This study investigates the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient and pressure gradient of refrigerant R410A inmicro-channel flat tubes.Experiments were conducted at saturation temperatures ranging from 25℃ to 30℃,...This study investigates the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient and pressure gradient of refrigerant R410A inmicro-channel flat tubes.Experiments were conducted at saturation temperatures ranging from 25℃ to 30℃,mass fluxes between 198 and 305 kg/m^(2)s,and heat fluxes from 9.77 to 20.18 kW/m^(2),yielding 99 sets of local heat transfer coefficient data.The results show that increasing heat flux and mass flux enhances the heat transfer coefficient,although the rate of enhancement decreases with increasing vapor quality.Conversely,higher saturation temperatures slightly reduce the heat transfer coefficient.Additionally,the experimental findings reveal discrepancies in the accuracy of existing pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient prediction models under the studied conditions.This study recommends using the Kimand Mudawar correlation to predict pressure gradients within the tested range,with aMean Error(ME)of−5.24%observed in this study.For heat transfer coefficients,the Cooper and Kandlikar correlations are recommended,achieving a Mean Absolute Error(MAE)of approximately 22%.This research provides value for performance prediction and parameter selection of micro-channel technology in broader application scenarios within heating,ventilation and air-conditioning fields.展开更多
In this study,the flow boiling characteristics of R1234yf in parallel microchannels were experimentally investigated.The experiments were conducted with heat flux from 0 to 550 kW/m^(2),mass flux of 434,727,and 1015 k...In this study,the flow boiling characteristics of R1234yf in parallel microchannels were experimentally investigated.The experiments were conducted with heat flux from 0 to 550 kW/m^(2),mass flux of 434,727,and 1015 kg/(m2 s),saturation temperatures of 293,298,and 303 K,and inlet sub-cooling of 5,10,and 15 K.The analysis of the experimental results provides the following conclusions:a reduced mass flux and lower subcooling correspond to a diminished degree of superheat at the boiling inception wall;conversely,an elevated saturation temperature results in a reduced amount of superheat at the boiling inception wall.Furthermore,an increase in sub-cooling and saturation temperature will enhance heat transfer efficiency.The wall temperature is mostly influenced by variations in saturation temperature and is minimally related to changes in mass flux and subcooling degree.An increase in mass flux results in a greater pressure drop attributed to heightened frictional pressure loss.The variation in pressure drop with respect to sub-cooling is minimal,while an increased saturation temperature correlates with a reduced pressure drop due to the formation of smaller bubbles and lowered frictional pressure loss at high saturation pressures.This study thoroughly examines and summarizes the effects of mass flow rate,saturation temperature,and subcooling on the flow-boiling heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of R1234yf.Furthermore,the new correlation has 93.42%of the predicted values fall within a 15%mean absolute error,exhibiting a mean absolute error of 5.75%.It provides a superior method for predicting the flow-boiling heat transfer coefficients of R1234yf in the heat sink of parallel microchannels compared to existing correlations.展开更多
Flow boiling in open microchannels offers highly efficient heat transfer performance and has attracted increasing attention in the fields of heat transfer and thermalmanagement of electronic devices in recent years.Ho...Flow boiling in open microchannels offers highly efficient heat transfer performance and has attracted increasing attention in the fields of heat transfer and thermalmanagement of electronic devices in recent years.However,the continuous rise in power density of electronic components imposesmore stringent requirements on the heat transfer capability of microchannel flow boiling.HFE-7100,a dielectric coolant with favorable thermophysical properties,has become a focal point of research for enhancing flow boiling performance in open microchannels.The flow boiling heat transfer performance ofHFE-7100 was investigated in this study by fabricating micro-nano composite structures on the bottom surface of open microchannels using laser ablation technology.Based on visualization results,a comparative analysis was conducted on the bubble dynamics and flow pattern characteristics of HFE-7100 flow boiling in micronano structured open microchannels(MNSOMC)and smooth-surface open microchannels(SSOMC),to elucidate the enhancement mechanism of micro-nano structures on flow boiling heat transfer in open microchannels.The results indicate that the surface structures and strong wettability of MNSOMC accelerated bubble nucleation and departure.Moreover,bubbles in the channel tended to coalesce along the flow direction,forming elongated slug bubbles with high aspect ratios,which enabled efficient thin film evaporation in conjunction with intense nucleate boiling,thereby significantly enhancing flow boiling heat transfer.Under the experimental conditions of this study,the maximum enhancements in the heat transfer coefficient(HTC)and critical heat flux(CHF)of HFE-7100 inMNSOMC were 33.4%and 133.1%,respectively,with the CHF reaching up to 1542.3 kW⋅m^(−2).Furthermore,due to the superior wettability and capillary wicking capability of the micro-nano composite structures,the significant enhancement in flow boiling heat transfer was achieved without incurring a noticeable pressure drop penalty.展开更多
Based on the superposition principle of the nucleate boiling and convective heat transfer terms,a new correlation is developed for flow boiling heat transfer characteristics in helically coiled tubes.The effects of th...Based on the superposition principle of the nucleate boiling and convective heat transfer terms,a new correlation is developed for flow boiling heat transfer characteristics in helically coiled tubes.The effects of the geometric and system parameters on heat transfer characteristics in helically coiled tubes are investigated by collecting large amounts of experimental data and analyzing the heat transfer mechanisms. The existing correlations are divided into two categories,and they are calculated with the experimental data.The Dn factor is introduced to take into account the effect of a complex geometrical structure on flow boiling heat transfer.A new correlation is developed for predicting the flow boiling heat transfer coefficients in the helically coiled tubes,which is validated by the experimental data of R134a flow boiling heat transfer in them;and the average relative error and root mean square error of the new correlation are calculated.The results show that the new correlation agrees well with the experimental data,indicating that the new correlation can be used for predicting flow boiling heat transfer characteristics in the helically coiled tubes.展开更多
This paper proposed a new experimental rig of testing flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture. The quantity of oil in the test section can be controlled and regulated conveniently and accur...This paper proposed a new experimental rig of testing flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture. The quantity of oil in the test section can be controlled and regulated conveniently and accurately by connecting separate lubricant oil circuit with test section in parallel. It was built up by retrofitting a multiple air-conditioner and installing three oil-separators in serials at the compressor outlet. And so the lubricant oil in the discharged refrigerant gas of compressor can be removed completely.The refrigerant flow rate through test section can be bypassed by the by-path circuit of indoor unit.This experimental rig has advantages such as on-line and continuous oil injection, short time of obtaining stability, flexible operation, simple control, which lead to high efficiency in the research of flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture.展开更多
Fouling of heat transfer surfaces during subcooled flow boiling is a frequent engineering problem in process industries. It has been generally observed that the deposits in such industrial systems consist mainly of ca...Fouling of heat transfer surfaces during subcooled flow boiling is a frequent engineering problem in process industries. It has been generally observed that the deposits in such industrial systems consist mainly of calcium carbonate （CaCO3）, which has inverse solubility characteristics. This investigation focused on the mechanism to control deposition and the morphology of crystalline deposits. A series of experiments were carried out at different surface and bulk temperatures, fluid velocities and salt ion concentrations. It is shown that the deposition rate is controlled by different mechanism in the range of experimental parameters, depending on salt ion concentration. At higher ion concentration, the fouling rate increases linearly with surface temperature and the effect of flow velocity on deposition rate is quite strong, suggesting that mass diffusion controls the fouling process. On the contrary, at lower ion concentration, the fouling rate increases exponentially with surface temperature and is independent of the velocity, illustrating that surface reaction controls the fouling process. By analysis of the morphology of scale, two types of crystal （calcite and aragonite） are formed. The lower the temperature and ion concentration, the longer the induction period and the higher the percentage of calcite nreciDitated.展开更多
The surfactant additive octadecylamine (ODA) was used to enhance the flow boiling heat transfer of water in vertical copper tube, and the effects of the aqueous solution properties, mass fraction of ODA, mass flux and...The surfactant additive octadecylamine (ODA) was used to enhance the flow boiling heat transfer of water in vertical copper tube, and the effects of the aqueous solution properties, mass fraction of ODA, mass flux and heat flux etc. on flow boiling heat transfer were investigated. In order to analyze the mechanism of enhancement on boiling heat transfer with ODA, the copper surface was detected by XPS, and the diagram of binding energy was obtained. The results show that ODA can be adsorbed on the surface of the copper wall, and affects the properties of the heating surfaces and enhances the flow boiling heat transfer of water. Only in low heat flux and in a suitable range of concentration, can ODA aqueous solution enhance flow boiling heat transfer, and the suitable mass fraction of ODA is in the range of 1×10 -5 5×10 -5 . In addition, compared with water, ODA aqueous solution does not increase the flow drag under the same experimental conditions.展开更多
Flow boiling heat transfer of nitrogen at high subcritical pressure conditions in a single vertical mini-channel with the diameter of 2.0 mm was experimentally investigated.The tested mass flux varied from 530 to 830 ...Flow boiling heat transfer of nitrogen at high subcritical pressure conditions in a single vertical mini-channel with the diameter of 2.0 mm was experimentally investigated.The tested mass flux varied from 530 to 830 kg/(m^2·s),the inlet pressure ranged from 630 to 1080 kPa,and the heat flux ranged from 0 to 223.2 kW/m^2.Effects of the mass flux and the inlet pressure on the nitrogen boiling curve were examined.Results showed that within the limited test conditions,the merging of three boiling curves indicates the dominance of nucleate boiling and the inlet pressure has a positive enhancement on heat transfer performance.Three heat transfer trends were identified with increasing heat flux.At low heat fluxes,the heat transfer coefficient increases first and then decreases with vapour quality.At intermediate heat fluxes,the heat transfer coefficient versus the vapour quality presents an inverted"U"shape.At high heat fluxes,a double valley shape was observed and the partial dry-out in intermittent flow and annular flow helps to interpret the phenomenon.The increasing inlet pressure increases the heat transfer coefficient over a wide range of vapour quality until the partial dry-out inception.The lower surface tension and lower latent heat of evaporation enhance the nucleate boiling for higher inlet pressure.A modified experimental correlation(mean absolute error(MAE)=19.3%)was proposed on the basis of the Tran correlation considering both the nucleate boiling and the partial dry-out heat transfer mechanism.展开更多
Experiments on subcooled flow boiling have been conducted using water in a rectangular flow channel.Similar to the coolant channel in internal combustion engines(IC engines),the flow channel in this experiment was asy...Experiments on subcooled flow boiling have been conducted using water in a rectangular flow channel.Similar to the coolant channel in internal combustion engines(IC engines),the flow channel in this experiment was asymmetrically heated.Bubble images were captured using a high speed camera from the side view of the channel.The experimental conditions in terms of bulk temperature,bulk velocity,pressure and heat flux ranged from 65°C–75°C,0.25 m/s–0.75 m/s,1–1.7 bar and 490 kW/m2–700 kW/m2,respectively.On the basis of these tests,a statistical analysis of the bubble size has been conducted considering a population of 1400 samples.It has been found that the mean Sauter bubble diameter increases with the decrease of subcooling,bulk velocity,pressure and increased heat flux.A modified correlation has been finally proposed to predict the mean Sauter bubble diameter under subcooled flow boiling conditions upstream of the onset of significant void,which shows good accuracy with the experimental results.展开更多
This paper reports the influence of heat transfer surface treatment on the formation of calcium sulphate de-posit during flow boiling heat transfer. The surface of several test heaters was treated by surface modificat...This paper reports the influence of heat transfer surface treatment on the formation of calcium sulphate de-posit during flow boiling heat transfer. The surface of several test heaters was treated by surface modification techniques, such as dynamic mixing magnetron sputtering [DLC (diamond-like carbon), DLC-F (diamond-like carbon-fluorine) and AC (amorphous carbon)] and polishing to reduce surface energy. The results showed that heat transfer surface with low surface energy experienced significant reduction of formation of CaSO4 deposit. (1) Magnetron sputtering stainless steel heat transfer surface with DLC, DLC-F and plasma arc sputtering with AC did not change the surface roughness, but they reduced surface energy and improved heat transfer coefficient, so hindered CaSO4 deposit formation significantly. The DLC-F surface performed better than the DLC surface. (2) Surface energy played an important pole in improving heat transfer coefficient. The less the surface energy the more significant the heat transfer coefficient improved with other ex-perimental conditions identical. (3) The polished surface improved the roughness of the heater, but owing to the high sur-face energy it was not better than the DLC-F surface for a long-term consideration on improving the heat transfer coeffi-cient.展开更多
Al2O3/R141b ＋ Span-80 nanorefrigerant for 0.05 wt.% to 0.4 wt.% is prepared by ultrasonic vibration to investigate the influence of nanoparticle concentrations on flow boiling heat transfer of Al2O3/R141b ＋ Span-80...Al2O3/R141b ＋ Span-80 nanorefrigerant for 0.05 wt.% to 0.4 wt.% is prepared by ultrasonic vibration to investigate the influence of nanoparticle concentrations on flow boiling heat transfer of Al2O3/R141b ＋ Span-80 in micro heat exchanger by direct metal laser sintering. Experimental results show that nanoparticle concentrations have significantly impact on heat transfer coefficients by homogeneity test of variances according to mathematical statistics. The heat transfer performance of Al2O3/R141b ＋ Span-80 nanorefrigerant is enhanced after adding nanoparticles in the pure refrigerant R141b. The heat transfer coefficients of 0.05 wt.%, 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.3 wt.% and 0.4 wt.% Al2O3/R141 b ＋ Span-80 nanorefrigerant respectively increase by 55.0% 72.0%, 53.0% 42.3% and 39.9% compared with the pure refrigerant R141b. The particle fluxes from viscosity gradient, non-uniform shear rate and Brownian motion cause particles to migrate in fluid especially in the process of flow boiling. This migration motion enhances heat transfer between nanoparticles and fluid. Therefore, the heat transfer performance of nanofluid is enhanced. It is important to note that the heat transfer coefficients nonlinearly increase with nanoparticle concentrations increasing. The heat transfer coefficients reach its maximum value at the mass concentration of 0.1% and then it decreases slightly. There exists an optimal mass concentration corresponding to the best heat transfer enhancement. The reason for the above phenomenon is attributed to nanoparticles deposition on the minichannel wall by Scanning Electron Microscopy observation. The channel surface wettability increases during the flow boiling experiment in the mass concentration range from 0.2 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%. The channel surface with wettability increasing needs more energy to produce a bubble. Therefore, the heat transfer coefficients decrease with nanopartide concentrations in the range from 0.2 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%. In addition, a new correlation has been proposed by fitting the experimental data considering the influence of mass concentrations on the heat trans- fer performance. The new correlation can effectively predict the heat transfer coefficient.展开更多
The drag reducing effect of polymer additive aqueous solution was investigated in flow boiling, and the polymer additives were two kinds of polyacrylamide (PAM) with relative molecular mass about 2.56×10 6 and 8....The drag reducing effect of polymer additive aqueous solution was investigated in flow boiling, and the polymer additives were two kinds of polyacrylamide (PAM) with relative molecular mass about 2.56×10 6 and 8.55×10 6. The frictional pressure drop was calculated according to the measured total pressure drop. The results show that the flow drag of flow boiling is reduced by adding a small amount of PAM to water when heat flux is in the range of 15.1 kW·m -2 to 47.0 kW·m -2 , when the mass fraction of PAM is higher than 2.0×10 -5 , the drag reducing effect is obvious. Drag reducing effect of PAM, whose relative molecular mass is 8.55×10 6, is slightly better than that of 2.56×10 6 at the same mass fraction, and the greater the flow rate of the additive solution, the better the effect of the drag reduction.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to conduct the dryout point and heat transfer correlation for subcooled boiling flow in narrow annuli. First, the dryout point of subcooled flow boiling of water was measured in narrow ann...The purpose of this study is to conduct the dryout point and heat transfer correlation for subcooled boiling flow in narrow annuli. First, the dryout point of subcooled flow boiling of water was measured in narrow annular channels under the working condition of pressure ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 MPa and low mass flow rate from 6 to 60 kgm^-2 s^-1. Experimental test channels were annular and heated bilaterally with the channel gap of lmm and 1.5mm, and heated length of 1500mm.The location of the dryout was observed and measured by experiment with investigating the various system parameter effects on dryout point, and the results show that the location of dryout point is basically stable and repeating and the heat transfer coefficient increased with heat flux, mass flux and pressure, however, decreases with the gap size. Next, new correlations of CHF and critical vapor quality for narrow annular channels was proposed and calculation results shown a good agreement with the experimental data.展开更多
This experimental investigation was conducted on the flow boiling performance of refrigerant R134a in two types of parallel microchannels:sintered porous microchannels(PP-MCs)and smooth parallel microchannels(SP-MCs)....This experimental investigation was conducted on the flow boiling performance of refrigerant R134a in two types of parallel microchannels:sintered porous microchannels(PP-MCs)and smooth parallel microchannels(SP-MCs).The tests were performed under controlled conditions including an inlet subcooling of 5±0.2℃,saturation temperature of 33℃,mass fluxes of 346 and 485 kg/m2·s,and a range of heat fluxes.Key findings reveal that the sintered porous microstructure significantly enhances bubble nucleation,reducing the wall superheat required for the onset of nucleate boiling(ONB)to only 0.13℃ compared to 2.2℃ in smooth channels.The porous structure also improves heat transfer coefficients at low and medium heat fluxes(<20–30 W/cm^(2))and low vapor quality(x<0.2–0.4)due to augmented thin-film evaporation and intensified nucleate boiling.However,smooth microchannels exhibit superior performance under high heat flux and high vapor quality conditions,as the porous structure is prone to early dry-out and flow blockage.Notably,the porous microchannels demonstrate lower flow resistance and enhanced stability,with pressure drop fluctuations reduced by up to 46.4%in amplitude and 44.8%in standard deviation,attributed to improved capillary-assisted liquid replenishment and suppressed flow oscillations.The results underscore the potential of PP-MCs as a high-performance cooling solution for high-heat-flux applications.展开更多
To solve the heat dissipation problem of electronic devices with high heat flux hotspots,a diamond microchannel heat sink consisting of 37 parallel triangular microchannels with channel lengths of 45 mm and hydraulic ...To solve the heat dissipation problem of electronic devices with high heat flux hotspots,a diamond microchannel heat sink consisting of 37 parallel triangular microchannels with channel lengths of 45 mm and hydraulic diameters of 280|im was designed.The flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of ammonia in the microchannels were investigated under high heat fluxes of 473.9-1000.4 W/cm^2.Saturated flow boiling experiments with saturation temperatures of 25℃,30℃,and 35℃ and mass fluxes of 98-1200 kg/m^2s were conducted,as well as subcooled flow boiling with inlet subcooling of 5℃ as a comparison.The temperature and pressure drop measurements were analyzed.The main conclusions below can be drawn.(1)At a given heat flux,the heat source temperature first decreased and then increased with the mass flux,and there existed an optimum mass flux to optimize the cooling performance of the heat sink.(2)The heat transfer performance under the saturated inlet condition was obviously better than that under the subcooled inlet condition.(3)A larger saturation temperature leaded to weakening of both the heat transfer capacity and the stability of the microchannel heat sink.Notably,with the high heat diffusion ability of the diamond substrate and the great heat transfer capacity of ammonia flow boiling in microchannels,the heat sink can achieve a heat removal capacity of up to 1000.4 W/cm^2.展开更多
The present study reports an experimental evaluation of heat transfer characteristic of R134a flow boiling in mi- cro-channel heat sink. The heat sink is composed of 30 parallel rectangular micro-channels with cross-s...The present study reports an experimental evaluation of heat transfer characteristic of R134a flow boiling in mi- cro-channel heat sink. The heat sink is composed of 30 parallel rectangular micro-channels with cross-sectional dimensions of 500μm width and depth, as well as total length 30ram. Experiments were conducted with heat flux up to 80.212 W/cm2, mass velocity ranging from 373.33 to 1244.44 kg/m2s, vapor quality ranging from 0.06 to 0.9. The wall temperature of heat sink heated could be controlled at around 50℃. Heat transfer coefficient could be up to 180 kW/mZK. Two dominating flow patterns were observed by analyzing boiling curves. The heat trans- fer characteristics of nucleate boiling and convective boiling were presented in the study. Revised correlations of R134a flow boiling in micro-channel heat sink were carded out with the consideration of nucleate boiling and convective boiling mechanisms.展开更多
Heat sinks of copper foam fin microchannels are developed to deal with cooling challenges.The heat sinks consist of fins made of copper foam and channels.The channels are 0.5 mm in width and 1 mm in height,and the fin...Heat sinks of copper foam fin microchannels are developed to deal with cooling challenges.The heat sinks consist of fins made of copper foam and channels.The channels are 0.5 mm in width and 1 mm in height,and the fins are 0.5 and 2.0 mm in width.Flow boiling experiments are conducted using R134a at subcooled and saturated inlet conditions.The heat flux is between 22 and 172 W/cm^(2),and the mass flux ranges from 264 to 1213 kg/(m^(2)s).The influence of the quality,the heat flux,and the mass flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient is obtained.It is found that wider fin raises the heat transfer coefficient.A correlation is developed based on heat transfer mechanisms,and it predicts the experimental result with a 12%mean absolute error.Compared with a solid fin microchannels heat sink,the heat transfer coefficient of the copper foam fin microchannels is higher(up to 60%)when the heat flux is lower than 100 W/cm^(2).The copper foam fin microchannels may enhance the heat transfer coefficient and reduce the pressure drop at the same time.展开更多
The characteristics of the confined bubble and elongated bubble in subcooled flow boiling in a single horizontal rectangular microchannel with hydraulic diameter Dh=1mm are studied experimentally. The channel with 1 &...The characteristics of the confined bubble and elongated bubble in subcooled flow boiling in a single horizontal rectangular microchannel with hydraulic diameter Dh=1mm are studied experimentally. The channel with 1 ×1mm cross section is fabricated in a thin copper plate whose confinement number is Co=2.8 and the degassed deionized water is used as the working fluid. Visualization on the confined and elongated bubbles inside the microchannel is carded out by employing a high-speed CCD camera with a rnicrolens. The recorded images are carefully analyzed to illustrate the behaviors of the confinement and elongation processes of the bubble. The boiling number is used as an adjustable parameter to regulate the operating conditions which is eventually found to take a vital role in the bubble elongation process. Two formation patterns of the confined and elongated bubble are identified and the interactions between the neighboring confined and elongated bubbles are elucidated.展开更多
This paper presents effects of heating directions on heat transfer performance of R134 a flow boiling in micro-channel heat sink. The heat sink has 30 parallel rectangular channels with cross-sectional dimensions of 5...This paper presents effects of heating directions on heat transfer performance of R134 a flow boiling in micro-channel heat sink. The heat sink has 30 parallel rectangular channels with cross-sectional dimensions of 500mm width 500mm depth and 30 mm length. The experimental operation condition ranges of the heat flux and the mass flux were 13.48 to 82.25 W/cm^2 and 373.3 to 1244.4 kg/m^2 s respectively. The vapor quality ranged from 0.07 to 0.93. The heat transfer coefficients of top heating and bottom heating both were up to 25 k W/m^2 K. Two dominate transfer mechanisms of nucleate boiling and convection boiling were observed according to boiling curves. The experimental results indicated that the heat transfer coefficient of bottom heating was 13.9% higher than top heating in low heat flux, while in high heat flux, the heat transfer coefficient of bottom heating was 9.9%.higher than the top heating, because bubbles were harder to divorce the heating wall. And a modified correlation was provided to predict heat transfer of top heating.展开更多
In this paper,an experimental investigation on the flow boiling heat transfer in a horizontal long mini-channel was carried out. The mini-channel was with 2 mm wide and 1 mm deep and 900 mm long. The material of the m...In this paper,an experimental investigation on the flow boiling heat transfer in a horizontal long mini-channel was carried out. The mini-channel was with 2 mm wide and 1 mm deep and 900 mm long. The material of the mini-channel was stainless. The working fluid was deionized water. The experiments were conducted with the conditions of inlet pressure in the range of 0.2~0.5 MPa, mass flux in the range of 196.57-548.96 kg/m2 s, and the outlet vapor quality in the range of 0.2 to 1. The heat flux was in the range of 292.86 kW/m2 to 788.48 kW/m2,respectively. The influences of mass flux and heat flux were studied. At a certain mass flow rate, the local heat transfer coefficient increased with the increase of the heat flux. If dry-out occurred in the mini-channel, the heat transfer coefficient decreased. At the same heat flux, the local heat transfer coefficient would depend on the mass flux. It would increase with the mass flux in a certain range,and then decrease if the mass flux was beyond this range. Experimental data were compared with the results of previous studies. Flow visualization and measurements were conducted to identify flow regime transitions. Results showed that there were eight different kinds of flow patterns occurring during the flow boiling. It was found that flow pattern had a significant effect on heat transfer.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52306026)the State Key Laboratory of Air-Conditioning Equipment and System Energy Conservation Open Project(Project No.ACSKL2021KT01)The APC was covered by the Special Innovation Project Fund of the the State Key Laboratory of Air-Conditioning Equipment and System Energy Conservation Open Project(Project No.ACSKL2021KT01).
文摘This study investigates the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient and pressure gradient of refrigerant R410A inmicro-channel flat tubes.Experiments were conducted at saturation temperatures ranging from 25℃ to 30℃,mass fluxes between 198 and 305 kg/m^(2)s,and heat fluxes from 9.77 to 20.18 kW/m^(2),yielding 99 sets of local heat transfer coefficient data.The results show that increasing heat flux and mass flux enhances the heat transfer coefficient,although the rate of enhancement decreases with increasing vapor quality.Conversely,higher saturation temperatures slightly reduce the heat transfer coefficient.Additionally,the experimental findings reveal discrepancies in the accuracy of existing pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient prediction models under the studied conditions.This study recommends using the Kimand Mudawar correlation to predict pressure gradients within the tested range,with aMean Error(ME)of−5.24%observed in this study.For heat transfer coefficients,the Cooper and Kandlikar correlations are recommended,achieving a Mean Absolute Error(MAE)of approximately 22%.This research provides value for performance prediction and parameter selection of micro-channel technology in broader application scenarios within heating,ventilation and air-conditioning fields.
基金supported by the Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Z231100006123010).
文摘In this study,the flow boiling characteristics of R1234yf in parallel microchannels were experimentally investigated.The experiments were conducted with heat flux from 0 to 550 kW/m^(2),mass flux of 434,727,and 1015 kg/(m2 s),saturation temperatures of 293,298,and 303 K,and inlet sub-cooling of 5,10,and 15 K.The analysis of the experimental results provides the following conclusions:a reduced mass flux and lower subcooling correspond to a diminished degree of superheat at the boiling inception wall;conversely,an elevated saturation temperature results in a reduced amount of superheat at the boiling inception wall.Furthermore,an increase in sub-cooling and saturation temperature will enhance heat transfer efficiency.The wall temperature is mostly influenced by variations in saturation temperature and is minimally related to changes in mass flux and subcooling degree.An increase in mass flux results in a greater pressure drop attributed to heightened frictional pressure loss.The variation in pressure drop with respect to sub-cooling is minimal,while an increased saturation temperature correlates with a reduced pressure drop due to the formation of smaller bubbles and lowered frictional pressure loss at high saturation pressures.This study thoroughly examines and summarizes the effects of mass flow rate,saturation temperature,and subcooling on the flow-boiling heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of R1234yf.Furthermore,the new correlation has 93.42%of the predicted values fall within a 15%mean absolute error,exhibiting a mean absolute error of 5.75%.It provides a superior method for predicting the flow-boiling heat transfer coefficients of R1234yf in the heat sink of parallel microchannels compared to existing correlations.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52276047)the Open Fund of NationalKey Laboratory of SpacecraftThermal Control(Grant No.NKLST-JJ-202401011)the Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Grant No.Z231100006123010).
文摘Flow boiling in open microchannels offers highly efficient heat transfer performance and has attracted increasing attention in the fields of heat transfer and thermalmanagement of electronic devices in recent years.However,the continuous rise in power density of electronic components imposesmore stringent requirements on the heat transfer capability of microchannel flow boiling.HFE-7100,a dielectric coolant with favorable thermophysical properties,has become a focal point of research for enhancing flow boiling performance in open microchannels.The flow boiling heat transfer performance ofHFE-7100 was investigated in this study by fabricating micro-nano composite structures on the bottom surface of open microchannels using laser ablation technology.Based on visualization results,a comparative analysis was conducted on the bubble dynamics and flow pattern characteristics of HFE-7100 flow boiling in micronano structured open microchannels(MNSOMC)and smooth-surface open microchannels(SSOMC),to elucidate the enhancement mechanism of micro-nano structures on flow boiling heat transfer in open microchannels.The results indicate that the surface structures and strong wettability of MNSOMC accelerated bubble nucleation and departure.Moreover,bubbles in the channel tended to coalesce along the flow direction,forming elongated slug bubbles with high aspect ratios,which enabled efficient thin film evaporation in conjunction with intense nucleate boiling,thereby significantly enhancing flow boiling heat transfer.Under the experimental conditions of this study,the maximum enhancements in the heat transfer coefficient(HTC)and critical heat flux(CHF)of HFE-7100 inMNSOMC were 33.4%and 133.1%,respectively,with the CHF reaching up to 1542.3 kW⋅m^(−2).Furthermore,due to the superior wettability and capillary wicking capability of the micro-nano composite structures,the significant enhancement in flow boiling heat transfer was achieved without incurring a noticeable pressure drop penalty.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50776055,51076084)
文摘Based on the superposition principle of the nucleate boiling and convective heat transfer terms,a new correlation is developed for flow boiling heat transfer characteristics in helically coiled tubes.The effects of the geometric and system parameters on heat transfer characteristics in helically coiled tubes are investigated by collecting large amounts of experimental data and analyzing the heat transfer mechanisms. The existing correlations are divided into two categories,and they are calculated with the experimental data.The Dn factor is introduced to take into account the effect of a complex geometrical structure on flow boiling heat transfer.A new correlation is developed for predicting the flow boiling heat transfer coefficients in the helically coiled tubes,which is validated by the experimental data of R134a flow boiling heat transfer in them;and the average relative error and root mean square error of the new correlation are calculated.The results show that the new correlation agrees well with the experimental data,indicating that the new correlation can be used for predicting flow boiling heat transfer characteristics in the helically coiled tubes.
文摘This paper proposed a new experimental rig of testing flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture. The quantity of oil in the test section can be controlled and regulated conveniently and accurately by connecting separate lubricant oil circuit with test section in parallel. It was built up by retrofitting a multiple air-conditioner and installing three oil-separators in serials at the compressor outlet. And so the lubricant oil in the discharged refrigerant gas of compressor can be removed completely.The refrigerant flow rate through test section can be bypassed by the by-path circuit of indoor unit.This experimental rig has advantages such as on-line and continuous oil injection, short time of obtaining stability, flexible operation, simple control, which lead to high efficiency in the research of flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture.
基金Supported by the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Projects of China (G2000026304)
文摘Fouling of heat transfer surfaces during subcooled flow boiling is a frequent engineering problem in process industries. It has been generally observed that the deposits in such industrial systems consist mainly of calcium carbonate （CaCO3）, which has inverse solubility characteristics. This investigation focused on the mechanism to control deposition and the morphology of crystalline deposits. A series of experiments were carried out at different surface and bulk temperatures, fluid velocities and salt ion concentrations. It is shown that the deposition rate is controlled by different mechanism in the range of experimental parameters, depending on salt ion concentration. At higher ion concentration, the fouling rate increases linearly with surface temperature and the effect of flow velocity on deposition rate is quite strong, suggesting that mass diffusion controls the fouling process. On the contrary, at lower ion concentration, the fouling rate increases exponentially with surface temperature and is independent of the velocity, illustrating that surface reaction controls the fouling process. By analysis of the morphology of scale, two types of crystal （calcite and aragonite） are formed. The lower the temperature and ion concentration, the longer the induction period and the higher the percentage of calcite nreciDitated.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.94220)
文摘The surfactant additive octadecylamine (ODA) was used to enhance the flow boiling heat transfer of water in vertical copper tube, and the effects of the aqueous solution properties, mass fraction of ODA, mass flux and heat flux etc. on flow boiling heat transfer were investigated. In order to analyze the mechanism of enhancement on boiling heat transfer with ODA, the copper surface was detected by XPS, and the diagram of binding energy was obtained. The results show that ODA can be adsorbed on the surface of the copper wall, and affects the properties of the heating surfaces and enhances the flow boiling heat transfer of water. Only in low heat flux and in a suitable range of concentration, can ODA aqueous solution enhance flow boiling heat transfer, and the suitable mass fraction of ODA is in the range of 1×10 -5 5×10 -5 . In addition, compared with water, ODA aqueous solution does not increase the flow drag under the same experimental conditions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11872373)。
文摘Flow boiling heat transfer of nitrogen at high subcritical pressure conditions in a single vertical mini-channel with the diameter of 2.0 mm was experimentally investigated.The tested mass flux varied from 530 to 830 kg/(m^2·s),the inlet pressure ranged from 630 to 1080 kPa,and the heat flux ranged from 0 to 223.2 kW/m^2.Effects of the mass flux and the inlet pressure on the nitrogen boiling curve were examined.Results showed that within the limited test conditions,the merging of three boiling curves indicates the dominance of nucleate boiling and the inlet pressure has a positive enhancement on heat transfer performance.Three heat transfer trends were identified with increasing heat flux.At low heat fluxes,the heat transfer coefficient increases first and then decreases with vapour quality.At intermediate heat fluxes,the heat transfer coefficient versus the vapour quality presents an inverted"U"shape.At high heat fluxes,a double valley shape was observed and the partial dry-out in intermittent flow and annular flow helps to interpret the phenomenon.The increasing inlet pressure increases the heat transfer coefficient over a wide range of vapour quality until the partial dry-out inception.The lower surface tension and lower latent heat of evaporation enhance the nucleate boiling for higher inlet pressure.A modified experimental correlation(mean absolute error(MAE)=19.3%)was proposed on the basis of the Tran correlation considering both the nucleate boiling and the partial dry-out heat transfer mechanism.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51576116)the National Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2019MEE041)。
文摘Experiments on subcooled flow boiling have been conducted using water in a rectangular flow channel.Similar to the coolant channel in internal combustion engines(IC engines),the flow channel in this experiment was asymmetrically heated.Bubble images were captured using a high speed camera from the side view of the channel.The experimental conditions in terms of bulk temperature,bulk velocity,pressure and heat flux ranged from 65°C–75°C,0.25 m/s–0.75 m/s,1–1.7 bar and 490 kW/m2–700 kW/m2,respectively.On the basis of these tests,a statistical analysis of the bubble size has been conducted considering a population of 1400 samples.It has been found that the mean Sauter bubble diameter increases with the decrease of subcooling,bulk velocity,pressure and increased heat flux.A modified correlation has been finally proposed to predict the mean Sauter bubble diameter under subcooled flow boiling conditions upstream of the onset of significant void,which shows good accuracy with the experimental results.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Excellent Talents from Beijing Communist Party Organization Division, fund for Excellent Talents Reinforce Education Plan for Universities under Beijing City Administration (Z03-16).
文摘This paper reports the influence of heat transfer surface treatment on the formation of calcium sulphate de-posit during flow boiling heat transfer. The surface of several test heaters was treated by surface modification techniques, such as dynamic mixing magnetron sputtering [DLC (diamond-like carbon), DLC-F (diamond-like carbon-fluorine) and AC (amorphous carbon)] and polishing to reduce surface energy. The results showed that heat transfer surface with low surface energy experienced significant reduction of formation of CaSO4 deposit. (1) Magnetron sputtering stainless steel heat transfer surface with DLC, DLC-F and plasma arc sputtering with AC did not change the surface roughness, but they reduced surface energy and improved heat transfer coefficient, so hindered CaSO4 deposit formation significantly. The DLC-F surface performed better than the DLC surface. (2) Surface energy played an important pole in improving heat transfer coefficient. The less the surface energy the more significant the heat transfer coefficient improved with other ex-perimental conditions identical. (3) The polished surface improved the roughness of the heater, but owing to the high sur-face energy it was not better than the DLC-F surface for a long-term consideration on improving the heat transfer coeffi-cient.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[21276090]
文摘Al2O3/R141b ＋ Span-80 nanorefrigerant for 0.05 wt.% to 0.4 wt.% is prepared by ultrasonic vibration to investigate the influence of nanoparticle concentrations on flow boiling heat transfer of Al2O3/R141b ＋ Span-80 in micro heat exchanger by direct metal laser sintering. Experimental results show that nanoparticle concentrations have significantly impact on heat transfer coefficients by homogeneity test of variances according to mathematical statistics. The heat transfer performance of Al2O3/R141b ＋ Span-80 nanorefrigerant is enhanced after adding nanoparticles in the pure refrigerant R141b. The heat transfer coefficients of 0.05 wt.%, 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.3 wt.% and 0.4 wt.% Al2O3/R141 b ＋ Span-80 nanorefrigerant respectively increase by 55.0% 72.0%, 53.0% 42.3% and 39.9% compared with the pure refrigerant R141b. The particle fluxes from viscosity gradient, non-uniform shear rate and Brownian motion cause particles to migrate in fluid especially in the process of flow boiling. This migration motion enhances heat transfer between nanoparticles and fluid. Therefore, the heat transfer performance of nanofluid is enhanced. It is important to note that the heat transfer coefficients nonlinearly increase with nanoparticle concentrations increasing. The heat transfer coefficients reach its maximum value at the mass concentration of 0.1% and then it decreases slightly. There exists an optimal mass concentration corresponding to the best heat transfer enhancement. The reason for the above phenomenon is attributed to nanoparticles deposition on the minichannel wall by Scanning Electron Microscopy observation. The channel surface wettability increases during the flow boiling experiment in the mass concentration range from 0.2 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%. The channel surface with wettability increasing needs more energy to produce a bubble. Therefore, the heat transfer coefficients decrease with nanopartide concentrations in the range from 0.2 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%. In addition, a new correlation has been proposed by fitting the experimental data considering the influence of mass concentrations on the heat trans- fer performance. The new correlation can effectively predict the heat transfer coefficient.
文摘The drag reducing effect of polymer additive aqueous solution was investigated in flow boiling, and the polymer additives were two kinds of polyacrylamide (PAM) with relative molecular mass about 2.56×10 6 and 8.55×10 6. The frictional pressure drop was calculated according to the measured total pressure drop. The results show that the flow drag of flow boiling is reduced by adding a small amount of PAM to water when heat flux is in the range of 15.1 kW·m -2 to 47.0 kW·m -2 , when the mass fraction of PAM is higher than 2.0×10 -5 , the drag reducing effect is obvious. Drag reducing effect of PAM, whose relative molecular mass is 8.55×10 6, is slightly better than that of 2.56×10 6 at the same mass fraction, and the greater the flow rate of the additive solution, the better the effect of the drag reduction.
基金This work is supported by the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 50076014） and the Project of Major State Basic Research Program （No. G2000026303）.
文摘The purpose of this study is to conduct the dryout point and heat transfer correlation for subcooled boiling flow in narrow annuli. First, the dryout point of subcooled flow boiling of water was measured in narrow annular channels under the working condition of pressure ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 MPa and low mass flow rate from 6 to 60 kgm^-2 s^-1. Experimental test channels were annular and heated bilaterally with the channel gap of lmm and 1.5mm, and heated length of 1500mm.The location of the dryout was observed and measured by experiment with investigating the various system parameter effects on dryout point, and the results show that the location of dryout point is basically stable and repeating and the heat transfer coefficient increased with heat flux, mass flux and pressure, however, decreases with the gap size. Next, new correlations of CHF and critical vapor quality for narrow annular channels was proposed and calculation results shown a good agreement with the experimental data.
基金ported by the Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Z231100006123010)Guizhou Provincial Major Scientific and Technological Program(XKBF(2025)031)a grant from Tianjin Key Laboratory of Refrigeration Technology(2025TKLRT002).
文摘This experimental investigation was conducted on the flow boiling performance of refrigerant R134a in two types of parallel microchannels:sintered porous microchannels(PP-MCs)and smooth parallel microchannels(SP-MCs).The tests were performed under controlled conditions including an inlet subcooling of 5±0.2℃,saturation temperature of 33℃,mass fluxes of 346 and 485 kg/m2·s,and a range of heat fluxes.Key findings reveal that the sintered porous microstructure significantly enhances bubble nucleation,reducing the wall superheat required for the onset of nucleate boiling(ONB)to only 0.13℃ compared to 2.2℃ in smooth channels.The porous structure also improves heat transfer coefficients at low and medium heat fluxes(<20–30 W/cm^(2))and low vapor quality(x<0.2–0.4)due to augmented thin-film evaporation and intensified nucleate boiling.However,smooth microchannels exhibit superior performance under high heat flux and high vapor quality conditions,as the porous structure is prone to early dry-out and flow blockage.Notably,the porous microchannels demonstrate lower flow resistance and enhanced stability,with pressure drop fluctuations reduced by up to 46.4%in amplitude and 44.8%in standard deviation,attributed to improved capillary-assisted liquid replenishment and suppressed flow oscillations.The results underscore the potential of PP-MCs as a high-performance cooling solution for high-heat-flux applications.
文摘To solve the heat dissipation problem of electronic devices with high heat flux hotspots,a diamond microchannel heat sink consisting of 37 parallel triangular microchannels with channel lengths of 45 mm and hydraulic diameters of 280|im was designed.The flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of ammonia in the microchannels were investigated under high heat fluxes of 473.9-1000.4 W/cm^2.Saturated flow boiling experiments with saturation temperatures of 25℃,30℃,and 35℃ and mass fluxes of 98-1200 kg/m^2s were conducted,as well as subcooled flow boiling with inlet subcooling of 5℃ as a comparison.The temperature and pressure drop measurements were analyzed.The main conclusions below can be drawn.(1)At a given heat flux,the heat source temperature first decreased and then increased with the mass flux,and there existed an optimum mass flux to optimize the cooling performance of the heat sink.(2)The heat transfer performance under the saturated inlet condition was obviously better than that under the subcooled inlet condition.(3)A larger saturation temperature leaded to weakening of both the heat transfer capacity and the stability of the microchannel heat sink.Notably,with the high heat diffusion ability of the diamond substrate and the great heat transfer capacity of ammonia flow boiling in microchannels,the heat sink can achieve a heat removal capacity of up to 1000.4 W/cm^2.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51376019)
文摘The present study reports an experimental evaluation of heat transfer characteristic of R134a flow boiling in mi- cro-channel heat sink. The heat sink is composed of 30 parallel rectangular micro-channels with cross-sectional dimensions of 500μm width and depth, as well as total length 30ram. Experiments were conducted with heat flux up to 80.212 W/cm2, mass velocity ranging from 373.33 to 1244.44 kg/m2s, vapor quality ranging from 0.06 to 0.9. The wall temperature of heat sink heated could be controlled at around 50℃. Heat transfer coefficient could be up to 180 kW/mZK. Two dominating flow patterns were observed by analyzing boiling curves. The heat trans- fer characteristics of nucleate boiling and convective boiling were presented in the study. Revised correlations of R134a flow boiling in micro-channel heat sink were carded out with the consideration of nucleate boiling and convective boiling mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51876102)the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program。
文摘Heat sinks of copper foam fin microchannels are developed to deal with cooling challenges.The heat sinks consist of fins made of copper foam and channels.The channels are 0.5 mm in width and 1 mm in height,and the fins are 0.5 and 2.0 mm in width.Flow boiling experiments are conducted using R134a at subcooled and saturated inlet conditions.The heat flux is between 22 and 172 W/cm^(2),and the mass flux ranges from 264 to 1213 kg/(m^(2)s).The influence of the quality,the heat flux,and the mass flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient is obtained.It is found that wider fin raises the heat transfer coefficient.A correlation is developed based on heat transfer mechanisms,and it predicts the experimental result with a 12%mean absolute error.Compared with a solid fin microchannels heat sink,the heat transfer coefficient of the copper foam fin microchannels is higher(up to 60%)when the heat flux is lower than 100 W/cm^(2).The copper foam fin microchannels may enhance the heat transfer coefficient and reduce the pressure drop at the same time.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51176008)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2011YJS267)Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Process Enhancement & New Energy Equipment Technology(Nanjing University of Technology)
文摘The characteristics of the confined bubble and elongated bubble in subcooled flow boiling in a single horizontal rectangular microchannel with hydraulic diameter Dh=1mm are studied experimentally. The channel with 1 ×1mm cross section is fabricated in a thin copper plate whose confinement number is Co=2.8 and the degassed deionized water is used as the working fluid. Visualization on the confined and elongated bubbles inside the microchannel is carded out by employing a high-speed CCD camera with a rnicrolens. The recorded images are carefully analyzed to illustrate the behaviors of the confinement and elongation processes of the bubble. The boiling number is used as an adjustable parameter to regulate the operating conditions which is eventually found to take a vital role in the bubble elongation process. Two formation patterns of the confined and elongated bubble are identified and the interactions between the neighboring confined and elongated bubbles are elucidated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51376019)
文摘This paper presents effects of heating directions on heat transfer performance of R134 a flow boiling in micro-channel heat sink. The heat sink has 30 parallel rectangular channels with cross-sectional dimensions of 500mm width 500mm depth and 30 mm length. The experimental operation condition ranges of the heat flux and the mass flux were 13.48 to 82.25 W/cm^2 and 373.3 to 1244.4 kg/m^2 s respectively. The vapor quality ranged from 0.07 to 0.93. The heat transfer coefficients of top heating and bottom heating both were up to 25 k W/m^2 K. Two dominate transfer mechanisms of nucleate boiling and convection boiling were observed according to boiling curves. The experimental results indicated that the heat transfer coefficient of bottom heating was 13.9% higher than top heating in low heat flux, while in high heat flux, the heat transfer coefficient of bottom heating was 9.9%.higher than the top heating, because bubbles were harder to divorce the heating wall. And a modified correlation was provided to predict heat transfer of top heating.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51376019)
文摘In this paper,an experimental investigation on the flow boiling heat transfer in a horizontal long mini-channel was carried out. The mini-channel was with 2 mm wide and 1 mm deep and 900 mm long. The material of the mini-channel was stainless. The working fluid was deionized water. The experiments were conducted with the conditions of inlet pressure in the range of 0.2~0.5 MPa, mass flux in the range of 196.57-548.96 kg/m2 s, and the outlet vapor quality in the range of 0.2 to 1. The heat flux was in the range of 292.86 kW/m2 to 788.48 kW/m2,respectively. The influences of mass flux and heat flux were studied. At a certain mass flow rate, the local heat transfer coefficient increased with the increase of the heat flux. If dry-out occurred in the mini-channel, the heat transfer coefficient decreased. At the same heat flux, the local heat transfer coefficient would depend on the mass flux. It would increase with the mass flux in a certain range,and then decrease if the mass flux was beyond this range. Experimental data were compared with the results of previous studies. Flow visualization and measurements were conducted to identify flow regime transitions. Results showed that there were eight different kinds of flow patterns occurring during the flow boiling. It was found that flow pattern had a significant effect on heat transfer.
