Through microscopic analyses(e.g.,organic macerals,thin section observation,scanning electron microscope(SEM)imaging of fresh bedding planes via argon ion milling,and energy spectrum tests)combined with Rock-Eval anal...Through microscopic analyses(e.g.,organic macerals,thin section observation,scanning electron microscope(SEM)imaging of fresh bedding planes via argon ion milling,and energy spectrum tests)combined with Rock-Eval analyses,this study systematically investigated the organic matter and pyrites in the continental shales in the 3^(rd)submember of the Chang 7 Member(Chang 7^(3)submember)in the Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin and determined their types and the formation and evolutionary characteristics.The results are as follows.The organic matter of the continental shales in the Chang 7^(3)submember is dominated by amorphous bituminites and migrabitumens,which have come into being since the early diagenetic stage and middle diagenetic stage A,respectively.The formation and transformation of organic matter is a prerequisite for the formation of pyrites.The Ordos Basin was a continental freshwater lacustrine basin and lacked sulphates in waters during the deposition of the Chang 7 Member.Therefore,the syndiagenetic stage did not witness the formation of large quantities of pyrites.Since the basin entered early diagenetic stage A,large quantities of sulfur ions were released as the primary organic matter got converted into bituminites and,accordingly,pyrites started to form.However,this stage featured poorer fluid and spatial conditions compared with the syndepositional stage due to withdraw of water,the partial formation of bituminites,and a certain degree of compaction.As a result,large quantities of pyrrhotite failed to transition into typical spherical framboidal pyrites but grew into euhedral monocrystal aggregates.In addition,pyrites are still visible in the migrabitumens in both microfractures and inorganic pores of mudstones and shales,indicating that the pyrite formation period can extend until the middle diagenetic stage A.展开更多
Objective The Susong complex zone（SCZ）is a relatively lowgrade metamorphic unit mostly with an epidoteamphibolite facies,located in the southernmost part of the Dabie orogen.However,its rock compositions,ages,
On the basis of the historical profile observations and the recent Kuroshio observations,the yearly formation,development and decay of the high density water found between 50 to 100 m isobath over the middle and south...On the basis of the historical profile observations and the recent Kuroshio observations,the yearly formation,development and decay of the high density water found between 50 to 100 m isobath over the middle and southern East China Sea continental shelf are anyalysed. The formation of this high density water occurs between November and March of the following year. A possible reason for it is that as the mixed water between the coastal water and the outer sea water transports northward by the Taiwan Warm Current, its density increases by surface cooling. It also mixes with the neighbouring lower density water masses. The transportation and decay of the high density water through April to July are also descussed. They can be ascribed to the seasonal surface layer warming and the fast development of Taiwan Warm Current. The high density water disappears in August.展开更多
Based on characteristic functions of variants, we developed an unconventional phase field modeling for investigating domains formation and evolution in tetragonal ferroelectrics. In order to develop this computational...Based on characteristic functions of variants, we developed an unconventional phase field modeling for investigating domains formation and evolution in tetragonal ferroelectrics. In order to develop this computational approach, we constructed the anisotropy energy of tetragonal variants, which is used instead of Landau-Devonshire potential in the conventional phase field method, resulting in that much fewer parameters are needed for simulations. This approach is advantageous in simulations of emerging ferroelectric materials. We employ it to study the formation and evolution of domains in tetragonal barium titanate single crystal, as well as the nonlinear behaviors under cyclical stress and electric field loading. A multi-rank laminated ferroelectric domain pattern, 90° domain switching accompanied by polarization rotation, and 180° domain switching accompanied by move of domain wall are predicted. It is found that the speed of 90° domain switching is slower than that of 180° domain switching, due to both polarization and transformation strain changed in 90° domain switching. It also suggests that large strain actuation can be generated in single crystal ferroelectrics via combined electromechanical loading inducing 90° domain switching. The good agreement between simulation results and experimental measurements is observed.展开更多
The giant Upper Yangtze Pb-Zn metallogenic province,also known as the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou(SYG)Pb-Zn province hosting>500 carbonate-hosted epigenetic Pb-Zn deposits that contain>20 Mt Pb+Zn base metal reserves...The giant Upper Yangtze Pb-Zn metallogenic province,also known as the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou(SYG)Pb-Zn province hosting>500 carbonate-hosted epigenetic Pb-Zn deposits that contain>20 Mt Pb+Zn base metal reserves.The giant Maoping Pb-Zn deposit is the second largest deposit in this province and owns>5 Mt Pb+Zn metal reserves with ore grades of 12 wt.%-30 wt.%Pb+Zn.Such large tonnages and high grades make it among the top 100 similar mineral deposits in the world.The ore bodies are predominantly located within the strata of the Upper Devonian(Zaige Formation)and Lower(Baizuo Formation)-Upper(Weining Formation)Carboniferous.The principal ore minerals consist of galena(Gn),sphalerite(Sp),and pyrite(Py),while the primary gangue minerals include dolomite(Dol),calcite(Cal),and quartz(Qtz).Three mineralization stages of carbonate minerals have been identified:(1)pre-sulfide stage 1,(2)syn-sulfide stage 2,and(3)post-sulfide stage 3.Trace elements and C-O-Sr isotopes of three stages’carbonate minerals,together with S-Pb isotopes of sulfides,revealing that the metamorphic basement rocks played the role of the metal source during the early stage of Pb-Zn mineralization,whereas the metal contribution of the sedimentary wall rocks found to be more prominent during the late stage of Pb-Zn mineralization.In addition,the dissolution of marine carbonate rocks and CO_(2)degassing may have also played an important role in the formation of the Maoping deposit.Furthermore,syn-sulfide stage 2 calcite has a U-Pb age of 214±20 Ma obtained by LA-ICPMS in-situ analyses,suggesting that the hydrothermal mineralization occurred during the Triassic.Our study proposes a new coupled metallogenic model of fluid-structure-lithology assemblage and provides new insights about the formation and evolution of the Maoping deposit with significant implication for understanding and exploration of similar Pb-Zn deposits worldwide.展开更多
There are various types of natural gas resources in coal measures,making them major targets for natural gas exploration and development in China.In view of the particularity of the whole petroleum system of coal measu...There are various types of natural gas resources in coal measures,making them major targets for natural gas exploration and development in China.In view of the particularity of the whole petroleum system of coal measures and the reservoir-forming evolution of natural gas in coal,this study reveals the formation,enrichment characteristics and distribution laws of coal-rock gas by systematically reviewing the main types and geological characteristics of natural gas in the whole petroleum system of coal measures.First,natural gas in the whole petroleum system of coal measures is divided into two types,conventional gas and unconventional gas,according to its occurrence characteristics and accumulation mechanism,and into six types,distal detrital rock gas,special rock gas,distal/proximal tight sandstone gas,inner-source tight sandstone gas,shale gas,and coal-rock gas,according to its source and reservoir lithology.The natural gas present in coal-rock reservoirs is collectively referred to as coal-rock gas.Existing data indicate significant differences in the geological characteristics of coal-rock gas exploration and development between shallow and deep layers in the same area,with the transition depth boundary generally 1500-2000 m.Based on the current understanding of coal-rock gas and respecting the historical usage conventions of coalbed methane terminology,coal-rock gas can be divided into deep coal-rock gas and shallow coalbed methane according to burial depth.Second,according to the research concept of“full-process reservoir formation”in the theory of the whole petroleum system of coal measures,based on the formation and evolution of typical coal-rock gas reservoirs,coal-rock gas is further divided into four types:primary coal-rock gas,regenerated coal-rock gas,residual coal-rock gas,and bio coal-rock gas.The first two belong to deep coal-rock gas,while the latter two belong to shallow coal-rock gas.Third,research on the coal-rock gas reservoir formation and evolution shows that shallow coal-rock gas is mainly residual coal-rock gas or bio coal-rock gas formed after geological transformation of primary coal-rock gas,with the reservoir characteristics such as low reservoir pressure,low gas saturation,adsorbed gas in dominance,and gas production by drainage and depressurization,while deep coal-rock gas is mainly primary coal-rock gas and regenerated coal-rock gas,with the reservoir characteristics such as high reservoir pressure,high gas saturation,abundant free gas,and no or little water.In particular,the primary coal-rock gas is wide in distribution,large in resource quantity,and good in reservoir quality,making it the most favorable type of coal-rock gas for exploration and development.展开更多
Based on the studies of meteorites,theauthors introduce the formation and evolutionof the solar system,including condensation,heating and alteration in the solar nebula,thermal metamorphism,igneous fractionationand sh...Based on the studies of meteorites,theauthors introduce the formation and evolutionof the solar system,including condensation,heating and alteration in the solar nebula,thermal metamorphism,igneous fractionationand shock metamorphism in parent bodies ofmeteorites.Heterogeneities in chemical展开更多
Taking the inter-salt organic-rich shales in the third member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation(Es3)of Dongpu sag in Bohai Bay Basin as an example,the origin of overpressure,development characteristics,formation and evo...Taking the inter-salt organic-rich shales in the third member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation(Es3)of Dongpu sag in Bohai Bay Basin as an example,the origin of overpressure,development characteristics,formation and evolution mechanism,formation stages and geological significance on shale oil and gas of overpressure fractures in the inter-salt shale reservoir were investigated by means of thin section identification,scanning electron microscopy observation,analysis of fluid inclusions,logging data analysis,and formation pressure inversion.The results show that overpressure is universal in the salt-lake basin of Dongpu sag,and under-compaction caused by the sealing of salt-gypsum layer,pressurization due to hydrocarbon generation,transformation and dehydration of clay minerals,and fault sealing are the 4 main factors leading to the occurrence of overpressure.The overpressure fractures are small in scale,with an average length of 356.2μm and an average underground opening of 11.6μm.But they are densely developed,with an average surface density of 0.76 cm/cm2.Moreover,they are often accompanied by oil and gas charging,and thus high in effectiveness.Overpressure fractures were mainly formed during two periods of large-scale oil and gas charging,approximately 25-30 Ma ago and 0-5 Ma ago.Inter-salt overpressure fractures play dual roles as the storage space and migration paths of shale oil and gas.They contribute 22.3%to the porosity of shale reservoir and 51.4%to the permeability.They can connect fracture systems of multiple scales,greatly improving the quality of shale reservoir.During the development of shale oil and gas,inter-salt overpressure fractures can affect the extension and morphology of hydraulic fractures,giving rise to complex and highly permeable volumetric fracture networks,improving hydraulic fracturing effect and enhancing shale oil and gas productivity.展开更多
Various types of paleo-uplifts with different characteristics are developed in the Tarim Basin.Previously,there were multiple opinions on the pale-uplifts origins and structural evolution,so the oil and gas exploratio...Various types of paleo-uplifts with different characteristics are developed in the Tarim Basin.Previously,there were multiple opinions on the pale-uplifts origins and structural evolution,so the oil and gas exploration ideas and deployment in the Tarim Basin were not developed smoothly.In this paper,regional seismic interpretation and structural analysis were carried out on the deep marine carbonate rocks in this basin based on the new seismic and drilling data.Then combined with the structural denudation results,the paleo-structural frameworks were reconstructed.And finally,the formation stage and main controlling factors of paleo-uplifts were discussed.It is shown that the Middle Ordovician is the key period when regional extension was converted to compression in this basin,so stratigraphic,sedimentary and structural differences occurred.Before the deposition of Yijianfang Fm in late Middle Ordovician,three carbonate paleo-uplifts(i.e.,the Northern,Central and SW Tarim paleo-uplifts)begun to appear,and they were all broad-folded paleo-uplifts of nearly E-W striking and were formed at the same stage.The distribution and development of the Phanerozoic uplifts in this basin are restricted by the Northern and Southern Tarim basement paleuplifts of nearly E-W striking which were developed during the Precambrian.It is indicated that all the three paleo-uplifts are compressional paleo-uplifts originated from the convergence of the southern plate margin based on the basement paleo-uplifts and they are all characterized by similar structural characteristics and inherited formation and evolution.The current differences of paleo-uplifts are controlled by multi-stage intense structural reformation since the Silurian.It is concluded that the oil and gas exploration potential is immense in the carbonate reservoirs of well-preserved deep paleo-structural zones in a larger area.展开更多
Galactic winds and mass outflows are observed both in nearby starburst galaxies and in high-redshiff star-forming galaxies. We develop a simple analytic model to understand the observed superwind phenomenon with a dis...Galactic winds and mass outflows are observed both in nearby starburst galaxies and in high-redshiff star-forming galaxies. We develop a simple analytic model to understand the observed superwind phenomenon with a discussion of the model uncertainties. Our model is built upon the model of McKee ＆ Ostriker for the interstellar medium. It allows one to predict how properties of a superwind,such as wind velocity and mass outflow rate, are related to properties of its starforming host galaxy, such as size, gas density and star formation rate. The model predicts a threshold of star formation rate density for the generation of observable galactic winds. Galaxies with more concentrated star formation activities produce superwinds with higher velocities. The predicted mass outflow rates are comparable to （or slightly larger than） the corresponding star formation rates. We apply our model to both local starburst galaxies and high-redshift Lyman break galaxies,and find its predictions to be in good agreement with current observations. Our model is simple and so can be easily incorporated into numerical simulations and semi-analytical models of galaxy formation.展开更多
The Dalinor volcanic swarm, located south of Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia of China, was a result of multistage eruptions that occurred since the Neogene period. This swarm is mainly composed of volcanic cones and lava tab...The Dalinor volcanic swarm, located south of Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia of China, was a result of multistage eruptions that occurred since the Neogene period. This swarm is mainly composed of volcanic cones and lava tablelands. The objective of this study is to map the topography and morphology of this volcanic swarm. It is based on a variety of data collected from various sources, such as the digital elevation model （DEM）, Landsat images, and a 1：50,000 topographic map, in addition to various software platforms, including ArcGIS, Envi4.8, Global Mapper, and Google Earth for data processing and interpretation. The results show that the overall topography of the volcanic swarm is a platform with a central swell having great undulation, sizable gradient variations, a rough surface, and small terrain relief. According to the undulating characteristics of the line profile, the volcanic swarm can be divided into four stairs with heights of 1,280 m, 1,360 m, 1,440 m, and 1,500 m. The analysis of the swath profile characterizes the two clusters of volcanoes with different height ranges and evolution. The lava tablelands and volcanic cones are distributed in nearly EW-trending belts, where tableland coverage was delineated with superposed layers of gradients and degrees of relief. According to the morphology, the volcanic cones were classified into four types： conical, composite, dome, and shield. The formation causes and classification basis for each type of volcanic cone were analyzed and their parameters were extracted. The HID ratios of all types of volcanic cones were then statistically determined and projected to create a map of volcanic density distribution. Based on the relationship between distribution and time sequence of the formation of different volcanic cones, itcan be inferred that the volcanic eruptions migrated from the margins to the center of the lava plateau. The central area was formed through superposition of multi-stage eruptive materials. In addition, a large number of early shield volcanoes were distributed on the margins. The morphological analysis of volcanic cones reveals the evolutionary stages of different types of cones. From the interpreted geomorphological indicators of faults, such as surface scarps, the pattern of volcanic cones, and the arrangement of crater major axes, it can be inferred that NE-trending and nearly EW-trending faults are present in this area, which are closely related to the formation and distribution of the volcanoes.展开更多
The discourse mark"wo gei ni shuo"is very important in natural dialogue.This study explores the position,pragmatic function and formation of the discourse mark"wo gei ni shuo".Discourse mark"w...The discourse mark"wo gei ni shuo"is very important in natural dialogue.This study explores the position,pragmatic function and formation of the discourse mark"wo gei ni shuo".Discourse mark"wo gei ni shuo"has three kinds of position in sentences,among which the highest frequency of use found in middle of sentences,and the semantic meaning is mostly directed to the following information unit;The discourse mark"wo gei ni shuo"has four pragmatic functions of emphasizing information,subjective cognition,suggestion evaluation and imperative.The formation of discourse markers is the result of both lexicalization and grammaticalization.Studying the use position,pragmatic function and formation of discourse marker"wo gei ni shuo"is helpful to the development of text teaching and international Chinese teaching.展开更多
Recent seismic studies reveal a sharp velocity drop mostly at^70–100 km depth within the thick mantle keel beneath cratons, termed the mid-lithosphere discontinuity(MLD). The common presence of the MLD in cratonic re...Recent seismic studies reveal a sharp velocity drop mostly at^70–100 km depth within the thick mantle keel beneath cratons, termed the mid-lithosphere discontinuity(MLD). The common presence of the MLD in cratonic regions indicates structural and property layering of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle(SCLM). The nature and origin of the MLD, and many issues associated with the layering of the SCLM are essential to understand the formation and evolution of continents, and have become frontier subjects in the Earth sciences.展开更多
基金funded by the subproject of the National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017ZX05036004).
文摘Through microscopic analyses(e.g.,organic macerals,thin section observation,scanning electron microscope(SEM)imaging of fresh bedding planes via argon ion milling,and energy spectrum tests)combined with Rock-Eval analyses,this study systematically investigated the organic matter and pyrites in the continental shales in the 3^(rd)submember of the Chang 7 Member(Chang 7^(3)submember)in the Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin and determined their types and the formation and evolutionary characteristics.The results are as follows.The organic matter of the continental shales in the Chang 7^(3)submember is dominated by amorphous bituminites and migrabitumens,which have come into being since the early diagenetic stage and middle diagenetic stage A,respectively.The formation and transformation of organic matter is a prerequisite for the formation of pyrites.The Ordos Basin was a continental freshwater lacustrine basin and lacked sulphates in waters during the deposition of the Chang 7 Member.Therefore,the syndiagenetic stage did not witness the formation of large quantities of pyrites.Since the basin entered early diagenetic stage A,large quantities of sulfur ions were released as the primary organic matter got converted into bituminites and,accordingly,pyrites started to form.However,this stage featured poorer fluid and spatial conditions compared with the syndepositional stage due to withdraw of water,the partial formation of bituminites,and a certain degree of compaction.As a result,large quantities of pyrrhotite failed to transition into typical spherical framboidal pyrites but grew into euhedral monocrystal aggregates.In addition,pyrites are still visible in the migrabitumens in both microfractures and inorganic pores of mudstones and shales,indicating that the pyrite formation period can extend until the middle diagenetic stage A.
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(grant No.2015CB856104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.41773020)
文摘Objective The Susong complex zone（SCZ）is a relatively lowgrade metamorphic unit mostly with an epidoteamphibolite facies,located in the southernmost part of the Dabie orogen.However,its rock compositions,ages,
文摘On the basis of the historical profile observations and the recent Kuroshio observations,the yearly formation,development and decay of the high density water found between 50 to 100 m isobath over the middle and southern East China Sea continental shelf are anyalysed. The formation of this high density water occurs between November and March of the following year. A possible reason for it is that as the mixed water between the coastal water and the outer sea water transports northward by the Taiwan Warm Current, its density increases by surface cooling. It also mixes with the neighbouring lower density water masses. The transportation and decay of the high density water through April to July are also descussed. They can be ascribed to the seasonal surface layer warming and the fast development of Taiwan Warm Current. The high density water disappears in August.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11572276&11502225)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.14JJ6015)
文摘Based on characteristic functions of variants, we developed an unconventional phase field modeling for investigating domains formation and evolution in tetragonal ferroelectrics. In order to develop this computational approach, we constructed the anisotropy energy of tetragonal variants, which is used instead of Landau-Devonshire potential in the conventional phase field method, resulting in that much fewer parameters are needed for simulations. This approach is advantageous in simulations of emerging ferroelectric materials. We employ it to study the formation and evolution of domains in tetragonal barium titanate single crystal, as well as the nonlinear behaviors under cyclical stress and electric field loading. A multi-rank laminated ferroelectric domain pattern, 90° domain switching accompanied by polarization rotation, and 180° domain switching accompanied by move of domain wall are predicted. It is found that the speed of 90° domain switching is slower than that of 180° domain switching, due to both polarization and transformation strain changed in 90° domain switching. It also suggests that large strain actuation can be generated in single crystal ferroelectrics via combined electromechanical loading inducing 90° domain switching. The good agreement between simulation results and experimental measurements is observed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41872095,U1812402 and 42172082)the Research Startup Project(YJRC4201804)of Yunnan University to J.-X.Zhou.
文摘The giant Upper Yangtze Pb-Zn metallogenic province,also known as the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou(SYG)Pb-Zn province hosting>500 carbonate-hosted epigenetic Pb-Zn deposits that contain>20 Mt Pb+Zn base metal reserves.The giant Maoping Pb-Zn deposit is the second largest deposit in this province and owns>5 Mt Pb+Zn metal reserves with ore grades of 12 wt.%-30 wt.%Pb+Zn.Such large tonnages and high grades make it among the top 100 similar mineral deposits in the world.The ore bodies are predominantly located within the strata of the Upper Devonian(Zaige Formation)and Lower(Baizuo Formation)-Upper(Weining Formation)Carboniferous.The principal ore minerals consist of galena(Gn),sphalerite(Sp),and pyrite(Py),while the primary gangue minerals include dolomite(Dol),calcite(Cal),and quartz(Qtz).Three mineralization stages of carbonate minerals have been identified:(1)pre-sulfide stage 1,(2)syn-sulfide stage 2,and(3)post-sulfide stage 3.Trace elements and C-O-Sr isotopes of three stages’carbonate minerals,together with S-Pb isotopes of sulfides,revealing that the metamorphic basement rocks played the role of the metal source during the early stage of Pb-Zn mineralization,whereas the metal contribution of the sedimentary wall rocks found to be more prominent during the late stage of Pb-Zn mineralization.In addition,the dissolution of marine carbonate rocks and CO_(2)degassing may have also played an important role in the formation of the Maoping deposit.Furthermore,syn-sulfide stage 2 calcite has a U-Pb age of 214±20 Ma obtained by LA-ICPMS in-situ analyses,suggesting that the hydrothermal mineralization occurred during the Triassic.Our study proposes a new coupled metallogenic model of fluid-structure-lithology assemblage and provides new insights about the formation and evolution of the Maoping deposit with significant implication for understanding and exploration of similar Pb-Zn deposits worldwide.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project for New Oil and Gas Exploration and Development(2025ZD1404200)Forward-looking and Fundamental Project of PetroChina Company Limited(2024DJ23)Scientific Research and Technology Development Project of PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development(2024vzz).
文摘There are various types of natural gas resources in coal measures,making them major targets for natural gas exploration and development in China.In view of the particularity of the whole petroleum system of coal measures and the reservoir-forming evolution of natural gas in coal,this study reveals the formation,enrichment characteristics and distribution laws of coal-rock gas by systematically reviewing the main types and geological characteristics of natural gas in the whole petroleum system of coal measures.First,natural gas in the whole petroleum system of coal measures is divided into two types,conventional gas and unconventional gas,according to its occurrence characteristics and accumulation mechanism,and into six types,distal detrital rock gas,special rock gas,distal/proximal tight sandstone gas,inner-source tight sandstone gas,shale gas,and coal-rock gas,according to its source and reservoir lithology.The natural gas present in coal-rock reservoirs is collectively referred to as coal-rock gas.Existing data indicate significant differences in the geological characteristics of coal-rock gas exploration and development between shallow and deep layers in the same area,with the transition depth boundary generally 1500-2000 m.Based on the current understanding of coal-rock gas and respecting the historical usage conventions of coalbed methane terminology,coal-rock gas can be divided into deep coal-rock gas and shallow coalbed methane according to burial depth.Second,according to the research concept of“full-process reservoir formation”in the theory of the whole petroleum system of coal measures,based on the formation and evolution of typical coal-rock gas reservoirs,coal-rock gas is further divided into four types:primary coal-rock gas,regenerated coal-rock gas,residual coal-rock gas,and bio coal-rock gas.The first two belong to deep coal-rock gas,while the latter two belong to shallow coal-rock gas.Third,research on the coal-rock gas reservoir formation and evolution shows that shallow coal-rock gas is mainly residual coal-rock gas or bio coal-rock gas formed after geological transformation of primary coal-rock gas,with the reservoir characteristics such as low reservoir pressure,low gas saturation,adsorbed gas in dominance,and gas production by drainage and depressurization,while deep coal-rock gas is mainly primary coal-rock gas and regenerated coal-rock gas,with the reservoir characteristics such as high reservoir pressure,high gas saturation,abundant free gas,and no or little water.In particular,the primary coal-rock gas is wide in distribution,large in resource quantity,and good in reservoir quality,making it the most favorable type of coal-rock gas for exploration and development.
文摘Based on the studies of meteorites,theauthors introduce the formation and evolutionof the solar system,including condensation,heating and alteration in the solar nebula,thermal metamorphism,igneous fractionationand shock metamorphism in parent bodies ofmeteorites.Heterogeneities in chemical
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2011ZX05006-004)
文摘Taking the inter-salt organic-rich shales in the third member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation(Es3)of Dongpu sag in Bohai Bay Basin as an example,the origin of overpressure,development characteristics,formation and evolution mechanism,formation stages and geological significance on shale oil and gas of overpressure fractures in the inter-salt shale reservoir were investigated by means of thin section identification,scanning electron microscopy observation,analysis of fluid inclusions,logging data analysis,and formation pressure inversion.The results show that overpressure is universal in the salt-lake basin of Dongpu sag,and under-compaction caused by the sealing of salt-gypsum layer,pressurization due to hydrocarbon generation,transformation and dehydration of clay minerals,and fault sealing are the 4 main factors leading to the occurrence of overpressure.The overpressure fractures are small in scale,with an average length of 356.2μm and an average underground opening of 11.6μm.But they are densely developed,with an average surface density of 0.76 cm/cm2.Moreover,they are often accompanied by oil and gas charging,and thus high in effectiveness.Overpressure fractures were mainly formed during two periods of large-scale oil and gas charging,approximately 25-30 Ma ago and 0-5 Ma ago.Inter-salt overpressure fractures play dual roles as the storage space and migration paths of shale oil and gas.They contribute 22.3%to the porosity of shale reservoir and 51.4%to the permeability.They can connect fracture systems of multiple scales,greatly improving the quality of shale reservoir.During the development of shale oil and gas,inter-salt overpressure fractures can affect the extension and morphology of hydraulic fractures,giving rise to complex and highly permeable volumetric fracture networks,improving hydraulic fracturing effect and enhancing shale oil and gas productivity.
基金Project supported by the National Major S&T Project(Grant No.2011ZX05004&2011ZX05003-004)the National Natural Science Fund Project(Grant No.41472103).
文摘Various types of paleo-uplifts with different characteristics are developed in the Tarim Basin.Previously,there were multiple opinions on the pale-uplifts origins and structural evolution,so the oil and gas exploration ideas and deployment in the Tarim Basin were not developed smoothly.In this paper,regional seismic interpretation and structural analysis were carried out on the deep marine carbonate rocks in this basin based on the new seismic and drilling data.Then combined with the structural denudation results,the paleo-structural frameworks were reconstructed.And finally,the formation stage and main controlling factors of paleo-uplifts were discussed.It is shown that the Middle Ordovician is the key period when regional extension was converted to compression in this basin,so stratigraphic,sedimentary and structural differences occurred.Before the deposition of Yijianfang Fm in late Middle Ordovician,three carbonate paleo-uplifts(i.e.,the Northern,Central and SW Tarim paleo-uplifts)begun to appear,and they were all broad-folded paleo-uplifts of nearly E-W striking and were formed at the same stage.The distribution and development of the Phanerozoic uplifts in this basin are restricted by the Northern and Southern Tarim basement paleuplifts of nearly E-W striking which were developed during the Precambrian.It is indicated that all the three paleo-uplifts are compressional paleo-uplifts originated from the convergence of the southern plate margin based on the basement paleo-uplifts and they are all characterized by similar structural characteristics and inherited formation and evolution.The current differences of paleo-uplifts are controlled by multi-stage intense structural reformation since the Silurian.It is concluded that the oil and gas exploration potential is immense in the carbonate reservoirs of well-preserved deep paleo-structural zones in a larger area.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Galactic winds and mass outflows are observed both in nearby starburst galaxies and in high-redshiff star-forming galaxies. We develop a simple analytic model to understand the observed superwind phenomenon with a discussion of the model uncertainties. Our model is built upon the model of McKee ＆ Ostriker for the interstellar medium. It allows one to predict how properties of a superwind,such as wind velocity and mass outflow rate, are related to properties of its starforming host galaxy, such as size, gas density and star formation rate. The model predicts a threshold of star formation rate density for the generation of observable galactic winds. Galaxies with more concentrated star formation activities produce superwinds with higher velocities. The predicted mass outflow rates are comparable to （or slightly larger than） the corresponding star formation rates. We apply our model to both local starburst galaxies and high-redshift Lyman break galaxies,and find its predictions to be in good agreement with current observations. Our model is simple and so can be easily incorporated into numerical simulations and semi-analytical models of galaxy formation.
基金This work was supported by the program ＂Volcanic rock chronology of the Xilinhot volcanic swarm in Inner Mongolia＂ funded by the National Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration （LED2013B05） and the program ＂Genesis and evolution of the Quaternary Dalinor volcanic swarm＂ ffmded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 41572320）.
文摘The Dalinor volcanic swarm, located south of Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia of China, was a result of multistage eruptions that occurred since the Neogene period. This swarm is mainly composed of volcanic cones and lava tablelands. The objective of this study is to map the topography and morphology of this volcanic swarm. It is based on a variety of data collected from various sources, such as the digital elevation model （DEM）, Landsat images, and a 1：50,000 topographic map, in addition to various software platforms, including ArcGIS, Envi4.8, Global Mapper, and Google Earth for data processing and interpretation. The results show that the overall topography of the volcanic swarm is a platform with a central swell having great undulation, sizable gradient variations, a rough surface, and small terrain relief. According to the undulating characteristics of the line profile, the volcanic swarm can be divided into four stairs with heights of 1,280 m, 1,360 m, 1,440 m, and 1,500 m. The analysis of the swath profile characterizes the two clusters of volcanoes with different height ranges and evolution. The lava tablelands and volcanic cones are distributed in nearly EW-trending belts, where tableland coverage was delineated with superposed layers of gradients and degrees of relief. According to the morphology, the volcanic cones were classified into four types： conical, composite, dome, and shield. The formation causes and classification basis for each type of volcanic cone were analyzed and their parameters were extracted. The HID ratios of all types of volcanic cones were then statistically determined and projected to create a map of volcanic density distribution. Based on the relationship between distribution and time sequence of the formation of different volcanic cones, itcan be inferred that the volcanic eruptions migrated from the margins to the center of the lava plateau. The central area was formed through superposition of multi-stage eruptive materials. In addition, a large number of early shield volcanoes were distributed on the margins. The morphological analysis of volcanic cones reveals the evolutionary stages of different types of cones. From the interpreted geomorphological indicators of faults, such as surface scarps, the pattern of volcanic cones, and the arrangement of crater major axes, it can be inferred that NE-trending and nearly EW-trending faults are present in this area, which are closely related to the formation and distribution of the volcanoes.
文摘The discourse mark"wo gei ni shuo"is very important in natural dialogue.This study explores the position,pragmatic function and formation of the discourse mark"wo gei ni shuo".Discourse mark"wo gei ni shuo"has three kinds of position in sentences,among which the highest frequency of use found in middle of sentences,and the semantic meaning is mostly directed to the following information unit;The discourse mark"wo gei ni shuo"has four pragmatic functions of emphasizing information,subjective cognition,suggestion evaluation and imperative.The formation of discourse markers is the result of both lexicalization and grammaticalization.Studying the use position,pragmatic function and formation of discourse marker"wo gei ni shuo"is helpful to the development of text teaching and international Chinese teaching.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41225016, 41688103, 91414301)Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Recent seismic studies reveal a sharp velocity drop mostly at^70–100 km depth within the thick mantle keel beneath cratons, termed the mid-lithosphere discontinuity(MLD). The common presence of the MLD in cratonic regions indicates structural and property layering of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle(SCLM). The nature and origin of the MLD, and many issues associated with the layering of the SCLM are essential to understand the formation and evolution of continents, and have become frontier subjects in the Earth sciences.
