This paper develops a new event-based optimal control(EBOC)method for cooperative adaptive cruise control(CACC)systems using parallel control and adaptive dynamic programming(ADP).First,based on the framework of optim...This paper develops a new event-based optimal control(EBOC)method for cooperative adaptive cruise control(CACC)systems using parallel control and adaptive dynamic programming(ADP).First,based on the framework of optimal control and event-based control,CACC of connected vehicles is modeled as optimal control,and a triggering condition is designed to achieve the event-based CACC.Furthermore,the control stability of the closed-loop system under the developed triggering condition is shown theoretically.Then,iterative ADP and parallel control are utilized to implement the EBOC method.Finally,the correctness of the proposed EBOC method is verified by the application to a CACC system.展开更多
Understanding intricate interactions between natural–social factors and ecosystem service synergies and trade-offs(ESS/EST)can be valuable for promoting the sustainable development of multiple ecosystem services(ESs)...Understanding intricate interactions between natural–social factors and ecosystem service synergies and trade-offs(ESS/EST)can be valuable for promoting the sustainable development of multiple ecosystem services(ESs).Taking Beijing as the study area,this study was conducted from the perspective of ecosystem service bundles(ESBs).First,based on the identification of key ecological risks,the supply of 5 ESs was quantified.Then,3 ESBs were identified through the cluster analysis of the ESs.We explored the synergies and trade-offs between ES pairs in different ESBs and quantified their strengths.By further exploring the influence of natural–social factors on ESS/EST,we developed targeted management policies in different ESBs to improve management efficiency.At the township scale,Beijing is divided into 3 ESBs.Marked differences in the ESS/EST were found among each bundle,indicating the necessity of zonal management.The results showed that landscape composition was the dominant factor affecting ESS in ESB3 and EST in ESB2,human activities had the greatest influence on ESS in ESB2,while biophysical indicators had the highest degree of contribution to ESS and EST in ESB1 and EST in ESB3.These results support the formulation of sustainable management strategies.The results of the study emphasize the importance of considering ESS/EST and their natural–social factors in different ESBs when formulating effective policies,which can provide useful guidance for sustainable urban planning and development and can be further applied to metropolitan areas around the world.展开更多
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2025M770781)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZC20240839).
文摘This paper develops a new event-based optimal control(EBOC)method for cooperative adaptive cruise control(CACC)systems using parallel control and adaptive dynamic programming(ADP).First,based on the framework of optimal control and event-based control,CACC of connected vehicles is modeled as optimal control,and a triggering condition is designed to achieve the event-based CACC.Furthermore,the control stability of the closed-loop system under the developed triggering condition is shown theoretically.Then,iterative ADP and parallel control are utilized to implement the EBOC method.Finally,the correctness of the proposed EBOC method is verified by the application to a CACC system.
基金supported by the Key Project of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration of China(2023132050)the Major Project of Teaching Reform of Beijing Forestry University 2023 (BJFU2023JYZD002)
文摘Understanding intricate interactions between natural–social factors and ecosystem service synergies and trade-offs(ESS/EST)can be valuable for promoting the sustainable development of multiple ecosystem services(ESs).Taking Beijing as the study area,this study was conducted from the perspective of ecosystem service bundles(ESBs).First,based on the identification of key ecological risks,the supply of 5 ESs was quantified.Then,3 ESBs were identified through the cluster analysis of the ESs.We explored the synergies and trade-offs between ES pairs in different ESBs and quantified their strengths.By further exploring the influence of natural–social factors on ESS/EST,we developed targeted management policies in different ESBs to improve management efficiency.At the township scale,Beijing is divided into 3 ESBs.Marked differences in the ESS/EST were found among each bundle,indicating the necessity of zonal management.The results showed that landscape composition was the dominant factor affecting ESS in ESB3 and EST in ESB2,human activities had the greatest influence on ESS in ESB2,while biophysical indicators had the highest degree of contribution to ESS and EST in ESB1 and EST in ESB3.These results support the formulation of sustainable management strategies.The results of the study emphasize the importance of considering ESS/EST and their natural–social factors in different ESBs when formulating effective policies,which can provide useful guidance for sustainable urban planning and development and can be further applied to metropolitan areas around the world.
