Soil microorganisms and labile soil organic carbon(SOC)fractions are essential factors affecting greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in paddy fields.However,the effects of labile SOC fractions and microorganisms on GHG emiss...Soil microorganisms and labile soil organic carbon(SOC)fractions are essential factors affecting greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in paddy fields.However,the effects of labile SOC fractions and microorganisms on GHG emissions from flooding to drying after organic fertilizer replacing for chemical fertilizer remain unclear.Here,a long-term experiment was conducted with four treatments:chemical fertilization only(control),organic fertilizer substituting 25%of chemical N fertilizer(NM1),50%of chemical N fertilizer(NM2),and NM2combined with crop straw(NMS).GHG emissions were monitored,and soil samples were collected to determine labile SOC fractions and microorganisms.Results revealed the GHG emissions in the NM2 significantly increased by 196.88%from flooding to drying,mainly due to the higher CO_(2) emissions.The GHG emissions per kg of C input in NMS was the lowest with the value of 9.17.From flooding to drying,organic fertilizer application significantly increased the readily oxidizable organic carbon(ROC)contents and C lability;the NM2 and NMS dramatically increased the SOC and non-readily oxidizable organic carbon(NROC).The bacterial communities showed significant differences among different treatments in the flooding,while the significant difference was only found between the NMS and other treatments in the drying.From flooding to drying,changing soil moisture conditions causes C fractions and microbial communities to jointly affect carbon emissions,and the NMS promoted carbon sequestration and mitigated GHG emissions.Our findings highlight the importance of the labile SOC fractions and microorganisms linked to GHG emissions in paddy fields.展开更多
[Objective]Surface water flooding is caused by heavy rainfall,which has been the main type of flooding in many cities across the world.Real urban environments are highly complex,and there are numerous parameters influ...[Objective]Surface water flooding is caused by heavy rainfall,which has been the main type of flooding in many cities across the world.Real urban environments are highly complex,and there are numerous parameters influencing the rainfall-runoff processes,such as road width,orientation and building coverage.The main objective is to perform a parametric study concerning the rainfall-runoff processes in complex urban environments,in order to gain a better understanding of the impact of urban characteristics on the surface runoff.[Methods]Realistic urban layouts are generated by means of procedural modelling software,which parameterises the urban configurations using 11 independent variables,including the averaged street length,street orientation,street curvature,major street width,minor street width,park coverage,etc.A shock-capturing TVD MacCormack shallow water equations solver is used to undertake a large number of computational simulations regarding the rainfall-runoff processes over realistic urban layouts.The dominating urban parameters that influence the time of concentration is unveiled,which characterises the timescale of the flood formation.[Results]In order to generalise the research outcomes,the obtained hydrographs at the outlet of the catchment are normalised so that they are independent of the catchment area,slope or rainfall intensity.The dimensionless time of concentration is thus only the functions of 12 independent parameters,including 11 parameters that governing the urban layouts and the Manning roughness coefficient of the ground.A sensitivity analysis,based on the multiple linear regression method,is performed on the 2,994 simulation cases to quantify the influence of each parameter.[Conclusion]The results show that the ground roughness and the building coverage ratio are the two most important factors that influence the urban flood formation.Their influences on the dimensionless timescale of the urban catchments’response to rainfall are quantified by empirical formulae.The research findings can provide useful guidelines for the design of future flood-resilient urban environments and the improvement of existing drainage systems in cities.展开更多
The Taklimakan Desert,located in the heart of central Asia,covers approximately 330000 km^(2),making it China's largest desert and the world's second-largest shifting desert(Dong et al.,2024).With an average a...The Taklimakan Desert,located in the heart of central Asia,covers approximately 330000 km^(2),making it China's largest desert and the world's second-largest shifting desert(Dong et al.,2024).With an average annual precipitation of less than 100 mm and evaporation rates ranging from 2000 to 3000 mm(Yang et al.,2020),it is recognized as one of the driest regions on Earth,often referred to as the“sea of death”.展开更多
In rock drilling and blasting,the misfire of electronic detonators will not only affect the rock fragmentation result but also bring serious potential safety hazards to engineering construction.An accurate and compreh...In rock drilling and blasting,the misfire of electronic detonators will not only affect the rock fragmentation result but also bring serious potential safety hazards to engineering construction.An accurate and comprehensive understanding of the failure mechanisms of electronic detonators subjected to impact loading is of great significance to the reliability design and field safety use of electronic detonators.The spatial distribution characteristics and failure modes of misfired electronic detonators under different application scenarios are statistically analysed.The results show that under high impact loads,electronic detonators will experience failure phenomena such as rupture of the fuse head,fracture of the bridge wire,falling off of the solder joint,chip module damage and insufficient initiation energy after deformation.The lack of impact resistance is the primary cause of misfire of electronic detonators.Combined with the underwater impact resistance test and the impact load test in the adjacent blasthole on site,the formulas of the impact failure probability of the electronic detonator under different stress‒strength distribution curves are deduced.The test and evaluation method of the impact resistance of electronic detonators based on stress‒strength interference theory is proposed.Furthermore,the impact failure model of electronic detonators considering the strength degradation effect under repeated random loads is established.On this basis,the failure mechanism of electronic detonators under different application environments,such as open-pit blasting and underground blasting,is revealed,which provides scientific theory and methods for the reliability analysis,design and type selection of electronic detonators in rock drilling and blasting.展开更多
A conceptual model of intermittent joints is introduced to the cyclic shear test in the laboratory to explore the effects of loading parameters on its shear behavior under cyclic shear loading.The results show that th...A conceptual model of intermittent joints is introduced to the cyclic shear test in the laboratory to explore the effects of loading parameters on its shear behavior under cyclic shear loading.The results show that the loading parameters(initial normal stress,normal stiffness,and shear velocity)determine propagation paths of the wing and secondary cracks in rock bridges during the initial shear cycle,creating different morphologies of macroscopic step-path rupture surfaces and asperities on them.The differences in stress state and rupture surface induce different cyclic shear responses.It shows that high initial normal stress accelerates asperity degradation,raises shear resistance,and promotes compression of intermittent joints.In addition,high normal stiffness provides higher normal stress and shear resistance during the initial cycles and inhibits the dilation and compression of intermittent joints.High shear velocity results in a higher shear resistance,greater dilation,and greater compression.Finally,shear strength is most sensitive to initial normal stress,followed by shear velocity and normal stiffness.Moreover,average dilation angle is most sensitive to initial normal stress,followed by normal stiffness and shear velocity.During the shear cycles,frictional coefficient is affected by asperity degradation,backfilling of rock debris,and frictional area,exhibiting a non-monotonic behavior.展开更多
Non-seismically designed(NSD)beam-column joints are susceptible to joint shear failure under seismic loads.Although significant research is available on the seismic behavior of such joints of planar frames,the informa...Non-seismically designed(NSD)beam-column joints are susceptible to joint shear failure under seismic loads.Although significant research is available on the seismic behavior of such joints of planar frames,the information on the seismic behavior of joints of space frames(3D joints)is insufficient.The 3D joints are subjected to bi-directional excitation,which results in an interaction between the shear strength obtained for the joint in the two orthogonal directions separately.The bi-directional seismic behavior of corner reinforced concrete(RC)joints is the focus of this study.First,a detailed finite element(FE)model using the FE software Abaqus,is developed and validated using the test results from the literature.The validated modeling procedure is used to conduct a parametric study to investigate the influence of different parameters such as concrete strength,dimensions of main and transverse beams framing into the joint,presence or absence of a slab,axial load ratio and loading direction on the seismic behavior of joints.By subjecting the models to different combinations of loads on the beams along perpendicular directions,the interaction of the joint shear strength in two orthogonal directions is studied.The comparison of the interaction curves of the joints obtained from the numerical study with a quadratic(circular)interaction curve indicates that in a majority of cases,the quadratic interaction model can represent the strength interaction diagrams of RC beam to column connections with governing joint shear failure reasonably well.展开更多
It is important to analyze the damage evolution process of surrounding rock under different water content for the stability of engineering rock mass.Based on digital speckle correlation(DSCM),acoustic emission(AE)and ...It is important to analyze the damage evolution process of surrounding rock under different water content for the stability of engineering rock mass.Based on digital speckle correlation(DSCM),acoustic emission(AE)and electromagnetic radiation(EMR),uniaxial hierarchical cyclic loading and unloading tests were carried out on sandstones with different fracture numbers under dry,natural and saturated water content,to explore the fracture propagation,failure precursor characteristics and damage response mechanism under the influence of water content effect.The results show that with the increase of water content,the peak stress and crack initiation stress decrease gradually,and the decreases are 15.28%-21.11%and 17.64%-23.04%,respectively.The peak strain and crack initiation strain increase gradually,and the increases are 19.85%-44.53%and 19.15%-41.94%,respectively.The precracked rock with different water content is mainly characterized by tensile failure at different loading stages.However,with the increase of water content,the proportion of shear cracks gradually increases,while acoustic emission events gradually decrease,the dissipative energy and energy storage limits of the rock under peak load gradually decrease,and the charge signal increases significantly,which is because the lubrication effect of water reduces the friction coefficient between crack surfaces.展开更多
The current single-atom catalysts(SACs)for medicine still suffer from the limited active site density.Here,we develop a synthetic method capable of increasing both the metal loading and mass-specific activity of SACs ...The current single-atom catalysts(SACs)for medicine still suffer from the limited active site density.Here,we develop a synthetic method capable of increasing both the metal loading and mass-specific activity of SACs by exchanging zinc with iron.The constructed iron SACs(h^(3)-FNC)with a high metal loading of 6.27 wt%and an optimized adjacent Fe distance of~4 A exhibit excellent oxidase-like catalytic performance without significant activity decay after being stored for six months and promising antibacterial effects.Attractively,a“density effect”has been found at a high-enough metal doping amount,at which individual active sites become close enough to interact with each other and alter the electronic structure,resulting in significantly boosted intrinsic activity of single-atomic iron sites in h^(3)-FNCs by 2.3 times compared to low-and medium-loading SACs.Consequently,the overall catalytic activity of h^(3)-FNC is highly improved,with mass activity and metal mass-specific activity that are,respectively,66 and 315 times higher than those of commercial Pt/C.In addition,h^(3)-FNCs demonstrate efficiently enhanced capability in catalyzing oxygen reduction into superoxide anion(O_(2)·^(−))and glutathione(GSH)depletion.Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrate the superior antibacterial efficacy of h^(3)-FNCs in promoting wound healing.This work presents an intriguing activity-enhancement effect in catalysts and exhibits impressive therapeutic efficacy in combating bacterial infections.展开更多
Nonlinear variations in the coordinate time series of global navigation satellite system(GNSS) reference stations are strongly correlated with surface displacements caused by environmental loading effects,including at...Nonlinear variations in the coordinate time series of global navigation satellite system(GNSS) reference stations are strongly correlated with surface displacements caused by environmental loading effects,including atmospheric, hydrological, and nontidal ocean loading. Continuous improvements in the accuracy of surface mass loading products, performance of Earth models, and precise data-processing technologies have significantly advanced research on the effects of environmental loading on nonlinear variations in GNSS coordinate time series. However, owing to theoretical limitations, the lack of high spatiotemporal resolution surface mass observations, and the coupling of GNSS technology-related systematic errors, environmental loading and nonlinear GNSS reference station displacements remain inconsistent. The applicability and capability of these loading products across different regions also require further evaluation. This paper outlines methods for modeling environmental loading, surface mass loading products, and service organizations. In addition, it summarizes recent advances in applying environmental loading to address nonlinear variations in global and regional GNSS coordinate time series. Moreover, the scientific questions of existing studies are summarized, and insights into future research directions are provided. The complex nonlinear motion of reference stations is a major factor limiting the accuracy of the current terrestrial reference frame. Further refining the environmental load modeling method, establishing a surface mass distribution model with high spatiotemporal resolution and reliability, exploring other environmental load factors such as ice sheet and artificial mass-change effects, and developing an optimal data-processing model and strategy for reprocessing global reference station data consistently could contribute to the development of a millimeter-level nonlinear motion model for GNSS reference stations with actual physical significance and provide theoretical support for establishing a terrestrial reference frame with 1 mm accuracy by 2050.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel cargo loading algorithm applicable to automated conveyor-type loading systems.The algorithm offers improvements in computational efficiency and robustness by utilizing the concept of discre...This paper proposes a novel cargo loading algorithm applicable to automated conveyor-type loading systems.The algorithm offers improvements in computational efficiency and robustness by utilizing the concept of discrete derivatives and introducing logistics-related constraints.Optional consideration of the rotation of the cargoes was made to further enhance the optimality of the solutions,if possible to be physically implemented.Evaluation metrics were developed for accurate evaluation and enhancement of the algorithm’s ability to efficiently utilize the loading space and provide a high level of dynamic stability.Experimental results demonstrate the extensive robustness of the proposed algorithm to the diversity of cargoes present in Business-to-Consumer environments.This study contributes practical advancements in both cargo loading optimization and automation of the logistics industry,with potential applications in last-mile delivery services,warehousing,and supply chain management.展开更多
This work aims to reveal the mechanical responses and energy evolution characteristics of skarn rock under constant amplitude-varied frequency loading paths.Testing results show that the fatigue lifetime,stress−strain...This work aims to reveal the mechanical responses and energy evolution characteristics of skarn rock under constant amplitude-varied frequency loading paths.Testing results show that the fatigue lifetime,stress−strain responses,deformation,energy dissipation and fracture morphology are all impacted by the loading rate.A pronounced influence of the loading rate on rock deformation is found,with slower loading rate eliciting enhanced strain development,alongside augmented energy absorption and dissipation.In addition,it is revealed that the loading rate and cyclic loading amplitude jointly influence the phase shift distribution,with accelerated rates leading to a narrower phase shift duration.It is suggested that lower loading rate leads to more significant energy dissipation.Finally,the tensile or shear failure modes were intrinsically linked to loading strategy,with cyclic loading predominantly instigating shear damage,as manifest in the increased presence of pulverized grain particles.This work would give new insights into the fortification of mining structures and the optimization of mining methodologies.展开更多
Floods and storm surges pose significant threats to coastal regions worldwide,demanding timely and accurate early warning systems(EWS)for disaster preparedness.Traditional numerical and statistical methods often fall ...Floods and storm surges pose significant threats to coastal regions worldwide,demanding timely and accurate early warning systems(EWS)for disaster preparedness.Traditional numerical and statistical methods often fall short in capturing complex,nonlinear,and real-time environmental dynamics.In recent years,machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)techniques have emerged as promising alternatives for enhancing the accuracy,speed,and scalability of EWS.This review critically evaluates the evolution of ML models—such as Artificial Neural Networks(ANN),Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),and Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)—in coastal flood prediction,highlighting their architectures,data requirements,performance metrics,and implementation challenges.A unique contribution of this work is the synthesis of real-time deployment challenges including latency,edge-cloud tradeoffs,and policy-level integration,areas often overlooked in prior literature.Furthermore,the review presents a comparative framework of model performance across different geographic and hydrologic settings,offering actionable insights for researchers and practitioners.Limitations of current AI-driven models,such as interpretability,data scarcity,and generalization across regions,are discussed in detail.Finally,the paper outlines future research directions including hybrid modelling,transfer learning,explainable AI,and policy-aware alert systems.By bridging technical performance and operational feasibility,this review aims to guide the development of next-generation intelligent EWS for resilient and adaptive coastal management.展开更多
In this study,a uniaxial cyclic compression test is conducted on coal-rock composite structures under two cyclic loads using MTSE45.104 testing apparatus to investigate the macro-mesoscopic deformation,damage behavior...In this study,a uniaxial cyclic compression test is conducted on coal-rock composite structures under two cyclic loads using MTSE45.104 testing apparatus to investigate the macro-mesoscopic deformation,damage behavior,and energy evolution characteristics of these structures under different cyclic stress disturbances.Three loading and unloading rates(LURs)are tested to examine the damage behaviors and energy-driven characteristics of the composites.The findings reveal that the energy-driven behavior,mechanical properties,and macro-micro degradation characteristics of the composites are significantly influenced by the loading rate.Under the gradual cyclic loading and unloading(CLU)path with a constant lower limit(path I)and the CLU path with variable upper and lower boundaries(path II),an increase in LURs from 0.05 to 0.15 mm/min reduces the average loading time by 32.39%and 48.60%,respectively.Consequently,the total number of cracks in the samples increases by 1.66-fold for path I and 1.41-fold for path II.As LURs further increase,the energy storage limit of samples expands,leading to a higher proportion of transmatrix and shear cracks.Under both cyclic loading conditions,a broader cyclic stress range promotes energy dissipation and the formation of internal fractures.Notably,at higher loading rates,cracks tend to propagate along primary weak surfaces,leading to an increased incidence of intermatrix fractures.This behavior indicates a microscopic feature of the failure mechanisms in composite structures.These results provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the damage and failure characteristics of coal-rock composite structures under cyclic stress disturbances.展开更多
The ambiguity of etiology makes temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis(TMJOA)“difficult-to-treat”.Emerging evidence underscores the therapeutic promise of exosomes in osteoarthritis management.Nonetheless,challenges...The ambiguity of etiology makes temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis(TMJOA)“difficult-to-treat”.Emerging evidence underscores the therapeutic promise of exosomes in osteoarthritis management.Nonetheless,challenges such as low yields and insignificant efficacy of current exosome therapies necessitate significant advances.Addressing lower strontium(Sr)levels in arthritic synovial microenvironment,we studied the effect of Sr element on exosomes and miRNA selectively loading in synovial mesenchymal stem cells(SMSCs).Here,we developed an optimized system that boosts the yield of SMSC-derived exosomes(SMSCEXOs)and improves their miRNA profiles with an elevated proportion of beneficial miRNAs,while reducing harmful ones by pretreating SMSCs with Sr.Compared to untreated SMSC-EXOs,Sr-pretreated SMSC-derived exosomes(Sr-SMSC-EXOs)demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy by mitigating chondrocyte ferroptosis and reducing osteoclast-mediated joint pain in TMJOA.Our results illustrate Alix’s crucial role in Sr-triggered miRNA loading,identifying miR-143-3p as a key anti-TMJOA exosomal component.Interestingly,this system is specifically oriented towards synovium-derived stem cells.The insight into trace elementdriven,site-specific miRNA selectively loading in SMSC-EXOs proposes a promising therapeutic enhancement strategy for TMJOA.展开更多
The paper aimed to better characterize how flood impacts have changed over time in Japan.It is hypothesized that different flood impact indicators vary in their sensitivity to significant changes.To test this hypothes...The paper aimed to better characterize how flood impacts have changed over time in Japan.It is hypothesized that different flood impact indicators vary in their sensitivity to significant changes.To test this hypothesis,change-point analysis was applied to various indicators,including flood-related deaths,the ratio of deaths to total flood victims,and a newly proposed composite indicator that integrates both loss of life and property damage.The analysis revealed that while the annual number of flood victims has remained statistically unchanged during the study period,the proportion of deaths among victims has increased.Similarly,although the annual number of completely damaged houses did not show a significant change,the proportion of completely damaged houses relative to the total number of flooded houses has risen.According to the newly developed composite indicator,the overall impact of flooding in Japan has shifted upward since 2004.The value of this study lies in its novel approach of combining loss of life with property damage in trend analysis,enabling policymakers and citizens to better understand the evolving risks posed by floods.These findings not only provide policymakers with a comprehensive reference for evaluating the effectiveness of flood management measures but also help promote public participation in flood mitigation efforts.展开更多
Flooding can lead to oxygen deprivation in rapeseed,negatively affecting its growth and development and ul-timately reducing yields.Vitreoscilla hemoglobin(VHb),a bacterial hemoglobin with a high oxygen-binding affini...Flooding can lead to oxygen deprivation in rapeseed,negatively affecting its growth and development and ul-timately reducing yields.Vitreoscilla hemoglobin(VHb),a bacterial hemoglobin with a high oxygen-binding affinity,plays a key role in enhancing oxygen uptake and metabolic efficiency under low-oxygen conditions.Through genetic transformation,we overexpressed the VHb gene in rapeseed,which resulted in significant im-provements in survival rate,root length,and biomass under submerged conditions.Additionally,we observed that transgenic plants developed adventitious roots in response to submergence stress.These transgenic plants also exhibited increased activities of ethanol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase-enzymes associated with anaerobic respiration.Our findings indicate that VHb enhances flooding tolerance in rapeseed by promoting adventitious root formation and strengthening the plant's capacity for fermentation metabolism under anaerobic conditions.展开更多
Flooding in rice fields,especially in coastal regions and low-lying river basins,causes significant devastation to crops.Rice is highly susceptible to prolonged flooding,with a drastic decline in yields if inundation ...Flooding in rice fields,especially in coastal regions and low-lying river basins,causes significant devastation to crops.Rice is highly susceptible to prolonged flooding,with a drastic decline in yields if inundation persists for more than 7 d,especially during the reproductive stage.Although the SUB1 QTL,which confers tolerance to complete submergence during the vegetative stage,has been incorporated into breeding programs,the development of alternative sources is crucial.These alternatives would broaden the genetic base,mitigate the influence of the genomic background,and extend the efficacy of SUB1 QTL to withstand longer submergence periods(up to approximately 21 d).Contemporary breeding strategies predominantly target submergence stress at the vegetative stage.However,stagnant flooding(partial submergence of vegetative parts)during the reproductive phase inflicts severe damage on the rice crop,leading to reduced yields,heightened susceptibility to pests and diseases,lodging,and inferior grain quality.The ability to tolerate stagnant flooding can be ascribed to several adaptive traits:accelerated aerenchyma formation,efficient underwater photosynthesis,reduced radial oxygen loss in submerged tissues,reinforced culms,enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging within cells,dehydration tolerance post-flooding,and resistance to pests and diseases.A thorough investigation of the genetics underlying these traits,coupled with the integration of key alleles into elite genetic backgrounds,can significantly enhance food and income security in flood-prone rice-growing regions,particularly in coastal high-rainfall areas and low-lying river basins.This review aims to delineate an innovative breeding strategy that employs genomic,phenomic,and traditional breeding methodologies to develop rice varieties resilient to various dimensions of flooding stress at both the vegetative and reproductive stages.展开更多
China boasts abundant heavy oil resources,which is vital for its energy security.However,its heavy oil typically exhibits high viscosity,which severely hinders its flow and extraction.Enhancing heavy oil flowability i...China boasts abundant heavy oil resources,which is vital for its energy security.However,its heavy oil typically exhibits high viscosity,which severely hinders its flow and extraction.Enhancing heavy oil flowability is vital for its effective exploitation.This study independently developed a visualization experimental system and explored the mechanisms through which combined thermal flooding(a combination of heat,chemical agents and gas)enhances heavy oil flowability.Results indicate that combined thermal flooding,that is,synergistically integrating heat,chemical agents,and gas,can effectively enhance the recovery of heavy oil by improving its flowability.Its working mechanisms were explored from the aspects of thermal effects,emulsification,precursor film,profile control capacity,and CO_(2) solution and extraction effects.The emulsification was observed using a confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope(CLSFM).Findings reveal that steam flooding can boost crude oil flowability by augmenting temperature,while a chemical system tends to produce low-viscosity oil-in-water emul-sions,thus further aiding the flow of crude oil.During CO_(2) flooding,the solvent initially reduced crude oil viscosity and formed foamy oil,followed by the pronounced component separation of the produced fluids in the later stage.This demonstrates the effectiveness of CO_(2) in viscosity reduction and component extraction.Additionally,the results of interfacial tension experiments indicate that surfactants can reduce the heavy oil's interfacial tension,fostering the formation of nano-scale precursor films.They can also thicken these films and diminish their spreading resistance,thus accelerating residual oil removal and promoting heavy oil production.This study further elaborated the mechanisms behind the combined thermal flooding's efficiency in enhancing heavy oil recovery,offering a theoretical foundation for its broader application.展开更多
Surface deformation calculations due to environmental loading typically rely on the Preliminary Reference Earth Model(PREM),which assumes a homogeneous and isotropic Earth structure,leading to noticeable errors.To enh...Surface deformation calculations due to environmental loading typically rely on the Preliminary Reference Earth Model(PREM),which assumes a homogeneous and isotropic Earth structure,leading to noticeable errors.To enhance accuracy,the high-precision crustal model CRUST 1.0 is used to refine calculations of regional surface deformation caused by hydrological and non-tidal atmospheric loading.The improved model is applied to 27 Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)reference stations in the first phase of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China(CMONOC),considering their geographical locations.Green's functions are employed to compute surface deformation at each site.Results indicate relative discrepancies of 11.78%and 14.14%for non-tidal atmospheric and hydrological loading compared to PREM,with vertical deformation differences reaching an average of 18.95%.Additionally,the distinct spatial distribution characteristics of the relative differences in each direction indicate that the improved RPREM model is more responsive to the mass variations derived from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE).The results suggest that the improved PRREM model demonstrates higher sensitivity to loading variations than the PREM model.Utilizing the enhanced method of calculating surface deformation through the utilization of Green's function at the site could effectively reduce the calculation error caused by regional structure,leading to enhanced uniformity and isotropy of PREM.展开更多
The implementation of Countermeasure Techniques(CTs)in the context of Network-On-Chip(NoC)based Multiprocessor System-On-Chip(MPSoC)routers against the Flooding Denial-of-Service Attack(F-DoSA)falls under Multi-Criter...The implementation of Countermeasure Techniques(CTs)in the context of Network-On-Chip(NoC)based Multiprocessor System-On-Chip(MPSoC)routers against the Flooding Denial-of-Service Attack(F-DoSA)falls under Multi-Criteria Decision-Making(MCDM)due to the three main concerns,called:traffic variations,multiple evaluation criteria-based traffic features,and prioritization NoC routers as an alternative.In this study,we propose a comprehensive evaluation of various NoC traffic features to identify the most efficient routers under the F-DoSA scenarios.Consequently,an MCDM approach is essential to address these emerging challenges.While the recent MCDM approach has some issues,such as uncertainty,this study utilizes Fuzzy-Weighted Zero-Inconsistency(FWZIC)to estimate the criteria weight values and Fuzzy Decision by Opinion Score Method(FDOSM)for ranking the routers with fuzzy Single-valued Neutrosophic under names(SvN-FWZIC and SvN-FDOSM)to overcome the ambiguity.The results obtained by using the SvN-FWZIC method indicate that the Max packet count has the highest importance among the evaluated criteria,with a weighted score of 0.1946.In contrast,the Hop count is identified as the least significant criterion,with a weighted score of 0.1090.The remaining criteria fall within a range of intermediate importance,with enqueue time scoring 0.1845,packet count decremented and traversal index scoring 0.1262,packet count incremented scoring 0.1124,and packet count index scoring 0.1472.In terms of ranking,SvN-FDOSM has two approaches:individual and group.Both the individual and group ranking processes show that(Router 4)is the most effective router,while(Router 3)is the lowest router under F-DoSA.The sensitivity analysis provides a high stability in ranking among all 10 scenarios.This approach offers essential feedback in making proper decisions in the design of countermeasure techniques in the domain of NoC-based MPSoC.展开更多
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42107247)the National Key Research and Development Project(No.2022YFD1901605)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(Nos.2025YFHZ0142 and 2024NSFSC0800)the Tobacco Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(No.SCYC202407)。
文摘Soil microorganisms and labile soil organic carbon(SOC)fractions are essential factors affecting greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in paddy fields.However,the effects of labile SOC fractions and microorganisms on GHG emissions from flooding to drying after organic fertilizer replacing for chemical fertilizer remain unclear.Here,a long-term experiment was conducted with four treatments:chemical fertilization only(control),organic fertilizer substituting 25%of chemical N fertilizer(NM1),50%of chemical N fertilizer(NM2),and NM2combined with crop straw(NMS).GHG emissions were monitored,and soil samples were collected to determine labile SOC fractions and microorganisms.Results revealed the GHG emissions in the NM2 significantly increased by 196.88%from flooding to drying,mainly due to the higher CO_(2) emissions.The GHG emissions per kg of C input in NMS was the lowest with the value of 9.17.From flooding to drying,organic fertilizer application significantly increased the readily oxidizable organic carbon(ROC)contents and C lability;the NM2 and NMS dramatically increased the SOC and non-readily oxidizable organic carbon(NROC).The bacterial communities showed significant differences among different treatments in the flooding,while the significant difference was only found between the NMS and other treatments in the drying.From flooding to drying,changing soil moisture conditions causes C fractions and microbial communities to jointly affect carbon emissions,and the NMS promoted carbon sequestration and mitigated GHG emissions.Our findings highlight the importance of the labile SOC fractions and microorganisms linked to GHG emissions in paddy fields.
文摘[Objective]Surface water flooding is caused by heavy rainfall,which has been the main type of flooding in many cities across the world.Real urban environments are highly complex,and there are numerous parameters influencing the rainfall-runoff processes,such as road width,orientation and building coverage.The main objective is to perform a parametric study concerning the rainfall-runoff processes in complex urban environments,in order to gain a better understanding of the impact of urban characteristics on the surface runoff.[Methods]Realistic urban layouts are generated by means of procedural modelling software,which parameterises the urban configurations using 11 independent variables,including the averaged street length,street orientation,street curvature,major street width,minor street width,park coverage,etc.A shock-capturing TVD MacCormack shallow water equations solver is used to undertake a large number of computational simulations regarding the rainfall-runoff processes over realistic urban layouts.The dominating urban parameters that influence the time of concentration is unveiled,which characterises the timescale of the flood formation.[Results]In order to generalise the research outcomes,the obtained hydrographs at the outlet of the catchment are normalised so that they are independent of the catchment area,slope or rainfall intensity.The dimensionless time of concentration is thus only the functions of 12 independent parameters,including 11 parameters that governing the urban layouts and the Manning roughness coefficient of the ground.A sensitivity analysis,based on the multiple linear regression method,is performed on the 2,994 simulation cases to quantify the influence of each parameter.[Conclusion]The results show that the ground roughness and the building coverage ratio are the two most important factors that influence the urban flood formation.Their influences on the dimensionless timescale of the urban catchments’response to rainfall are quantified by empirical formulae.The research findings can provide useful guidelines for the design of future flood-resilient urban environments and the improvement of existing drainage systems in cities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42072211)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42401048)the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition and Research Program(No.2021xjkk0302)。
文摘The Taklimakan Desert,located in the heart of central Asia,covers approximately 330000 km^(2),making it China's largest desert and the world's second-largest shifting desert(Dong et al.,2024).With an average annual precipitation of less than 100 mm and evaporation rates ranging from 2000 to 3000 mm(Yang et al.,2020),it is recognized as one of the driest regions on Earth,often referred to as the“sea of death”.
基金supported by the Chongqing Youth Talent Support Program(Cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0079)the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation(52379128,51979152)+2 种基金Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hubei Proivnce(2023AFA048)Educational Commission of Hubei Province of China(T2020005)the Young Top-notch Talent Cultivation Program of Hubei Province.
文摘In rock drilling and blasting,the misfire of electronic detonators will not only affect the rock fragmentation result but also bring serious potential safety hazards to engineering construction.An accurate and comprehensive understanding of the failure mechanisms of electronic detonators subjected to impact loading is of great significance to the reliability design and field safety use of electronic detonators.The spatial distribution characteristics and failure modes of misfired electronic detonators under different application scenarios are statistically analysed.The results show that under high impact loads,electronic detonators will experience failure phenomena such as rupture of the fuse head,fracture of the bridge wire,falling off of the solder joint,chip module damage and insufficient initiation energy after deformation.The lack of impact resistance is the primary cause of misfire of electronic detonators.Combined with the underwater impact resistance test and the impact load test in the adjacent blasthole on site,the formulas of the impact failure probability of the electronic detonator under different stress‒strength distribution curves are deduced.The test and evaluation method of the impact resistance of electronic detonators based on stress‒strength interference theory is proposed.Furthermore,the impact failure model of electronic detonators considering the strength degradation effect under repeated random loads is established.On this basis,the failure mechanism of electronic detonators under different application environments,such as open-pit blasting and underground blasting,is revealed,which provides scientific theory and methods for the reliability analysis,design and type selection of electronic detonators in rock drilling and blasting.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42172292)Taishan Scholars Project Special Funding,and Shandong Energy Group(Grant No.SNKJ 2022A01-R26).
文摘A conceptual model of intermittent joints is introduced to the cyclic shear test in the laboratory to explore the effects of loading parameters on its shear behavior under cyclic shear loading.The results show that the loading parameters(initial normal stress,normal stiffness,and shear velocity)determine propagation paths of the wing and secondary cracks in rock bridges during the initial shear cycle,creating different morphologies of macroscopic step-path rupture surfaces and asperities on them.The differences in stress state and rupture surface induce different cyclic shear responses.It shows that high initial normal stress accelerates asperity degradation,raises shear resistance,and promotes compression of intermittent joints.In addition,high normal stiffness provides higher normal stress and shear resistance during the initial cycles and inhibits the dilation and compression of intermittent joints.High shear velocity results in a higher shear resistance,greater dilation,and greater compression.Finally,shear strength is most sensitive to initial normal stress,followed by shear velocity and normal stiffness.Moreover,average dilation angle is most sensitive to initial normal stress,followed by normal stiffness and shear velocity.During the shear cycles,frictional coefficient is affected by asperity degradation,backfilling of rock debris,and frictional area,exhibiting a non-monotonic behavior.
文摘Non-seismically designed(NSD)beam-column joints are susceptible to joint shear failure under seismic loads.Although significant research is available on the seismic behavior of such joints of planar frames,the information on the seismic behavior of joints of space frames(3D joints)is insufficient.The 3D joints are subjected to bi-directional excitation,which results in an interaction between the shear strength obtained for the joint in the two orthogonal directions separately.The bi-directional seismic behavior of corner reinforced concrete(RC)joints is the focus of this study.First,a detailed finite element(FE)model using the FE software Abaqus,is developed and validated using the test results from the literature.The validated modeling procedure is used to conduct a parametric study to investigate the influence of different parameters such as concrete strength,dimensions of main and transverse beams framing into the joint,presence or absence of a slab,axial load ratio and loading direction on the seismic behavior of joints.By subjecting the models to different combinations of loads on the beams along perpendicular directions,the interaction of the joint shear strength in two orthogonal directions is studied.The comparison of the interaction curves of the joints obtained from the numerical study with a quadratic(circular)interaction curve indicates that in a majority of cases,the quadratic interaction model can represent the strength interaction diagrams of RC beam to column connections with governing joint shear failure reasonably well.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52304136)Young Talent of Lifting Engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong,China(No.SDAST2024QTA060)Key Project of Research and Development in Liaocheng(No.2023YD02)。
文摘It is important to analyze the damage evolution process of surrounding rock under different water content for the stability of engineering rock mass.Based on digital speckle correlation(DSCM),acoustic emission(AE)and electromagnetic radiation(EMR),uniaxial hierarchical cyclic loading and unloading tests were carried out on sandstones with different fracture numbers under dry,natural and saturated water content,to explore the fracture propagation,failure precursor characteristics and damage response mechanism under the influence of water content effect.The results show that with the increase of water content,the peak stress and crack initiation stress decrease gradually,and the decreases are 15.28%-21.11%and 17.64%-23.04%,respectively.The peak strain and crack initiation strain increase gradually,and the increases are 19.85%-44.53%and 19.15%-41.94%,respectively.The precracked rock with different water content is mainly characterized by tensile failure at different loading stages.However,with the increase of water content,the proportion of shear cracks gradually increases,while acoustic emission events gradually decrease,the dissipative energy and energy storage limits of the rock under peak load gradually decrease,and the charge signal increases significantly,which is because the lubrication effect of water reduces the friction coefficient between crack surfaces.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3804500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52202352,22335006)+4 种基金the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(Grant No.20224Y0010)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Grant No.2021-I2M-5-012)the Basic Research Program of Shanghai Municipal Government(Grant No.21JC1406000)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.22120230237,2023-3-YB-11,22120220618)the Basic Research Program of Shanghai Municipal Government(23DX1900200).
文摘The current single-atom catalysts(SACs)for medicine still suffer from the limited active site density.Here,we develop a synthetic method capable of increasing both the metal loading and mass-specific activity of SACs by exchanging zinc with iron.The constructed iron SACs(h^(3)-FNC)with a high metal loading of 6.27 wt%and an optimized adjacent Fe distance of~4 A exhibit excellent oxidase-like catalytic performance without significant activity decay after being stored for six months and promising antibacterial effects.Attractively,a“density effect”has been found at a high-enough metal doping amount,at which individual active sites become close enough to interact with each other and alter the electronic structure,resulting in significantly boosted intrinsic activity of single-atomic iron sites in h^(3)-FNCs by 2.3 times compared to low-and medium-loading SACs.Consequently,the overall catalytic activity of h^(3)-FNC is highly improved,with mass activity and metal mass-specific activity that are,respectively,66 and 315 times higher than those of commercial Pt/C.In addition,h^(3)-FNCs demonstrate efficiently enhanced capability in catalyzing oxygen reduction into superoxide anion(O_(2)·^(−))and glutathione(GSH)depletion.Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrate the superior antibacterial efficacy of h^(3)-FNCs in promoting wound healing.This work presents an intriguing activity-enhancement effect in catalysts and exhibits impressive therapeutic efficacy in combating bacterial infections.
基金supported by the Basic Science Center Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42388102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42174030)+2 种基金the Special Fund of Hubei Luojia Laboratory(220100020)the Major Science and Technology Program for Hubei Province(2022AAA002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(2042022dx0001 and 2042023kfyq01)。
文摘Nonlinear variations in the coordinate time series of global navigation satellite system(GNSS) reference stations are strongly correlated with surface displacements caused by environmental loading effects,including atmospheric, hydrological, and nontidal ocean loading. Continuous improvements in the accuracy of surface mass loading products, performance of Earth models, and precise data-processing technologies have significantly advanced research on the effects of environmental loading on nonlinear variations in GNSS coordinate time series. However, owing to theoretical limitations, the lack of high spatiotemporal resolution surface mass observations, and the coupling of GNSS technology-related systematic errors, environmental loading and nonlinear GNSS reference station displacements remain inconsistent. The applicability and capability of these loading products across different regions also require further evaluation. This paper outlines methods for modeling environmental loading, surface mass loading products, and service organizations. In addition, it summarizes recent advances in applying environmental loading to address nonlinear variations in global and regional GNSS coordinate time series. Moreover, the scientific questions of existing studies are summarized, and insights into future research directions are provided. The complex nonlinear motion of reference stations is a major factor limiting the accuracy of the current terrestrial reference frame. Further refining the environmental load modeling method, establishing a surface mass distribution model with high spatiotemporal resolution and reliability, exploring other environmental load factors such as ice sheet and artificial mass-change effects, and developing an optimal data-processing model and strategy for reprocessing global reference station data consistently could contribute to the development of a millimeter-level nonlinear motion model for GNSS reference stations with actual physical significance and provide theoretical support for establishing a terrestrial reference frame with 1 mm accuracy by 2050.
基金supported by the BK21 FOUR funded by the Ministry of Education of Korea and National Research Foundation of Korea,a Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement(KAIA)grant funded by the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure,and Transport(Grant 1615013176)IITP(Institute of Information&Coummunications Technology Planning&Evaluation)-ICAN(ICT Challenge and Advanced Network of HRD)grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT)(RS-2024-00438411).
文摘This paper proposes a novel cargo loading algorithm applicable to automated conveyor-type loading systems.The algorithm offers improvements in computational efficiency and robustness by utilizing the concept of discrete derivatives and introducing logistics-related constraints.Optional consideration of the rotation of the cargoes was made to further enhance the optimality of the solutions,if possible to be physically implemented.Evaluation metrics were developed for accurate evaluation and enhancement of the algorithm’s ability to efficiently utilize the loading space and provide a high level of dynamic stability.Experimental results demonstrate the extensive robustness of the proposed algorithm to the diversity of cargoes present in Business-to-Consumer environments.This study contributes practical advancements in both cargo loading optimization and automation of the logistics industry,with potential applications in last-mile delivery services,warehousing,and supply chain management.
基金Project(52174069) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(8202033) supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,ChinaProject(KCF2203) supported by the Henan Key Laboratory for Green and Efficient Mining&Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources (Henan Polytechnic University),China。
文摘This work aims to reveal the mechanical responses and energy evolution characteristics of skarn rock under constant amplitude-varied frequency loading paths.Testing results show that the fatigue lifetime,stress−strain responses,deformation,energy dissipation and fracture morphology are all impacted by the loading rate.A pronounced influence of the loading rate on rock deformation is found,with slower loading rate eliciting enhanced strain development,alongside augmented energy absorption and dissipation.In addition,it is revealed that the loading rate and cyclic loading amplitude jointly influence the phase shift distribution,with accelerated rates leading to a narrower phase shift duration.It is suggested that lower loading rate leads to more significant energy dissipation.Finally,the tensile or shear failure modes were intrinsically linked to loading strategy,with cyclic loading predominantly instigating shear damage,as manifest in the increased presence of pulverized grain particles.This work would give new insights into the fortification of mining structures and the optimization of mining methodologies.
文摘Floods and storm surges pose significant threats to coastal regions worldwide,demanding timely and accurate early warning systems(EWS)for disaster preparedness.Traditional numerical and statistical methods often fall short in capturing complex,nonlinear,and real-time environmental dynamics.In recent years,machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)techniques have emerged as promising alternatives for enhancing the accuracy,speed,and scalability of EWS.This review critically evaluates the evolution of ML models—such as Artificial Neural Networks(ANN),Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),and Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)—in coastal flood prediction,highlighting their architectures,data requirements,performance metrics,and implementation challenges.A unique contribution of this work is the synthesis of real-time deployment challenges including latency,edge-cloud tradeoffs,and policy-level integration,areas often overlooked in prior literature.Furthermore,the review presents a comparative framework of model performance across different geographic and hydrologic settings,offering actionable insights for researchers and practitioners.Limitations of current AI-driven models,such as interpretability,data scarcity,and generalization across regions,are discussed in detail.Finally,the paper outlines future research directions including hybrid modelling,transfer learning,explainable AI,and policy-aware alert systems.By bridging technical performance and operational feasibility,this review aims to guide the development of next-generation intelligent EWS for resilient and adaptive coastal management.
基金Project(2023YFC3009003) supported by the National Key R&D Program of ChinaProjects(52130409, 52121003, 52374249, 52204220) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2024JCCXAQ01) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘In this study,a uniaxial cyclic compression test is conducted on coal-rock composite structures under two cyclic loads using MTSE45.104 testing apparatus to investigate the macro-mesoscopic deformation,damage behavior,and energy evolution characteristics of these structures under different cyclic stress disturbances.Three loading and unloading rates(LURs)are tested to examine the damage behaviors and energy-driven characteristics of the composites.The findings reveal that the energy-driven behavior,mechanical properties,and macro-micro degradation characteristics of the composites are significantly influenced by the loading rate.Under the gradual cyclic loading and unloading(CLU)path with a constant lower limit(path I)and the CLU path with variable upper and lower boundaries(path II),an increase in LURs from 0.05 to 0.15 mm/min reduces the average loading time by 32.39%and 48.60%,respectively.Consequently,the total number of cracks in the samples increases by 1.66-fold for path I and 1.41-fold for path II.As LURs further increase,the energy storage limit of samples expands,leading to a higher proportion of transmatrix and shear cracks.Under both cyclic loading conditions,a broader cyclic stress range promotes energy dissipation and the formation of internal fractures.Notably,at higher loading rates,cracks tend to propagate along primary weak surfaces,leading to an increased incidence of intermatrix fractures.This behavior indicates a microscopic feature of the failure mechanisms in composite structures.These results provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the damage and failure characteristics of coal-rock composite structures under cyclic stress disturbances.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82271019,82472149,82471024)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.24ZDYF0099)Research and Develop Program,West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University(RD-03-202101)to J.W.
文摘The ambiguity of etiology makes temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis(TMJOA)“difficult-to-treat”.Emerging evidence underscores the therapeutic promise of exosomes in osteoarthritis management.Nonetheless,challenges such as low yields and insignificant efficacy of current exosome therapies necessitate significant advances.Addressing lower strontium(Sr)levels in arthritic synovial microenvironment,we studied the effect of Sr element on exosomes and miRNA selectively loading in synovial mesenchymal stem cells(SMSCs).Here,we developed an optimized system that boosts the yield of SMSC-derived exosomes(SMSCEXOs)and improves their miRNA profiles with an elevated proportion of beneficial miRNAs,while reducing harmful ones by pretreating SMSCs with Sr.Compared to untreated SMSC-EXOs,Sr-pretreated SMSC-derived exosomes(Sr-SMSC-EXOs)demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy by mitigating chondrocyte ferroptosis and reducing osteoclast-mediated joint pain in TMJOA.Our results illustrate Alix’s crucial role in Sr-triggered miRNA loading,identifying miR-143-3p as a key anti-TMJOA exosomal component.Interestingly,this system is specifically oriented towards synovium-derived stem cells.The insight into trace elementdriven,site-specific miRNA selectively loading in SMSC-EXOs proposes a promising therapeutic enhancement strategy for TMJOA.
文摘The paper aimed to better characterize how flood impacts have changed over time in Japan.It is hypothesized that different flood impact indicators vary in their sensitivity to significant changes.To test this hypothesis,change-point analysis was applied to various indicators,including flood-related deaths,the ratio of deaths to total flood victims,and a newly proposed composite indicator that integrates both loss of life and property damage.The analysis revealed that while the annual number of flood victims has remained statistically unchanged during the study period,the proportion of deaths among victims has increased.Similarly,although the annual number of completely damaged houses did not show a significant change,the proportion of completely damaged houses relative to the total number of flooded houses has risen.According to the newly developed composite indicator,the overall impact of flooding in Japan has shifted upward since 2004.The value of this study lies in its novel approach of combining loss of life with property damage in trend analysis,enabling policymakers and citizens to better understand the evolving risks posed by floods.These findings not only provide policymakers with a comprehensive reference for evaluating the effectiveness of flood management measures but also help promote public participation in flood mitigation efforts.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1201403)The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023RC1077)+2 种基金Key Research and Development Projects of Hunan Provincial(2023NK2012)Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Talent Promotion Project(2023 TJ-Z09)The Hunan Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund Project(2024CX096).
文摘Flooding can lead to oxygen deprivation in rapeseed,negatively affecting its growth and development and ul-timately reducing yields.Vitreoscilla hemoglobin(VHb),a bacterial hemoglobin with a high oxygen-binding affinity,plays a key role in enhancing oxygen uptake and metabolic efficiency under low-oxygen conditions.Through genetic transformation,we overexpressed the VHb gene in rapeseed,which resulted in significant im-provements in survival rate,root length,and biomass under submerged conditions.Additionally,we observed that transgenic plants developed adventitious roots in response to submergence stress.These transgenic plants also exhibited increased activities of ethanol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase-enzymes associated with anaerobic respiration.Our findings indicate that VHb enhances flooding tolerance in rapeseed by promoting adventitious root formation and strengthening the plant's capacity for fermentation metabolism under anaerobic conditions.
基金the University Grants Commission(UGC),Government of India for the UGC-Non-NET Fellowship during the PhD degree program(Grant No.R/Dev/IX-Sch/BHU-Res-Sch/2022-23/51137).
文摘Flooding in rice fields,especially in coastal regions and low-lying river basins,causes significant devastation to crops.Rice is highly susceptible to prolonged flooding,with a drastic decline in yields if inundation persists for more than 7 d,especially during the reproductive stage.Although the SUB1 QTL,which confers tolerance to complete submergence during the vegetative stage,has been incorporated into breeding programs,the development of alternative sources is crucial.These alternatives would broaden the genetic base,mitigate the influence of the genomic background,and extend the efficacy of SUB1 QTL to withstand longer submergence periods(up to approximately 21 d).Contemporary breeding strategies predominantly target submergence stress at the vegetative stage.However,stagnant flooding(partial submergence of vegetative parts)during the reproductive phase inflicts severe damage on the rice crop,leading to reduced yields,heightened susceptibility to pests and diseases,lodging,and inferior grain quality.The ability to tolerate stagnant flooding can be ascribed to several adaptive traits:accelerated aerenchyma formation,efficient underwater photosynthesis,reduced radial oxygen loss in submerged tissues,reinforced culms,enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging within cells,dehydration tolerance post-flooding,and resistance to pests and diseases.A thorough investigation of the genetics underlying these traits,coupled with the integration of key alleles into elite genetic backgrounds,can significantly enhance food and income security in flood-prone rice-growing regions,particularly in coastal high-rainfall areas and low-lying river basins.This review aims to delineate an innovative breeding strategy that employs genomic,phenomic,and traditional breeding methodologies to develop rice varieties resilient to various dimensions of flooding stress at both the vegetative and reproductive stages.
基金The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U20B6003)for their financial support to carry out this research.
文摘China boasts abundant heavy oil resources,which is vital for its energy security.However,its heavy oil typically exhibits high viscosity,which severely hinders its flow and extraction.Enhancing heavy oil flowability is vital for its effective exploitation.This study independently developed a visualization experimental system and explored the mechanisms through which combined thermal flooding(a combination of heat,chemical agents and gas)enhances heavy oil flowability.Results indicate that combined thermal flooding,that is,synergistically integrating heat,chemical agents,and gas,can effectively enhance the recovery of heavy oil by improving its flowability.Its working mechanisms were explored from the aspects of thermal effects,emulsification,precursor film,profile control capacity,and CO_(2) solution and extraction effects.The emulsification was observed using a confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope(CLSFM).Findings reveal that steam flooding can boost crude oil flowability by augmenting temperature,while a chemical system tends to produce low-viscosity oil-in-water emul-sions,thus further aiding the flow of crude oil.During CO_(2) flooding,the solvent initially reduced crude oil viscosity and formed foamy oil,followed by the pronounced component separation of the produced fluids in the later stage.This demonstrates the effectiveness of CO_(2) in viscosity reduction and component extraction.Additionally,the results of interfacial tension experiments indicate that surfactants can reduce the heavy oil's interfacial tension,fostering the formation of nano-scale precursor films.They can also thicken these films and diminish their spreading resistance,thus accelerating residual oil removal and promoting heavy oil production.This study further elaborated the mechanisms behind the combined thermal flooding's efficiency in enhancing heavy oil recovery,offering a theoretical foundation for its broader application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 42204006)the Education Commission of Hubei Province of China(Grant D20232802)+1 种基金the Open Fund of Wuhan,Gravitationand Solid EarthTides,National Observationand Research Station(Grant WHYWZ202407)the Open Fund of Hubei Luojia Laboratory(Grant 230100020,230100019).
文摘Surface deformation calculations due to environmental loading typically rely on the Preliminary Reference Earth Model(PREM),which assumes a homogeneous and isotropic Earth structure,leading to noticeable errors.To enhance accuracy,the high-precision crustal model CRUST 1.0 is used to refine calculations of regional surface deformation caused by hydrological and non-tidal atmospheric loading.The improved model is applied to 27 Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)reference stations in the first phase of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China(CMONOC),considering their geographical locations.Green's functions are employed to compute surface deformation at each site.Results indicate relative discrepancies of 11.78%and 14.14%for non-tidal atmospheric and hydrological loading compared to PREM,with vertical deformation differences reaching an average of 18.95%.Additionally,the distinct spatial distribution characteristics of the relative differences in each direction indicate that the improved RPREM model is more responsive to the mass variations derived from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE).The results suggest that the improved PRREM model demonstrates higher sensitivity to loading variations than the PREM model.Utilizing the enhanced method of calculating surface deformation through the utilization of Green's function at the site could effectively reduce the calculation error caused by regional structure,leading to enhanced uniformity and isotropy of PREM.
文摘The implementation of Countermeasure Techniques(CTs)in the context of Network-On-Chip(NoC)based Multiprocessor System-On-Chip(MPSoC)routers against the Flooding Denial-of-Service Attack(F-DoSA)falls under Multi-Criteria Decision-Making(MCDM)due to the three main concerns,called:traffic variations,multiple evaluation criteria-based traffic features,and prioritization NoC routers as an alternative.In this study,we propose a comprehensive evaluation of various NoC traffic features to identify the most efficient routers under the F-DoSA scenarios.Consequently,an MCDM approach is essential to address these emerging challenges.While the recent MCDM approach has some issues,such as uncertainty,this study utilizes Fuzzy-Weighted Zero-Inconsistency(FWZIC)to estimate the criteria weight values and Fuzzy Decision by Opinion Score Method(FDOSM)for ranking the routers with fuzzy Single-valued Neutrosophic under names(SvN-FWZIC and SvN-FDOSM)to overcome the ambiguity.The results obtained by using the SvN-FWZIC method indicate that the Max packet count has the highest importance among the evaluated criteria,with a weighted score of 0.1946.In contrast,the Hop count is identified as the least significant criterion,with a weighted score of 0.1090.The remaining criteria fall within a range of intermediate importance,with enqueue time scoring 0.1845,packet count decremented and traversal index scoring 0.1262,packet count incremented scoring 0.1124,and packet count index scoring 0.1472.In terms of ranking,SvN-FDOSM has two approaches:individual and group.Both the individual and group ranking processes show that(Router 4)is the most effective router,while(Router 3)is the lowest router under F-DoSA.The sensitivity analysis provides a high stability in ranking among all 10 scenarios.This approach offers essential feedback in making proper decisions in the design of countermeasure techniques in the domain of NoC-based MPSoC.
