Aposematism is an antipredator strategy in which conspicuous coloration acts as a warning of chemical defenses to potential predators.Evidence suggests that aposematism largely functions under positive frequency-depen...Aposematism is an antipredator strategy in which conspicuous coloration acts as a warning of chemical defenses to potential predators.Evidence suggests that aposematism largely functions under positive frequency-dependent selection,which is thought to maintain uniformity of aposematic signals.Many studies of aposematic organisms have found evidence that color signals and defenses are positively correlated,indicating a quantitatively honest aposematic signal.Dendrobatid poison frogs represent a well-studied group of aposematic organisms that in addition to exhibiting a diversity of color signals also display unique defensive behaviors.Few studies have examined if both behavior and coloration act as quantitative honest signals of alkaloid defenses in poison frogs.We aimed to determine if coloration and behavior are quantitatively honest signals in the green and black poison frog(Dendrobates auratus)among 6 populations from Costa Rica.We(1)evaluated antipredator displays by using behavioral assays in the field,(2)assessed frog conspicuousness and pattern using digital images,and(3)quantified alkaloid profiles from frog skin secretions.We found that Pacific populations are less conspicuous in coloration,had greater quantities of alkaloids,and more frequently performed body-raising defensive behaviors when compared with Caribbean populations.Our results do not support the hypothesis that aposematic traits in D.auratus are quantitatively honest.Rather,our results suggest that phenotypic differences among populations may represent different phenotypic optima for advertising unprofitability to predators based on local environmental conditions,leading to the diversification of aposematic signals in this species.展开更多
Improved biodiversity monitoring efforts are essential for effective conservation management of many species and especially amphibians(Ceballos et al.2015;Scheele et al.2019).Amphibians are one of the most threatened ...Improved biodiversity monitoring efforts are essential for effective conservation management of many species and especially amphibians(Ceballos et al.2015;Scheele et al.2019).Amphibians are one of the most threatened vertebrate groups globally,with 41% of species facing extinction(Reid et al.2019).Island amphibians are particularly vulnerable to climate change,sea level rise and habitat degradation(Pounds et al.2006;Fordham and Brook 2010;Courchamp et al.2014).展开更多
The Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA (RAPD) markers were used to stu dy the intra-specific diversity and regional differentiation of the Chinese fore st frogs (Rana chensinensis), which were sampled from the fields o...The Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA (RAPD) markers were used to stu dy the intra-specific diversity and regional differentiation of the Chinese fore st frogs (Rana chensinensis), which were sampled from the fields of 8 regions in Heilongjiang Province. Totally 78 polymorphic DNA loci were amplified by 10 RAP D primers. By genetic distance analysis and phylogenetic tree reconstruction wit h the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method the results showed that the populations of Ch inese forest frogs distributed in 8 regions existed great differentiation (Avera ge Fst=0.347, SD=0.235) while there was the paradox between geographic distances and genetic distances. Based on geographic and geological data, a hypothesis wa s posed that it is very possible that the hilly lands in the downstream of the S onghua River and the Heilong River were the center of the origin of the Chinese forest frogs in Heilongjiang Province. And mainly through the Songhua River syst em, the Chinese forest frogs dispersed into the Songneng Plain from the Sanjiang Plain whereas the Fangzheng region became a sub-center for the western dispersi on.展开更多
The genetic diversity and population structure of the Dybowski＇s frog（Rana dybowskii） were investigated by using 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci.Total 75 individuals were sampled from six populations in Lesser K...The genetic diversity and population structure of the Dybowski＇s frog（Rana dybowskii） were investigated by using 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci.Total 75 individuals were sampled from six populations in Lesser Khingan Mountains and Changbai Mountains,China.Results showed that allele number of the 11 microsatellite loci was in the range of 2-10 in all populations,with the mean of 5.6.The average expected heterozygosity（HE） was 0.572,indicating a moderate polymorphism.The results of genetic differentiation coefficient（FST） showed that population genetic differentiation was significant between Changbai and Lesser Khingan Mountains（p〈0.001）.This result was verified further by Nei＇s genetic distance（DA） based on UPGMA phy-logenetic trees and by AMOVA analysis.In conclusion,the populations distributed in Lesser Khingan Mountains and Changbai Mountain are proposed to be two distinct management units（MUs） for their protection and management.展开更多
Attribute reduction in the rough set theory is an important feature selection method, but finding a minimum attribute reduction has been proven to be a non-deterministic polynomial （NP）-hard problem. Therefore, it i...Attribute reduction in the rough set theory is an important feature selection method, but finding a minimum attribute reduction has been proven to be a non-deterministic polynomial （NP）-hard problem. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate some fast and effective approximate algorithms. A novel and enhanced quantum-inspired shuffled frog leaping based minimum attribute reduction algorithm （QSFLAR） is proposed. Evolutionary frogs are represented by multi-state quantum bits, and both quantum rotation gate and quantum mutation operators are used to exploit the mechanisms of frog population diversity and convergence to the global optimum. The decomposed attribute subsets are co-evolved by the elitist frogs with a quantum-inspired shuffled frog leaping algorithm. The experimental results validate the better feasibility and effectiveness of QSFLAR, comparing with some representa- tive algorithms. Therefore, QSFLAR can be considered as a more competitive algorithm on the efficiency and accuracy for minimum attribute reduction.展开更多
基金funded by 2 grants awarded to KPB(Animal Behavior Society,Student Research Grant and Sigma Xi,Grants-in-Aid of Research)funding from John Carroll University.
文摘Aposematism is an antipredator strategy in which conspicuous coloration acts as a warning of chemical defenses to potential predators.Evidence suggests that aposematism largely functions under positive frequency-dependent selection,which is thought to maintain uniformity of aposematic signals.Many studies of aposematic organisms have found evidence that color signals and defenses are positively correlated,indicating a quantitatively honest aposematic signal.Dendrobatid poison frogs represent a well-studied group of aposematic organisms that in addition to exhibiting a diversity of color signals also display unique defensive behaviors.Few studies have examined if both behavior and coloration act as quantitative honest signals of alkaloid defenses in poison frogs.We aimed to determine if coloration and behavior are quantitatively honest signals in the green and black poison frog(Dendrobates auratus)among 6 populations from Costa Rica.We(1)evaluated antipredator displays by using behavioral assays in the field,(2)assessed frog conspicuousness and pattern using digital images,and(3)quantified alkaloid profiles from frog skin secretions.We found that Pacific populations are less conspicuous in coloration,had greater quantities of alkaloids,and more frequently performed body-raising defensive behaviors when compared with Caribbean populations.Our results do not support the hypothesis that aposematic traits in D.auratus are quantitatively honest.Rather,our results suggest that phenotypic differences among populations may represent different phenotypic optima for advertising unprofitability to predators based on local environmental conditions,leading to the diversification of aposematic signals in this species.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(LY21C040002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32370441)supports on research foundation(03106/243079)and field work.
文摘Improved biodiversity monitoring efforts are essential for effective conservation management of many species and especially amphibians(Ceballos et al.2015;Scheele et al.2019).Amphibians are one of the most threatened vertebrate groups globally,with 41% of species facing extinction(Reid et al.2019).Island amphibians are particularly vulnerable to climate change,sea level rise and habitat degradation(Pounds et al.2006;Fordham and Brook 2010;Courchamp et al.2014).
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (C9726).
文摘The Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA (RAPD) markers were used to stu dy the intra-specific diversity and regional differentiation of the Chinese fore st frogs (Rana chensinensis), which were sampled from the fields of 8 regions in Heilongjiang Province. Totally 78 polymorphic DNA loci were amplified by 10 RAP D primers. By genetic distance analysis and phylogenetic tree reconstruction wit h the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method the results showed that the populations of Ch inese forest frogs distributed in 8 regions existed great differentiation (Avera ge Fst=0.347, SD=0.235) while there was the paradox between geographic distances and genetic distances. Based on geographic and geological data, a hypothesis wa s posed that it is very possible that the hilly lands in the downstream of the S onghua River and the Heilong River were the center of the origin of the Chinese forest frogs in Heilongjiang Province. And mainly through the Songhua River syst em, the Chinese forest frogs dispersed into the Songneng Plain from the Sanjiang Plain whereas the Fangzheng region became a sub-center for the western dispersi on.
文摘The genetic diversity and population structure of the Dybowski＇s frog（Rana dybowskii） were investigated by using 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci.Total 75 individuals were sampled from six populations in Lesser Khingan Mountains and Changbai Mountains,China.Results showed that allele number of the 11 microsatellite loci was in the range of 2-10 in all populations,with the mean of 5.6.The average expected heterozygosity（HE） was 0.572,indicating a moderate polymorphism.The results of genetic differentiation coefficient（FST） showed that population genetic differentiation was significant between Changbai and Lesser Khingan Mountains（p〈0.001）.This result was verified further by Nei＇s genetic distance（DA） based on UPGMA phy-logenetic trees and by AMOVA analysis.In conclusion,the populations distributed in Lesser Khingan Mountains and Changbai Mountain are proposed to be two distinct management units（MUs） for their protection and management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6113900261171132)+4 种基金the Funding of Jiangsu Innovation Program for Graduate Education(CXZZ11 0219)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Education Department(12KJB520013)the Applying Study Foundation of Nantong(BK2011062)the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology,Nanjing University(KFKT2012B28)the Natural Science Pre-Research Foundation of Nantong University(12ZY016)
文摘Attribute reduction in the rough set theory is an important feature selection method, but finding a minimum attribute reduction has been proven to be a non-deterministic polynomial （NP）-hard problem. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate some fast and effective approximate algorithms. A novel and enhanced quantum-inspired shuffled frog leaping based minimum attribute reduction algorithm （QSFLAR） is proposed. Evolutionary frogs are represented by multi-state quantum bits, and both quantum rotation gate and quantum mutation operators are used to exploit the mechanisms of frog population diversity and convergence to the global optimum. The decomposed attribute subsets are co-evolved by the elitist frogs with a quantum-inspired shuffled frog leaping algorithm. The experimental results validate the better feasibility and effectiveness of QSFLAR, comparing with some representa- tive algorithms. Therefore, QSFLAR can be considered as a more competitive algorithm on the efficiency and accuracy for minimum attribute reduction.
