Francophone countries in sub-Saharan Africa had been more resistant to induced abortion.Their cultural heritage from France had been influential in strengthening their pronatalist position regarding contraception and ...Francophone countries in sub-Saharan Africa had been more resistant to induced abortion.Their cultural heritage from France had been influential in strengthening their pronatalist position regarding contraception and abortion.Most of them inherited the judicial system and cultural value from France,which have been transmitted to Francophone countries.However,cultural and behavioral changes in reproductive health have begun in Francophone sub-Saharan Africa since the mid-1990s after the paradigm shift on population policy with the International Conference on Population and Development(ICPD)in 1994.Some women have started to use contraception for birth limitation.Induced abortion to prevent unintended pregnancy has been increasingly liberalized in some settings.In this study,the changing contexts for induced abortion in Francophone countries will be reviewed.Recent step undertaken by Benin to legalize abortion in most circumstances shows that Francophone countries may be overcoming their cultural barriers and adapting universal human rights based reproductive behaviors.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Introduction: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a multifactorial affection of the tears and ...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Introduction: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a multifactorial affection of the tears and the ocular surface. Its prevalence in the world varies between 7% and 33%. To the best of our knowledge, the prevalence of DED in Subsaharan Francophone African countries is not yet known. The objectives of this systematic review were to determine the prevalence of DED, to identify the main risk factors for DED, and to determine the diagnostic and therapeutic management of DED in Subsaharan Francophone African countries.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methodology: </span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This is a systematic review of articles, dealing with DED, published in English or French language from 2010 to 2020. The following key words (Prevalence OR Incidence OR Proportion OR Rate OR Frequency OR Epidemiology </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">OR Distribution) AND (Risk Factors OR Influences) AND</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Symptoms or Questionnaire) AND (Clinical Signs OR Clinical Tests) AND (Dry Eye Disease OR Dry Eye Syndrome) AND (Pharmacological Treatment OR Non-pharmacological Treatment OR Management) AND (Benin OR Burkina Faso OR Burundi OR Cameroon OR Cap-Green OR Central African Republic OR Congo OR Congo (Democratic Republic of) OR Ivory Coast OR Gabon OR Guinea OR Guinea-Bissau OR Equatorial Guinea OR Mali OR Madagascar OR Mauritius (island) OR Niger OR Rwanda OR Sao Tome and Principe OR Senegal OR Seychelles OR Chad OR Togo) in French and English were searched on Pubmed, Chocrane database, Google scholar and ICTRP. Articles in English and French were selected from 2010 to 2020.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> We selected 05 articles on the epidemiology and management of DED in sub-Saharan francophone Africa. The prevalence of DED in sub-Saharan francophone Africa in the articles ranged from 7.5% to 90.4%. DED affects more women than men. The risk factors found were: age over 50 years, diabetes, meibomian gland dysfunction, prolonged use of computers, and glaucomatous anti-glaucoma drugs. The Test of Breack Up Time (TBUT) was commonly used for the clinical diagnosis of dry eye disease in Sub-Saharan Francophone Africa. The therapeutic strategy for DED was not mentioned in any article.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> DED, a multifactorial and blinding eye disease, is insufficiently explored by eye health professionals in sub-Saharan Francophone Africa. The implementation of a systematic screening program and strategies for the treatment of dry eye disease in at-risk individuals would be beneficial for sub-Saharan Francophone African countries.展开更多
This paper delves into the current landscape of African Francophone literature in China.It begins by tracing the history of the French language in Africa and the emergence and development of African Francophone litera...This paper delves into the current landscape of African Francophone literature in China.It begins by tracing the history of the French language in Africa and the emergence and development of African Francophone literature,and then provides an overview of the research achievements of African Francophone literature in China,including monographs,translated literary works and academic papers,highlighting the translation and research on the key African Francophone writers.展开更多
Since the 1980s,profound changes in the global political landscape have led to numerous diaspora groups in the French-speaking world.Many writers born in former colonies in the French Caribbean chose to immigrate to m...Since the 1980s,profound changes in the global political landscape have led to numerous diaspora groups in the French-speaking world.Many writers born in former colonies in the French Caribbean chose to immigrate to metropolitan France or Quebec.They formulated the concept of a cosmopolitan cultural identity that differs from the racist view of Négritude put forward by previous generations.This research explores their writing of cosmopolitan cultural identity from a post-colonial perspective by referring to the concept of voyage in proposed by Edward Said and that of post-colonial intelligentsia by Arif Dirlik.By taking Dany Laferrière and some other Caribbean writers of the-1980s generation as examples,we will reveal how their cosmopolitan ideology and identity strategies colluded with the French cultural hegemony and ensured their legitimacy in the Francophone space.展开更多
La littérature francophone de Belgique est injustement méconnue en dehors voire au sein même du Royaume belge.Malgrésa proximitéavec le centre parisien,la Belgique a connu une histoire profond...La littérature francophone de Belgique est injustement méconnue en dehors voire au sein même du Royaume belge.Malgrésa proximitéavec le centre parisien,la Belgique a connu une histoire profondément différente de celle de la France et peut ainsi porter un regard original sur l'actualité.L'année 2017commence dans un climat international plus qu'incertain,ce climat délétère aura plusieurs répercussions sur nos lettres.D'un point de vue thématique,d'abord,puisque de nombreux auteurs,telle Geneviève Damas dans Patricia,vont s'interroger sur ces crises qui font la une de l'actualité.S'ils n'apportent pas de réponses,ils proposent du moins un regard nouveau.L'écriture devientégalement pour certains auteurs,tels Verheggen,Levaux ou Van Rossom,le lieu d'un combat contre ce monde qui se délite et la littérature qui,sous leur plume,se métamorphose en arme.Finalement,cette actualit éinquiétante invite à se pencher sur les fondations de notre civilisation,de notre culture.Cette nostalgie réconfortante offrira au lecteur un havre de paix au cur de certaines oeuvres.Ces quelques pages proposent un tour d'horizon non exhaustif des grandes oeuvres qui ontétépubliées cette année 2017.展开更多
Perceptions of vaccine safety, importance and effectiveness are at the core of vaccine hesitancy around the world, and Africa has had its own share of vaccine revolts. This study uses the 2018 Wellcome Global Monitor ...Perceptions of vaccine safety, importance and effectiveness are at the core of vaccine hesitancy around the world, and Africa has had its own share of vaccine revolts. This study uses the 2018 Wellcome Global Monitor on public perceptions of vaccines in 40 African countries to examine the predictors of vaccine hesitancy.It examines levels of hesitancy from a language perspective, comparing French speakers with others, mostly English speakers. Results show that French speakers were significantly more hesitant about importance and safety, while English speakers and others were more hesitant about effectiveness. This reflects the continuing influence of colonial ties on African countries. Respondents with high levels of trust in social actors(such as national government, journalists, people neighborhood, doctors and nurses) were also more hesitant about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, indicating the importance of non-scientists in influencing vaccine hesitancy. Those with high levels of education were more likely to be hesitant about vaccines in general, indicating that having more education may have an opposite effect. Perception of science as progress was significant for all three hesitancy types, indicating that Africans with more progressive attitudes were less likely to worry about the importance, safety and effectiveness of vaccines. At the country level, there was no overarching predictor, indicating the strong role of local social and cultural factors.These findings improve our understanding of the drivers of vaccine hesitancy in Africa and provide valuable input for future vaccine policy and health-awareness campaigns.展开更多
文摘Francophone countries in sub-Saharan Africa had been more resistant to induced abortion.Their cultural heritage from France had been influential in strengthening their pronatalist position regarding contraception and abortion.Most of them inherited the judicial system and cultural value from France,which have been transmitted to Francophone countries.However,cultural and behavioral changes in reproductive health have begun in Francophone sub-Saharan Africa since the mid-1990s after the paradigm shift on population policy with the International Conference on Population and Development(ICPD)in 1994.Some women have started to use contraception for birth limitation.Induced abortion to prevent unintended pregnancy has been increasingly liberalized in some settings.In this study,the changing contexts for induced abortion in Francophone countries will be reviewed.Recent step undertaken by Benin to legalize abortion in most circumstances shows that Francophone countries may be overcoming their cultural barriers and adapting universal human rights based reproductive behaviors.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Introduction: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a multifactorial affection of the tears and the ocular surface. Its prevalence in the world varies between 7% and 33%. To the best of our knowledge, the prevalence of DED in Subsaharan Francophone African countries is not yet known. The objectives of this systematic review were to determine the prevalence of DED, to identify the main risk factors for DED, and to determine the diagnostic and therapeutic management of DED in Subsaharan Francophone African countries.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methodology: </span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This is a systematic review of articles, dealing with DED, published in English or French language from 2010 to 2020. The following key words (Prevalence OR Incidence OR Proportion OR Rate OR Frequency OR Epidemiology </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">OR Distribution) AND (Risk Factors OR Influences) AND</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Symptoms or Questionnaire) AND (Clinical Signs OR Clinical Tests) AND (Dry Eye Disease OR Dry Eye Syndrome) AND (Pharmacological Treatment OR Non-pharmacological Treatment OR Management) AND (Benin OR Burkina Faso OR Burundi OR Cameroon OR Cap-Green OR Central African Republic OR Congo OR Congo (Democratic Republic of) OR Ivory Coast OR Gabon OR Guinea OR Guinea-Bissau OR Equatorial Guinea OR Mali OR Madagascar OR Mauritius (island) OR Niger OR Rwanda OR Sao Tome and Principe OR Senegal OR Seychelles OR Chad OR Togo) in French and English were searched on Pubmed, Chocrane database, Google scholar and ICTRP. Articles in English and French were selected from 2010 to 2020.</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> We selected 05 articles on the epidemiology and management of DED in sub-Saharan francophone Africa. The prevalence of DED in sub-Saharan francophone Africa in the articles ranged from 7.5% to 90.4%. DED affects more women than men. The risk factors found were: age over 50 years, diabetes, meibomian gland dysfunction, prolonged use of computers, and glaucomatous anti-glaucoma drugs. The Test of Breack Up Time (TBUT) was commonly used for the clinical diagnosis of dry eye disease in Sub-Saharan Francophone Africa. The therapeutic strategy for DED was not mentioned in any article.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> DED, a multifactorial and blinding eye disease, is insufficiently explored by eye health professionals in sub-Saharan Francophone Africa. The implementation of a systematic screening program and strategies for the treatment of dry eye disease in at-risk individuals would be beneficial for sub-Saharan Francophone African countries.
文摘This paper delves into the current landscape of African Francophone literature in China.It begins by tracing the history of the French language in Africa and the emergence and development of African Francophone literature,and then provides an overview of the research achievements of African Francophone literature in China,including monographs,translated literary works and academic papers,highlighting the translation and research on the key African Francophone writers.
文摘Since the 1980s,profound changes in the global political landscape have led to numerous diaspora groups in the French-speaking world.Many writers born in former colonies in the French Caribbean chose to immigrate to metropolitan France or Quebec.They formulated the concept of a cosmopolitan cultural identity that differs from the racist view of Négritude put forward by previous generations.This research explores their writing of cosmopolitan cultural identity from a post-colonial perspective by referring to the concept of voyage in proposed by Edward Said and that of post-colonial intelligentsia by Arif Dirlik.By taking Dany Laferrière and some other Caribbean writers of the-1980s generation as examples,we will reveal how their cosmopolitan ideology and identity strategies colluded with the French cultural hegemony and ensured their legitimacy in the Francophone space.
文摘La littérature francophone de Belgique est injustement méconnue en dehors voire au sein même du Royaume belge.Malgrésa proximitéavec le centre parisien,la Belgique a connu une histoire profondément différente de celle de la France et peut ainsi porter un regard original sur l'actualité.L'année 2017commence dans un climat international plus qu'incertain,ce climat délétère aura plusieurs répercussions sur nos lettres.D'un point de vue thématique,d'abord,puisque de nombreux auteurs,telle Geneviève Damas dans Patricia,vont s'interroger sur ces crises qui font la une de l'actualité.S'ils n'apportent pas de réponses,ils proposent du moins un regard nouveau.L'écriture devientégalement pour certains auteurs,tels Verheggen,Levaux ou Van Rossom,le lieu d'un combat contre ce monde qui se délite et la littérature qui,sous leur plume,se métamorphose en arme.Finalement,cette actualit éinquiétante invite à se pencher sur les fondations de notre civilisation,de notre culture.Cette nostalgie réconfortante offrira au lecteur un havre de paix au cur de certaines oeuvres.Ces quelques pages proposent un tour d'horizon non exhaustif des grandes oeuvres qui ontétépubliées cette année 2017.
文摘Perceptions of vaccine safety, importance and effectiveness are at the core of vaccine hesitancy around the world, and Africa has had its own share of vaccine revolts. This study uses the 2018 Wellcome Global Monitor on public perceptions of vaccines in 40 African countries to examine the predictors of vaccine hesitancy.It examines levels of hesitancy from a language perspective, comparing French speakers with others, mostly English speakers. Results show that French speakers were significantly more hesitant about importance and safety, while English speakers and others were more hesitant about effectiveness. This reflects the continuing influence of colonial ties on African countries. Respondents with high levels of trust in social actors(such as national government, journalists, people neighborhood, doctors and nurses) were also more hesitant about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, indicating the importance of non-scientists in influencing vaccine hesitancy. Those with high levels of education were more likely to be hesitant about vaccines in general, indicating that having more education may have an opposite effect. Perception of science as progress was significant for all three hesitancy types, indicating that Africans with more progressive attitudes were less likely to worry about the importance, safety and effectiveness of vaccines. At the country level, there was no overarching predictor, indicating the strong role of local social and cultural factors.These findings improve our understanding of the drivers of vaccine hesitancy in Africa and provide valuable input for future vaccine policy and health-awareness campaigns.
