High-performance ion-conducting hydrogels(ICHs)are vital for developing flexible electronic devices.However,the robustness and ion-conducting behavior of ICHs deteriorate at extreme tempera-tures,hampering their use i...High-performance ion-conducting hydrogels(ICHs)are vital for developing flexible electronic devices.However,the robustness and ion-conducting behavior of ICHs deteriorate at extreme tempera-tures,hampering their use in soft electronics.To resolve these issues,a method involving freeze–thawing and ionizing radiation technology is reported herein for synthesizing a novel double-network(DN)ICH based on a poly(ionic liquid)/MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol)(PMP DN ICH)system.The well-designed ICH exhibits outstanding ionic conductivity(63.89 mS cm^(-1) at 25℃),excellent temperature resistance(-60–80℃),prolonged stability(30 d at ambient temperature),high oxidation resist-ance,remarkable antibacterial activity,decent mechanical performance,and adhesion.Additionally,the ICH performs effectively in a flexible wireless strain sensor,thermal sensor,all-solid-state supercapacitor,and single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator,thereby highlighting its viability in constructing soft electronic devices.The highly integrated gel structure endows these flexible electronic devices with stable,reliable signal output performance.In particular,the all-solid-state supercapacitor containing the PMP DN ICH electrolyte exhibits a high areal specific capacitance of 253.38 mF cm^(-2)(current density,1 mA cm^(-2))and excellent environmental adaptability.This study paves the way for the design and fabrication of high-performance mul-tifunctional/flexible ICHs for wearable sensing,energy-storage,and energy-harvesting applications.展开更多
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress in paper-based flexible electronic devices,focusing on key aspects such as the physical and chemical properties of paper substrates,device structures...This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress in paper-based flexible electronic devices,focusing on key aspects such as the physical and chemical properties of paper substrates,device structures,fabrication methods for electrodes and active layers,and their diverse applications.The paper also identifies current challenges facing paper-based electronic devices,such as issues related to long-term stability and the optimization of large-scale production processes.展开更多
Mechanical reliability plays a critical role in determining the durability of flexible electronic devices because of the significant mechanical stresses they experience during manufacturing and operation.Many such dev...Mechanical reliability plays a critical role in determining the durability of flexible electronic devices because of the significant mechanical stresses they experience during manufacturing and operation.Many such devices are built on sheets comprising stiff transparent-conducting oxide(TCO)electrode films on compliant polymer substrates,and it is generally assumed that the high-toughness polymer substrates do not crack.Contrary to this assumption,here we show extensive cracking in the polymer substrates during bending of a variety of TCO/polymer sheets,and a device example—flexible perovskite solar cells.Such substrate cracking,which compromises the overall mechanical integrity of the entire device,is driven by the amplified stress-intensity factor caused by the elastic mismatch at the film/substrate interface.To mitigate this substrate cracking,an interlayer-engineering approach is designed and experimentally demonstrated.This approach is potentially applicable to myriad flexible electronic devices,with stiff films on compliant substrates,for improving their durability and reliability.展开更多
The neutral layer(NL)strategy is a key technique for improving the bendability of flexible electronic devices.In this study,by considering a three-layer structure as an example,the results obtained by finite element a...The neutral layer(NL)strategy is a key technique for improving the bendability of flexible electronic devices.In this study,by considering a three-layer structure as an example,the results obtained by finite element analysis(FEA)showed that the NL gradually moved to the top surface of the film as the film thickness and Young’s modulus increased,which are similar to the results produced by theoretical calculations.Subsequently,we optimized the thickness of a single NL structure and the failure bending radius of an indium tin oxide(ITO)electrode was reduced by 50%after optimization.In order to address the problems that affect the design of a single NL,we used optical clear adhesive(OCA)to generate multiple NLs.The FEA method was again applied to the structure and the results showed that decreasing the elastic modulus of the OCA and film thickness could reduce the maximum strain in the film.Finally,the effects of the OCA parameters on the protection of a multiple-layer ITO electrode structure were verified in bending experiments,which showed that the strain on ITO could be reduced from 5.6%to almost 0 in the two-electrode structure.The proposed strategies for designing single and multiple NLs can provide some guidance to facilitate optimizing the electronic infrastructure of flexible devices.展开更多
High-resolution flexible electronic devices are widely used in the fields of soft robotics,smart human-machine interaction,and intelligent e-healthcare monitoring due to their mechanical flexibility,ductility,and comp...High-resolution flexible electronic devices are widely used in the fields of soft robotics,smart human-machine interaction,and intelligent e-healthcare monitoring due to their mechanical flexibility,ductility,and compactness.The electrohydrodynamic jet printing(e-jet printing)technique is used for constructing high-resolution and cross-scale flexible electronic devices such as field-effect transistors(FETs),flexible sensors,and flexible displays.As a result,researchers are paying close attention to e-jet printing flexible electronic devices.In this review,we focused on the latest advancements in high-resolution flexible electronics made by e-jet printing technology,including various materials used in e-jet printing inks,the process control of e-jet printing,and their applications.First,we summarized various functional ink materials available for e-jet printing,including organic,inorganic,and hybrid materials.Then,the interface controlling the progress of e-jet printing was discussed in detail,including the physical and chemical properties of the functional ink,the interfacial wettability between the ink and substrate,and the microdroplet injection behavior in a high-voltage field.Additionally,various applications of e-jet printing in the fields of flexible electrodes,FETs,flexible sensors,and flexible displays were demonstrated.Finally,the future problems and potential associated with the development of next generation e-jet printing technology for flexible electronic devices were also presented.展开更多
Simulating the human olfactory nervous system is one of the key issues in the field of neuromorphic computing.Olfac-tory neurons interact with gas molecules,transmitting and storing odor information to the olfactory c...Simulating the human olfactory nervous system is one of the key issues in the field of neuromorphic computing.Olfac-tory neurons interact with gas molecules,transmitting and storing odor information to the olfactory center of the brain.In order to emulate the complex functionalities of olfactory neurons,this study presents a flexible olfactory synapse transistor(OST)based on pentacene/C8-BTBT organic heterojunction.By modulating the interface between the energy bands of the organic semiconductor layers,this device demonstrates high sensitivity(ppb level)and memory function for NH3 sensing.Typi-cal synaptic behaviors triggered by NH_(3) pulses have been successfully demonstrated,such as inhibitory postsynaptic currents(IPSC),paired-pulse depression(PPD),long-term potentiation/depression(LTP/LTD),and transition from short-term depression(STD)to long-term depression(LTD).Furthermore,this device maintains stable olfactory synaptic functions even under differ-ent bending conditions,which can present new insights and possibilities for flexible synaptic systems and bio-inspired elec-tronic products.展开更多
Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.Ho...Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.However,due to the existence of an interface between hydrogels and human tissues,the transmission of electrical signals from the human tissues to the hydrogel electronic devices will be hindered.The adhesive hydrogels with adhesive properties can tightly combine with the human tissue,which can enhance the contact between the electronic devices and human tissues and reduce the contact resistance,thereby improving the performance of hydrogel electronic devices.In this review,we will discuss in detail the adhesion mechanism of adhesive hydrogels and elaborate on the design principles of adhesive hydrogels.After that,we will introduce some methods of performance evaluation for adhesive hydrogels.Finally,we will provide a perspective on the development of adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics.展开更多
In recent years, flexible electronic devices have become a hot topic of scientific research. These flexible devices are the basis of flexible circuits, flexible batteries, flexible displays and electronic skins. Graph...In recent years, flexible electronic devices have become a hot topic of scientific research. These flexible devices are the basis of flexible circuits, flexible batteries, flexible displays and electronic skins. Graphene-based materials are very promising for flexible electronic devices, due to their high mobility, high elasticity, a tunable band gap, quantum electronic transport and high mechanical strength. In this article, we review the recent progress of the fabrication process and the applications of graphene-based electronic devices, including thermal acoustic devices, thermal rectifiers, graphene-based nanogenerators, pressure sensors and graphene-based light-emitting diodes. In summary, although there are still a lot of challenges needing to be solved, graphene-based materials are very promising for various flexible device applications in the future.展开更多
Flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices have been developing to a new stage due to their unique capacity for the possibility of a variety of wearable intelligent electronics, including bendable smartphones, folda...Flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices have been developing to a new stage due to their unique capacity for the possibility of a variety of wearable intelligent electronics, including bendable smartphones, foldable touch screens and antennas, paper-like displays, and curved and flexible solid-state lighting devices. Before extensive commercial applications, some issues still have to be solved for flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices. In this regard, this review concludes the newly emerging flexible substrate materials, transparent conductive electrodes, device architectures and light manipulation methods. Examples of these components applied for various kinds of devices are also summarized. Finally, perspectives about the bright future of flexible and wearable electronic devices are proposed.展开更多
We provide a critical review on the recent development of flexible lithium-ion batteries(FLIBs)for flexible electronic devices.The innovative designs of cell configuration for bendable and stretchable FLIBs,selection ...We provide a critical review on the recent development of flexible lithium-ion batteries(FLIBs)for flexible electronic devices.The innovative designs of cell configuration for bendable and stretchable FLIBs,selection of active materials,and evaluation methods for FLIBs are discussed.The grand challenges for FLIBs are energy density and scale-up fabrication as demonstrated in the review.Furthermore,the lack of quantitative evaluation methods for FLIBs'performance and nondestructive tools to probe the mechanical degradation may significantly hinder the development of FLIB technologies.Perspectives for future research directions,based on the current state of progress,are discussed.展开更多
The rapid evolution of flexible electronic devices promises to revolutionize numerous fields by expanding the applications of smart devices.Nevertheless,despite this vast potential,the reliability of these innovative ...The rapid evolution of flexible electronic devices promises to revolutionize numerous fields by expanding the applications of smart devices.Nevertheless,despite this vast potential,the reliability of these innovative devices currently falls short,especially in light of demanding operation environment and the intrinsic challenges associated with their fabrication techniques.The heterogeneity in these processes and environments gives rise to unique failure modes throughout the devices'lifespan.To significantly enhance the reliability of these devices and assure long-term performance,it is paramount to comprehend the underpinning failure mechanisms thoroughly,thereby,enabling,optimal design solutions.A myriad of investigative efforts have been dedicated to unravel these failure mechanisms,utilizing a spectrum of tools from analytical models,numerical methods,to advanced characterization methods.This review delves into the root causes of device failure,scrutinizing both the fabrication process and the operation environment.Next,We subsequently address the failure mechanisms across four commonly observed modes:strength failure,fatigue failure,interfacial failure,and electrical failure,followed by an overview of targeted characterization methods associated with each mechanism.Concluding with an outlook,we spotlight ongoing challenges and promising directions for future research in our pursuit of highly resilient flexible electronic devices.展开更多
The healing process of diabetic wounds is typically disordered and prolonged and requires both angiogenesis and epithelialization.Disruptions of the endogenous electric fields(EFs)may lead to disordered cell migration...The healing process of diabetic wounds is typically disordered and prolonged and requires both angiogenesis and epithelialization.Disruptions of the endogenous electric fields(EFs)may lead to disordered cell migration.Electrical stimulation(ES)that mimics endogenous EFs is a promising method in treating diabetic wounds;however,a microenvironment that facilitates cell migration and a convenient means that can be used to apply ES are also required.Chitosan-Vaseline■gauze(CVG)has been identified to facilitate wound healing;it also promotes moisture retention and immune regulation and has antibacterial activity.For this study,we created a wound dressing using CVG together with a flexible ES device and further evaluated its potential as a treatment for diabetic wounds.We found that high voltage monophasic pulsed current(HVMPC)promoted healing of diabetic wounds in vivo.In studies carried out in vitro,we found that HVMPC promoted the proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)by activating PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling.Overall,we determined that the flexible ES-chitosan dressing may promoted healing of diabetic wounds by accelerating angiogenesis,enhancing epithelialization,and inhibiting scar formation.These findings provide support for the ongoing development of this multidisciplinary product for the care and treatment of diabetic wounds.展开更多
Rapid development of portable or wearable devices, which is inspired by requirements of instant messaging,health monitoring and handling official business, urgently demands more tiny, flexible and light power sources....Rapid development of portable or wearable devices, which is inspired by requirements of instant messaging,health monitoring and handling official business, urgently demands more tiny, flexible and light power sources. Fibershaped batteries explored in recent years become a prospective candidate to satisfy these demands. With 1D architecture,the fiber-shaped batteries could be adapted to various deformations and integrated into soft textile and other devices.Numerous researches have been reported and achieved huge promotion. To give an overview of fiber-shaped batteries,we summarized the development of fiber-shaped batteries in this review, and discussed the structure and materials in fiber-shaped batteries. The flexibility of batteries with the potential application of the batteries was also exhibited and showed the future perspective. Finally, challenges in this field were discussed, hoping to reveal research direction towards further development of fiber-shaped batteries.展开更多
With the rapid development of wearable and intelligent flexible electronic devices(FEDs),the demand for flexible energy storage/conversion devices(ESCDs)has also increased.Rechargeable flexible metal‐air batteries(MA...With the rapid development of wearable and intelligent flexible electronic devices(FEDs),the demand for flexible energy storage/conversion devices(ESCDs)has also increased.Rechargeable flexible metal‐air batteries(MABs)are expected to be one of the most ideal ESCDs due to their high theoretical energy density,cost advantage,and strong deformation adaptability.With the improvement of the device design,material assemblies,and manufacturing technology,the research on the electrochemical performance of flexible MABs has made significant progress.However,achieving the high mechanical flexibility,high safety,and wearable comfortability required by FEDs while maintaining the high performance of flexible MABs are still a daunting challenge.In this review,flexible Zn‐air and Li‐air batteries are mainly exemplified to describe the most recent progress and challenges of flexible MABs.We start with an overview of the structure and configuration of the flexible MABs and discuss their impact on battery performance and function.Then it focuses on the research progress of flexible metal anodes,gel polymer electrolytes,and air cathodes.Finally,the main challenges and future research perspectives involving flexible MABs for FEDs are proposed.展开更多
The combination of high-voltage windows and bending stability remains a challenge for supercapacitors.Here,we present an“advantage-complementary strategy”using sodium lignosulfonate as a pseudocapacitive molecule to...The combination of high-voltage windows and bending stability remains a challenge for supercapacitors.Here,we present an“advantage-complementary strategy”using sodium lignosulfonate as a pseudocapacitive molecule to regulate the spatial stacking pattern of graphene oxide and the interfacial architectures of graphene oxide and polyaniline.Flexible and sustainable sodium lignosulfonate-based electrodes are successfully developed,showing perfect bending stability and high electronic conductivity and specific capacitance(521 F·g^(−1)at 0.5 A·g^(−1)).Due to the resulting rational interfacial structure and stable ion-electron transport,the asymmetric supercapacitors provide a wide voltage window reaching 1.7 V,outstanding bending stability and high energy-power density of 83.87 Wh·kg^(−1)at 3.4 kW·kg^(−1).These properties are superior to other reported cases of asymmetric energy enrichment.The synergistic strategy of sodium lignosulfonate on graphene oxide and polyaniline is undoubtedly beneficial to advance the process for the construction of green flexible supercapacitors with remarkably wide voltage windows and excellent bending stability.展开更多
Bioresorbable electronics is a new type of electronics technology that can potentially lead to biodegradable and dissolvable electronic devices to replace current built-to-last circuits predominantly used in implantab...Bioresorbable electronics is a new type of electronics technology that can potentially lead to biodegradable and dissolvable electronic devices to replace current built-to-last circuits predominantly used in implantable devices and consumer electronics. Such devices dissolve in an aqueous environment in time periods from seconds to months, and generate biological safe products. This paper reviews materials, fabrication techniques, and applications of bioresorbable electronics, and aims to inspire more revolutionary bioresorbable systems that can generate broader social and economic impact. Existing challenges and potential solutions in developing bioresorbable electronics have also been presented to arouse more joint research efforts in this field to build systematic technology framework.展开更多
Thermotherapy is a conventional and effective physiotherapy for arthritis.However,the current thermotherapy devices are often bulky and lack real-time temperature feedback and self-adjustment functions.Here,we develop...Thermotherapy is a conventional and effective physiotherapy for arthritis.However,the current thermotherapy devices are often bulky and lack real-time temperature feedback and self-adjustment functions.Here,we developed a multifunctional wearable system for real-time thermotherapy of arthritic joints based on a multilayered flexible electronic device consisting of homomorphic hollow thin-film sensors and heater.The kirigami−serpentine thin-film sensors provide stretchability and rapid response to changes in environmental temperature and humidity,and the homomorphic design offers easy de-coupling of dual-modal sensing signals.Based on a closed-loop control,the thin-film Joule heater exhibits rapid and stable temperature regulation capability,with thermal response time<1's and maximum deviation<0.4℃ at 45℃.Based on the multifunctional wearable system,we developed a series of user-friendly gears and demonstrated programmable on-demand thermotherapy,real-time personal thermal management,thermal dehumidification,and relief of the pain via increasing blood perfusion.Our innovation offers a promising solution for arthritis management and has the potential to benefit the well-being of thousands of patients.展开更多
The rational design of mechanically robust gel-based moisture-electric generators(MEGs)with broad environmental adaptability is of great significance for the construction of self-powered wearable systems,addressing cr...The rational design of mechanically robust gel-based moisture-electric generators(MEGs)with broad environmental adaptability is of great significance for the construction of self-powered wearable systems,addressing critical challenges in sustainable energy harvesting for practical applications.In this study,we report a high-energy-output MEG based on a microphase-separated double-network ionogel,which contains a physically crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol network,chemically crosslinked poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)and hygroscopic ionic liquid(BMIMCl).The introduction of ionic liquids leads to microphase separation,resulting in the formation of a solvent-rich phase and a polymer-rich phase within ionogels.In this structure,the solvent-rich phase facilitates stretching and ionic conduction,whereas the polymer-rich phase contributes to the improvement of mechanical strength.The resultant ionogels demonstrate exceptional mechanical robustness featuring a tensile strength of 4.63MPa,501.02%elongation at break,10.81MJm−3 fracture toughness,and<5%hysteresis.More importantly,benefit from the intrinsic wide-temperature tolerance of ionic liquids,the ionogel-based MEGs can operate over a wide humidity(30%-90%relative humidity)and temperature range(−25℃to 55℃),delivering a stabilized output voltage of 0.9-1.25 V and a record short-circuit current density of 539.42μA cm^(−2),outperforming most reported gelbased MEGs.The electricity generation arises from synergistic coupling of humidity-gradient-driven H⁺migration(major output current contribution)and Al electrode oxidation(major output voltage contribution).Through modular integration,50 series-connected units achieved an output of up to 60 V,directly powering commercial electronics,such as smartwatches and calculators.This finding provides a feasible strategy for designing all-weather,mechanically robust,and scalable self-powered systems.展开更多
Panvascular diseases,sharing atherosclerosis as a common pathological basis,pose a significant threat to human health.Flexible fibers combined with sensing elements become implantable and interventional smart fibers w...Panvascular diseases,sharing atherosclerosis as a common pathological basis,pose a significant threat to human health.Flexible fibers combined with sensing elements become implantable and interventional smart fibers with monitoring and intervention capabilities.Due to the prolonged course of panvascular diseases,higher requirements are imposed on the monitoring-intervention closed-loop system of flexible fibers—high suitcordance(a combination of short-term suitability and long-term concordance).Suitcordance implies that novel flexible fibers must meet the traditional concept of compatibility and satisfy the new requirement of long-term co-regulation of fiber-vascular fate.This review introduces emerging flexible fiber electronic devices with exceptional performance related to panvascular diseases.These devices adapt well to the complex panvascular environment and provide ideal technical support for real-time,non-invasive,and continuous health monitoring-treatment.However,existing devices have limitations,and future research should focus on developing novel flexible smart fibers based on the clinical needs of panvascular diseases.展开更多
Fluorinated polymers exhibit a unique combination of attributes,including chemical inertness,low surface energy,exceptional weather resistance,and intriguing electrical properties.This mini review provides an overview...Fluorinated polymers exhibit a unique combination of attributes,including chemical inertness,low surface energy,exceptional weather resistance,and intriguing electrical properties.This mini review provides an overview of recent advancements in the research of fluorinated polymers,highlighting the development of synthetic strategies for novel fluorinated polymers and their diverse applications in various fields.Traditional fluorinated polyolefins can be modified through chemical methods to produce functional materials.Copolymerization of fluorinated olefins with non-fluorinated monomers effectively addresses synthesis challenges,yielding main-chain fluoro-containing polymers with specific functional groups.Additionally,recent studies have revealed that free radical(co)polymerization of fluorinated(meth)acrylate monomers leads to new fluorinated polymers with enhanced solubility,processability,and structural diversity.Capitalizing on these new synthetic strategies,a range of fluorinated polymer materials has been developed for a multitude of applications,including flexible electrodes,alternating current(AC)electroluminescent devices,energy storage capacitors,triboelectric nanogenerators,and lithium batteries.With their customized structures and excellent properties,fluorinated polymers hold significant promise to uncover more potential applications in the era of flexible and wearable electronics.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11875138,52077095).
文摘High-performance ion-conducting hydrogels(ICHs)are vital for developing flexible electronic devices.However,the robustness and ion-conducting behavior of ICHs deteriorate at extreme tempera-tures,hampering their use in soft electronics.To resolve these issues,a method involving freeze–thawing and ionizing radiation technology is reported herein for synthesizing a novel double-network(DN)ICH based on a poly(ionic liquid)/MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol)(PMP DN ICH)system.The well-designed ICH exhibits outstanding ionic conductivity(63.89 mS cm^(-1) at 25℃),excellent temperature resistance(-60–80℃),prolonged stability(30 d at ambient temperature),high oxidation resist-ance,remarkable antibacterial activity,decent mechanical performance,and adhesion.Additionally,the ICH performs effectively in a flexible wireless strain sensor,thermal sensor,all-solid-state supercapacitor,and single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator,thereby highlighting its viability in constructing soft electronic devices.The highly integrated gel structure endows these flexible electronic devices with stable,reliable signal output performance.In particular,the all-solid-state supercapacitor containing the PMP DN ICH electrolyte exhibits a high areal specific capacitance of 253.38 mF cm^(-2)(current density,1 mA cm^(-2))and excellent environmental adaptability.This study paves the way for the design and fabrication of high-performance mul-tifunctional/flexible ICHs for wearable sensing,energy-storage,and energy-harvesting applications.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(61935017,6213000348)for financial support of this work.
文摘This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress in paper-based flexible electronic devices,focusing on key aspects such as the physical and chemical properties of paper substrates,device structures,fabrication methods for electrodes and active layers,and their diverse applications.The paper also identifies current challenges facing paper-based electronic devices,such as issues related to long-term stability and the optimization of large-scale production processes.
基金supported by the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy(EERE)under the Solar Energy Technology Office(SETO)(Award No.DE-EE0009511)DOE Basic Energy Sciences(BES)(Award No.DE-SC0025180)+8 种基金the U.S.National Science Foundation(NSF)(Award No.DMR-2102210)the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S.Governmentsupport of the U.S.Office of Naval Research(ONR)(Award Nos.N00014-21-1-2851,N00014-24-1-2200,and N00014-21-1-2054)support from ONR(Award Nos.N00014-21-1-2815 and N00014-23-1-2688)is gratefully acknowledgedsupport she received through the James R.Rice Graduate Fellowship in Solid Mechanics and the Miss Abbott’s School Alumnae Fellowship.S.S.acknowledges the support from Brown University as part of his Professor-at-Large appointmentsupported by NSF(Award No.CBET-2315077)and NSF-GRFP(Award No.DGE-2139841)supported by the JUMP INTO SPACE project,funded from the European Innovation Council(EIC)under grant agreement No 101162377the author’s views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.E.Msupport of MASE(Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica)in the framework of the Operating Agreement with ENEA for Research on the Electric System(RdS)2025-2027.
文摘Mechanical reliability plays a critical role in determining the durability of flexible electronic devices because of the significant mechanical stresses they experience during manufacturing and operation.Many such devices are built on sheets comprising stiff transparent-conducting oxide(TCO)electrode films on compliant polymer substrates,and it is generally assumed that the high-toughness polymer substrates do not crack.Contrary to this assumption,here we show extensive cracking in the polymer substrates during bending of a variety of TCO/polymer sheets,and a device example—flexible perovskite solar cells.Such substrate cracking,which compromises the overall mechanical integrity of the entire device,is driven by the amplified stress-intensity factor caused by the elastic mismatch at the film/substrate interface.To mitigate this substrate cracking,an interlayer-engineering approach is designed and experimentally demonstrated.This approach is potentially applicable to myriad flexible electronic devices,with stiff films on compliant substrates,for improving their durability and reliability.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.52175512)Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.
文摘The neutral layer(NL)strategy is a key technique for improving the bendability of flexible electronic devices.In this study,by considering a three-layer structure as an example,the results obtained by finite element analysis(FEA)showed that the NL gradually moved to the top surface of the film as the film thickness and Young’s modulus increased,which are similar to the results produced by theoretical calculations.Subsequently,we optimized the thickness of a single NL structure and the failure bending radius of an indium tin oxide(ITO)electrode was reduced by 50%after optimization.In order to address the problems that affect the design of a single NL,we used optical clear adhesive(OCA)to generate multiple NLs.The FEA method was again applied to the structure and the results showed that decreasing the elastic modulus of the OCA and film thickness could reduce the maximum strain in the film.Finally,the effects of the OCA parameters on the protection of a multiple-layer ITO electrode structure were verified in bending experiments,which showed that the strain on ITO could be reduced from 5.6%to almost 0 in the two-electrode structure.The proposed strategies for designing single and multiple NLs can provide some guidance to facilitate optimizing the electronic infrastructure of flexible devices.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2018YFA0703200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51973154)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(20JCZDJC00680)。
文摘High-resolution flexible electronic devices are widely used in the fields of soft robotics,smart human-machine interaction,and intelligent e-healthcare monitoring due to their mechanical flexibility,ductility,and compactness.The electrohydrodynamic jet printing(e-jet printing)technique is used for constructing high-resolution and cross-scale flexible electronic devices such as field-effect transistors(FETs),flexible sensors,and flexible displays.As a result,researchers are paying close attention to e-jet printing flexible electronic devices.In this review,we focused on the latest advancements in high-resolution flexible electronics made by e-jet printing technology,including various materials used in e-jet printing inks,the process control of e-jet printing,and their applications.First,we summarized various functional ink materials available for e-jet printing,including organic,inorganic,and hybrid materials.Then,the interface controlling the progress of e-jet printing was discussed in detail,including the physical and chemical properties of the functional ink,the interfacial wettability between the ink and substrate,and the microdroplet injection behavior in a high-voltage field.Additionally,various applications of e-jet printing in the fields of flexible electrodes,FETs,flexible sensors,and flexible displays were demonstrated.Finally,the future problems and potential associated with the development of next generation e-jet printing technology for flexible electronic devices were also presented.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFA120260)the NSFC (92064009,22175042,12474071)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (22501100900)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024YQ051)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022TQ0068,2023M740644)the Shanghai Sailing Program (23YF1402200,23YF1402400).
文摘Simulating the human olfactory nervous system is one of the key issues in the field of neuromorphic computing.Olfac-tory neurons interact with gas molecules,transmitting and storing odor information to the olfactory center of the brain.In order to emulate the complex functionalities of olfactory neurons,this study presents a flexible olfactory synapse transistor(OST)based on pentacene/C8-BTBT organic heterojunction.By modulating the interface between the energy bands of the organic semiconductor layers,this device demonstrates high sensitivity(ppb level)and memory function for NH3 sensing.Typi-cal synaptic behaviors triggered by NH_(3) pulses have been successfully demonstrated,such as inhibitory postsynaptic currents(IPSC),paired-pulse depression(PPD),long-term potentiation/depression(LTP/LTD),and transition from short-term depression(STD)to long-term depression(LTD).Furthermore,this device maintains stable olfactory synaptic functions even under differ-ent bending conditions,which can present new insights and possibilities for flexible synaptic systems and bio-inspired elec-tronic products.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022QB014)Higher Education Institutions Youth Innovation Team Plan of Shandong Province(2022KJ192)+3 种基金Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University(2019QL009)Science and Technology Funding from Jinan(2020GXRC018)Talent Introduction Project of Shandong First Medical University(003067)High-level University and High-level Discipline Construction Project of Shandong First Medical University(923002011).
文摘Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.However,due to the existence of an interface between hydrogels and human tissues,the transmission of electrical signals from the human tissues to the hydrogel electronic devices will be hindered.The adhesive hydrogels with adhesive properties can tightly combine with the human tissue,which can enhance the contact between the electronic devices and human tissues and reduce the contact resistance,thereby improving the performance of hydrogel electronic devices.In this review,we will discuss in detail the adhesion mechanism of adhesive hydrogels and elaborate on the design principles of adhesive hydrogels.After that,we will introduce some methods of performance evaluation for adhesive hydrogels.Finally,we will provide a perspective on the development of adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.60936002,61025021,61434001,61574083)the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China(No.2015CB352100)+3 种基金the National Key Project of Science and Technology(No.2011ZX02403-002)the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest of China(No.201303107)supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship(PDF)Program of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council(NSERC)of CanadaChina’s Postdoctoral Science Foundation(CPSF)
文摘In recent years, flexible electronic devices have become a hot topic of scientific research. These flexible devices are the basis of flexible circuits, flexible batteries, flexible displays and electronic skins. Graphene-based materials are very promising for flexible electronic devices, due to their high mobility, high elasticity, a tunable band gap, quantum electronic transport and high mechanical strength. In this article, we review the recent progress of the fabrication process and the applications of graphene-based electronic devices, including thermal acoustic devices, thermal rectifiers, graphene-based nanogenerators, pressure sensors and graphene-based light-emitting diodes. In summary, although there are still a lot of challenges needing to be solved, graphene-based materials are very promising for various flexible device applications in the future.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2016YFB0400700)
文摘Flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices have been developing to a new stage due to their unique capacity for the possibility of a variety of wearable intelligent electronics, including bendable smartphones, foldable touch screens and antennas, paper-like displays, and curved and flexible solid-state lighting devices. Before extensive commercial applications, some issues still have to be solved for flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices. In this regard, this review concludes the newly emerging flexible substrate materials, transparent conductive electrodes, device architectures and light manipulation methods. Examples of these components applied for various kinds of devices are also summarized. Finally, perspectives about the bright future of flexible and wearable electronic devices are proposed.
基金Funding information University of California,Riverside
文摘We provide a critical review on the recent development of flexible lithium-ion batteries(FLIBs)for flexible electronic devices.The innovative designs of cell configuration for bendable and stretchable FLIBs,selection of active materials,and evaluation methods for FLIBs are discussed.The grand challenges for FLIBs are energy density and scale-up fabrication as demonstrated in the review.Furthermore,the lack of quantitative evaluation methods for FLIBs'performance and nondestructive tools to probe the mechanical degradation may significantly hinder the development of FLIB technologies.Perspectives for future research directions,based on the current state of progress,are discussed.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)[Grant No.11972325,12272342,12202398]the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LGF20A020001).
文摘The rapid evolution of flexible electronic devices promises to revolutionize numerous fields by expanding the applications of smart devices.Nevertheless,despite this vast potential,the reliability of these innovative devices currently falls short,especially in light of demanding operation environment and the intrinsic challenges associated with their fabrication techniques.The heterogeneity in these processes and environments gives rise to unique failure modes throughout the devices'lifespan.To significantly enhance the reliability of these devices and assure long-term performance,it is paramount to comprehend the underpinning failure mechanisms thoroughly,thereby,enabling,optimal design solutions.A myriad of investigative efforts have been dedicated to unravel these failure mechanisms,utilizing a spectrum of tools from analytical models,numerical methods,to advanced characterization methods.This review delves into the root causes of device failure,scrutinizing both the fabrication process and the operation environment.Next,We subsequently address the failure mechanisms across four commonly observed modes:strength failure,fatigue failure,interfacial failure,and electrical failure,followed by an overview of targeted characterization methods associated with each mechanism.Concluding with an outlook,we spotlight ongoing challenges and promising directions for future research in our pursuit of highly resilient flexible electronic devices.
基金grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81671918)National Key Research Program of China(2016YFC1101004)Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Healthy Science Foundation of China(No.2018KY874).
文摘The healing process of diabetic wounds is typically disordered and prolonged and requires both angiogenesis and epithelialization.Disruptions of the endogenous electric fields(EFs)may lead to disordered cell migration.Electrical stimulation(ES)that mimics endogenous EFs is a promising method in treating diabetic wounds;however,a microenvironment that facilitates cell migration and a convenient means that can be used to apply ES are also required.Chitosan-Vaseline■gauze(CVG)has been identified to facilitate wound healing;it also promotes moisture retention and immune regulation and has antibacterial activity.For this study,we created a wound dressing using CVG together with a flexible ES device and further evaluated its potential as a treatment for diabetic wounds.We found that high voltage monophasic pulsed current(HVMPC)promoted healing of diabetic wounds in vivo.In studies carried out in vitro,we found that HVMPC promoted the proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)by activating PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling.Overall,we determined that the flexible ES-chitosan dressing may promoted healing of diabetic wounds by accelerating angiogenesis,enhancing epithelialization,and inhibiting scar formation.These findings provide support for the ongoing development of this multidisciplinary product for the care and treatment of diabetic wounds.
基金Project(2016YFB0901503) supported by National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaProjects(22075320,21875284) supported by the National Natureal Science Foundation of China。
文摘Rapid development of portable or wearable devices, which is inspired by requirements of instant messaging,health monitoring and handling official business, urgently demands more tiny, flexible and light power sources. Fibershaped batteries explored in recent years become a prospective candidate to satisfy these demands. With 1D architecture,the fiber-shaped batteries could be adapted to various deformations and integrated into soft textile and other devices.Numerous researches have been reported and achieved huge promotion. To give an overview of fiber-shaped batteries,we summarized the development of fiber-shaped batteries in this review, and discussed the structure and materials in fiber-shaped batteries. The flexibility of batteries with the potential application of the batteries was also exhibited and showed the future perspective. Finally, challenges in this field were discussed, hoping to reveal research direction towards further development of fiber-shaped batteries.
基金supported by the the National Natural This study was financially supported by the National Youth Top‐notch Talent Support Program,the State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering Funds(2020C03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971614,32071714,21736003,and 52003083)+2 种基金Guangzhou Science and Technology Funds(201904010078 and 202002030167)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(2019T120725,2019M652882,2019M662924,2020M682711,and 2020M682710)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020A1515110705)。
文摘With the rapid development of wearable and intelligent flexible electronic devices(FEDs),the demand for flexible energy storage/conversion devices(ESCDs)has also increased.Rechargeable flexible metal‐air batteries(MABs)are expected to be one of the most ideal ESCDs due to their high theoretical energy density,cost advantage,and strong deformation adaptability.With the improvement of the device design,material assemblies,and manufacturing technology,the research on the electrochemical performance of flexible MABs has made significant progress.However,achieving the high mechanical flexibility,high safety,and wearable comfortability required by FEDs while maintaining the high performance of flexible MABs are still a daunting challenge.In this review,flexible Zn‐air and Li‐air batteries are mainly exemplified to describe the most recent progress and challenges of flexible MABs.We start with an overview of the structure and configuration of the flexible MABs and discuss their impact on battery performance and function.Then it focuses on the research progress of flexible metal anodes,gel polymer electrolytes,and air cathodes.Finally,the main challenges and future research perspectives involving flexible MABs for FEDs are proposed.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(Grant No.2018GXNSFBA138025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32171720).
文摘The combination of high-voltage windows and bending stability remains a challenge for supercapacitors.Here,we present an“advantage-complementary strategy”using sodium lignosulfonate as a pseudocapacitive molecule to regulate the spatial stacking pattern of graphene oxide and the interfacial architectures of graphene oxide and polyaniline.Flexible and sustainable sodium lignosulfonate-based electrodes are successfully developed,showing perfect bending stability and high electronic conductivity and specific capacitance(521 F·g^(−1)at 0.5 A·g^(−1)).Due to the resulting rational interfacial structure and stable ion-electron transport,the asymmetric supercapacitors provide a wide voltage window reaching 1.7 V,outstanding bending stability and high energy-power density of 83.87 Wh·kg^(−1)at 3.4 kW·kg^(−1).These properties are superior to other reported cases of asymmetric energy enrichment.The synergistic strategy of sodium lignosulfonate on graphene oxide and polyaniline is undoubtedly beneficial to advance the process for the construction of green flexible supercapacitors with remarkably wide voltage windows and excellent bending stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61604108)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.16JCYBJC40600)
文摘Bioresorbable electronics is a new type of electronics technology that can potentially lead to biodegradable and dissolvable electronic devices to replace current built-to-last circuits predominantly used in implantable devices and consumer electronics. Such devices dissolve in an aqueous environment in time periods from seconds to months, and generate biological safe products. This paper reviews materials, fabrication techniques, and applications of bioresorbable electronics, and aims to inspire more revolutionary bioresorbable systems that can generate broader social and economic impact. Existing challenges and potential solutions in developing bioresorbable electronics have also been presented to arouse more joint research efforts in this field to build systematic technology framework.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20362,51875083)the funding from Dalian University of Technology(DUT23YG215,DUT22LAB504).
文摘Thermotherapy is a conventional and effective physiotherapy for arthritis.However,the current thermotherapy devices are often bulky and lack real-time temperature feedback and self-adjustment functions.Here,we developed a multifunctional wearable system for real-time thermotherapy of arthritic joints based on a multilayered flexible electronic device consisting of homomorphic hollow thin-film sensors and heater.The kirigami−serpentine thin-film sensors provide stretchability and rapid response to changes in environmental temperature and humidity,and the homomorphic design offers easy de-coupling of dual-modal sensing signals.Based on a closed-loop control,the thin-film Joule heater exhibits rapid and stable temperature regulation capability,with thermal response time<1's and maximum deviation<0.4℃ at 45℃.Based on the multifunctional wearable system,we developed a series of user-friendly gears and demonstrated programmable on-demand thermotherapy,real-time personal thermal management,thermal dehumidification,and relief of the pain via increasing blood perfusion.Our innovation offers a promising solution for arthritis management and has the potential to benefit the well-being of thousands of patients.
基金the Cultivation Project for Basic Research and Innovation of Yanshan University(No.2022LGQN006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22305014).
文摘The rational design of mechanically robust gel-based moisture-electric generators(MEGs)with broad environmental adaptability is of great significance for the construction of self-powered wearable systems,addressing critical challenges in sustainable energy harvesting for practical applications.In this study,we report a high-energy-output MEG based on a microphase-separated double-network ionogel,which contains a physically crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol network,chemically crosslinked poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)and hygroscopic ionic liquid(BMIMCl).The introduction of ionic liquids leads to microphase separation,resulting in the formation of a solvent-rich phase and a polymer-rich phase within ionogels.In this structure,the solvent-rich phase facilitates stretching and ionic conduction,whereas the polymer-rich phase contributes to the improvement of mechanical strength.The resultant ionogels demonstrate exceptional mechanical robustness featuring a tensile strength of 4.63MPa,501.02%elongation at break,10.81MJm−3 fracture toughness,and<5%hysteresis.More importantly,benefit from the intrinsic wide-temperature tolerance of ionic liquids,the ionogel-based MEGs can operate over a wide humidity(30%-90%relative humidity)and temperature range(−25℃to 55℃),delivering a stabilized output voltage of 0.9-1.25 V and a record short-circuit current density of 539.42μA cm^(−2),outperforming most reported gelbased MEGs.The electricity generation arises from synergistic coupling of humidity-gradient-driven H⁺migration(major output current contribution)and Al electrode oxidation(major output voltage contribution).Through modular integration,50 series-connected units achieved an output of up to 60 V,directly powering commercial electronics,such as smartwatches and calculators.This finding provides a feasible strategy for designing all-weather,mechanically robust,and scalable self-powered systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2288101,82170342)Medical Engineering Joint Fund of Fudan University(yg2023-01).
文摘Panvascular diseases,sharing atherosclerosis as a common pathological basis,pose a significant threat to human health.Flexible fibers combined with sensing elements become implantable and interventional smart fibers with monitoring and intervention capabilities.Due to the prolonged course of panvascular diseases,higher requirements are imposed on the monitoring-intervention closed-loop system of flexible fibers—high suitcordance(a combination of short-term suitability and long-term concordance).Suitcordance implies that novel flexible fibers must meet the traditional concept of compatibility and satisfy the new requirement of long-term co-regulation of fiber-vascular fate.This review introduces emerging flexible fiber electronic devices with exceptional performance related to panvascular diseases.These devices adapt well to the complex panvascular environment and provide ideal technical support for real-time,non-invasive,and continuous health monitoring-treatment.However,existing devices have limitations,and future research should focus on developing novel flexible smart fibers based on the clinical needs of panvascular diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91856128,21774038)Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymers Design and Application (KJS2220)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2022ZYGXZR105)the Pearl River Talents Scheme (2016ZT06C322)the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices (2019B121203003)。
文摘Fluorinated polymers exhibit a unique combination of attributes,including chemical inertness,low surface energy,exceptional weather resistance,and intriguing electrical properties.This mini review provides an overview of recent advancements in the research of fluorinated polymers,highlighting the development of synthetic strategies for novel fluorinated polymers and their diverse applications in various fields.Traditional fluorinated polyolefins can be modified through chemical methods to produce functional materials.Copolymerization of fluorinated olefins with non-fluorinated monomers effectively addresses synthesis challenges,yielding main-chain fluoro-containing polymers with specific functional groups.Additionally,recent studies have revealed that free radical(co)polymerization of fluorinated(meth)acrylate monomers leads to new fluorinated polymers with enhanced solubility,processability,and structural diversity.Capitalizing on these new synthetic strategies,a range of fluorinated polymer materials has been developed for a multitude of applications,including flexible electrodes,alternating current(AC)electroluminescent devices,energy storage capacitors,triboelectric nanogenerators,and lithium batteries.With their customized structures and excellent properties,fluorinated polymers hold significant promise to uncover more potential applications in the era of flexible and wearable electronics.
