The aim of the present study was to develop a formulated feed for improving skin pigmentation and growth performance of koi carp juveniles. Two experiments were conducted for determination of an optimal dietary astaxa...The aim of the present study was to develop a formulated feed for improving skin pigmentation and growth performance of koi carp juveniles. Two experiments were conducted for determination of an optimal dietary astaxanthin and FM （fish meal） ration for koi carp juveniles. In the first experiment, three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic dietary treatments were designed with three different levels of astaxanthin consisted of 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg and a commercial feed served as a control. For the second experiment, four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic dietary treatments were formulated with graded inclusions of dietary FM replaced from 0% to 60% at 20% increments by SM （soybean meal）, PBM （poultry by-product meal）, and a CD （control diet）. Obtained results demonstrated that skin pigmentation of koi carp juveniles fed the diet containing 80 mg/kg astaxanthin, 36.02% protein, 7.78% lipid, 4.20 Kcal/g GE （gross energy） were more better than those at the diet with lower estaxanthin content and commercial diet. Moreover, the highest growth and feed utilization of fish were observed at this diet with WG （weight gain）, SGR （specific growth rate） and FCR （feed conversion ratio） were 121.80%, 0.95 （%/day） and 1.6, respectively.展开更多
[ Objective] This study aimed to screen yeast strains suitable for high temperature processing of formulated biological feed. [ Method ] High temperature resistance and culture conditions of six yeast strains were inv...[ Objective] This study aimed to screen yeast strains suitable for high temperature processing of formulated biological feed. [ Method ] High temperature resistance and culture conditions of six yeast strains were investigated. [Result] Two yeast strains resistant to high temperature （45 ℃ ） with high viable cell number （10^8 cells/ml） were screened, including DQFC2117-1 and DQFC2122-2. [ Conclusion] Strains DQFC2117-1 and DQFC2122-2 could be used as high temperature resistant yeast strains for processing of formulated biological feed.展开更多
The present research is an attempt to screen five perennial indigenous grass species for their biochemical constituents seasonally for one year in order to determine the exact season for the harvest of the target spec...The present research is an attempt to screen five perennial indigenous grass species for their biochemical constituents seasonally for one year in order to determine the exact season for the harvest of the target species which will be used as feed ingredient.Among them,Cynodon dactylon has shown better result compared to other grass species and was hence incorporated as micronutrient in the formulated feed.Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture was carried out by feeding conventional and formulated feed(prepared from grass species)in tanks and ponds filled with spring water for 180 days in 2020 in the Eastern Ghats region of Koraput district,Odisha,India.Two treatments namely T_(1)and T_(2)having four replications each were supplied with commercial feed and formulated feed.Feeds were applied as per the body weight of prawns at 20%for the 1st month,15%for the 2nd month,10%for the 3rd and the 4th month,5%for the 5th month and 2%till the end of the experiment.The water temperature,pH,dissolved oxygen,transparency,nitrate,phosphate,silicate,Chl a in the culture tanks and ponds were monitored fortnightly.ANOVA results between all the water parameters for both culture tanks and ponds showed significant variation(P<0.05).The survival rate(77.0%±0.89%),daily growth rate(0.233±0.05)g/day,specific growth rate(4.657%±1.04%)per day and condition index(2.638±0.05)were found to be highest in prawns fed formulated feed.The feed conversion ratio varied from(2.03±0.05)to(2.68±0.04).Benefit cost ratio of field culture were 1.46 with yield of 702 kg/ha in conventional feed and 1.75 with yield of 950 kg/ha in formulated feed respectively.The study proved grass extracts to be efficient micronutrients for prawn feed which can be easily adopted in prawn production.展开更多
Pelleting is the most popular thermal processing technique in poultry industry. Birds fed pelleted diets have greater feed intake and weight gain, and better feed conversion ratio. However, this better performance can...Pelleting is the most popular thermal processing technique in poultry industry. Birds fed pelleted diets have greater feed intake and weight gain, and better feed conversion ratio. However, this better performance can only be achieved, if the pellets remain intact until they are ingested by the birds. Many factors may affect pellet physical quality, such as feed nutritional composition, ingredient particle size, conditioning temperature and time, feed moisture, etc.. Despite their importance, sometimes these factors are not managed properly, therefore, pelleted feed may not contain a high amount of intact pellets. In addition, the possible interactions among these variables may yield different responses in comparison with those expected when individual factors are considered. Very few experiments have been conducted to evaluate the impact of combined factors on pellet quality. This may be explained by the presence of many qualitative and quantitative factors in the manufacturing process. Research indicates that heat processing and feed formulation, especially fat inclusion level, are the factors which have the biggest influence on pellet quality. Strategies, such as the expansion process and fat inclusion restriction or post pellet liquid fat application could be implemented to produce high physical quality pellets. More research is needed to identify which factors have a positive or negative effect on pelleting process and to find new strategies to improve pellet physical quality.展开更多
Swine rearing and pork production has recently attracted the growing interest of Ghanaian farmers who seek diversification of enterprises and existing farmers looking for alternatives following a period of low profita...Swine rearing and pork production has recently attracted the growing interest of Ghanaian farmers who seek diversification of enterprises and existing farmers looking for alternatives following a period of low profitability. Piggery was established to combine science and technology to generate innovations for anyone seeking to establish a new pig production enterprise. Results show that since 2008 to 2013, pork prices in Ghana rose rapidly between 115-120%. Also the rate of returns was higher at 43.62% compared to bank interested rate. Feed, as a percentage of total costs, were minimised from 70% to 55% with integrated lactobacillus brewer spent malt as supplement to formulated feed. The piggery project was highly successful and invested capital was recouped within two years of project take-off. Collaborating with other farms, organisations and entrepreneurs, a lot of research innovations in the area of improving feed cost, animal nutrition, waste management practices, and breeding have been generated and shared with both small and large-holder pig farmers. In all aspect of the farm management, results achieved so far especially with pork carcass quality and profit margins are encouraging which have led to the expansion of the piggery project.展开更多
The antimicrobial activity of powdered Moringa oleifera leaves on the performance of Clarias gariepinus juveniles was investigated.A total of 180 C.gariepinus hatchery-bred juveniles were obtained,acclimated in a 4...The antimicrobial activity of powdered Moringa oleifera leaves on the performance of Clarias gariepinus juveniles was investigated.A total of 180 C.gariepinus hatchery-bred juveniles were obtained,acclimated in a 4×4×3 feet concrete tank,and fed adlib with 1.5 mm Coppens for one week.Initial mean weight(g)and length(cm)of sample fish were measured and randomly distributed in triplicates of 15 fish/tank into twelve concrete tanks of dimension 4×4×3 feet(T_(1A-C)-T_(4A-C)).Four treatment diets were formulated,by adding graded levels of powdered M.oleifera leaf to the fish feed,using starch as binder.T_(1)(control)had no moringa inclusion(control),while T_(2),T_(3),and T_(4) respectively had 5 g,10 g,and 15 g/kg inclusion.Length(cm)and weight(g)of fish were measured fortnightly,while haematology and serum profile,bacteria in the gut were collected at the end of the study.One-way Analysis of Variance(ANOVA)was used to analyze the data,and Duncan’s multiple range test was employed for mean separation.Results revealed a significantly higher growth response in T_(3) compared to other treatments(P<0.05).Haematological and seriological profile showed a boost in immunity of fish fed with the additive.Bacterial load in the fish gut was significantly reduced(P<0.05)as inclusion of additive increased.Therefore,for optimum fish production addition of 10g of M.oleifera/Kg of feed is recommended,as it gave the best result in terms of growth(P<0.05).展开更多
The accelerated growth of global aquaculture has boosted the production chain of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus),currently the third most cultivated species worldwide.This fish plays a crucial role in global food ...The accelerated growth of global aquaculture has boosted the production chain of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus),currently the third most cultivated species worldwide.This fish plays a crucial role in global food security.Protein is the main fish diet nutrient,and its quality,as well as protein level variations,directly and significantly affect the productive chain of this species.In this study,we conducted a comprehensive review of protein requirements at different tilapia development stages,underscoring the fundamental importance of a balanced diet to promote efficient growth.The study identified protein requirement variations based on weight,age,and different tilapia farming systems.In addition,the challenges associated with formulating balanced diets are discussed,especially in the face of the scarcity of traditional protein sources,such as fishmeal.Several factors are considered in this review,including tilapia development stage,rearing system,stocking density,ingredient quality,specific tilapia nutritional requirements and strains,feed management,temperature,and water quality.A gradual decrease in protein requirements is observed as fish grow and reach a minimum point during the growth phase,followed by a slight increase during the subsequent fattening phase.Tilapia protein requirements are influenced by various factors,including growth phase and farming system characteristics.Identifying the ideal protein levels at each stage is crucial for guiding sustainable tilapia aquaculture practices and enhancing the overall production efficiency of the species.展开更多
Current methods for feed formulation are based on minimizing costs,not maximizing profits.Complex models of bird growth and reproduction as functions of genetic,feed and other environmental variables are being develop...Current methods for feed formulation are based on minimizing costs,not maximizing profits.Complex models of bird growth and reproduction as functions of genetic,feed and other environmental variables are being developed,but their adaptation has been slow.The development of profit maximizing models will evolve to center on the production functions of broilers and layers.The production functions are the relationship between the value of products(mainly meat and eggs)and the cost of feed.The production function is the tool used to maximize profits subject to all the various inputs,not just feed or nutrition.The production function is subject to the law of diminishing returns.The most profitable output levels are those where the marginal value(price)of the meat or eggs is just equal to the marginal cost of the inputs including feed,housing,processing and all other costs.Anything that affects the production function,bird genetics,feed quality,housing and environment,will be considered to maximize profits for the poultry firm.The profit maximizing models of poultry firms will improve as various technical improvements are made:metabolizable energy to describe ingredients will evolve to net energy systems that consider that the heat production(and therefore energetic efficiency)of broilers is different depending on the ingredients used to formulate the feed and the environmental temperatures under which they are reared.Amino acid needs will include a method to find the birds’needs for the nonessential amino acids.“Digestible”amino acid assays will differentiate between digestion and absorption to best balance various sources.The carbohydrate fractions of feed ingredients will be determined to optimize the use of exogenous enzymes.The value of meat and egg co-products will reduce overall costs(e.g.,organic fertilizer for crop enhancement).Future profit maximizing production models will be ever evolving processes where field conditions and results are continually being utilized to re-calibrate the technical models so that the management team can use them with cost and return projections to decide on the best choices of inputs and outputs.展开更多
文摘The aim of the present study was to develop a formulated feed for improving skin pigmentation and growth performance of koi carp juveniles. Two experiments were conducted for determination of an optimal dietary astaxanthin and FM （fish meal） ration for koi carp juveniles. In the first experiment, three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic dietary treatments were designed with three different levels of astaxanthin consisted of 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg and a commercial feed served as a control. For the second experiment, four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic dietary treatments were formulated with graded inclusions of dietary FM replaced from 0% to 60% at 20% increments by SM （soybean meal）, PBM （poultry by-product meal）, and a CD （control diet）. Obtained results demonstrated that skin pigmentation of koi carp juveniles fed the diet containing 80 mg/kg astaxanthin, 36.02% protein, 7.78% lipid, 4.20 Kcal/g GE （gross energy） were more better than those at the diet with lower estaxanthin content and commercial diet. Moreover, the highest growth and feed utilization of fish were observed at this diet with WG （weight gain）, SGR （specific growth rate） and FCR （feed conversion ratio） were 121.80%, 0.95 （%/day） and 1.6, respectively.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Basic and Applied Research from the Finance Department of Heilongjiang Province
文摘[ Objective] This study aimed to screen yeast strains suitable for high temperature processing of formulated biological feed. [ Method ] High temperature resistance and culture conditions of six yeast strains were investigated. [Result] Two yeast strains resistant to high temperature （45 ℃ ） with high viable cell number （10^8 cells/ml） were screened, including DQFC2117-1 and DQFC2122-2. [ Conclusion] Strains DQFC2117-1 and DQFC2122-2 could be used as high temperature resistant yeast strains for processing of formulated biological feed.
基金the University Grants Commission(UGC),Ministry of Education,Govt.of India for providing NON-NET fellowship(Ref.No.:CUO/ACA/NNF-PHD/135 dated 22.04.2021)grateful to Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship(Award Letter No.F1-17.1/2014-15/RGNF-2014-15-SC-ORI-73313/SA-Ⅲ/(Website),February 2015).
文摘The present research is an attempt to screen five perennial indigenous grass species for their biochemical constituents seasonally for one year in order to determine the exact season for the harvest of the target species which will be used as feed ingredient.Among them,Cynodon dactylon has shown better result compared to other grass species and was hence incorporated as micronutrient in the formulated feed.Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture was carried out by feeding conventional and formulated feed(prepared from grass species)in tanks and ponds filled with spring water for 180 days in 2020 in the Eastern Ghats region of Koraput district,Odisha,India.Two treatments namely T_(1)and T_(2)having four replications each were supplied with commercial feed and formulated feed.Feeds were applied as per the body weight of prawns at 20%for the 1st month,15%for the 2nd month,10%for the 3rd and the 4th month,5%for the 5th month and 2%till the end of the experiment.The water temperature,pH,dissolved oxygen,transparency,nitrate,phosphate,silicate,Chl a in the culture tanks and ponds were monitored fortnightly.ANOVA results between all the water parameters for both culture tanks and ponds showed significant variation(P<0.05).The survival rate(77.0%±0.89%),daily growth rate(0.233±0.05)g/day,specific growth rate(4.657%±1.04%)per day and condition index(2.638±0.05)were found to be highest in prawns fed formulated feed.The feed conversion ratio varied from(2.03±0.05)to(2.68±0.04).Benefit cost ratio of field culture were 1.46 with yield of 702 kg/ha in conventional feed and 1.75 with yield of 950 kg/ha in formulated feed respectively.The study proved grass extracts to be efficient micronutrients for prawn feed which can be easily adopted in prawn production.
文摘Pelleting is the most popular thermal processing technique in poultry industry. Birds fed pelleted diets have greater feed intake and weight gain, and better feed conversion ratio. However, this better performance can only be achieved, if the pellets remain intact until they are ingested by the birds. Many factors may affect pellet physical quality, such as feed nutritional composition, ingredient particle size, conditioning temperature and time, feed moisture, etc.. Despite their importance, sometimes these factors are not managed properly, therefore, pelleted feed may not contain a high amount of intact pellets. In addition, the possible interactions among these variables may yield different responses in comparison with those expected when individual factors are considered. Very few experiments have been conducted to evaluate the impact of combined factors on pellet quality. This may be explained by the presence of many qualitative and quantitative factors in the manufacturing process. Research indicates that heat processing and feed formulation, especially fat inclusion level, are the factors which have the biggest influence on pellet quality. Strategies, such as the expansion process and fat inclusion restriction or post pellet liquid fat application could be implemented to produce high physical quality pellets. More research is needed to identify which factors have a positive or negative effect on pelleting process and to find new strategies to improve pellet physical quality.
文摘Swine rearing and pork production has recently attracted the growing interest of Ghanaian farmers who seek diversification of enterprises and existing farmers looking for alternatives following a period of low profitability. Piggery was established to combine science and technology to generate innovations for anyone seeking to establish a new pig production enterprise. Results show that since 2008 to 2013, pork prices in Ghana rose rapidly between 115-120%. Also the rate of returns was higher at 43.62% compared to bank interested rate. Feed, as a percentage of total costs, were minimised from 70% to 55% with integrated lactobacillus brewer spent malt as supplement to formulated feed. The piggery project was highly successful and invested capital was recouped within two years of project take-off. Collaborating with other farms, organisations and entrepreneurs, a lot of research innovations in the area of improving feed cost, animal nutrition, waste management practices, and breeding have been generated and shared with both small and large-holder pig farmers. In all aspect of the farm management, results achieved so far especially with pork carcass quality and profit margins are encouraging which have led to the expansion of the piggery project.
文摘The antimicrobial activity of powdered Moringa oleifera leaves on the performance of Clarias gariepinus juveniles was investigated.A total of 180 C.gariepinus hatchery-bred juveniles were obtained,acclimated in a 4×4×3 feet concrete tank,and fed adlib with 1.5 mm Coppens for one week.Initial mean weight(g)and length(cm)of sample fish were measured and randomly distributed in triplicates of 15 fish/tank into twelve concrete tanks of dimension 4×4×3 feet(T_(1A-C)-T_(4A-C)).Four treatment diets were formulated,by adding graded levels of powdered M.oleifera leaf to the fish feed,using starch as binder.T_(1)(control)had no moringa inclusion(control),while T_(2),T_(3),and T_(4) respectively had 5 g,10 g,and 15 g/kg inclusion.Length(cm)and weight(g)of fish were measured fortnightly,while haematology and serum profile,bacteria in the gut were collected at the end of the study.One-way Analysis of Variance(ANOVA)was used to analyze the data,and Duncan’s multiple range test was employed for mean separation.Results revealed a significantly higher growth response in T_(3) compared to other treatments(P<0.05).Haematological and seriological profile showed a boost in immunity of fish fed with the additive.Bacterial load in the fish gut was significantly reduced(P<0.05)as inclusion of additive increased.Therefore,for optimum fish production addition of 10g of M.oleifera/Kg of feed is recommended,as it gave the best result in terms of growth(P<0.05).
文摘The accelerated growth of global aquaculture has boosted the production chain of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus),currently the third most cultivated species worldwide.This fish plays a crucial role in global food security.Protein is the main fish diet nutrient,and its quality,as well as protein level variations,directly and significantly affect the productive chain of this species.In this study,we conducted a comprehensive review of protein requirements at different tilapia development stages,underscoring the fundamental importance of a balanced diet to promote efficient growth.The study identified protein requirement variations based on weight,age,and different tilapia farming systems.In addition,the challenges associated with formulating balanced diets are discussed,especially in the face of the scarcity of traditional protein sources,such as fishmeal.Several factors are considered in this review,including tilapia development stage,rearing system,stocking density,ingredient quality,specific tilapia nutritional requirements and strains,feed management,temperature,and water quality.A gradual decrease in protein requirements is observed as fish grow and reach a minimum point during the growth phase,followed by a slight increase during the subsequent fattening phase.Tilapia protein requirements are influenced by various factors,including growth phase and farming system characteristics.Identifying the ideal protein levels at each stage is crucial for guiding sustainable tilapia aquaculture practices and enhancing the overall production efficiency of the species.
文摘Current methods for feed formulation are based on minimizing costs,not maximizing profits.Complex models of bird growth and reproduction as functions of genetic,feed and other environmental variables are being developed,but their adaptation has been slow.The development of profit maximizing models will evolve to center on the production functions of broilers and layers.The production functions are the relationship between the value of products(mainly meat and eggs)and the cost of feed.The production function is the tool used to maximize profits subject to all the various inputs,not just feed or nutrition.The production function is subject to the law of diminishing returns.The most profitable output levels are those where the marginal value(price)of the meat or eggs is just equal to the marginal cost of the inputs including feed,housing,processing and all other costs.Anything that affects the production function,bird genetics,feed quality,housing and environment,will be considered to maximize profits for the poultry firm.The profit maximizing models of poultry firms will improve as various technical improvements are made:metabolizable energy to describe ingredients will evolve to net energy systems that consider that the heat production(and therefore energetic efficiency)of broilers is different depending on the ingredients used to formulate the feed and the environmental temperatures under which they are reared.Amino acid needs will include a method to find the birds’needs for the nonessential amino acids.“Digestible”amino acid assays will differentiate between digestion and absorption to best balance various sources.The carbohydrate fractions of feed ingredients will be determined to optimize the use of exogenous enzymes.The value of meat and egg co-products will reduce overall costs(e.g.,organic fertilizer for crop enhancement).Future profit maximizing production models will be ever evolving processes where field conditions and results are continually being utilized to re-calibrate the technical models so that the management team can use them with cost and return projections to decide on the best choices of inputs and outputs.
