Winesburg, Ohio is Sherwood Anderson＇s masterpiece. Adopting the classical theory of narratology, this paper intends to provide a detailed analysis on the zero focalization, writer＇s experiment with the shift of foc...Winesburg, Ohio is Sherwood Anderson＇s masterpiece. Adopting the classical theory of narratology, this paper intends to provide a detailed analysis on the zero focalization, writer＇s experiment with the shift of focalization, the transgression of focalization and their expressive effects in the book. The author aims at presenting an illustration to the focalization experiment in Winesburg, Ohio, one of the early modern fictions.展开更多
Runaway is a traditional motif in women's writing. But Alice Munro uses this motif differently. In her short story, Runaway, Munro explores the psychological transition of the female protagonist, Carla, and invest...Runaway is a traditional motif in women's writing. But Alice Munro uses this motif differently. In her short story, Runaway, Munro explores the psychological transition of the female protagonist, Carla, and investigates the intricate issue of women's liberation and social reality. This essay discusses how Munro manipulates the focus of narration in order to reveal the mental struggles experienced by showing a complicated runaway experience by a rural Canadian house-wife living an ordinary life.展开更多
The Love Wife is considered to be a breakthrough of Gish Jen either in theme and narrative techniques. While, as the critical distinguished narrative technique from the perspective of Post-classical Narratology, the i...The Love Wife is considered to be a breakthrough of Gish Jen either in theme and narrative techniques. While, as the critical distinguished narrative technique from the perspective of Post-classical Narratology, the infinitive internal focalization will be analyzed in this paper so as to investigate the five protagonists'search for their own identity and eagerness to achieve the acknowledge both from their family and the whole society. Furthermore, the author's own view in breaking up the barrier and discrimination around the world is also well-illustrated.展开更多
As an important technique involved in the novel writing,the focalization is studied in detail in Narratology.The paper is an attempt to analyze the arrangement of focalizations and their functions in Heart of Dartness...As an important technique involved in the novel writing,the focalization is studied in detail in Narratology.The paper is an attempt to analyze the arrangement of focalizations and their functions in Heart of Dartness according to Narratology.展开更多
Barn Burning is a short story written by William Faulkner, which first appeared in 1939 and has since been widely read.The story guides readers to observe the world through a 10-year-old boy, Sarty's point of view...Barn Burning is a short story written by William Faulkner, which first appeared in 1939 and has since been widely read.The story guides readers to observe the world through a 10-year-old boy, Sarty's point of view, at the same time, the continual intervening of omniscient narrator breaks through the restrictions of Sarty's subjective point of view. Faulkner's use of multiple points of view makes the novel hard to understand. In order to better appreciate Barn Burning, analysis of the use of multiple points of view with the help of Gerard Genette's focalization theory is necessary. Moreover, the application of Wayne Booth's ideas of implied author and discussion of Sarty's narrative reliability are also presented. Hopefully, it can help readers form a good habit of narrative thinking and understand the novel in a better way.展开更多
Studies about Catch-22 have been numerous,but the study of the novel’s narrative device is scarcely found.Thus,the narrative device of Catch-22 is analyzed in terms of focalization,one of Gernard Genette's narrat...Studies about Catch-22 have been numerous,but the study of the novel’s narrative device is scarcely found.Thus,the narrative device of Catch-22 is analyzed in terms of focalization,one of Gernard Genette's narrative theories.The analysis exposes the hypocrisy and meaninglessness of the bureaucratic behaviors and policies and simultaneously emphasizes bureaucracy’s devastative and corrosive effect on people.展开更多
The last two decades have revealed new significance in the late Qing fiction in the transformation of Chinese literature,which has convincingly challenged the long-held discourse that a group of writers associated wit...The last two decades have revealed new significance in the late Qing fiction in the transformation of Chinese literature,which has convincingly challenged the long-held discourse that a group of writers associated with the May Fourth New Literature Movement in the late 1910s fundamentally broke with the literary tradition and became the forerunners of modern Chinese literature.This article studies the short stories published in the popular literary magazine Yueyue xiaoshuo(also known as All-Story Monthly,1906-9)and finds out that the narrative approaches adopted in the short stories are diverse and experimental,breaking from the preceding customs.While examining the narrative approaches in the short stories,this paper focuses on the aspect of focalization.Adopting the idea of focalization mode as an observatory point is particularly useful for discussing short stories in All-Story Monthly,because the diversified and flexible arrangement of observatory positions and the selection of the narrative information(such as a character’s appearance,action,and speech)to be presented are exactly crucial aspects in which the short stories display marked innovation or modification of the traditional narrative modes.展开更多
The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a plastic structure that displays modifications at different levels in response to positive stimuli as well as to negative conditions such as brain damage.The latter involves gl...The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a plastic structure that displays modifications at different levels in response to positive stimuli as well as to negative conditions such as brain damage.The latter involves global alterations,making understanding plastic responses triggered by local damage difficult.One key feature of the dentate gyrus is that it contains a well-defined neurogenic niche,the subgranular zone,and beyond neurogenesis,newly born granule cells may maintain a“young”phenotype throughout life,adding to the plastic nature of the structure.Here,we present a novel experimental model of local brain damage in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures that results in the activation of adjacent newly born granule cells.A small piece of filter paper was placed on the surface of the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus,which evoked a foreign body reaction of astrocytes,along with the activation of local young neurons expressing doublecortin.Forty-eight hours after foreign body placement,the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive cells increased in the subgranular zone in the direct vicinity of the foreign body,whereas overall increased doublecortin immunoreactivity was observed in the granule cell layer and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus.Foreign body placement in the pyramidal layer of the CA1 region evoked a comparable local astroglial reaction but did not lead to an increase in doublecortin-immunoreactive in either the CA1 region or the adjacent dentate gyrus.Seven days after foreign body placement in the dentate gyrus,the increase in doublecortin-immunoreactivity was no longer observed,indicating the transient activation of young cells.However,7 days after foreign body placement,the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive granule cells coimmunoreactive for calbindin was lower than that under the control conditions.As calbindin is a marker for mature granule cells,this result suggests that activated young cells remain at a more immature stage following foreign body placement.Live imaging of retrovirally green fluorescent protein-labeled newly born granule cells revealed the orientation and growth of their dendrites toward the foreign body placement.This novel experimental model of foreign body placement in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures could serve as a valuable tool for studying both glial reactivity and neuronal plasticity,specifically of newly born neurons under controlled in vitro conditions.展开更多
Objective:While cisplatin-based chemotherapy is pivotal for advanced bladder cancer,acquired resistance remains a major obstacle.This study investigates key molecular drivers of this resistance and potential reversal ...Objective:While cisplatin-based chemotherapy is pivotal for advanced bladder cancer,acquired resistance remains a major obstacle.This study investigates key molecular drivers of this resistance and potential reversal strategies.Methods:We established GC(Gemcitabine and Cisplatin)-resistant T24-R and UC3-R cell lines from T24 and UM-UC-3(UC3)cells.Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses identified differentially expressed molecules.Apoptosis and cell viability were assessed by flow cytometry and CCK-8(Cell Counting Kit-8)assays,while RT-qPCR(Reverse Transcription Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction)and Western blot analyzed gene and protein expression.Immunofluorescence evaluated FAK(Focal Adhesion Kinase)phosphorylation,and a xenograft mouse model validated the findings in vivo.Results:Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis identified FN1(fibronectin)as a consistently upregulated top candidate in resistant cells(T24-R transcript log_(2)FC=2.8,protein log_(2)FC=0.9;UC3-R transcript log_(2)FC=3.7;all p<0.001).Knockdown of FN1 reduced chemoresistance(Resistance Index:5.2 in T24-R and 2.0 in UC3-R cells,p<0.001)and enhanced apoptosis(approximately 4.5-fold in T24-R and 7.5-fold in UC3-R,p<0.001).ITGB4(Integrin Subunit Beta 4)was upregulated in resistant cells(transcript log_(2)FC:4.2 in T24-R and 3.03 in UC3-R;protein log_(2)FC:0.67 in T24-R;all p<0.01).Critically,ITGB4 knockdown abolished the chemoresistance promoted by exogenous FN1,which was associated with increased FAK(Y397)phosphorylation.Conclusion:Our results demonstrate that the FN1-ITGB4 axis drives chemoresistance in bladder cancer via FAK signaling.Targeting this axis represents a promising strategy to overcome chemoresistance.展开更多
文摘Winesburg, Ohio is Sherwood Anderson＇s masterpiece. Adopting the classical theory of narratology, this paper intends to provide a detailed analysis on the zero focalization, writer＇s experiment with the shift of focalization, the transgression of focalization and their expressive effects in the book. The author aims at presenting an illustration to the focalization experiment in Winesburg, Ohio, one of the early modern fictions.
文摘Runaway is a traditional motif in women's writing. But Alice Munro uses this motif differently. In her short story, Runaway, Munro explores the psychological transition of the female protagonist, Carla, and investigates the intricate issue of women's liberation and social reality. This essay discusses how Munro manipulates the focus of narration in order to reveal the mental struggles experienced by showing a complicated runaway experience by a rural Canadian house-wife living an ordinary life.
文摘The Love Wife is considered to be a breakthrough of Gish Jen either in theme and narrative techniques. While, as the critical distinguished narrative technique from the perspective of Post-classical Narratology, the infinitive internal focalization will be analyzed in this paper so as to investigate the five protagonists'search for their own identity and eagerness to achieve the acknowledge both from their family and the whole society. Furthermore, the author's own view in breaking up the barrier and discrimination around the world is also well-illustrated.
文摘As an important technique involved in the novel writing,the focalization is studied in detail in Narratology.The paper is an attempt to analyze the arrangement of focalizations and their functions in Heart of Dartness according to Narratology.
文摘Barn Burning is a short story written by William Faulkner, which first appeared in 1939 and has since been widely read.The story guides readers to observe the world through a 10-year-old boy, Sarty's point of view, at the same time, the continual intervening of omniscient narrator breaks through the restrictions of Sarty's subjective point of view. Faulkner's use of multiple points of view makes the novel hard to understand. In order to better appreciate Barn Burning, analysis of the use of multiple points of view with the help of Gerard Genette's focalization theory is necessary. Moreover, the application of Wayne Booth's ideas of implied author and discussion of Sarty's narrative reliability are also presented. Hopefully, it can help readers form a good habit of narrative thinking and understand the novel in a better way.
文摘Studies about Catch-22 have been numerous,but the study of the novel’s narrative device is scarcely found.Thus,the narrative device of Catch-22 is analyzed in terms of focalization,one of Gernard Genette's narrative theories.The analysis exposes the hypocrisy and meaninglessness of the bureaucratic behaviors and policies and simultaneously emphasizes bureaucracy’s devastative and corrosive effect on people.
文摘The last two decades have revealed new significance in the late Qing fiction in the transformation of Chinese literature,which has convincingly challenged the long-held discourse that a group of writers associated with the May Fourth New Literature Movement in the late 1910s fundamentally broke with the literary tradition and became the forerunners of modern Chinese literature.This article studies the short stories published in the popular literary magazine Yueyue xiaoshuo(also known as All-Story Monthly,1906-9)and finds out that the narrative approaches adopted in the short stories are diverse and experimental,breaking from the preceding customs.While examining the narrative approaches in the short stories,this paper focuses on the aspect of focalization.Adopting the idea of focalization mode as an observatory point is particularly useful for discussing short stories in All-Story Monthly,because the diversified and flexible arrangement of observatory positions and the selection of the narrative information(such as a character’s appearance,action,and speech)to be presented are exactly crucial aspects in which the short stories display marked innovation or modification of the traditional narrative modes.
基金funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftungsupported by DFG (SCH W534/6-1 to SWS)
文摘The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a plastic structure that displays modifications at different levels in response to positive stimuli as well as to negative conditions such as brain damage.The latter involves global alterations,making understanding plastic responses triggered by local damage difficult.One key feature of the dentate gyrus is that it contains a well-defined neurogenic niche,the subgranular zone,and beyond neurogenesis,newly born granule cells may maintain a“young”phenotype throughout life,adding to the plastic nature of the structure.Here,we present a novel experimental model of local brain damage in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures that results in the activation of adjacent newly born granule cells.A small piece of filter paper was placed on the surface of the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus,which evoked a foreign body reaction of astrocytes,along with the activation of local young neurons expressing doublecortin.Forty-eight hours after foreign body placement,the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive cells increased in the subgranular zone in the direct vicinity of the foreign body,whereas overall increased doublecortin immunoreactivity was observed in the granule cell layer and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus.Foreign body placement in the pyramidal layer of the CA1 region evoked a comparable local astroglial reaction but did not lead to an increase in doublecortin-immunoreactive in either the CA1 region or the adjacent dentate gyrus.Seven days after foreign body placement in the dentate gyrus,the increase in doublecortin-immunoreactivity was no longer observed,indicating the transient activation of young cells.However,7 days after foreign body placement,the number of doublecortin-immunoreactive granule cells coimmunoreactive for calbindin was lower than that under the control conditions.As calbindin is a marker for mature granule cells,this result suggests that activated young cells remain at a more immature stage following foreign body placement.Live imaging of retrovirally green fluorescent protein-labeled newly born granule cells revealed the orientation and growth of their dendrites toward the foreign body placement.This novel experimental model of foreign body placement in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal cultures could serve as a valuable tool for studying both glial reactivity and neuronal plasticity,specifically of newly born neurons under controlled in vitro conditions.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82372881 to Weiyang He)the Chongqing Biomedicine Key R&D Project(CSTB2021TIAD-KPX0041 to Weiyang He).
文摘Objective:While cisplatin-based chemotherapy is pivotal for advanced bladder cancer,acquired resistance remains a major obstacle.This study investigates key molecular drivers of this resistance and potential reversal strategies.Methods:We established GC(Gemcitabine and Cisplatin)-resistant T24-R and UC3-R cell lines from T24 and UM-UC-3(UC3)cells.Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses identified differentially expressed molecules.Apoptosis and cell viability were assessed by flow cytometry and CCK-8(Cell Counting Kit-8)assays,while RT-qPCR(Reverse Transcription Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction)and Western blot analyzed gene and protein expression.Immunofluorescence evaluated FAK(Focal Adhesion Kinase)phosphorylation,and a xenograft mouse model validated the findings in vivo.Results:Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis identified FN1(fibronectin)as a consistently upregulated top candidate in resistant cells(T24-R transcript log_(2)FC=2.8,protein log_(2)FC=0.9;UC3-R transcript log_(2)FC=3.7;all p<0.001).Knockdown of FN1 reduced chemoresistance(Resistance Index:5.2 in T24-R and 2.0 in UC3-R cells,p<0.001)and enhanced apoptosis(approximately 4.5-fold in T24-R and 7.5-fold in UC3-R,p<0.001).ITGB4(Integrin Subunit Beta 4)was upregulated in resistant cells(transcript log_(2)FC:4.2 in T24-R and 3.03 in UC3-R;protein log_(2)FC:0.67 in T24-R;all p<0.01).Critically,ITGB4 knockdown abolished the chemoresistance promoted by exogenous FN1,which was associated with increased FAK(Y397)phosphorylation.Conclusion:Our results demonstrate that the FN1-ITGB4 axis drives chemoresistance in bladder cancer via FAK signaling.Targeting this axis represents a promising strategy to overcome chemoresistance.
