labels.An additional counting module automatically tallies the detected fruits,offering a near-instantaneous estimation of quantity.The experimental results suggest high precision and recall for detection,high classification accuracy(across 15 classes),and near-perfect counting in real time.This paper presents a multi-stage pipeline for date fruit detection,classification,and automated counting,employing YOLOv11-based models to achieve high accuracy while maintaining real-time throughput.The results demonstrated that the detection precision exceeded 90%,the classification accuracy approached 92%,and the counting module correlated closely with the manual tallies.These findings confirm the potential of reducing manual labour and enhancing operational efficiency in post-harvesting processes.Future studies will include dataset expansion,user-centric interfaces,and integration with harvesting robotics.
基金Supported by Zhongshan City Medical Research Project(2023A020437).
文摘[Objectives]To explore the pharmacodynamic effect of the Castanopsis sclerophylla(Lindl)Schottk fruit on diarrhea model mice.[Methods]The anti-diarrheal efficacy of the C.sclerophylla fruit was evaluated using a castor oil-induced acute diarrhea model in mice and the small intestinal charcoal propulsion test,with assessment of onset time of diarrhea,frequency of loose stools,and small intestinal propulsion rate.[Results]Compared with the model group,the C.sclerophylla frui-treated group demonstrated significantly delayed onset of diarrhea,reduced frequency of loose stools,and decreased small intestinal charcoal propulsion rate in a dose-dependent manner,with the high-dose group achieving efficacy comparable to the loperamide-treated group.[Conclusions]The C.sclerophylla fruit has certain anti-diarrhea effect,and its anti-diarrhea mechanism may be related to the inhibition of small intestinal peristalsis.
文摘Hello,everyone! Now I want to talk about my eating habits.Healthy eating habits mean a lot to everyone.First,I have three meals a day.For breakfast,I like eggs,milk and noodles.For lunch,I prefer rice,vegetables,beef and fish.And also there are snacks in the afternoon.I often have porridge or noodles.Water and fruit are necessary in my daily life.They are good for my health.
基金supported by the Major Innovation Project of Shandong Province(Grant No.2022CXGC010605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32001990)the Key R&D Projects in Ningxia Autonomous Region(Grant No.2022BBF02014).
文摘Terpenoids are vital secondary metabolites in plants that function as agents for defense and stress resistance.These genes not only play crucial roles in plant growth and development but also function in diverse biological group interactions.Terpenoids released by fruit trees possess defensive properties and constitute a class of aromatic compounds.For some fruits,terpenoids are indispensable indicators for evaluating fruit quality and the economic value.Significant research progress has been made in terpenoids biosynthesis and regulation.In this review,we introduce the main terpenoids of fruit trees,emphasize synthetic enzymes and regulatory factors involved in the mevalonate pathway and the methylerythritol pathway,and analyze TPS gene family identification and diversity in several fruit tree species.Moreover,the regulation of terpenes biosynthesis,including the molecular interaction mechanisms of environmental factors and hormone signaling pathways,are comprehensively described.Our objective is to summarize the molecular regulatory network and research foundation of terpenoids biosynthesis,providing a reference for investigations of metabolic pathways and promoting the development of techniques for the regulation and breeding of terpenoids in fruit trees.
基金Supported by Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province(23317102D).
文摘[Objectives]This study adopted a three-factor three-level orthogonal design to explore the effects of different application periods and methods of fish protein peptide on the fruit quality of‘Tieshanzha’.[Methods]Factor A was set as the application period,with three levels:fruit-setting stage,core-hardening stage,and pre-coloring stage.Factor B was set as the application method,with three levels:root application,foliar spray,and root application+foliar spray.Factor C was set as the application concentration,with three levels:0,5 and 10 ml/L.[Results]Application period had an extremely significant effect on single fruit weight.Fertilization at the fruit-setting stage showed a single fruit weight as high as 13.36 g,which was 27.9%and 24%higher than those achieved by fertilization at the core-hardening stage and the pre-coloring stage,respectively.The factor that had the greatest impact on the internal quality of hawthorn fruit,specifically the Vc content,was application method.The optimal combination was foliar spray at the core-hardening stage with a concentration of 10 ml/L,which achieved the best fertilization effect.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for improving fruit quality of‘Tieshanzha’.
