Flag leaf angle(FLANG)is one of the key traits in wheat breeding due to its impact on plant architecture,light interception,and yield potential.An image-based method of measuring FLANG in wheat would reduce the labor ...Flag leaf angle(FLANG)is one of the key traits in wheat breeding due to its impact on plant architecture,light interception,and yield potential.An image-based method of measuring FLANG in wheat would reduce the labor and error of manual measurement of this trait.We describe a method for acquiring in-field FLANG images and a lightweight deep learning model named LeafPoseNet that incorporates a spatial attention mechanism for FLANG estimation.In a test dataset with wheat varieties exhibiting diverse FLANG,LeafPoseNet achieved high accuracy in predicting the FLANG,with a mean absolute error(MAE)of 1.75°,a root mean square error(RMSE)of 2.17°,and a coefficient of determination(R2)of 0.998,significantly outperforming established models such as YOLO12x-pose,YOLO11x-pose,HigherHRNet,Lightweight-OpenPose,and LitePose.We performed phenotyping and genome-wide association study to identify the genomic regions associated with FLANG in a panel of 221 diverse bread wheat genotypes,and identified 10 quantitative trait loci.Among them,qFLANG2B.2 was found to harbor a potential causal gene,TraesCS2B01G313700,which may regulate FLANG formation by modulating brassinosteroid levels.This method provides a low-cost,high-accuracy solution for in-field phenotyping of wheat FLANG,facilitating both wheat FLANG genetic studies and ideal plant type breeding.展开更多
Flag leaf angle is one of the key target traits in high yield wheat breeding.A smaller flag leaf angle reduces shading and enables plants to grow at a higher density,which increases yield.Here we identified a mutant,j...Flag leaf angle is one of the key target traits in high yield wheat breeding.A smaller flag leaf angle reduces shading and enables plants to grow at a higher density,which increases yield.Here we identified a mutant,je0407,with an 84.34%-89.35%smaller flag leaf angle compared with the wild type.The mutant also had an abnormal lamina joint and no ligule or auricle.Genetic analysis indicated that the ligule was controlled by two recessive genes,which were mapped to chromosomes 2AS and 2DL.The mutant allele on chromosome 2AS was named Tafla1b,and it was fine mapped to a 1 Mb physical interval.The mutant allele on chr.2DL was identified as Taspl8b,a novel allele of TaSPL8 with a missense mutation in the second exon,which was used to develop a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker.F3 and F4 lines derived from crosses between Jing411 and je0407 were genotyped to investigate interactions between the Tafla1b and Taspl8b alleles.Plants with the Tafla1b/Taspl8a genotype had 58.41%-82.76%smaller flag leaf angles,6.4%-24.9%shorter spikes,and a greater spikelet density(0.382 more spikelets per cm)compared with the wild type.Plants with the Tafla1a/Taspl8b genotype had 52.62%-82.24%smaller flag leaf angles and no differences in plant height or spikelet density compared with the wild type.Tafla1b/Taspl8b plants produced erect leaves with an abnormal lamina joint.The two alleles had dosage effects on ligule formation and flag leaf angle,but no significant effect on thousand-grain weight.The mutant alleles provide novel resources for improvement of wheat plant architecture.展开更多
[Objective] To provide scientific basis for high phosphorus efficiency cultivation and regulation of rice. [Method] Changbai9 （CB9） and Jijing81 （JJ81） were used as experimental materials for pot experiment, and f...[Objective] To provide scientific basis for high phosphorus efficiency cultivation and regulation of rice. [Method] Changbai9 （CB9） and Jijing81 （JJ81） were used as experimental materials for pot experiment, and five levels of phosphorus nutrient （ Po - P4 ） were set for each variety, the net photosynthesis rate, Chlorophyll Meter Readings （SPAD Readings）, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, and stomatal limitation were observed and compared between five different phosphorus levels at filling stage. [ Result] The net photosynthesis rate of CB9 reached the highest at P3, and was significantly different from other treatments （P 〈0.05）;the net photosynthesis rate of groups with phosphorus of J J81 were higher than that of the control group,and reached the highest at P,. The SPAD Readings of CB9 and JJ81 all achieved the highest at P3, and stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were all at first increased then decreased with the phosphor- us increased in CB9 and JJ81. With the phosphorus increased, intercellular CO2 concentration of CB9 decreased at first and then increased, while in JJ81 the trend was inversed,but the tendency of intercellular CO2 concentration were opposite to that of stomatal limitation in both culti- vars. [ Conclusion] Appropriate adding phosphorus could improve photosynthetic characteristic of rice flag-leaf,but displayed significant genotypic difference.展开更多
The changes in photochemical features of Photosystem Ⅱ (PS Ⅱ) and contents of Rubisco large subunit (RLS) and small subunit (RSS) in flag leaf from 75DAS to 113DAS (from filling to harvesting stages) were investigat...The changes in photochemical features of Photosystem Ⅱ (PS Ⅱ) and contents of Rubisco large subunit (RLS) and small subunit (RSS) in flag leaf from 75DAS to 113DAS (from filling to harvesting stages) were investigated in two hybrid rices (Oryza sativa L) cv. Liangyoupeijiu and cv. Shanyou 63 grown in the field. Liangyoupeijiu is a super high-yielding rice and Shanyou 63 has widely been planted in China in these years. The results indicate that soluble protein and chlorophyll in both cultivars degraded slowly at first and dramatically thereafter. The degradation speed of soluble protein in Shanyou 63 was faster than that in Liangyoupeijiu. Both Fv/Fm and qP decreased in parallel with leaf senescence, whereas qN fell at first and then rose. No significant change in excitation pressure (1-qP) was found before 89DAS but a sharply increase in both cultivars after it occurred. Excitation pressure rose more rapidly in Shanyou 63 than that in Liangyoupeijiu. The changes of RLS and RSS content exhibited the same trend as that of soluble protein content. A better linear correlation between RLS, RSS degradation and elevation of (1-qP) were shown in both cultivars. We suggest that the increase in PSⅡ excitation pressure possibly induced the quick senescence process in rice flag leaf. The high-yielding of Liangyoupeijiu may be due to its maintenance of stronger photosynthetic capacity, longer and more stable photosynthetic functional du-ration than that of Shanyou 63.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to conduct non-destructive monitoring on wheat leaf in field and discuss the method to measure geometric phenotype of flag leaf through digital image processing in order to establish relationsh...[Objective] The aim was to conduct non-destructive monitoring on wheat leaf in field and discuss the method to measure geometric phenotype of flag leaf through digital image processing in order to establish relationship between geometric pheno- type of flag leaf and N fertilizer regulation. [Method] Ningmai 13 was applied with N fertilizers in different amounts to discuss relationship among area, length, average width of flag leaf and applied N fertilizers using digital camera and digital image pro- cessing technique. [Result] Fertilizer is a main environmental factor influencing geo- metric phenotype of flag leaf, for example, area of flag leaf would enlarge four times and the length would increase from 15.87 to 25.33 cm by different N fertilizer amount. Thus, geometric phenotype of flag leaf would reflect N fertilizer amount at early stage. The highly accurate relationship between phenotype and N fertilizer is a reliable tech- nique to study on rules of wheat phenotype, N fertilizer and environmental factors. [Conclusion] The research indicated that digital image processing technique with scale label and dynamic background plates is an effective method to obtain geometric phenotype of sessile crops and crops with little leaf, providing a feasible scheme for non- destructive monitoring on growth dynamic of leaf＇s organs.展开更多
To understand genetic patterns of the morphological and physiological traits in flag leaf of barley, a double haploid （DH） population derived from the parents Yerong and Franklin was used to determine quantitative t...To understand genetic patterns of the morphological and physiological traits in flag leaf of barley, a double haploid （DH） population derived from the parents Yerong and Franklin was used to determine quantitative trait loci （QTL） controlling length, width, length/width, and chlorophyll content of flag leaves. A total of 9 QTLs showing significantly additive effect were detected in 8 intervals on 5 chromosomes. The variation of individual QTL ranged from 1.9% to 20.2%. For chlorophyll content expressed as SPAD value, 4 QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2H, 3H and 6H; for leaf length and width, 2 QTLs located on chromosomes 5H and 7H, and 2 QTLs located on chromosome 5H were detected; and for length/width, I QTL was detected on chromosome 7H. The identification of these QTLs associated with the properties of flag leaf is useful for barley improvement in breeding programs.展开更多
Premature senescence after anthesis reduces crop yields.Delaying leaf senescence could maintain photosynthetic activity for a longer period and lead to a higher photosynthetic rate.Recent studies have provided some in...Premature senescence after anthesis reduces crop yields.Delaying leaf senescence could maintain photosynthetic activity for a longer period and lead to a higher photosynthetic rate.Recent studies have provided some insights into the interaction between cytokinin and nitrogen(N)in the regulation of plant development.In the present study,foliar application of exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine(6-BA)and lovastatin,an inhibitor of cytokinin synthesis,was combined with three N rates[0 kg ha^(-1)(low nitrogen,LN),240 kg ha^(-1)(normal nitrogen,NN),and 360 kg ha^(-1)(high nitrogen,HN)]in two wheat cultivars,Wennong 6(with a staygreen phenotype)and Jimai 20(with a non-staygreen phenotype).Flag leaf senescence was assessed using a Gompertz growth curve.Grain mass,dry matter accumulation and distribution,total N of flag leaf,and concentrations of zeatin riboside(ZR)and abscisic acid(ABA)were also used to evaluate the functional characteristics of flag leaves.Grain mass was negatively correlated with initial senescence rate(r_0)and duration of rapid chlorophyll loss(Chl_(loss)),whereas it was positively correlated with maximum senescence rate(r_(max)),average senescence rate(r_(aver)),persistence phase(Chl_(per)),total duration of flag leaf(Chl_(total))and inflection point cumulative temperature(M).Compared to Jimai 20,Wennong 6 had larger r_(aver),Chl_(per),and Chl_(total).The concentration of ZR was highest under the 6-BA×NN treatment,followed by the 6-BA×HN and 6-BA×LN treatments.However,the concentration of ABA showed the opposite trend.It was concluded that the staygreen phenotype Wennong 6 was associated with greater grain mass and altered cytokinin metabolism and could be classified as a functional staygreen type.Foliar application of 6-BA interacting with N at the NN level(240 kg ha^(-1))may be a beneficial strategy for improving grain yield of wheat by regulating endogenous hormones and the flag leaf senescence process.Increasing endogenous cytokinin promoted the transport of dry matter to grain.展开更多
In order to identify the optimum period of spring water-restrictive irrigation for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)in the Haihe Plain,China and elucidate its effects on flag leaf senescence and yield formation,field...In order to identify the optimum period of spring water-restrictive irrigation for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)in the Haihe Plain,China and elucidate its effects on flag leaf senescence and yield formation,field experiments were conducted at the Xinji Experimental Station of Hebei Agricultural University from 2016 to 2019 by using different irrigation regimes in spring,including the conventional regime involving two irrigation periods(control(CK),the 3-leaf unfolding stage and the anthesis stage)and a series of single,restrictive irrigation regimes(SRI)comprising irrigation at the 3-leaf unfolding stage(3 LI),4 LI,5 LI,and 6 LI.There are five major findings:(1)The senescence(determined by the green leaf area,GLA)in the 4 LI treatment occurred moderately earlier than that in CK,showed no significant difference with that in 5 LI and 6 LI,and occurred significantly later than that in 3 LI.(2)Compared with other SRI treatments,the GLA value and photosynthetic rate in 4 LI were 14.82 and 20.1%higher,respectively.Microstructural analysis of flag leaf also revealed that the mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were irregularly arranged under drought stress in 3 LI and 6 LI;however,drought stress had minimal negative effects on the microstructure in 4 LI and 5 LI.(3)Postponed irrigation in spring could significantly increase superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activities in the early stage of grain filling;however,these activities would subsequently decrease.Among the four SRI treatments,the overall enzyme activities were the highest in 4 LI,and the combined malondialdehyde(MDA)content in flag leaves in 4 LI and 5 LI was 14.5%lower on average than that in 3 LI and 6 LI.(4)The soluble sugar(SS)and proline(Pro)contents in 4 LI were the highest among the four SRI treatments;however,they were lower than those in CK.The abscisic acid(ABA)hormone content in 4 LI and 5 LI was lower than that in 3 LI and 6 LI,respectively,suggesting a smaller drought stress effect in 4 LI and 5 LI.(5)In two growing seasons,there was a larger number of spikes per unit area in 4 LI(i.e.,13.4%higher than that in 5 LI and 6 LI)and the 1000-grain weight in 4 LI was the highest among the four SRI treatments(i.e.,6.0%higher than that in the other three SRI treatments).Therefore,a single restrictive irrigation regime at the 4-leaf unfolding stage is recommended to be effective in slowing down the senescence process of flag leaves and achieving high yield.展开更多
The response of transcription factor genes to low nitrogen stress was studied to provide molecular basis for improving the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in rice. The agilent rice genome ...The response of transcription factor genes to low nitrogen stress was studied to provide molecular basis for improving the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in rice. The agilent rice genome arrays were used to study the varied expression of transcription factor genes in two rice varieties （SN 196 and Toyonishhiki） with different chlorophyll contents under low nitrogen stress. The results showed that a total of 53 transcription factor genes （35 down-regulated and 18 up-regulated genes at the transcription level） in flag leaves of super-green rice SN196 and 27 transcription factor genes （21 down-regulated and 6 up-regulated genes at the transcription level） in flag leaves of Toyonishiki were affected by low nitrogen stress. Among those nitrogen-responsive genes, 48 transcription factor genes in SN196 and 22 in Toyonishiki were variety-specific. There were overlapped transcription factor genes responded to low nitrogen stress between SN196 and Toyonishiki, with 1 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated at the transcription level. Distributions of low nitrogen responsive genes on chromosomes were different in two rice varieties.展开更多
Genetic segregation analysis for flag leaf angle was conducted using six generations of P1, P2, F1, B1, B2 and F2 derived from a cross of 863B （a maintainer line of japonica rice） and A7444 （a germplasm with large ...Genetic segregation analysis for flag leaf angle was conducted using six generations of P1, P2, F1, B1, B2 and F2 derived from a cross of 863B （a maintainer line of japonica rice） and A7444 （a germplasm with large flag leaf angle）. Genotypes and phenotypes of flag leaf angle were investigated in 863B （P1）, A7444 （P2） and 141 plants in BC^F~ （863BIA744411863B） population. An SSR genetic linkage map was constructed and QTLs for flag leaf angle were detected. The genetic map containing 79 information loci was constructed, which covers a total distance of 441.6 cM, averaging 5.6 cM between two neighboring loci. Results showed that the trait was controlled by two major genes plus polygene and the major genes were more important. Fifteen markers showed highly significant correlations with flag leaf angle based on single marker regression analysis. Two QTLs （qFLA2 and qFLA8） for flag leaf angle were detected by both composite interval method in software WinQTLCart 2.5 and composite interval method based on mixed linear model in QTL Network 2.0. The qFLA2 explained 10.50% and 13.28% of phenotypic variation, respectively, and was located at the interval of RM300 and RM145 on the short arm of chromosome 2. The qFLA8 explained 9.59% and 7.64% of phenotypic variation, respectively, and was located at the interval flanking RM6215 and RM8265 on the long arm of chromosome 8. The positive alleles at the two QTLs were both contributed from A7444.展开更多
Cuticular wax plays an important role in protecting land plant against biotic and abiotic stresses. Cuticular wax production on plant surface is often visualized by a characteristic glaucous appearance. This study ide...Cuticular wax plays an important role in protecting land plant against biotic and abiotic stresses. Cuticular wax production on plant surface is often visualized by a characteristic glaucous appearance. This study identified quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） flag leaf glaucousness （FLG） using a high-density genetic linkage map developed from a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population derived from the cross HeynexLakin by single-seed descent. The map consisted of 2 068 single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） markers and 157 simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers on all 21 wheat chromosomes and covered a genetic distance of 2 381.19 cM, with an average marker interval of 1.07 cM. Two additive QTLs for FLG were identified on chromosomes 3AL and 2DS with the increasing FLG allele contributed from Lakin. The major QTL on 3AL, QFIg.hwwgr-3AL, explained 17.5-37.8% of the phenotypic variation in different environments. QFIg.hwwgr-3AL was located in a 4.4-cM interval on chromosome 3AL that was flanked by two markers IWA1831 and IWA8374. Another QTL for FLG on 2DS, designated as QFIg.hwwgr-2DS which was identified only in Yangling in 2014 （YL14）, was flanked by IWA1939 and Xgwm261 and accounted for 11.3% of the phenotypic variation for FLG. QFIg.hww- gr-3AL and QFIg.hwwgr-2DS showed Additive×Environment （AE） interactions, explaining 3.5 and 4.4% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. Our results indicated that different genes/QTLs may contribute different scores of FLG in a cultivar and that the environment may play a role in FLG.展开更多
To understand the responses of flag leaf shape in rice to elevated CO2 environment and their genetic characteristics, quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for flag leaf shape in rice were mapped onto the molecular marker ...To understand the responses of flag leaf shape in rice to elevated CO2 environment and their genetic characteristics, quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for flag leaf shape in rice were mapped onto the molecular marker linkage map of chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs） derived from a cross between a japonica variety Asominori and an indica variety IR24 under free air carbon dioxide enrichment （FACE, 200 μmol/mol above current levels） and current CO2 concentration （Ambient, about 370 μmol/mol）. Three flag-leaf traits, flag-leaf length （LL）, width （LW） and the ratio of LL to LW （RLW）, were estimated for each CSSL and their parental varieties. The differences in LL, LW and RLW between parents and in LL and LW within IR24 between FACE and Ambient were significant at 1% level. The continuous distributions and transgressive segregations of LL, LW and RLW were also observed in CSSL population, showing that the three traits were quantitatively inherited under both FACE and Ambient. A total of 16 QTLs for the three traits were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 11 with LOD （Log10-1ikelihood ratio） scores ranging from 3.0 to 6.7. Among them, four QTLs （qLL-6＊, qLL-8＊ qLW-4＊ and qRLW-6＊） were commonly detected under both FACE and Ambient. Therefore, based on the different responses to elevated CO2 in comparison with current CO2 level, it can be suggested that the expressions of several QTLs associated with flag-leaf shape in rice could be induced by the high CO2 level.展开更多
The ear, together with the flag leaf, is believed to play a major role as a source of assimilates during grain filling in C3cereals. However, the intrusive nature of most of the available methodologies prevents reachi...The ear, together with the flag leaf, is believed to play a major role as a source of assimilates during grain filling in C3cereals. However, the intrusive nature of most of the available methodologies prevents reaching conclusive results in this regard. This study compares the carbon isotope composition（d13C） in its natural abundance in the water‐soluble fractions of the flag leaf blade and the ear with the d13C of mature kernels to assess the relative contribution of both organs to grain filling in durum wheat（Triticum turgidum L. var.durum）. The relative contribution of the ear was higher in landraces compared to modern cultivars, as well as in response to nitrogen fertilization and water stress. Such genotypic and environmentally driven differences were associated with changes in harvest index（HI）, with the relative contribution of the ear being negatively associated with HI. In the case of the genotypic differences, the lower relative contribution of the ear in modern cultivars compared with landraces is probably associated with the appearance in the former of a certain amount of source limitation driven by a higher HI. In fact, the relative contribution of the ear was far more responsive to changes in HI in modern cultivars compared with landraces.展开更多
Dynamic changes in flag leaf angle, anatomy, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, population photosynthesis, and light transmission are investigated in three wheat cultivars: Xiaoyan 81 (Xy 81) in which flag leaf angl...Dynamic changes in flag leaf angle, anatomy, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, population photosynthesis, and light transmission are investigated in three wheat cultivars: Xiaoyan 81 (Xy 81) in which flag leaf angle changes from erect to draped, Xiaoyan 41 (Xy 41) in which flag leaf angle changes from erect to half draped (middle type), and Xiaoyan 6 (Xy 6) in which the flag leaf remains erect from the flowering to the grain-filling stage. No obvious differences in leaf thickness, leaf area, mesophyll morphology, granal stacking, photosynthesis, or chlorophyll content are found among the three cultivars. It is of interest to find that the flag leaf angle of Xy 81 changes from erect to draped during the grain - filling stage, but there are no obvious changes in chlorophyll content or photosynthetic capacity during this period, indicating that changes in flag leaf angle do not result from senescence. Moreover, the study shows that levels of population photosynthesis and light transmission in Xy 81 are higher than in Xy 41 and Xy 6. Taken together, these results demonstrate that dynamic changes in Xy 81 flag leaf angle enhance population photosynthesis and thus may improve wheat yield.展开更多
wild species and cultivars were planted under irrigated and dryland field condition. LCA\|3 model photosynthesis apparatus was employed to measure flag leaf WUE. The results show that WUE of diploid and tetraploid inc...wild species and cultivars were planted under irrigated and dryland field condition. LCA\|3 model photosynthesis apparatus was employed to measure flag leaf WUE. The results show that WUE of diploid and tetraploid increases as the wild species became cultivated species. WUE of flag leaf increases as the chromosome ploid increases (2\%n\%→4\%n\%→6\%n\%) in the wheat evolution. Among modern cultivars, WUE of most irrigated varieties is higher than that of dryland varieties.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study on the effects of long-term low radiation on canopy apparent photosynthetic rate （CAP） and photosynthetic properties of top three leaves of winter wheat, especially the flag leaf. [M...[Objective] The aim was to study on the effects of long-term low radiation on canopy apparent photosynthetic rate （CAP） and photosynthetic properties of top three leaves of winter wheat, especially the flag leaf. [Method] Two winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L） cultivars, Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11, which differed in low radiation resistance, were used to measure the CAP, photosynthetic rate （Pn） of the top three leaves, chlorophyll content of flag leaf and grain yield. In the test, three treatments were designed from jointing to maturity, as follows： control without shad- ing （So）, S1 and S2 treatments with 22% and 33% sunshine shaded. [Result] CAP of Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11 declined with shading. Under low radiation, Pn of flag leaf declined significantly, while no obvious effects were found on Pn of the 2nd leaf, and Pn of the 3rn leaf increased significantly, which partially compensated the decrease of Pn of the flag leaf. In addition, the compensation effect differed in shading and cultivars： compensation effect in S1 group was higher than that of S2 and effect of Yangmai 158 was higher than that of Yangmai 11. During the period of high Pn. shading decreased the content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, b, and a/b. [Conclusion] Under low radiation, the decrease of chlorophyll a and a/b led to substantial declining of Pn. and CAP declined accordingly, finally resulting in drop of grain yield. The research provides important theoretical basis for wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.展开更多
Activities of several key enzymes of C-4 photosynthesis pathway and stable carbon isotope discrimination were investigated in flag leaves of a super high-yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Peiai 64S/E32 and a tra...Activities of several key enzymes of C-4 photosynthesis pathway and stable carbon isotope discrimination were investigated in flag leaves of a super high-yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Peiai 64S/E32 and a traditional hybrid rice cv. Shanyou 63 at different developing stages. Results show that the activity of PEP carboxylase (PEPCase) increased with age of flag leave; the activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) increased and reached to a peak value at grain filling stage (68-75 d after transplanting), then fell down; the activity of NADP-MDH in cv. Peiai 64S/E32 was much higher than that in cv. Shanyou 63. Before ripening stage (95 d after transplanting), NADP-malic enzyme activity rose gradually. The level of stable carbon isotope discrimination (Delta(13)C) in flag leaves and grains at different developing stages were similar and exhibited a comparative high value at ripening stage. The average Delta(13)C in leaf of cv. Peiai 64S/E32 during different developing stages was 0.43parts per thousand more than that in cv. Shanyou 63.展开更多
基金supported by the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD04076)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1000100)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA0450000).
文摘Flag leaf angle(FLANG)is one of the key traits in wheat breeding due to its impact on plant architecture,light interception,and yield potential.An image-based method of measuring FLANG in wheat would reduce the labor and error of manual measurement of this trait.We describe a method for acquiring in-field FLANG images and a lightweight deep learning model named LeafPoseNet that incorporates a spatial attention mechanism for FLANG estimation.In a test dataset with wheat varieties exhibiting diverse FLANG,LeafPoseNet achieved high accuracy in predicting the FLANG,with a mean absolute error(MAE)of 1.75°,a root mean square error(RMSE)of 2.17°,and a coefficient of determination(R2)of 0.998,significantly outperforming established models such as YOLO12x-pose,YOLO11x-pose,HigherHRNet,Lightweight-OpenPose,and LitePose.We performed phenotyping and genome-wide association study to identify the genomic regions associated with FLANG in a panel of 221 diverse bread wheat genotypes,and identified 10 quantitative trait loci.Among them,qFLANG2B.2 was found to harbor a potential causal gene,TraesCS2B01G313700,which may regulate FLANG formation by modulating brassinosteroid levels.This method provides a low-cost,high-accuracy solution for in-field phenotyping of wheat FLANG,facilitating both wheat FLANG genetic studies and ideal plant type breeding.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2022YFD1200700)the Crop Varietal Improvement and Insect Pests Control by Nuclear Radiation,Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-03).
文摘Flag leaf angle is one of the key target traits in high yield wheat breeding.A smaller flag leaf angle reduces shading and enables plants to grow at a higher density,which increases yield.Here we identified a mutant,je0407,with an 84.34%-89.35%smaller flag leaf angle compared with the wild type.The mutant also had an abnormal lamina joint and no ligule or auricle.Genetic analysis indicated that the ligule was controlled by two recessive genes,which were mapped to chromosomes 2AS and 2DL.The mutant allele on chromosome 2AS was named Tafla1b,and it was fine mapped to a 1 Mb physical interval.The mutant allele on chr.2DL was identified as Taspl8b,a novel allele of TaSPL8 with a missense mutation in the second exon,which was used to develop a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker.F3 and F4 lines derived from crosses between Jing411 and je0407 were genotyped to investigate interactions between the Tafla1b and Taspl8b alleles.Plants with the Tafla1b/Taspl8a genotype had 58.41%-82.76%smaller flag leaf angles,6.4%-24.9%shorter spikes,and a greater spikelet density(0.382 more spikelets per cm)compared with the wild type.Plants with the Tafla1a/Taspl8b genotype had 52.62%-82.24%smaller flag leaf angles and no differences in plant height or spikelet density compared with the wild type.Tafla1b/Taspl8b plants produced erect leaves with an abnormal lamina joint.The two alleles had dosage effects on ligule formation and flag leaf angle,but no significant effect on thousand-grain weight.The mutant alleles provide novel resources for improvement of wheat plant architecture.
基金Supported by Key Technique Research on Middle and Low Yield Paddy Field Improvement in Jilin Middle Part(20096026)~~
文摘[Objective] To provide scientific basis for high phosphorus efficiency cultivation and regulation of rice. [Method] Changbai9 （CB9） and Jijing81 （JJ81） were used as experimental materials for pot experiment, and five levels of phosphorus nutrient （ Po - P4 ） were set for each variety, the net photosynthesis rate, Chlorophyll Meter Readings （SPAD Readings）, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, and stomatal limitation were observed and compared between five different phosphorus levels at filling stage. [ Result] The net photosynthesis rate of CB9 reached the highest at P3, and was significantly different from other treatments （P 〈0.05）;the net photosynthesis rate of groups with phosphorus of J J81 were higher than that of the control group,and reached the highest at P,. The SPAD Readings of CB9 and JJ81 all achieved the highest at P3, and stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were all at first increased then decreased with the phosphor- us increased in CB9 and JJ81. With the phosphorus increased, intercellular CO2 concentration of CB9 decreased at first and then increased, while in JJ81 the trend was inversed,but the tendency of intercellular CO2 concentration were opposite to that of stomatal limitation in both culti- vars. [ Conclusion] Appropriate adding phosphorus could improve photosynthetic characteristic of rice flag-leaf,but displayed significant genotypic difference.
文摘The changes in photochemical features of Photosystem Ⅱ (PS Ⅱ) and contents of Rubisco large subunit (RLS) and small subunit (RSS) in flag leaf from 75DAS to 113DAS (from filling to harvesting stages) were investigated in two hybrid rices (Oryza sativa L) cv. Liangyoupeijiu and cv. Shanyou 63 grown in the field. Liangyoupeijiu is a super high-yielding rice and Shanyou 63 has widely been planted in China in these years. The results indicate that soluble protein and chlorophyll in both cultivars degraded slowly at first and dramatically thereafter. The degradation speed of soluble protein in Shanyou 63 was faster than that in Liangyoupeijiu. Both Fv/Fm and qP decreased in parallel with leaf senescence, whereas qN fell at first and then rose. No significant change in excitation pressure (1-qP) was found before 89DAS but a sharply increase in both cultivars after it occurred. Excitation pressure rose more rapidly in Shanyou 63 than that in Liangyoupeijiu. The changes of RLS and RSS content exhibited the same trend as that of soluble protein content. A better linear correlation between RLS, RSS degradation and elevation of (1-qP) were shown in both cultivars. We suggest that the increase in PSⅡ excitation pressure possibly induced the quick senescence process in rice flag leaf. The high-yielding of Liangyoupeijiu may be due to its maintenance of stronger photosynthetic capacity, longer and more stable photosynthetic functional du-ration than that of Shanyou 63.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50875131)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to conduct non-destructive monitoring on wheat leaf in field and discuss the method to measure geometric phenotype of flag leaf through digital image processing in order to establish relationship between geometric pheno- type of flag leaf and N fertilizer regulation. [Method] Ningmai 13 was applied with N fertilizers in different amounts to discuss relationship among area, length, average width of flag leaf and applied N fertilizers using digital camera and digital image pro- cessing technique. [Result] Fertilizer is a main environmental factor influencing geo- metric phenotype of flag leaf, for example, area of flag leaf would enlarge four times and the length would increase from 15.87 to 25.33 cm by different N fertilizer amount. Thus, geometric phenotype of flag leaf would reflect N fertilizer amount at early stage. The highly accurate relationship between phenotype and N fertilizer is a reliable tech- nique to study on rules of wheat phenotype, N fertilizer and environmental factors. [Conclusion] The research indicated that digital image processing technique with scale label and dynamic background plates is an effective method to obtain geometric phenotype of sessile crops and crops with little leaf, providing a feasible scheme for non- destructive monitoring on growth dynamic of leaf＇s organs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30630047) the Project on Absorption of Intellects by Institutions of Higher Education for Academic Disciplinary Innova-tions (the 111 Project) (No. B06014), China
文摘To understand genetic patterns of the morphological and physiological traits in flag leaf of barley, a double haploid （DH） population derived from the parents Yerong and Franklin was used to determine quantitative trait loci （QTL） controlling length, width, length/width, and chlorophyll content of flag leaves. A total of 9 QTLs showing significantly additive effect were detected in 8 intervals on 5 chromosomes. The variation of individual QTL ranged from 1.9% to 20.2%. For chlorophyll content expressed as SPAD value, 4 QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2H, 3H and 6H; for leaf length and width, 2 QTLs located on chromosomes 5H and 7H, and 2 QTLs located on chromosome 5H were detected; and for length/width, I QTL was detected on chromosome 7H. The identification of these QTLs associated with the properties of flag leaf is useful for barley improvement in breeding programs.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0301001 and 2016YFD0300403)the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB150404)the Shandong Province Mount Tai Industrial Talents Program
文摘Premature senescence after anthesis reduces crop yields.Delaying leaf senescence could maintain photosynthetic activity for a longer period and lead to a higher photosynthetic rate.Recent studies have provided some insights into the interaction between cytokinin and nitrogen(N)in the regulation of plant development.In the present study,foliar application of exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine(6-BA)and lovastatin,an inhibitor of cytokinin synthesis,was combined with three N rates[0 kg ha^(-1)(low nitrogen,LN),240 kg ha^(-1)(normal nitrogen,NN),and 360 kg ha^(-1)(high nitrogen,HN)]in two wheat cultivars,Wennong 6(with a staygreen phenotype)and Jimai 20(with a non-staygreen phenotype).Flag leaf senescence was assessed using a Gompertz growth curve.Grain mass,dry matter accumulation and distribution,total N of flag leaf,and concentrations of zeatin riboside(ZR)and abscisic acid(ABA)were also used to evaluate the functional characteristics of flag leaves.Grain mass was negatively correlated with initial senescence rate(r_0)and duration of rapid chlorophyll loss(Chl_(loss)),whereas it was positively correlated with maximum senescence rate(r_(max)),average senescence rate(r_(aver)),persistence phase(Chl_(per)),total duration of flag leaf(Chl_(total))and inflection point cumulative temperature(M).Compared to Jimai 20,Wennong 6 had larger r_(aver),Chl_(per),and Chl_(total).The concentration of ZR was highest under the 6-BA×NN treatment,followed by the 6-BA×HN and 6-BA×LN treatments.However,the concentration of ABA showed the opposite trend.It was concluded that the staygreen phenotype Wennong 6 was associated with greater grain mass and altered cytokinin metabolism and could be classified as a functional staygreen type.Foliar application of 6-BA interacting with N at the NN level(240 kg ha^(-1))may be a beneficial strategy for improving grain yield of wheat by regulating endogenous hormones and the flag leaf senescence process.Increasing endogenous cytokinin promoted the transport of dry matter to grain.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0300906)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2012BAD04B06)。
文摘In order to identify the optimum period of spring water-restrictive irrigation for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)in the Haihe Plain,China and elucidate its effects on flag leaf senescence and yield formation,field experiments were conducted at the Xinji Experimental Station of Hebei Agricultural University from 2016 to 2019 by using different irrigation regimes in spring,including the conventional regime involving two irrigation periods(control(CK),the 3-leaf unfolding stage and the anthesis stage)and a series of single,restrictive irrigation regimes(SRI)comprising irrigation at the 3-leaf unfolding stage(3 LI),4 LI,5 LI,and 6 LI.There are five major findings:(1)The senescence(determined by the green leaf area,GLA)in the 4 LI treatment occurred moderately earlier than that in CK,showed no significant difference with that in 5 LI and 6 LI,and occurred significantly later than that in 3 LI.(2)Compared with other SRI treatments,the GLA value and photosynthetic rate in 4 LI were 14.82 and 20.1%higher,respectively.Microstructural analysis of flag leaf also revealed that the mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were irregularly arranged under drought stress in 3 LI and 6 LI;however,drought stress had minimal negative effects on the microstructure in 4 LI and 5 LI.(3)Postponed irrigation in spring could significantly increase superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activities in the early stage of grain filling;however,these activities would subsequently decrease.Among the four SRI treatments,the overall enzyme activities were the highest in 4 LI,and the combined malondialdehyde(MDA)content in flag leaves in 4 LI and 5 LI was 14.5%lower on average than that in 3 LI and 6 LI.(4)The soluble sugar(SS)and proline(Pro)contents in 4 LI were the highest among the four SRI treatments;however,they were lower than those in CK.The abscisic acid(ABA)hormone content in 4 LI and 5 LI was lower than that in 3 LI and 6 LI,respectively,suggesting a smaller drought stress effect in 4 LI and 5 LI.(5)In two growing seasons,there was a larger number of spikes per unit area in 4 LI(i.e.,13.4%higher than that in 5 LI and 6 LI)and the 1000-grain weight in 4 LI was the highest among the four SRI treatments(i.e.,6.0%higher than that in the other three SRI treatments).Therefore,a single restrictive irrigation regime at the 4-leaf unfolding stage is recommended to be effective in slowing down the senescence process of flag leaves and achieving high yield.
基金supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Fund of Science and Technology Ministry of China(Grant No. 2010GB2B000077)the Special Fund forAgro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of theministry of Agriculture of China (Grant No.201203026)
文摘The response of transcription factor genes to low nitrogen stress was studied to provide molecular basis for improving the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in rice. The agilent rice genome arrays were used to study the varied expression of transcription factor genes in two rice varieties （SN 196 and Toyonishhiki） with different chlorophyll contents under low nitrogen stress. The results showed that a total of 53 transcription factor genes （35 down-regulated and 18 up-regulated genes at the transcription level） in flag leaves of super-green rice SN196 and 27 transcription factor genes （21 down-regulated and 6 up-regulated genes at the transcription level） in flag leaves of Toyonishiki were affected by low nitrogen stress. Among those nitrogen-responsive genes, 48 transcription factor genes in SN196 and 22 in Toyonishiki were variety-specific. There were overlapped transcription factor genes responded to low nitrogen stress between SN196 and Toyonishiki, with 1 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated at the transcription level. Distributions of low nitrogen responsive genes on chromosomes were different in two rice varieties.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No. 2010AA101300)the Platform Construction for Science and Technology Basic Condition from Science and Technology Ministry,China (Grant No.505005)
文摘Genetic segregation analysis for flag leaf angle was conducted using six generations of P1, P2, F1, B1, B2 and F2 derived from a cross of 863B （a maintainer line of japonica rice） and A7444 （a germplasm with large flag leaf angle）. Genotypes and phenotypes of flag leaf angle were investigated in 863B （P1）, A7444 （P2） and 141 plants in BC^F~ （863BIA744411863B） population. An SSR genetic linkage map was constructed and QTLs for flag leaf angle were detected. The genetic map containing 79 information loci was constructed, which covers a total distance of 441.6 cM, averaging 5.6 cM between two neighboring loci. Results showed that the trait was controlled by two major genes plus polygene and the major genes were more important. Fifteen markers showed highly significant correlations with flag leaf angle based on single marker regression analysis. Two QTLs （qFLA2 and qFLA8） for flag leaf angle were detected by both composite interval method in software WinQTLCart 2.5 and composite interval method based on mixed linear model in QTL Network 2.0. The qFLA2 explained 10.50% and 13.28% of phenotypic variation, respectively, and was located at the interval of RM300 and RM145 on the short arm of chromosome 2. The qFLA8 explained 9.59% and 7.64% of phenotypic variation, respectively, and was located at the interval flanking RM6215 and RM8265 on the long arm of chromosome 8. The positive alleles at the two QTLs were both contributed from A7444.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Innovation Team Plan from Shaanxi Province,China (2014KCT25)projects supported by Cyrus Tang Foundation in Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi Province,China
文摘Cuticular wax plays an important role in protecting land plant against biotic and abiotic stresses. Cuticular wax production on plant surface is often visualized by a characteristic glaucous appearance. This study identified quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） flag leaf glaucousness （FLG） using a high-density genetic linkage map developed from a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population derived from the cross HeynexLakin by single-seed descent. The map consisted of 2 068 single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） markers and 157 simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers on all 21 wheat chromosomes and covered a genetic distance of 2 381.19 cM, with an average marker interval of 1.07 cM. Two additive QTLs for FLG were identified on chromosomes 3AL and 2DS with the increasing FLG allele contributed from Lakin. The major QTL on 3AL, QFIg.hwwgr-3AL, explained 17.5-37.8% of the phenotypic variation in different environments. QFIg.hwwgr-3AL was located in a 4.4-cM interval on chromosome 3AL that was flanked by two markers IWA1831 and IWA8374. Another QTL for FLG on 2DS, designated as QFIg.hwwgr-2DS which was identified only in Yangling in 2014 （YL14）, was flanked by IWA1939 and Xgwm261 and accounted for 11.3% of the phenotypic variation for FLG. QFIg.hww- gr-3AL and QFIg.hwwgr-2DS showed Additive×Environment （AE） interactions, explaining 3.5 and 4.4% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. Our results indicated that different genes/QTLs may contribute different scores of FLG in a cultivar and that the environment may play a role in FLG.
基金The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, China （Grant Nos. 30270800 and 40231003）
文摘To understand the responses of flag leaf shape in rice to elevated CO2 environment and their genetic characteristics, quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for flag leaf shape in rice were mapped onto the molecular marker linkage map of chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs） derived from a cross between a japonica variety Asominori and an indica variety IR24 under free air carbon dioxide enrichment （FACE, 200 μmol/mol above current levels） and current CO2 concentration （Ambient, about 370 μmol/mol）. Three flag-leaf traits, flag-leaf length （LL）, width （LW） and the ratio of LL to LW （RLW）, were estimated for each CSSL and their parental varieties. The differences in LL, LW and RLW between parents and in LL and LW within IR24 between FACE and Ambient were significant at 1% level. The continuous distributions and transgressive segregations of LL, LW and RLW were also observed in CSSL population, showing that the three traits were quantitatively inherited under both FACE and Ambient. A total of 16 QTLs for the three traits were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 11 with LOD （Log10-1ikelihood ratio） scores ranging from 3.0 to 6.7. Among them, four QTLs （qLL-6＊, qLL-8＊ qLW-4＊ and qRLW-6＊） were commonly detected under both FACE and Ambient. Therefore, based on the different responses to elevated CO2 in comparison with current CO2 level, it can be suggested that the expressions of several QTLs associated with flag-leaf shape in rice could be induced by the high CO2 level.
基金supported by the project AGL2010‐20180:"Improvement ofdurum wheat for present and future Mediterranean conditions"from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación,Spain
文摘The ear, together with the flag leaf, is believed to play a major role as a source of assimilates during grain filling in C3cereals. However, the intrusive nature of most of the available methodologies prevents reaching conclusive results in this regard. This study compares the carbon isotope composition（d13C） in its natural abundance in the water‐soluble fractions of the flag leaf blade and the ear with the d13C of mature kernels to assess the relative contribution of both organs to grain filling in durum wheat（Triticum turgidum L. var.durum）. The relative contribution of the ear was higher in landraces compared to modern cultivars, as well as in response to nitrogen fertilization and water stress. Such genotypic and environmentally driven differences were associated with changes in harvest index（HI）, with the relative contribution of the ear being negatively associated with HI. In the case of the genotypic differences, the lower relative contribution of the ear in modern cultivars compared with landraces is probably associated with the appearance in the former of a certain amount of source limitation driven by a higher HI. In fact, the relative contribution of the ear was far more responsive to changes in HI in modern cultivars compared with landraces.
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KSCX1-YW-03)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30330390)
文摘Dynamic changes in flag leaf angle, anatomy, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, population photosynthesis, and light transmission are investigated in three wheat cultivars: Xiaoyan 81 (Xy 81) in which flag leaf angle changes from erect to draped, Xiaoyan 41 (Xy 41) in which flag leaf angle changes from erect to half draped (middle type), and Xiaoyan 6 (Xy 6) in which the flag leaf remains erect from the flowering to the grain-filling stage. No obvious differences in leaf thickness, leaf area, mesophyll morphology, granal stacking, photosynthesis, or chlorophyll content are found among the three cultivars. It is of interest to find that the flag leaf angle of Xy 81 changes from erect to draped during the grain - filling stage, but there are no obvious changes in chlorophyll content or photosynthetic capacity during this period, indicating that changes in flag leaf angle do not result from senescence. Moreover, the study shows that levels of population photosynthesis and light transmission in Xy 81 are higher than in Xy 41 and Xy 6. Taken together, these results demonstrate that dynamic changes in Xy 81 flag leaf angle enhance population photosynthesis and thus may improve wheat yield.
文摘wild species and cultivars were planted under irrigated and dryland field condition. LCA\|3 model photosynthesis apparatus was employed to measure flag leaf WUE. The results show that WUE of diploid and tetraploid increases as the wild species became cultivated species. WUE of flag leaf increases as the chromosome ploid increases (2\%n\%→4\%n\%→6\%n\%) in the wheat evolution. Among modern cultivars, WUE of most irrigated varieties is higher than that of dryland varieties.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province (10KJB210002)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (20110491442)Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds (1101059C)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study on the effects of long-term low radiation on canopy apparent photosynthetic rate （CAP） and photosynthetic properties of top three leaves of winter wheat, especially the flag leaf. [Method] Two winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L） cultivars, Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11, which differed in low radiation resistance, were used to measure the CAP, photosynthetic rate （Pn） of the top three leaves, chlorophyll content of flag leaf and grain yield. In the test, three treatments were designed from jointing to maturity, as follows： control without shad- ing （So）, S1 and S2 treatments with 22% and 33% sunshine shaded. [Result] CAP of Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11 declined with shading. Under low radiation, Pn of flag leaf declined significantly, while no obvious effects were found on Pn of the 2nd leaf, and Pn of the 3rn leaf increased significantly, which partially compensated the decrease of Pn of the flag leaf. In addition, the compensation effect differed in shading and cultivars： compensation effect in S1 group was higher than that of S2 and effect of Yangmai 158 was higher than that of Yangmai 11. During the period of high Pn. shading decreased the content of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, b, and a/b. [Conclusion] Under low radiation, the decrease of chlorophyll a and a/b led to substantial declining of Pn. and CAP declined accordingly, finally resulting in drop of grain yield. The research provides important theoretical basis for wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.
文摘Activities of several key enzymes of C-4 photosynthesis pathway and stable carbon isotope discrimination were investigated in flag leaves of a super high-yield hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Peiai 64S/E32 and a traditional hybrid rice cv. Shanyou 63 at different developing stages. Results show that the activity of PEP carboxylase (PEPCase) increased with age of flag leave; the activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) increased and reached to a peak value at grain filling stage (68-75 d after transplanting), then fell down; the activity of NADP-MDH in cv. Peiai 64S/E32 was much higher than that in cv. Shanyou 63. Before ripening stage (95 d after transplanting), NADP-malic enzyme activity rose gradually. The level of stable carbon isotope discrimination (Delta(13)C) in flag leaves and grains at different developing stages were similar and exhibited a comparative high value at ripening stage. The average Delta(13)C in leaf of cv. Peiai 64S/E32 during different developing stages was 0.43parts per thousand more than that in cv. Shanyou 63.
