Flexible net barriers are a new type of effective mitigation measure against debris flows in valleys and can affect the kinematic energy and mass of debris flows. Here, ten flume tests were performed to study the dyna...Flexible net barriers are a new type of effective mitigation measure against debris flows in valleys and can affect the kinematic energy and mass of debris flows. Here, ten flume tests were performed to study the dynamic behaviours of debris flows with differences in volumes, concentrations(solid volume fraction), and travel distances after interception by a uniform flexible net barrier. A high-speed camera was used to monitor the whole test process, and their dynamic behaviours were recorded. A preliminary computational framework on energy conversion is proposed according to the deposition mechanisms and outflow of debris flow under the effects of the flexible net barrier. The experimental results show that the dynamic interaction process between a debris flow and the flexible net barrier can be divided into two stages:(a) the two-phase impact of the leading edge of the debris flow with the net and(b) collision and friction between the body of the debris flow and intercepted debris material. The approach velocity of a debris flow decreases sharply(a maximum of 63%) after the interception by the net barrier, and the mass ratio of the debris material being intercepted and the kinetic energy ratio of the debris material being absorbed by the net barrier are close due to the limited interception efficiency of the flexible net barrier, which is believed to be related to the flexibility. The energy ratio of outflow is relative small despite the large permeability of the flexible net barrier.展开更多
Because the main failure type of a dangerous rock mass is collapse, the treatment of such a mass should focus on controlling collapse failure. When treating dangerous rock masses, disturbing the mass （e. g. by blast...Because the main failure type of a dangerous rock mass is collapse, the treatment of such a mass should focus on controlling collapse failure. When treating dangerous rock masses, disturbing the mass （e. g. by blasting） needs to be avoided, as this new damage could cause collapse. So the self-bearing capacity of the mountain mass must be used to treat the dangerous rock mass. This article is based on a practical example of the control of a dangerous rock mass at Banyan Mountain, Huangshi, Hubei Province. On the basis of an analysis of damage mechanism and the stability of the dangerous rock mass, a flexible network reinforcement method was designed to prevent the collapse of the rock mass. The deformations of section Ⅱ w of the dangerous rock mass before and after the flexible network reinforcement were calculated using the two-dimensional finite element method. The results show that the maximum deformation reduced by 55 % after the application of the flexible network reinforcement, from 45.99 to 20.75 ram, which demonstrates that the flexible network method is effective, and can provide some scientific basis for the treatment of dangerous rock masses.展开更多
The construction of hierarchical thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)composites with superior flame retardant and electromagnetic shielding capabilities hold significant practical importance.In this work,TPU composites loa...The construction of hierarchical thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)composites with superior flame retardant and electromagnetic shielding capabilities hold significant practical importance.In this work,TPU composites loaded with a multilayer core-shell flame retardant(APP@CoAl-LDH@Si)and a modified conductive nanofiller(MWCNT-NH_(2)-PA)were firstly prepared through the melt blending method,acting as surface layer.Additionally,multilayered MXene films functionalized by bacterial cellulose(BC)and dopamine hydrochloride(DA)were fabricated via a facile and efficient vacuum filtration approach.Finally,a PBM film was utilized as an intermediate layer to construct hierarchical TPU composites.The results indicated that the introduction of 10 wt%APP@CoAl-LDH@Si hybrid,the peak heat release rate,total heat release,peak smoke production rate,and total smoke release of the TPU composites were decreased by 83.0%,61.3%,48.5%and 66.9%,respectively,compared with those of pure TPU due to the free radicals capture effect of APP,and the flame-retardant functions of LDH and silane.Moreover,the hierarchical TPU/APP@CoAl-LDH@Si/CP1-PBM exhibited excellent electromagnetic shielding performance,achieving 43.6 dB in the X-band because of multiple reflection losses,interface polarization losses,and charge carrier movement-induced thermal dissipation.Extraordinarily,the A and R coefficients were reversed in the X and K bands.This phenomenon was attributed to the different degrees of confinement of the multilayer structure to electromagnetic waves with different wavelengths.This work presents a novel model for the design and preparation of high-performance polymer composites with multiple properties and regulation mechanism.展开更多
With the widespread implementation of distributed generation(DG)and the integration of soft open point(SOP)into the distribution network(DN),the latter is steadily transitioning into a flexible distribution network(FD...With the widespread implementation of distributed generation(DG)and the integration of soft open point(SOP)into the distribution network(DN),the latter is steadily transitioning into a flexible distribution network(FDN),the calculation of carbon flow distribution in FDN is more difficult.To this end,this study constructs a model for low-carbon optimal operations within the FDN on the basis of enhanced carbon emission flow(CEF).First,the carbon emission characteristics of FDNs are scrutinized and an improved method for calculating carbon flow within these networks is proposed.Subsequently,a model for optimizing low-carbon operations within FDNs is formulated based on the refined CEF,which merges the specificities of DG and intelligent SOP.Finally,this model is scrutinized using an upgraded IEEE 33-node distribution system,a comparative analysis of the cases reveals that when DG and SOP are operated in a coordinated manner in the FDN,with the cost of electricity generation was reduced by 40.63 percent and the cost of carbon emissions by 10.18 percent.The findings indicate that the judicious optimization of areas exhibiting higher carbon flow rates can effectively enhance the economic efficiency of DN operations and curtail the carbon emissions of the overall network.展开更多
This paper proposes an attitude control strategy for a flexible satellite equipped with an orthogonal cluster of three-dimensional(3D)magnetically suspended wheels(MSWs).The mathematical model for the satellite incorp...This paper proposes an attitude control strategy for a flexible satellite equipped with an orthogonal cluster of three-dimensional(3D)magnetically suspended wheels(MSWs).The mathematical model for the satellite incorporating flexible appendages and an orthogonal cluster of magnetically suspended reaction wheel actuators is initially developed.After that,an adaptive attitude controller is designed with a switching surface of variable structure,an adaptive law for estimating inertia matrix uncertainty,and a fuzzy disturbance observer for estimating disturbance torques.Additionally,a Moore-Penrose-based steering law is proposed to derive the tilt angle commands of the orthogonal configuration of the 3D MSW to follow the designed control signal.Finally,numerical simulations are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.展开更多
The rising flexible and intelligent electronics greatly facilitate the noninvasive and timely tracking of physiological information in telemedicine healthcare.Meticulously building bionic-sensitive moieties is vital f...The rising flexible and intelligent electronics greatly facilitate the noninvasive and timely tracking of physiological information in telemedicine healthcare.Meticulously building bionic-sensitive moieties is vital for designing efficient electronic skin with advanced cognitive functionalities to pluralistically capture external stimuli.However,realistic mimesis,both in the skin’s three-dimensional interlocked hierarchical structures and synchronous encoding multistimuli information capacities,remains a challenging yet vital need for simplifying the design of flexible logic circuits.Herein,we construct an artificial epidermal device by in situ growing Cu_(3)(HHTP)_(2) particles onto the hollow spherical Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) surface,aiming to concurrently emulate the spinous and granular layers of the skin’s epidermis.The bionic Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)@Cu_(3)(HHTP)_(2) exhibits independent NO_(2) and pressure response,as well as novel functionalities such as acoustic signature perception and Morse code-encrypted message communication.Ultimately,a wearable alarming system with a mobile application terminal is self-developed by integrating the bimodular senor into flexible printed circuits.This system can assess risk factors related with asthmatic,such as stimulation of external NO_(2) gas,abnormal expiratory behavior and exertion degrees of fingers,achieving a recognition accuracy of 97.6%as assisted by a machine learning algorithm.Our work provides a feasible routine to develop intelligent multifunctional healthcare equipment for burgeoning transformative telemedicine diagnosis.展开更多
Radiative cooling is an environmentally friendly,passive cooling technology that operates without energy consumption.Current research primarily focuses on optimizing the optical properties of radiative cooling films t...Radiative cooling is an environmentally friendly,passive cooling technology that operates without energy consumption.Current research primarily focuses on optimizing the optical properties of radiative cooling films to enhance their cooling performance.In practical applications,thermal contact between the radiative cooling film and the object significantly influences the ultimate cooling performance.However,achieving optimal thermal contact has received limited attention.In this study,we propose and experimentally demonstrate a high-power,flexible,and magnetically attachable and detachable radiative cooling film.This film consists of polymer metasurface structures on a flexible magnetic layer.The monolithic design allows for convenient attachment to and detachment from steel or iron surfaces,ensuring optimal thermal contact with minimal thermal resistance and uniform temperature distribution.Our magnetic radiative cooling film exhibits superior cooling performance compared to non-magnetic alternatives.It can reduce the temperature of stainless-steel plates under sunlight by 15.2℃,which is 3.6℃ more than that achieved by non-magnetic radiative cooling films.The radiative cooling power can reach 259W·m^(-2) at a working temperature of 70℃.Unlike other commonly used attachment methods,such as thermal grease or one-off tape,our approach allows for detachment and reusability of the cooling film according to practical needs.This method offers great simplicity,flexibility,and cost-effectiveness,making it promising for broad applications,particularly on non-horizontal irregular surfaces previously considered challenging.展开更多
Multifunctional flexible sensors as wearable electronic systems have attracted considerable attention for mimicking human skin to sense ambient stimuli.However,sensors need to have high resolution,stability and sensit...Multifunctional flexible sensors as wearable electronic systems have attracted considerable attention for mimicking human skin to sense ambient stimuli.However,sensors need to have high resolution,stability and sensitivity to realize fully biomimetic skin.Here,an assembled and welded Ag/W composite nanowire flexible electrode was prepared for body motion monitoring and flexible heaters.This Ag/W composite nanowire flexible electrode has a high transmittance of 90.1%(at 121Ω·sq^(−1) sheet resistance)and a low sheet resistance of 27Ω·sq^(−1)(at 60.1%transmittance).Although the transparency of this electrode is not high,the fluctuation in relative resistance change rate at 10%strain is only 5%after 1000 tensile cycles.It can be employed to monitor human body motions,including bending of fingers,arms,wrists,and throat action.Meanwhile,the Ag/W nanowires composite film heater achieves a steady-state temperature of up to 100℃ at a constant voltage of 3.5 V and an instantaneous heating rate of up to 36.5℃·s^(−1).展开更多
Aiming at the problems of increasing uncertainty of low-carbon generation energy in active distribution network(ADN)and the difficulty of security assessment of distribution network,this paper proposes a two-phase sch...Aiming at the problems of increasing uncertainty of low-carbon generation energy in active distribution network(ADN)and the difficulty of security assessment of distribution network,this paper proposes a two-phase scheduling model for flexible resources in ADN based on probabilistic risk perception.First,a full-cycle probabilistic trend sequence is constructed based on the source-load historical data,and in the day-ahead scheduling phase,the response interval of the flexibility resources on the load and storage side is optimized based on the probabilistic trend,with the probability of the security boundary as the security constraint,and with the economy as the objective.Then in the intraday phase,the core security and economic operation boundary of theADNis screened in real time.Fromthere,it quantitatively senses the degree of threat to the core security and economic operation boundary under the current source-load prediction information,and identifies the strictly secure and low/high-risk time periods.Flexibility resources within the response interval are dynamically adjusted in real-time by focusing on high-risk periods to cope with future core risks of the distribution grid.Finally,the improved IEEE 33-node distribution system is simulated to obtain the flexibility resource scheduling scheme on the load and storage side.Thescheduling results are evaluated from the perspectives of risk probability and flexible resource utilization efficiency,and the analysis shows that the scheduling model in this paper can promote the consumption of low-carbon energy from wind and photovoltaic sourceswhile reducing the operational risk of the distribution network.展开更多
Electronics over flexible substrates offer advantages of flexibility, portability and low cost, and promising applications in the areas of energy, information, defense science and medical service. In recent years, tre...Electronics over flexible substrates offer advantages of flexibility, portability and low cost, and promising applications in the areas of energy, information, defense science and medical service. In recent years, tremendous progress has been witnessed in the development of flexible wearable devices that can be potentially massively deployed. Of particular interest are intelligent wearable devices, such as sensors and storage cells, which can be integrated by flexible magnetoelectronic devices based on magnetic thin films. To examine this further, the magnetic properties of FeNi thin films with different thicknesses grown on flexible graphene substrate are investigated at room temperature. The coercivity increases with increasing thicknesses of FeNi thin film, which can be attributed to the increase of grain size and decrease of surface roughness. Moreover, the thickness modulated magnetic property shows a magnetic anisotropy shift increase with varying thicknesses of FeNi thin film by using measurements based on ferromagnetic resonance, which further enhances the resonance frequency. In addition, the resonance peak is quite stable after bending it for ten cycles. The result is promising for the future design of flexible magnetoelectronic devices.展开更多
The mechanical performance of flexible catalysts remains a significant challenge for industrial applications.In this study,graphene oxide(GO)functions as both a binder and a redox mediator,serving as a crucial"br...The mechanical performance of flexible catalysts remains a significant challenge for industrial applications.In this study,graphene oxide(GO)functions as both a binder and a redox mediator,serving as a crucial"bridge"between metal species and the organic foam,thereby substantially enhancing NO_(x) conversion efficiency.Catalytic activity tests demonstrate that the GO-modified MnCo-MS@0.05GO catalyst achieves a NO_(x) conversion rate exceeding 95%.The incorporation of GO strengthens the adhesion between the organic foam and metal components,increases the surface roughness of the sponge,and ensures the uniform and stable distribution of metal active sites.Additionally,GO enhances the content of effective catalytic species,improves electron transfer efficiency in the selective catalytic reduction reaction,and reduces diffusion resistance.To elucidate the NO reduction mechanism,in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and transient reaction studies were performed.The results indicate that as the reaction temperature increases,both the Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanisms contribute to promoting the SCR reaction rate.展开更多
Thermal runaway(TR)is considered a significant safety hazard for lithium batteries,and thermal protection materials are crucial in mitigating this risk.However,current thermal protection materials generally suffer fro...Thermal runaway(TR)is considered a significant safety hazard for lithium batteries,and thermal protection materials are crucial in mitigating this risk.However,current thermal protection materials generally suffer from poor mechanical properties,flammability,leakage,and rigid crystallization,and they struggle to continuously block excess heat transfer and propagation once thermal saturation occurs.This study proposes a novel type of thermal protection material:an aerogel coupled composite phase change material(CPCM).The composite material consists of gelatin/sodium alginate(Ge/SA)composite biomass aerogel as an insulating component and a thermally induced flexible CPCM made from thermoplastic polyester elastomer as a heat-absorbing component.Inspired by power bank,we coupled the aerogel with CPCM through the binder,so that CPCM can continue to‘charge and store energy’for the aerogel,effectively absorbing heat,delaying the heat saturation phenomenon,and maximizing the duration of thermal insulation.The results demonstrate that the Ge/SA aerogel exhibits excellent thermal insulation(with a temperature difference of approximately 120℃ across a 1 cm thickness)and flame retardancy(achieving a V-0 flame retardant rating).The CPCM exhibits high heat storage density(811.9 J g^(−1)),good thermally induced flexibility(bendable above 40℃),and thermal stability.Furthermore,the Ge/SA-CPCM coupled composite material shows even more outstanding thermal insulation performance,with the top surface temperature remaining at 89℃ after 100 min of exposure to a high temperature of 230℃.This study provides a new direction for the development of TR protection materials for lithium batteries.展开更多
Flexible phase change materials(PCMs)have become increasingly critical to address the demand for thermal management in electronic technologies and energy conversion.However,their application remains challenging becaus...Flexible phase change materials(PCMs)have become increasingly critical to address the demand for thermal management in electronic technologies and energy conversion.However,their application remains challenging because of their rigidity,liquid leakage,and insufficient thermal conductivity.Herein,flexible glutamic acid@natural rubber/paraffin wax(PW)/carbon nanotubes-graphene nanoplatelets(GNR/PW/CGNP)phase change composites with high thermal conductivity,excellent shape stability,and recyclability were reported.Zn^(2+)-based dynamic crosslinking was constructed through the reaction of zinc acetate and carboxyl groups on glutamic acid@natural rubber(GNR),which was used as a flexible matrix to physically blend with paraffin wax/carbon nanotubes/graphene nanoplatelets(PW/CGNP)to achieve uniform dispersion of PW/CGNP,continuous thermal conductivity networks,and good encapsulation of PW.The GNR/PW/CGNP composites showed excellent mechanical strength,flexibility,and recycling ability,and effective encapsulation prevented the outflow of melted PW during the phase transition.Also,the phase change enthalpy could attain 111.1 J/g with a higher thermal conductivity of 1.055 W/m K,428%higher than that of pure PW owing to the formation of efficient thermal conductive pathways,which exhibited outstanding thermal management performance and superior temperature control behavior in electronic devices.The developed flexible composite PCMs may open new possibilities for next-generation flexible thermal management electronics.展开更多
Quantum dot(QD)-based fluorescent inks offer high potential due to their tunable emission and high quantum yield,but their practical application suffers from poor environmental stability,aggregation,and challenges in ...Quantum dot(QD)-based fluorescent inks offer high potential due to their tunable emission and high quantum yield,but their practical application suffers from poor environmental stability,aggregation,and challenges in scalable flexible fabrication.In this study,a high-stability fluorescent ink was developed by incorporating QDs into a polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)colloidal matrix.High-performance patterned films were then obtained via systematic optimization of screen-printing parameters,with film quality governed by substrate type(131μm PDMS),QD concentration(1.5 mg/mL),and screen mesh count(420 mesh).The optimized films exhibit outstanding environmental and photostability,retaining 75.6% of their fluorescence intensity after immersion in deionized water and 63.8% in 75%ethanol at 25℃ for 100 minutes.Under UV irradiation(365 nm,9 W,100 min),fluorescence intensity decreases by less than 20%.Utilizing their daylight transparency and UV-excitable luminescence,various patterns including QR codes and Code 93 standard barcodes were fabricated via screen printing with high pattern fidelity and machine readability.This study presents a scalable and reliable strategy for the fabrication of flexible,high-stability fluorescent films,supporting their integration into next-generation optoelectronic devices,advanced displays,and secure anti-counterfeiting.展开更多
Flexible polymer electronics have emerged as an important research frontier in materials science due to their unique advantages,including mechanical flexibility,lightweight characteristics,and solution processability....Flexible polymer electronics have emerged as an important research frontier in materials science due to their unique advantages,including mechanical flexibility,lightweight characteristics,and solution processability.These features enable a wide range of emerging applications such as wearable electronics,electronic skins,and biomedical devices,etc.In recent years,much advances in polymer chemistry,device physics,and interface engineering have significantly improved the performance of flexible polymer electronic devices,accelerating their transition from fundamental research to practical applications.展开更多
Cellulose,the dominant natural polymer on Earth,features a distinct molecular structure with extraordinary mechanical properties and tunable characteristics,making it attractive for gel systems.Although significant pr...Cellulose,the dominant natural polymer on Earth,features a distinct molecular structure with extraordinary mechanical properties and tunable characteristics,making it attractive for gel systems.Although significant progress has been made,challenges remain in fully leveraging their functional potential and broadening practical applications.This review systematically examines the properties of cellulose and cellulose gels,exploring novel reinforcement strategies—across molecular,supramolecular network,and macroscale structure levels—to enhance mechanical,electrical,and thermal performance,while coordinating these properties for practical implementations.These advancements are exemplified in emerging fields such as flexible robotics,electronic skins,flexible energy storage devices,and human-machine interaction systems.This article thoroughly investigates the fundamental characteristics,multi-scale design approaches,performance enhancement mechanisms,and cutting-edge implementations of cellulose-based gels across diverse domains.It provides a comprehensive overview of these advanced materials and offers strategic insights and recommendations for future research and innovation.展开更多
Improving the optoelectronic behavior and stress-deformation stability of conjugated materials is crucial for the realization of their potential applications in flexible optoelectronics.To tune the emission behavior a...Improving the optoelectronic behavior and stress-deformation stability of conjugated materials is crucial for the realization of their potential applications in flexible optoelectronics.To tune the emission behavior and mechanical property of molecular crystals simultaneously via supramolecular salt strategy is rarely reported,which is very important to improve their photophysical behavior and softness for the fabrication of flexible light-emitting device.Herein,supramolecular salt approach has been successfully applied to synthesize two elastic organic fluorescent crystals(CMOH-Py-Cl and CMOH-Py-Br)derived from non-emissive and brittle pyridine-substituted coumarin derivative(CMOH-Py).Their elastic properties can be attributed to the prevalent presence of numerous weak interactions introduced by halogen atoms,which are beneficial to the absorption and release of mechanical energy.Furthermore,density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated a narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps from CMOH-Py to CMOH-Py-Cl/CMOH-Py-Br via supramolecular salt approach.Finally,the application of flexible crystal materials in the field of optical waveguides has been investigated.The transformation of crystals in terms of photophysical and mechanical properties,achieved by the supramolecular salt approach,offers novel insights into the design and construction of flexible crystalline materials,providing a new path for the development of next-generation smart materials.展开更多
Health monitoring is becoming increasingly critical for disease prevention,early diagnosis,and highquality living.Polymeric materials,with their mechanical flexibility,biocompatibility,and tunable biochemical properti...Health monitoring is becoming increasingly critical for disease prevention,early diagnosis,and highquality living.Polymeric materials,with their mechanical flexibility,biocompatibility,and tunable biochemical properties,offer unique advantages for creating next-generation personalized devices.In recent years,flexible polymer-based platforms have shown remarkable potential to capture diverse physiological signals in both daily and clinical contexts,including electrophysiological,biochemical,mechanical,and thermal indicators.In this review,we introduce a safety-leveloriented framework to evaluate material and device strategies for health monitoring,spanning the continuum from noninvasive wearables to deeply embedded implants.Physiological signals are systematically classified by use case,and application-specific requirements such as stability,comfort,and long-term compatibility are highlighted as critical factors guiding the selection of polymers,interfacial designs,and device architectures.Special emphasis is placed on mapping material types—including hydrogels,elastomers,and conductive composites—to their most suitable applications.Finally,we propose design principles for developing safe,functional,and adaptive polymer-based systems,aiming at reliable integration with the human body and enabling personalized,preventive healthcare.展开更多
The energy transition inspired by carbon neutrality targets and the increasing threat of extreme events raise multi-objective development requirements for power systems.This paper proposes a multi-objective resource a...The energy transition inspired by carbon neutrality targets and the increasing threat of extreme events raise multi-objective development requirements for power systems.This paper proposes a multi-objective resource allocation model to determine the type,number and location of flexible resources to increase the values of resilience,carbon reduction and renewable energy consumption.To evaluate the values of resilience,a restoration model for transmission systems is established that considers the coordination of fossil-fuel generators,energy storage systems(ESSs)and renewable energy generators in building restoration paths.The collaborative power-carbon-tradable green certificate(TGC)market model is then applied to evaluate the resource values in terms of carbon reduction and renewable energy consumption.Finally,the model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP)with a nonconvex feasible domain,and the normalized normal constraint(NNC)method is applied to obtain approximate Pareto frontiers for decision makers.Case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed model in improving multi-factor values and analyze the impact of resource regulation capacity on values of restoration and carbon reduction.展开更多
A novel siphon-based divide-and-conquer(SbDaC)policy is presented in this paper for the synthesis of Petri net(PN)based liveness-enforcing supervisors(LES)for flexible manufacturing systems(FMS)prone to deadlocks or l...A novel siphon-based divide-and-conquer(SbDaC)policy is presented in this paper for the synthesis of Petri net(PN)based liveness-enforcing supervisors(LES)for flexible manufacturing systems(FMS)prone to deadlocks or livelocks.The proposed method takes an uncontrolled and bounded PN model(UPNM)of the FMS.Firstly,the reduced PNM(RPNM)is obtained from the UPNM by using PN reduction rules to reduce the computation burden.Then,the set of strict minimal siphons(SMSs)of the RPNM is computed.Next,the complementary set of SMSs is computed from the set of SMSs.By the union of these two sets,the superset of SMSs is computed.Finally,the set of subnets of the RPNM is obtained by applying the PN reduction rules to the superset of SMSs.All these subnets suffer from deadlocks.These subnets are then ordered from the smallest one to the largest one based on a criterion.To enforce liveness on these subnets,a set of control places(CPs)is computed starting from the smallest subnet to the largest one.Once all subnets are live,this process provides the LES,consisting of a set of CPs to be used for the UPNM.The live controlled PN model(CPNM)is constructed by merging the LES with the UPNM.The SbDaC policy is applicable to all classes of PNs related to FMS prone to deadlocks or livelocks.Several FMS examples are considered from the literature to highlight the applicability of the SbDaC policy.In particular,three examples are utilized to emphasize the importance,applicability and effectiveness of the SbDaC policy to realistic FMS with very large state spaces.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51639007)the Youth Science and Technology Fund of Sichuan Province (2016JQ0011)the Science and Technology Fund of Chengdu Water Authority (14H1055).
文摘Flexible net barriers are a new type of effective mitigation measure against debris flows in valleys and can affect the kinematic energy and mass of debris flows. Here, ten flume tests were performed to study the dynamic behaviours of debris flows with differences in volumes, concentrations(solid volume fraction), and travel distances after interception by a uniform flexible net barrier. A high-speed camera was used to monitor the whole test process, and their dynamic behaviours were recorded. A preliminary computational framework on energy conversion is proposed according to the deposition mechanisms and outflow of debris flow under the effects of the flexible net barrier. The experimental results show that the dynamic interaction process between a debris flow and the flexible net barrier can be divided into two stages:(a) the two-phase impact of the leading edge of the debris flow with the net and(b) collision and friction between the body of the debris flow and intercepted debris material. The approach velocity of a debris flow decreases sharply(a maximum of 63%) after the interception by the net barrier, and the mass ratio of the debris material being intercepted and the kinetic energy ratio of the debris material being absorbed by the net barrier are close due to the limited interception efficiency of the flexible net barrier, which is believed to be related to the flexibility. The energy ratio of outflow is relative small despite the large permeability of the flexible net barrier.
文摘Because the main failure type of a dangerous rock mass is collapse, the treatment of such a mass should focus on controlling collapse failure. When treating dangerous rock masses, disturbing the mass （e. g. by blasting） needs to be avoided, as this new damage could cause collapse. So the self-bearing capacity of the mountain mass must be used to treat the dangerous rock mass. This article is based on a practical example of the control of a dangerous rock mass at Banyan Mountain, Huangshi, Hubei Province. On the basis of an analysis of damage mechanism and the stability of the dangerous rock mass, a flexible network reinforcement method was designed to prevent the collapse of the rock mass. The deformations of section Ⅱ w of the dangerous rock mass before and after the flexible network reinforcement were calculated using the two-dimensional finite element method. The results show that the maximum deformation reduced by 55 % after the application of the flexible network reinforcement, from 45.99 to 20.75 ram, which demonstrates that the flexible network method is effective, and can provide some scientific basis for the treatment of dangerous rock masses.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52173070)the Key research and development projects of Baoying County(No.BY202205).
文摘The construction of hierarchical thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)composites with superior flame retardant and electromagnetic shielding capabilities hold significant practical importance.In this work,TPU composites loaded with a multilayer core-shell flame retardant(APP@CoAl-LDH@Si)and a modified conductive nanofiller(MWCNT-NH_(2)-PA)were firstly prepared through the melt blending method,acting as surface layer.Additionally,multilayered MXene films functionalized by bacterial cellulose(BC)and dopamine hydrochloride(DA)were fabricated via a facile and efficient vacuum filtration approach.Finally,a PBM film was utilized as an intermediate layer to construct hierarchical TPU composites.The results indicated that the introduction of 10 wt%APP@CoAl-LDH@Si hybrid,the peak heat release rate,total heat release,peak smoke production rate,and total smoke release of the TPU composites were decreased by 83.0%,61.3%,48.5%and 66.9%,respectively,compared with those of pure TPU due to the free radicals capture effect of APP,and the flame-retardant functions of LDH and silane.Moreover,the hierarchical TPU/APP@CoAl-LDH@Si/CP1-PBM exhibited excellent electromagnetic shielding performance,achieving 43.6 dB in the X-band because of multiple reflection losses,interface polarization losses,and charge carrier movement-induced thermal dissipation.Extraordinarily,the A and R coefficients were reversed in the X and K bands.This phenomenon was attributed to the different degrees of confinement of the multilayer structure to electromagnetic waves with different wavelengths.This work presents a novel model for the design and preparation of high-performance polymer composites with multiple properties and regulation mechanism.
基金supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52007026.
文摘With the widespread implementation of distributed generation(DG)and the integration of soft open point(SOP)into the distribution network(DN),the latter is steadily transitioning into a flexible distribution network(FDN),the calculation of carbon flow distribution in FDN is more difficult.To this end,this study constructs a model for low-carbon optimal operations within the FDN on the basis of enhanced carbon emission flow(CEF).First,the carbon emission characteristics of FDNs are scrutinized and an improved method for calculating carbon flow within these networks is proposed.Subsequently,a model for optimizing low-carbon operations within FDNs is formulated based on the refined CEF,which merges the specificities of DG and intelligent SOP.Finally,this model is scrutinized using an upgraded IEEE 33-node distribution system,a comparative analysis of the cases reveals that when DG and SOP are operated in a coordinated manner in the FDN,with the cost of electricity generation was reduced by 40.63 percent and the cost of carbon emissions by 10.18 percent.The findings indicate that the judicious optimization of areas exhibiting higher carbon flow rates can effectively enhance the economic efficiency of DN operations and curtail the carbon emissions of the overall network.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.W2433004 and 12472015)the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures(Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics)(No.MCMS-I-0122K01).
文摘This paper proposes an attitude control strategy for a flexible satellite equipped with an orthogonal cluster of three-dimensional(3D)magnetically suspended wheels(MSWs).The mathematical model for the satellite incorporating flexible appendages and an orthogonal cluster of magnetically suspended reaction wheel actuators is initially developed.After that,an adaptive attitude controller is designed with a switching surface of variable structure,an adaptive law for estimating inertia matrix uncertainty,and a fuzzy disturbance observer for estimating disturbance torques.Additionally,a Moore-Penrose-based steering law is proposed to derive the tilt angle commands of the orthogonal configuration of the 3D MSW to follow the designed control signal.Finally,numerical simulations are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U22A20184,52250077,and 52272080)the Jilin Province Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20220201093GX)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiessupported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(2018R1A3B1052702 to JSK)the Starting growth Technological R&D Program(TIPS Program,No.S3201803,2021,MW)funded by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups(MSS,Korea).
文摘The rising flexible and intelligent electronics greatly facilitate the noninvasive and timely tracking of physiological information in telemedicine healthcare.Meticulously building bionic-sensitive moieties is vital for designing efficient electronic skin with advanced cognitive functionalities to pluralistically capture external stimuli.However,realistic mimesis,both in the skin’s three-dimensional interlocked hierarchical structures and synchronous encoding multistimuli information capacities,remains a challenging yet vital need for simplifying the design of flexible logic circuits.Herein,we construct an artificial epidermal device by in situ growing Cu_(3)(HHTP)_(2) particles onto the hollow spherical Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) surface,aiming to concurrently emulate the spinous and granular layers of the skin’s epidermis.The bionic Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)@Cu_(3)(HHTP)_(2) exhibits independent NO_(2) and pressure response,as well as novel functionalities such as acoustic signature perception and Morse code-encrypted message communication.Ultimately,a wearable alarming system with a mobile application terminal is self-developed by integrating the bimodular senor into flexible printed circuits.This system can assess risk factors related with asthmatic,such as stimulation of external NO_(2) gas,abnormal expiratory behavior and exertion degrees of fingers,achieving a recognition accuracy of 97.6%as assisted by a machine learning algorithm.Our work provides a feasible routine to develop intelligent multifunctional healthcare equipment for burgeoning transformative telemedicine diagnosis.
基金supported by the Australia Research Council through the Discovery Project scheme(DP190103186 and DP220100603)the Industrial Transformation Training Centres scheme(IC180100005)+5 种基金the Future Fellowship scheme(FT210100806)the Future Fellowship scheme(FT220100559)the Discovery Early Career Researcher Award scheme(DE230100383)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(GJHZ20240218113407015)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021ME162)the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,China(2022SFGC0501).
文摘Radiative cooling is an environmentally friendly,passive cooling technology that operates without energy consumption.Current research primarily focuses on optimizing the optical properties of radiative cooling films to enhance their cooling performance.In practical applications,thermal contact between the radiative cooling film and the object significantly influences the ultimate cooling performance.However,achieving optimal thermal contact has received limited attention.In this study,we propose and experimentally demonstrate a high-power,flexible,and magnetically attachable and detachable radiative cooling film.This film consists of polymer metasurface structures on a flexible magnetic layer.The monolithic design allows for convenient attachment to and detachment from steel or iron surfaces,ensuring optimal thermal contact with minimal thermal resistance and uniform temperature distribution.Our magnetic radiative cooling film exhibits superior cooling performance compared to non-magnetic alternatives.It can reduce the temperature of stainless-steel plates under sunlight by 15.2℃,which is 3.6℃ more than that achieved by non-magnetic radiative cooling films.The radiative cooling power can reach 259W·m^(-2) at a working temperature of 70℃.Unlike other commonly used attachment methods,such as thermal grease or one-off tape,our approach allows for detachment and reusability of the cooling film according to practical needs.This method offers great simplicity,flexibility,and cost-effectiveness,making it promising for broad applications,particularly on non-horizontal irregular surfaces previously considered challenging.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51905103,52275177).
文摘Multifunctional flexible sensors as wearable electronic systems have attracted considerable attention for mimicking human skin to sense ambient stimuli.However,sensors need to have high resolution,stability and sensitivity to realize fully biomimetic skin.Here,an assembled and welded Ag/W composite nanowire flexible electrode was prepared for body motion monitoring and flexible heaters.This Ag/W composite nanowire flexible electrode has a high transmittance of 90.1%(at 121Ω·sq^(−1) sheet resistance)and a low sheet resistance of 27Ω·sq^(−1)(at 60.1%transmittance).Although the transparency of this electrode is not high,the fluctuation in relative resistance change rate at 10%strain is only 5%after 1000 tensile cycles.It can be employed to monitor human body motions,including bending of fingers,arms,wrists,and throat action.Meanwhile,the Ag/W nanowires composite film heater achieves a steady-state temperature of up to 100℃ at a constant voltage of 3.5 V and an instantaneous heating rate of up to 36.5℃·s^(−1).
基金supported by Key Technology Research and Application of Online Control Simulation and Intelligent Decision Making for Active Distribution Network(5108-202218280A-2-377-XG).
文摘Aiming at the problems of increasing uncertainty of low-carbon generation energy in active distribution network(ADN)and the difficulty of security assessment of distribution network,this paper proposes a two-phase scheduling model for flexible resources in ADN based on probabilistic risk perception.First,a full-cycle probabilistic trend sequence is constructed based on the source-load historical data,and in the day-ahead scheduling phase,the response interval of the flexibility resources on the load and storage side is optimized based on the probabilistic trend,with the probability of the security boundary as the security constraint,and with the economy as the objective.Then in the intraday phase,the core security and economic operation boundary of theADNis screened in real time.Fromthere,it quantitatively senses the degree of threat to the core security and economic operation boundary under the current source-load prediction information,and identifies the strictly secure and low/high-risk time periods.Flexibility resources within the response interval are dynamically adjusted in real-time by focusing on high-risk periods to cope with future core risks of the distribution grid.Finally,the improved IEEE 33-node distribution system is simulated to obtain the flexibility resource scheduling scheme on the load and storage side.Thescheduling results are evaluated from the perspectives of risk probability and flexible resource utilization efficiency,and the analysis shows that the scheduling model in this paper can promote the consumption of low-carbon energy from wind and photovoltaic sourceswhile reducing the operational risk of the distribution network.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51901163 and 12104171)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2021XXJS025)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (Grants No. 2024AFB888)。
文摘Electronics over flexible substrates offer advantages of flexibility, portability and low cost, and promising applications in the areas of energy, information, defense science and medical service. In recent years, tremendous progress has been witnessed in the development of flexible wearable devices that can be potentially massively deployed. Of particular interest are intelligent wearable devices, such as sensors and storage cells, which can be integrated by flexible magnetoelectronic devices based on magnetic thin films. To examine this further, the magnetic properties of FeNi thin films with different thicknesses grown on flexible graphene substrate are investigated at room temperature. The coercivity increases with increasing thicknesses of FeNi thin film, which can be attributed to the increase of grain size and decrease of surface roughness. Moreover, the thickness modulated magnetic property shows a magnetic anisotropy shift increase with varying thicknesses of FeNi thin film by using measurements based on ferromagnetic resonance, which further enhances the resonance frequency. In addition, the resonance peak is quite stable after bending it for ten cycles. The result is promising for the future design of flexible magnetoelectronic devices.
文摘The mechanical performance of flexible catalysts remains a significant challenge for industrial applications.In this study,graphene oxide(GO)functions as both a binder and a redox mediator,serving as a crucial"bridge"between metal species and the organic foam,thereby substantially enhancing NO_(x) conversion efficiency.Catalytic activity tests demonstrate that the GO-modified MnCo-MS@0.05GO catalyst achieves a NO_(x) conversion rate exceeding 95%.The incorporation of GO strengthens the adhesion between the organic foam and metal components,increases the surface roughness of the sponge,and ensures the uniform and stable distribution of metal active sites.Additionally,GO enhances the content of effective catalytic species,improves electron transfer efficiency in the selective catalytic reduction reaction,and reduces diffusion resistance.To elucidate the NO reduction mechanism,in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and transient reaction studies were performed.The results indicate that as the reaction temperature increases,both the Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanisms contribute to promoting the SCR reaction rate.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3806501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178050,22108026)+3 种基金the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2021QNRC001)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2022-BS-091)the Dalian Science and Technology Innovation Fund Young Tech Star(2022RQ008)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT22LAB610).
文摘Thermal runaway(TR)is considered a significant safety hazard for lithium batteries,and thermal protection materials are crucial in mitigating this risk.However,current thermal protection materials generally suffer from poor mechanical properties,flammability,leakage,and rigid crystallization,and they struggle to continuously block excess heat transfer and propagation once thermal saturation occurs.This study proposes a novel type of thermal protection material:an aerogel coupled composite phase change material(CPCM).The composite material consists of gelatin/sodium alginate(Ge/SA)composite biomass aerogel as an insulating component and a thermally induced flexible CPCM made from thermoplastic polyester elastomer as a heat-absorbing component.Inspired by power bank,we coupled the aerogel with CPCM through the binder,so that CPCM can continue to‘charge and store energy’for the aerogel,effectively absorbing heat,delaying the heat saturation phenomenon,and maximizing the duration of thermal insulation.The results demonstrate that the Ge/SA aerogel exhibits excellent thermal insulation(with a temperature difference of approximately 120℃ across a 1 cm thickness)and flame retardancy(achieving a V-0 flame retardant rating).The CPCM exhibits high heat storage density(811.9 J g^(−1)),good thermally induced flexibility(bendable above 40℃),and thermal stability.Furthermore,the Ge/SA-CPCM coupled composite material shows even more outstanding thermal insulation performance,with the top surface temperature remaining at 89℃ after 100 min of exposure to a high temperature of 230℃.This study provides a new direction for the development of TR protection materials for lithium batteries.
基金financially supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M751205)。
文摘Flexible phase change materials(PCMs)have become increasingly critical to address the demand for thermal management in electronic technologies and energy conversion.However,their application remains challenging because of their rigidity,liquid leakage,and insufficient thermal conductivity.Herein,flexible glutamic acid@natural rubber/paraffin wax(PW)/carbon nanotubes-graphene nanoplatelets(GNR/PW/CGNP)phase change composites with high thermal conductivity,excellent shape stability,and recyclability were reported.Zn^(2+)-based dynamic crosslinking was constructed through the reaction of zinc acetate and carboxyl groups on glutamic acid@natural rubber(GNR),which was used as a flexible matrix to physically blend with paraffin wax/carbon nanotubes/graphene nanoplatelets(PW/CGNP)to achieve uniform dispersion of PW/CGNP,continuous thermal conductivity networks,and good encapsulation of PW.The GNR/PW/CGNP composites showed excellent mechanical strength,flexibility,and recycling ability,and effective encapsulation prevented the outflow of melted PW during the phase transition.Also,the phase change enthalpy could attain 111.1 J/g with a higher thermal conductivity of 1.055 W/m K,428%higher than that of pure PW owing to the formation of efficient thermal conductive pathways,which exhibited outstanding thermal management performance and superior temperature control behavior in electronic devices.The developed flexible composite PCMs may open new possibilities for next-generation flexible thermal management electronics.
文摘Quantum dot(QD)-based fluorescent inks offer high potential due to their tunable emission and high quantum yield,but their practical application suffers from poor environmental stability,aggregation,and challenges in scalable flexible fabrication.In this study,a high-stability fluorescent ink was developed by incorporating QDs into a polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)colloidal matrix.High-performance patterned films were then obtained via systematic optimization of screen-printing parameters,with film quality governed by substrate type(131μm PDMS),QD concentration(1.5 mg/mL),and screen mesh count(420 mesh).The optimized films exhibit outstanding environmental and photostability,retaining 75.6% of their fluorescence intensity after immersion in deionized water and 63.8% in 75%ethanol at 25℃ for 100 minutes.Under UV irradiation(365 nm,9 W,100 min),fluorescence intensity decreases by less than 20%.Utilizing their daylight transparency and UV-excitable luminescence,various patterns including QR codes and Code 93 standard barcodes were fabricated via screen printing with high pattern fidelity and machine readability.This study presents a scalable and reliable strategy for the fabrication of flexible,high-stability fluorescent films,supporting their integration into next-generation optoelectronic devices,advanced displays,and secure anti-counterfeiting.
文摘Flexible polymer electronics have emerged as an important research frontier in materials science due to their unique advantages,including mechanical flexibility,lightweight characteristics,and solution processability.These features enable a wide range of emerging applications such as wearable electronics,electronic skins,and biomedical devices,etc.In recent years,much advances in polymer chemistry,device physics,and interface engineering have significantly improved the performance of flexible polymer electronic devices,accelerating their transition from fundamental research to practical applications.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32371823)the Liaoning Province Xingliao Talents Leading Talent Program(Grant No.XLYC2402043)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Woody Oil Resources Utilization(Grant No.SKLN EFU202517).
文摘Cellulose,the dominant natural polymer on Earth,features a distinct molecular structure with extraordinary mechanical properties and tunable characteristics,making it attractive for gel systems.Although significant progress has been made,challenges remain in fully leveraging their functional potential and broadening practical applications.This review systematically examines the properties of cellulose and cellulose gels,exploring novel reinforcement strategies—across molecular,supramolecular network,and macroscale structure levels—to enhance mechanical,electrical,and thermal performance,while coordinating these properties for practical implementations.These advancements are exemplified in emerging fields such as flexible robotics,electronic skins,flexible energy storage devices,and human-machine interaction systems.This article thoroughly investigates the fundamental characteristics,multi-scale design approaches,performance enhancement mechanisms,and cutting-edge implementations of cellulose-based gels across diverse domains.It provides a comprehensive overview of these advanced materials and offers strategic insights and recommendations for future research and innovation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22205105,61874053,22075136)National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2020YFA0709900)Jiangsu Provincial Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Program(No.KYCX24_1649).
文摘Improving the optoelectronic behavior and stress-deformation stability of conjugated materials is crucial for the realization of their potential applications in flexible optoelectronics.To tune the emission behavior and mechanical property of molecular crystals simultaneously via supramolecular salt strategy is rarely reported,which is very important to improve their photophysical behavior and softness for the fabrication of flexible light-emitting device.Herein,supramolecular salt approach has been successfully applied to synthesize two elastic organic fluorescent crystals(CMOH-Py-Cl and CMOH-Py-Br)derived from non-emissive and brittle pyridine-substituted coumarin derivative(CMOH-Py).Their elastic properties can be attributed to the prevalent presence of numerous weak interactions introduced by halogen atoms,which are beneficial to the absorption and release of mechanical energy.Furthermore,density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated a narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps from CMOH-Py to CMOH-Py-Cl/CMOH-Py-Br via supramolecular salt approach.Finally,the application of flexible crystal materials in the field of optical waveguides has been investigated.The transformation of crystals in terms of photophysical and mechanical properties,achieved by the supramolecular salt approach,offers novel insights into the design and construction of flexible crystalline materials,providing a new path for the development of next-generation smart materials.
基金the financial support from the National University of Singapore(Grant No.A-001002800-00)the Singapore Ministry of Education(Grant No.A-8003587-00-00)。
文摘Health monitoring is becoming increasingly critical for disease prevention,early diagnosis,and highquality living.Polymeric materials,with their mechanical flexibility,biocompatibility,and tunable biochemical properties,offer unique advantages for creating next-generation personalized devices.In recent years,flexible polymer-based platforms have shown remarkable potential to capture diverse physiological signals in both daily and clinical contexts,including electrophysiological,biochemical,mechanical,and thermal indicators.In this review,we introduce a safety-leveloriented framework to evaluate material and device strategies for health monitoring,spanning the continuum from noninvasive wearables to deeply embedded implants.Physiological signals are systematically classified by use case,and application-specific requirements such as stability,comfort,and long-term compatibility are highlighted as critical factors guiding the selection of polymers,interfacial designs,and device architectures.Special emphasis is placed on mapping material types—including hydrogels,elastomers,and conductive composites—to their most suitable applications.Finally,we propose design principles for developing safe,functional,and adaptive polymer-based systems,aiming at reliable integration with the human body and enabling personalized,preventive healthcare.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of the State Grid Corporation of China“Research on Comprehensive Value Evaluation Method of Flexible Adjusting Resources under Carbon-electricity-certificate Market Coupling Environment”(No.5108-202455038A-1-1-ZN).
文摘The energy transition inspired by carbon neutrality targets and the increasing threat of extreme events raise multi-objective development requirements for power systems.This paper proposes a multi-objective resource allocation model to determine the type,number and location of flexible resources to increase the values of resilience,carbon reduction and renewable energy consumption.To evaluate the values of resilience,a restoration model for transmission systems is established that considers the coordination of fossil-fuel generators,energy storage systems(ESSs)and renewable energy generators in building restoration paths.The collaborative power-carbon-tradable green certificate(TGC)market model is then applied to evaluate the resource values in terms of carbon reduction and renewable energy consumption.Finally,the model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP)with a nonconvex feasible domain,and the normalized normal constraint(NNC)method is applied to obtain approximate Pareto frontiers for decision makers.Case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed model in improving multi-factor values and analyze the impact of resource regulation capacity on values of restoration and carbon reduction.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to King Saud University,Saudi Arabia for funding this work through the Ongoing Research Funding Program(ORF-2025-704),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘A novel siphon-based divide-and-conquer(SbDaC)policy is presented in this paper for the synthesis of Petri net(PN)based liveness-enforcing supervisors(LES)for flexible manufacturing systems(FMS)prone to deadlocks or livelocks.The proposed method takes an uncontrolled and bounded PN model(UPNM)of the FMS.Firstly,the reduced PNM(RPNM)is obtained from the UPNM by using PN reduction rules to reduce the computation burden.Then,the set of strict minimal siphons(SMSs)of the RPNM is computed.Next,the complementary set of SMSs is computed from the set of SMSs.By the union of these two sets,the superset of SMSs is computed.Finally,the set of subnets of the RPNM is obtained by applying the PN reduction rules to the superset of SMSs.All these subnets suffer from deadlocks.These subnets are then ordered from the smallest one to the largest one based on a criterion.To enforce liveness on these subnets,a set of control places(CPs)is computed starting from the smallest subnet to the largest one.Once all subnets are live,this process provides the LES,consisting of a set of CPs to be used for the UPNM.The live controlled PN model(CPNM)is constructed by merging the LES with the UPNM.The SbDaC policy is applicable to all classes of PNs related to FMS prone to deadlocks or livelocks.Several FMS examples are considered from the literature to highlight the applicability of the SbDaC policy.In particular,three examples are utilized to emphasize the importance,applicability and effectiveness of the SbDaC policy to realistic FMS with very large state spaces.
