Herod the Great inherited the desert fortresses which had been destroyed by the Romans when he became king of Judaea.He extended and remodelled them creating luxurious palace fortresses.They were provided with abundan...Herod the Great inherited the desert fortresses which had been destroyed by the Romans when he became king of Judaea.He extended and remodelled them creating luxurious palace fortresses.They were provided with abundant water supplies and well stocked with food,but were these citadels palaces or prisons?展开更多
For more than 2500 years, soil tunnels have been used in warfare and smuggling. Initially tunnels were utilized to attack fortresses that were underlain by unconsolidated (non-bedrock) soil materials. Later tunnels pr...For more than 2500 years, soil tunnels have been used in warfare and smuggling. Initially tunnels were utilized to attack fortresses that were underlain by unconsolidated (non-bedrock) soil materials. Later tunnels provided housing and served as smuggling corridors. The medieval warfare undermining technique involved digging soil tunnels with wooden or beam props to hold up the soil ceilings. Then flammable material, such as hay or straw, was put in the tunnel and set on fire. The fire burnt the support beams which collapsed the soil tunnel ceilings and undermined the overlying perimeter wall. Later gunpowder and dynamite replaced fire when attempting to collapse a tunnel, fortress or perimeter defense. Modern warfare soil tunnels were the pathways used to move troops, weapons and supplies to the other side of a border or wall for surprise attacks. Most of the soil tunnels were placed in easy-to-dig unconsolidated soil materials that had a low water table and were not subject to flooding. Eventually, machinery was used to drill through bedrock permitting deeper and longer tunnels for troop movement or smuggling. However, when drilling through bedrock under international borders, the process creates both noise and vibrations which were often detected by the enemy. Once discovered the tunnels were often collapsed by blowing up the tunnel, injection of gas, filling with water or wastewater, or inserting barriers. A series of case studies will be examined with the goal of determining soil and site criteria required to permit successful tunneling. The most restrictive soil and geologic conditions will be identified as well as potential mitigation methods used to overcome the site restrictions will be documented. Countries with warfare or smuggling issues along their borders, such as Israel and United States, need to identify the sections of the border most likely to be undermined by soil tunnels. In the case of Israel their entire border is susceptible as a result of the favorable arid climate, soils and geology. The US border with Mexico can become vulnerable wherever a new wall is created. Without a wall there is usually no need for soil tunnels. The US Department of Homeland Security and border patrol will need to monitor the noise and vibrations, just like the Israel does, to identify future soil tunnel locations. Eventually most of 3200 km border will have a wall that will become the target of more soil tunnels for smuggling goods and people from Mexico into the United States.展开更多
Politeness Principle is a seminal principle in pragmatic studies;research on politeness almost goes hand in hand with the blooming of pragmatics as an important branch in linguistics.Based their respective languages,b...Politeness Principle is a seminal principle in pragmatic studies;research on politeness almost goes hand in hand with the blooming of pragmatics as an important branch in linguistics.Based their respective languages,both Chinese and western scholars,with Gu Yueguo,Leech and Levinson etc.as their representatives,have voiced their ideas in this field.It is the fact that politeness theory is closely linked with homogeneity and heterogeneity of languages that makes "politeness equivalence" an important criterion of "functional equivalence".This paper is designed to carry out a research on politeness equivalence in translation.The whole paper is divided into four parts:the first part is the introduction;in the second part,the author introduces typical politeness theories both home and abroad;the third part,with The Fortress Besieged as a frame of reference,is devoted to a survey of the application of politeness theory in translation;the last part is the summary of this paper.展开更多
Fortress Besieged features rich cultural and artistic features,which pose great challenges to its equivalent translation.This paper presents the translation of the arttistic elements like alluisions,four-character phr...Fortress Besieged features rich cultural and artistic features,which pose great challenges to its equivalent translation.This paper presents the translation of the arttistic elements like alluisions,four-character phrase and rhetorical langage,with the aim of sorting out the possible translation strategies for cultural translation.展开更多
The world’s earliest bomb with an iron casing,the iron huopao鐵火砲(cast-iron bomb,also referred to as zhentian lei震天雷,literally“thunder-crash bomb”),is one of the most important inventions of ancient China rela...The world’s earliest bomb with an iron casing,the iron huopao鐵火砲(cast-iron bomb,also referred to as zhentian lei震天雷,literally“thunder-crash bomb”),is one of the most important inventions of ancient China relating to gunpowder and firearms.Until recently,however,academics were not able to conduct substantial research on the topic,as no actual remains of a huopao had yet been found.Since 2013,in the excavation of two sites of Southern Song ancient cities(Diaoyu Fortress and Baidicheng)in Chongqing,archaeologists from the Chongqing Cultural Heritage Research Institute have discovered a number of iron huopao of the Southern Song dynasty.This finding not only provides first-hand material for research on the history of the invention of gunpowder and firearms,which has always been lacking,but also offers new physical evidence for an exploration of the history of war and the military history of the thirteenth century(in particular the Mongol-Song war),and is thus historically significant.展开更多
As to Fortress Besieged,it is the English version translated by Kelly.J.and N.K.Mao of Wei Cheng written by Qian Zhongshu,which includes various and fancy metaphors.To explore and find more proper and effective transl...As to Fortress Besieged,it is the English version translated by Kelly.J.and N.K.Mao of Wei Cheng written by Qian Zhongshu,which includes various and fancy metaphors.To explore and find more proper and effective translation methods of metaphors under foreignization and domestication,~1 this paper combines exemplifications in Fortress Besieged with translationrelated theories,which may help readers comprehend literary works better and promote cross-cultural communication.展开更多
The development of landscapes in one of the most populated river basins of the southern Russian Far East was studied using pollen and diatom data. The study sites were a multi-layered mountain fortress, Steklyanukha-2...The development of landscapes in one of the most populated river basins of the southern Russian Far East was studied using pollen and diatom data. The study sites were a multi-layered mountain fortress, Steklyanukha-2, and an Upper Holocene high floodplain sequence of the Steklyanukha River. Buried soil from the fluvial section acts as an environmental archive of the time in which people from the Yankovskaya archeological cultures settled in the river basin. The soil was formed under conditions of decreasing water supply in the valley and prolonged droughts. Findings of pollen Fagopyrum and Urtica signal economic activity in the Early Iron Age.Floodplain lake sediments accumulated from 1.6 to 0.5 kyr, when the valley was actively developed during the Middle Ages. There are signals of the development of secondary birch and oak forests. In the cultural layer of the fortress and lake sediments formed in the Middle Ages, Ambrosia and Xanthium pollens were found and are reliable evidence of agricultural activity in the valley. The pollens of plants typically seen in human-disturbed areas were also found. Indirect evidence of human activity includes non-pollen palynomorphs.The study of diatoms in a depression near a rampart confirmed the archaeologists' assumption that it was used as a water reserve. Pollen spectra from surface soils reflect agricultural activity in the river basin since the second half of the 19th century. The largest amount of pollen of alien and synanthropic plants and weeds, as well as spores of pathogenic fungi and fire indicators, were found here.展开更多
According to Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics,two processes of“fusion of horizons”can be described as:the“horizons”of the text,the translator,and the target reader are“fused”together.Based upon the“fusion ...According to Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics,two processes of“fusion of horizons”can be described as:the“horizons”of the text,the translator,and the target reader are“fused”together.Based upon the“fusion of horizons”of the hermeneutics proposed by Hans-Georg Gadamer,a leading German Continental philosopher of the twentieth century,this article aims to analyze English version of Wei Cheng written by Qian Zhongshu and then cooperatively translated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K.Mao.It is found that the translator can give new meaning to the text through“interpretation”,and on that basis,each interpretation of the text means a new process of“fusion of horizons”.展开更多
Italian military real-estate is highly varied as regards its location, intended uses, its typological, stylistic, and constructive features and its state of conservation. What historical and documental value can we at...Italian military real-estate is highly varied as regards its location, intended uses, its typological, stylistic, and constructive features and its state of conservation. What historical and documental value can we attribute to the typological and technical aspects of military buildings？ What problems and strategies have to be studied before such buildings can be repurposed for inclusion into a circuit of social and civil uses？ Some attempts were made to answer these questions by analysing the military real estate of Palmanova, the fortress city founded by the Serenissima Republic of Venice in 1593, a city designed by engineers, military analysts, and expert military architects all answerable to the Fortifications Office of Venice. There are a number of barracks situated inside the city＇s fortified walls, within a somewhat confined area： Montezemolo, Isonzo, Ederle, Filzi, Montesanto and others in outlying villages. Barracks built in different periods （some during the Renaissance, others in the eighteenth century and some even after the Second World War） have been gradually phased out of service. Their restoration and functional leverage, in the early years of this century, were discussed in terms of an economic and cultural strategy that would not upset the city. New regeneration strategies are called for if these abandoned military structures are not to undergo further deterioration. These strategies should be based upon a knowledge of these structures＇ features--their layout, architecture, technologies--and should also embrace local policies, but first and foremost they require real, contextualized and economically sustainable projects.展开更多
The wide application of Chinese and foreign allusions is a big feature of QIAN Zhong-shu＇s only novel and masterpiece Fortress Besieged, which was first published in 1947. The paper makes an attempt to categorize and...The wide application of Chinese and foreign allusions is a big feature of QIAN Zhong-shu＇s only novel and masterpiece Fortress Besieged, which was first published in 1947. The paper makes an attempt to categorize and analyze the strategies in translating allusions adopted by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao in the only English version. The strategies include literal translation, literal translation plus endnote, literal translation plus explanation added in the text, interpretation of the implied meaning plus endnote, and interpretation of the implied meaning in the text. In particular, the strategy of literal translation plus endnote is mostly adopted. This is indicative of the translators＇ wish to be as faithful as possible to the source text. What＇s more, the literal translation strategy and use of endnotes is of a big help to communicate the Chinese culture to foreigners展开更多
Recently,register theory,one of the most important theories of systemic functional grammar,has been received scholars’more and more attention and widely applied into translation,which brings a new perspective for tra...Recently,register theory,one of the most important theories of systemic functional grammar,has been received scholars’more and more attention and widely applied into translation,which brings a new perspective for translation research and provides a reasonable and scientific way of evaluating.Fortress Besieged,written by Qian Zhongshu,contains rich content,uses special language,and adopts unique writing technique skills,which can be called the literary classic.The paper combines register theory with translated literary work and explores the equivalence of Fortress Besieged in the process of translating from field,tenor,and mode of discourse to achieve translation equivalence as much as possible,which can improve translation quality and promote the spread of Chinese culture.展开更多
Fortress Besieged written by Qian Zhongshu is a famous Chinese satiric novel,which is widely regarded as one of the mas-terpieces of Twentieth Century Chinese literature.There are various researches on this classic wo...Fortress Besieged written by Qian Zhongshu is a famous Chinese satiric novel,which is widely regarded as one of the mas-terpieces of Twentieth Century Chinese literature.There are various researches on this classic work,while the research from theperspective of linguistics is relatively rare.Therefore,the paper aims to analyze the conversational implicature of the dialogues inFortress Besieged from the perspective of Cooperative Principle and to provide a new perspective of studying novel as well as to en-able the readers to have a better appreciation of it.展开更多
On the framework of eco- translatology, this thesis presents an introduction of the novel Fortress Besieged, the author and the translation work, and then gives an analysis of the translator's adaptation and selec...On the framework of eco- translatology, this thesis presents an introduction of the novel Fortress Besieged, the author and the translation work, and then gives an analysis of the translator's adaptation and selection of the translational eco-environment.展开更多
The Southern Song planned and constructed the Diaoyucheng Fortress at Hezhou ofthe Sichuan Theatre, during the 13th century. This fortress became famous for its 36-yearresistance against the Mongols and the death of M...The Southern Song planned and constructed the Diaoyucheng Fortress at Hezhou ofthe Sichuan Theatre, during the 13th century. This fortress became famous for its 36-yearresistance against the Mongols and the death of Mo¨ngke Khan in 1259. Based on historical documents and data from re-analysis of archaeological report and field survey, this study exploresits initiation, construction and transition, to build a coherent narrative for its transformationfrom a hinterland transport hub during the Song-Jin War (1125-1234) to a frontier strongholdduring the Song-Mongol War (1235-1279), which experiences the establishment of ZhuanbanGranary in the 1130s, the construction of Xinyuguan Fort in the 1160s-1170s, the transformation into a refuge in 1240, and the expansion into the Diaoyucheng Fortress in 1243e1279. Bycombining spatial analysis with military history, this study discusses how the peninsular site,the “dustpan” form, and the fort cluster were formed under the influence of military strategies in different war periods and the topography in Sichuan. With the comparisons with the fortifications across Eurasia around the same period, this study illustrates this fortress epitomizesthe development of knowledge system for fortification design in ancient China, especially theriver defense fortress taking advantage of topography and navy.展开更多
For a spectacular Hunan mountain experience,esser-known Mangshan offers Zhangjiajie minus the crowds-go before its scenic trails get too popuilar.Mangshan National Forest Park,located in Yizhang County near Chenzhou i...For a spectacular Hunan mountain experience,esser-known Mangshan offers Zhangjiajie minus the crowds-go before its scenic trails get too popuilar.Mangshan National Forest Park,located in Yizhang County near Chenzhou in southern Hunan Province,is a magnifcent ecological and geological reserve cover-ing nearly 200 square kilometers.展开更多
The forests of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo are among the most biodiverse in the world.They are home to many endangered and endemic species,such as the Grauer’s gorilla(Gorilla beringei graueri).Gover...The forests of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo are among the most biodiverse in the world.They are home to many endangered and endemic species,such as the Grauer’s gorilla(Gorilla beringei graueri).Governmentally protected areas(GPAs)in Grauer’s gorilla range face challenges to limit or halt poaching and bushmeat extraction,and it is unclear whether alternative community conservation models can overcome some of these challenges.Here,we examine how protected area(PA)size,conservation models(CM),mode of governance(GM),and the presence of armed groups relate to Return On Investment in land(ROIL)across selected PAs.As proxies of ROIL,we solicited information on the site coverage(area patrolled as a percentage of total surface area)and the level,extent,and trend of poaching or hunting from the[ecosystem or conservation]managers of 11 PA sites to Grauer’s gorillas,of which five were GPAs and six were community based protected areas(CPAs).We found substantial differences in apparent ROIL across PAs.CPA often had higher ROILs than GPA due to the former’s high site coverage,low levels,and decreasing trends in poaching or hunting,and a relatively low presence of armed groups.This suggests that community forests in Grauer’s gorilla range in eastern DRC may have the potential to help address and overcome some of the conservation management challenges currently facing the subspecies.However,follow-up studies are needed to explore the extent to which our findings can be attributed to factors such as the relatively smaller size of community forests,their specific geographical locations,differences in management models or ecosystem attributes(e.g.,the presence of other fauna),or aspects related to the involvement of local communities.展开更多
The Grauer’s gorilla is one of the species most affected by biodiversity degradation,and all the protected areas(PAs)in its range face management challenges(Plumptre et al.,2021).This research examines how the combin...The Grauer’s gorilla is one of the species most affected by biodiversity degradation,and all the protected areas(PAs)in its range face management challenges(Plumptre et al.,2021).This research examines how the combination of rangers’capacity,conservation models,mode of governance,and the presence of armed groups influences the Return On Investment in Rangers(ROIR)for conservation in Grauer’s gorilla range.ROIR is expressed in terms of site coverage rate,the level,extent,and trend of poaching in the PAs.The rangers represent investment.We collected data from 11 PAs in Grauer’s gorilla range.Among the 11 protected areas(PAs),five are governmentally protected areas(GPAs)and six are community-protected areas(CPAs).Due to the small sample size,the analysis focused on descriptive statistics,including means and comparisons of means.Overall,we found that the rangers’density is low in Grauer’s gorilla range(77.05 km^(2) per ranger),which is very low compared to the overall average density of a forest landscape(25 km^(2) per ranger).The rangers’capacity is also low in the Grauer’s gorilla distribution area(22.6 km^(2) per ranger).The rangers’capacity,as well as the ROIR,is influenced by several factors,including the presence of armed groups,conservation models,community engagement,and the holding of weapons by rangers.However,the factors studied in this chapter are not the only ones that influence either rangers’capacity and ROIR.However,the negative impact of armed groups on rangers’capacity ROIR can be alleviated or even aggravated by the local communities’collaboration,not by holding firearms by rangers.In conclusion,community forestry for conservation has a better ROIR overall than Fortress,with the highest site coverage rate,a low level of poaching and hunting,and a decreasing poaching trend,while the extent of poaching is the same in both Fortress and community forestry for conservation.Additionally,ForesCom is more resilient to the presence of armed groups than Fortress.Community forestry for conservation appears to be a viable option for expanding conservation efforts in Grauer’s gorilla range,ensuring its control and combating poaching with a limited number of rangers.展开更多
The dzong fortresses were the typical buildings for the unification of religious and governmental rulers in old Tibet.The archetype of the dzong fortress can be dated back to the 2nd century BC and evolved into those ...The dzong fortresses were the typical buildings for the unification of religious and governmental rulers in old Tibet.The archetype of the dzong fortress can be dated back to the 2nd century BC and evolved into those fortresses built on the top of the holy mountains.The Sangzhutse Fortress,popularly called‘Little Potala’,was a hill-top building located in the centre of Shigatse city and was the grandest landmark among all local dzong fortresses of Tibet since the 14^(th)century.It acted as the commanding point of the city skyline,and the spiritual anchor for the locals.Unfortunately,it was destroyed during the political turmoil in the 1960s.From 2004 to 2010,under the sponsorship of the Shanghai Municipal Government in cooperation with the local Tibetan authority,the team of the Design Institute of Tongji University completed research work of the dzong fortress,developing the whole design from the initial sketches to building construction plans,and surveying the construction process.The consolidation of the remaining structure and the restoration of the original skyline of the fortress were achieved through the organic combination of local traditional materials and crafts with new building technologies,producing a new living landmark of Shigatse city while maintaining its remains.The interior space,designed as the first museum in Shigatse and Western Tibet,was opened in 2010.展开更多
文摘Herod the Great inherited the desert fortresses which had been destroyed by the Romans when he became king of Judaea.He extended and remodelled them creating luxurious palace fortresses.They were provided with abundant water supplies and well stocked with food,but were these citadels palaces or prisons?
文摘For more than 2500 years, soil tunnels have been used in warfare and smuggling. Initially tunnels were utilized to attack fortresses that were underlain by unconsolidated (non-bedrock) soil materials. Later tunnels provided housing and served as smuggling corridors. The medieval warfare undermining technique involved digging soil tunnels with wooden or beam props to hold up the soil ceilings. Then flammable material, such as hay or straw, was put in the tunnel and set on fire. The fire burnt the support beams which collapsed the soil tunnel ceilings and undermined the overlying perimeter wall. Later gunpowder and dynamite replaced fire when attempting to collapse a tunnel, fortress or perimeter defense. Modern warfare soil tunnels were the pathways used to move troops, weapons and supplies to the other side of a border or wall for surprise attacks. Most of the soil tunnels were placed in easy-to-dig unconsolidated soil materials that had a low water table and were not subject to flooding. Eventually, machinery was used to drill through bedrock permitting deeper and longer tunnels for troop movement or smuggling. However, when drilling through bedrock under international borders, the process creates both noise and vibrations which were often detected by the enemy. Once discovered the tunnels were often collapsed by blowing up the tunnel, injection of gas, filling with water or wastewater, or inserting barriers. A series of case studies will be examined with the goal of determining soil and site criteria required to permit successful tunneling. The most restrictive soil and geologic conditions will be identified as well as potential mitigation methods used to overcome the site restrictions will be documented. Countries with warfare or smuggling issues along their borders, such as Israel and United States, need to identify the sections of the border most likely to be undermined by soil tunnels. In the case of Israel their entire border is susceptible as a result of the favorable arid climate, soils and geology. The US border with Mexico can become vulnerable wherever a new wall is created. Without a wall there is usually no need for soil tunnels. The US Department of Homeland Security and border patrol will need to monitor the noise and vibrations, just like the Israel does, to identify future soil tunnel locations. Eventually most of 3200 km border will have a wall that will become the target of more soil tunnels for smuggling goods and people from Mexico into the United States.
文摘Politeness Principle is a seminal principle in pragmatic studies;research on politeness almost goes hand in hand with the blooming of pragmatics as an important branch in linguistics.Based their respective languages,both Chinese and western scholars,with Gu Yueguo,Leech and Levinson etc.as their representatives,have voiced their ideas in this field.It is the fact that politeness theory is closely linked with homogeneity and heterogeneity of languages that makes "politeness equivalence" an important criterion of "functional equivalence".This paper is designed to carry out a research on politeness equivalence in translation.The whole paper is divided into four parts:the first part is the introduction;in the second part,the author introduces typical politeness theories both home and abroad;the third part,with The Fortress Besieged as a frame of reference,is devoted to a survey of the application of politeness theory in translation;the last part is the summary of this paper.
文摘Fortress Besieged features rich cultural and artistic features,which pose great challenges to its equivalent translation.This paper presents the translation of the arttistic elements like alluisions,four-character phrase and rhetorical langage,with the aim of sorting out the possible translation strategies for cultural translation.
文摘The world’s earliest bomb with an iron casing,the iron huopao鐵火砲(cast-iron bomb,also referred to as zhentian lei震天雷,literally“thunder-crash bomb”),is one of the most important inventions of ancient China relating to gunpowder and firearms.Until recently,however,academics were not able to conduct substantial research on the topic,as no actual remains of a huopao had yet been found.Since 2013,in the excavation of two sites of Southern Song ancient cities(Diaoyu Fortress and Baidicheng)in Chongqing,archaeologists from the Chongqing Cultural Heritage Research Institute have discovered a number of iron huopao of the Southern Song dynasty.This finding not only provides first-hand material for research on the history of the invention of gunpowder and firearms,which has always been lacking,but also offers new physical evidence for an exploration of the history of war and the military history of the thirteenth century(in particular the Mongol-Song war),and is thus historically significant.
文摘As to Fortress Besieged,it is the English version translated by Kelly.J.and N.K.Mao of Wei Cheng written by Qian Zhongshu,which includes various and fancy metaphors.To explore and find more proper and effective translation methods of metaphors under foreignization and domestication,~1 this paper combines exemplifications in Fortress Besieged with translationrelated theories,which may help readers comprehend literary works better and promote cross-cultural communication.
基金Under the auspices of the Russian Science Foundation (No. 22-27-00222)。
文摘The development of landscapes in one of the most populated river basins of the southern Russian Far East was studied using pollen and diatom data. The study sites were a multi-layered mountain fortress, Steklyanukha-2, and an Upper Holocene high floodplain sequence of the Steklyanukha River. Buried soil from the fluvial section acts as an environmental archive of the time in which people from the Yankovskaya archeological cultures settled in the river basin. The soil was formed under conditions of decreasing water supply in the valley and prolonged droughts. Findings of pollen Fagopyrum and Urtica signal economic activity in the Early Iron Age.Floodplain lake sediments accumulated from 1.6 to 0.5 kyr, when the valley was actively developed during the Middle Ages. There are signals of the development of secondary birch and oak forests. In the cultural layer of the fortress and lake sediments formed in the Middle Ages, Ambrosia and Xanthium pollens were found and are reliable evidence of agricultural activity in the valley. The pollens of plants typically seen in human-disturbed areas were also found. Indirect evidence of human activity includes non-pollen palynomorphs.The study of diatoms in a depression near a rampart confirmed the archaeologists' assumption that it was used as a water reserve. Pollen spectra from surface soils reflect agricultural activity in the river basin since the second half of the 19th century. The largest amount of pollen of alien and synanthropic plants and weeds, as well as spores of pathogenic fungi and fire indicators, were found here.
文摘According to Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics,two processes of“fusion of horizons”can be described as:the“horizons”of the text,the translator,and the target reader are“fused”together.Based upon the“fusion of horizons”of the hermeneutics proposed by Hans-Georg Gadamer,a leading German Continental philosopher of the twentieth century,this article aims to analyze English version of Wei Cheng written by Qian Zhongshu and then cooperatively translated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K.Mao.It is found that the translator can give new meaning to the text through“interpretation”,and on that basis,each interpretation of the text means a new process of“fusion of horizons”.
文摘Italian military real-estate is highly varied as regards its location, intended uses, its typological, stylistic, and constructive features and its state of conservation. What historical and documental value can we attribute to the typological and technical aspects of military buildings？ What problems and strategies have to be studied before such buildings can be repurposed for inclusion into a circuit of social and civil uses？ Some attempts were made to answer these questions by analysing the military real estate of Palmanova, the fortress city founded by the Serenissima Republic of Venice in 1593, a city designed by engineers, military analysts, and expert military architects all answerable to the Fortifications Office of Venice. There are a number of barracks situated inside the city＇s fortified walls, within a somewhat confined area： Montezemolo, Isonzo, Ederle, Filzi, Montesanto and others in outlying villages. Barracks built in different periods （some during the Renaissance, others in the eighteenth century and some even after the Second World War） have been gradually phased out of service. Their restoration and functional leverage, in the early years of this century, were discussed in terms of an economic and cultural strategy that would not upset the city. New regeneration strategies are called for if these abandoned military structures are not to undergo further deterioration. These strategies should be based upon a knowledge of these structures＇ features--their layout, architecture, technologies--and should also embrace local policies, but first and foremost they require real, contextualized and economically sustainable projects.
文摘The wide application of Chinese and foreign allusions is a big feature of QIAN Zhong-shu＇s only novel and masterpiece Fortress Besieged, which was first published in 1947. The paper makes an attempt to categorize and analyze the strategies in translating allusions adopted by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao in the only English version. The strategies include literal translation, literal translation plus endnote, literal translation plus explanation added in the text, interpretation of the implied meaning plus endnote, and interpretation of the implied meaning in the text. In particular, the strategy of literal translation plus endnote is mostly adopted. This is indicative of the translators＇ wish to be as faithful as possible to the source text. What＇s more, the literal translation strategy and use of endnotes is of a big help to communicate the Chinese culture to foreigners
文摘Recently,register theory,one of the most important theories of systemic functional grammar,has been received scholars’more and more attention and widely applied into translation,which brings a new perspective for translation research and provides a reasonable and scientific way of evaluating.Fortress Besieged,written by Qian Zhongshu,contains rich content,uses special language,and adopts unique writing technique skills,which can be called the literary classic.The paper combines register theory with translated literary work and explores the equivalence of Fortress Besieged in the process of translating from field,tenor,and mode of discourse to achieve translation equivalence as much as possible,which can improve translation quality and promote the spread of Chinese culture.
文摘Fortress Besieged written by Qian Zhongshu is a famous Chinese satiric novel,which is widely regarded as one of the mas-terpieces of Twentieth Century Chinese literature.There are various researches on this classic work,while the research from theperspective of linguistics is relatively rare.Therefore,the paper aims to analyze the conversational implicature of the dialogues inFortress Besieged from the perspective of Cooperative Principle and to provide a new perspective of studying novel as well as to en-able the readers to have a better appreciation of it.
文摘On the framework of eco- translatology, this thesis presents an introduction of the novel Fortress Besieged, the author and the translation work, and then gives an analysis of the translator's adaptation and selection of the translational eco-environment.
基金supported by China Scholarship Council,China,under Grant No.202206150002by South China University of Technology,China,under Grant No.D623206016。
文摘The Southern Song planned and constructed the Diaoyucheng Fortress at Hezhou ofthe Sichuan Theatre, during the 13th century. This fortress became famous for its 36-yearresistance against the Mongols and the death of Mo¨ngke Khan in 1259. Based on historical documents and data from re-analysis of archaeological report and field survey, this study exploresits initiation, construction and transition, to build a coherent narrative for its transformationfrom a hinterland transport hub during the Song-Jin War (1125-1234) to a frontier strongholdduring the Song-Mongol War (1235-1279), which experiences the establishment of ZhuanbanGranary in the 1130s, the construction of Xinyuguan Fort in the 1160s-1170s, the transformation into a refuge in 1240, and the expansion into the Diaoyucheng Fortress in 1243e1279. Bycombining spatial analysis with military history, this study discusses how the peninsular site,the “dustpan” form, and the fort cluster were formed under the influence of military strategies in different war periods and the topography in Sichuan. With the comparisons with the fortifications across Eurasia around the same period, this study illustrates this fortress epitomizesthe development of knowledge system for fortification design in ancient China, especially theriver defense fortress taking advantage of topography and navy.
文摘For a spectacular Hunan mountain experience,esser-known Mangshan offers Zhangjiajie minus the crowds-go before its scenic trails get too popuilar.Mangshan National Forest Park,located in Yizhang County near Chenzhou in southern Hunan Province,is a magnifcent ecological and geological reserve cover-ing nearly 200 square kilometers.
文摘The forests of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo are among the most biodiverse in the world.They are home to many endangered and endemic species,such as the Grauer’s gorilla(Gorilla beringei graueri).Governmentally protected areas(GPAs)in Grauer’s gorilla range face challenges to limit or halt poaching and bushmeat extraction,and it is unclear whether alternative community conservation models can overcome some of these challenges.Here,we examine how protected area(PA)size,conservation models(CM),mode of governance(GM),and the presence of armed groups relate to Return On Investment in land(ROIL)across selected PAs.As proxies of ROIL,we solicited information on the site coverage(area patrolled as a percentage of total surface area)and the level,extent,and trend of poaching or hunting from the[ecosystem or conservation]managers of 11 PA sites to Grauer’s gorillas,of which five were GPAs and six were community based protected areas(CPAs).We found substantial differences in apparent ROIL across PAs.CPA often had higher ROILs than GPA due to the former’s high site coverage,low levels,and decreasing trends in poaching or hunting,and a relatively low presence of armed groups.This suggests that community forests in Grauer’s gorilla range in eastern DRC may have the potential to help address and overcome some of the conservation management challenges currently facing the subspecies.However,follow-up studies are needed to explore the extent to which our findings can be attributed to factors such as the relatively smaller size of community forests,their specific geographical locations,differences in management models or ecosystem attributes(e.g.,the presence of other fauna),or aspects related to the involvement of local communities.
文摘The Grauer’s gorilla is one of the species most affected by biodiversity degradation,and all the protected areas(PAs)in its range face management challenges(Plumptre et al.,2021).This research examines how the combination of rangers’capacity,conservation models,mode of governance,and the presence of armed groups influences the Return On Investment in Rangers(ROIR)for conservation in Grauer’s gorilla range.ROIR is expressed in terms of site coverage rate,the level,extent,and trend of poaching in the PAs.The rangers represent investment.We collected data from 11 PAs in Grauer’s gorilla range.Among the 11 protected areas(PAs),five are governmentally protected areas(GPAs)and six are community-protected areas(CPAs).Due to the small sample size,the analysis focused on descriptive statistics,including means and comparisons of means.Overall,we found that the rangers’density is low in Grauer’s gorilla range(77.05 km^(2) per ranger),which is very low compared to the overall average density of a forest landscape(25 km^(2) per ranger).The rangers’capacity is also low in the Grauer’s gorilla distribution area(22.6 km^(2) per ranger).The rangers’capacity,as well as the ROIR,is influenced by several factors,including the presence of armed groups,conservation models,community engagement,and the holding of weapons by rangers.However,the factors studied in this chapter are not the only ones that influence either rangers’capacity and ROIR.However,the negative impact of armed groups on rangers’capacity ROIR can be alleviated or even aggravated by the local communities’collaboration,not by holding firearms by rangers.In conclusion,community forestry for conservation has a better ROIR overall than Fortress,with the highest site coverage rate,a low level of poaching and hunting,and a decreasing poaching trend,while the extent of poaching is the same in both Fortress and community forestry for conservation.Additionally,ForesCom is more resilient to the presence of armed groups than Fortress.Community forestry for conservation appears to be a viable option for expanding conservation efforts in Grauer’s gorilla range,ensuring its control and combating poaching with a limited number of rangers.
文摘The dzong fortresses were the typical buildings for the unification of religious and governmental rulers in old Tibet.The archetype of the dzong fortress can be dated back to the 2nd century BC and evolved into those fortresses built on the top of the holy mountains.The Sangzhutse Fortress,popularly called‘Little Potala’,was a hill-top building located in the centre of Shigatse city and was the grandest landmark among all local dzong fortresses of Tibet since the 14^(th)century.It acted as the commanding point of the city skyline,and the spiritual anchor for the locals.Unfortunately,it was destroyed during the political turmoil in the 1960s.From 2004 to 2010,under the sponsorship of the Shanghai Municipal Government in cooperation with the local Tibetan authority,the team of the Design Institute of Tongji University completed research work of the dzong fortress,developing the whole design from the initial sketches to building construction plans,and surveying the construction process.The consolidation of the remaining structure and the restoration of the original skyline of the fortress were achieved through the organic combination of local traditional materials and crafts with new building technologies,producing a new living landmark of Shigatse city while maintaining its remains.The interior space,designed as the first museum in Shigatse and Western Tibet,was opened in 2010.
