The deformation characteristics and thermal response of anchor rods are crucial for ensuring the stability and safety of surrounding rock support structures.However,existing research has predominantly concentrated on ...The deformation characteristics and thermal response of anchor rods are crucial for ensuring the stability and safety of surrounding rock support structures.However,existing research has predominantly concentrated on the mechanical performance of anchor rods,with limited attention to the coupled evolution of strain and temperature fields during tensile deformation.This knowledge gap hinders a comprehensive understanding of the synergistic mechanical-thermal response mechanisms in anchor rods under loading conditions.To address this limitation,the present study systematically investigated the evolution of strain and temperature fields,along with their correlation,during the test of micro-negative Poisson's ratio(NPR)and ordinary Poisson's ratio(PR)anchor rods.Digital image correlation(DIC)and infrared thermography(IRT)techniques were employed for this exploration.The uniaxial tensile tests were conducted at two different rates,and the ordinary PR anchor rod(Q235 anchor rod)was established as a control group for comparative analysis.The findings reveal that the micro-NPR anchor rod exhibit strain localization at multiple locations during the tensile process,whereas Q235 anchors show local strain concentration in only one region.The standard deviation evolution curves for both the strain and temperature field exhibit two distinct phases in the two anchor rods.The evolution patterns between these two types of curves are basically consistent.The two standard deviation curves for the micro-NPR anchor rod display a wavy increase in the second phase,while for the Q235 anchor rod,they increase steadily until the specimen is damaged.The correlation analysis reveals that the standard deviations of strain and temperature differences for both types of anchor rods are significantly correlated.These findings demonstrate the synergistic evolution mechanism of deformation and thermal response,providing a potential foundation for utilizing thermal monitoring to assess the stability of rock support structures.展开更多
While neural radiance field(NeRF)methods have shown promising results in generating talking faces,existing studies primarily focus on the correlation between avatars and driving sources.However,these studies often ove...While neural radiance field(NeRF)methods have shown promising results in generating talking faces,existing studies primarily focus on the correlation between avatars and driving sources.However,these studies often overlook emotion modeling,resulting in the generation of emotionless or unnatural facial animations.In response,this paper introduces an audio-driven and emotion-editing dynamic NeRF(AED-NeRF)approach,designed for the real-time generation of expressive talking face avatars driven by audio inputs.Specifically,we integrate audio features into a grid-based NeRF to compensate for the lack of a deformation channel,successfully capturing lip dynamics and enabling end-to-end generation from audio-driven sources to talking face avatars.Emotion labels,comprising emotion categories and intensity levels,guide the proposed NeRF framework to implicitly model visual emotions,allowing for explicit control and editing of facial expressions.Extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments validate the effectiveness and advantages of our proposed method,demonstrating its ability to achieve real-time,photo-realistic talking face avatar generation across different audio and emotion scenarios.展开更多
This paper introduces a framework for modeling random fields,with a particular emphasis on analyzing anisotropic spatial variability.It establishes a clear connection between the correlation function and the Kriging v...This paper introduces a framework for modeling random fields,with a particular emphasis on analyzing anisotropic spatial variability.It establishes a clear connection between the correlation function and the Kriging variogram across various anisotropic modes,providing mathematical models to enhance our understanding of random fields.A new anisotropy index,called LSAI,is introduced to quantify anisotropy based on the autocorrelation length and the orientation of the principal axes within the variogram.An LSAI value closer to one indicates a lower degree of anisotropy.The present study examines how the degree of anisotropy varies with different autocorrelation lengths and angles between the principal axes,providing valuable insights into these relationships.To improve the accuracy of parameter probability distribution estimations,this study integrates limited field test data using a Bayesian inference approach.Additionally,the Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation method is employed to develop a conditional random field(CRF)for the deformation modulus.By incorporating data from field bearing plate tests,the posterior variance data for the deformation modulus are derived.This process facilitates the construction of a detailed and reliable CRF for the deformation modulus.展开更多
How to transform an electromagnetic field across non-inertial frames of reference is a common challenge encountered in electromagnetic space measurements and analyses.Finding clear and precise ways to evaluate transfo...How to transform an electromagnetic field across non-inertial frames of reference is a common challenge encountered in electromagnetic space measurements and analyses.Finding clear and precise ways to evaluate transformation formulas can be difficult.This study presents results of a thorough theoretical investigation that has yielded universal transformation formulas;these transformations are successfully applied to two specific scenarios.We find that,for space plasmas,if the relative velocities of structures are significantly lower than the speed of light,Galilean transformations are suitable.The transformations presented in this paper are applicable,in low speed situations,to electromagnetic fields,electric potentials and magnetic vector potentials,and to charge density and current density,measured in various non-inertial reference frames.Truncation errors associated with these simplified transformations are calculated and shown to be acceptable.These findings have broad implications for space physics measurements and analyses.We address two key issues related to non-inertial frame transformations:first,how to derive a general formula for the rotational electric potential of planets with intrinsic magnetic fields;second,how to verify rigorously the calculation of charge density from MMS(Magnetospheric Multiscale)electrostatic field measurements.We suggest that,due to the validity of the Coulomb gauge,the Poisson equation can be applied in situations of low-speed motion,allowing MMS measurement data to be used to calculate minimal-error charge density.展开更多
To examine the impact of anthropogenic land reconstruction,particularly the consolidation of small terraces into larger fields,on soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)dynamics,rice yield,and its components,soil ...To examine the impact of anthropogenic land reconstruction,particularly the consolidation of small terraces into larger fields,on soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)dynamics,rice yield,and its components,soil and plant samples were collected from seven newly reconstructed fields in Japanese Andosols in Tochigi,Japan.Samples were obtained from both the former low-and high-elevation sides within each field plot.During harvest season,nine rice plants were randomly selected from each plot(0.675 m^(2),comprising 3 rows and 3 hills per row),collected from a 3-m stretch along both the east(former low side)and west(former high side)ridges.Soil cores were collected from identical plots at two depths(0–15 and 15–30 cm)and combined into one composite sample per layer.Rice plant samples were air-dried for two weeks until reaching constant moisture content,after which stems and ears were separated and weighed to determine biomass,yield,yield components,and nitrogen uptake.This indicated that land reconstruction significantly affected rice yield and its components between the two sides of all field plots.SOC,TN,and their decomposition following land reconstruction showed notable changes,especially in the 15–30 cm subsurface soil layer.Additionally,grain weight demonstrated significant correlation with SOC,TN,and carbon decomposition in both the 0–15 and 15–30 cm layers,indicating that soil fertility to a depth of 30 cm was crucial for rice productivity after land reconstruction.展开更多
Designing bio-inspired flow fields holds great potential in improving the performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell(PEMFC).Two kinds of biological prototypes are widely used:plant prototype and animal prototyp...Designing bio-inspired flow fields holds great potential in improving the performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell(PEMFC).Two kinds of biological prototypes are widely used:plant prototype and animal prototype.It remains a question which one of these prototypes is more appropriate for the scenario of PEMFC.Here,a comparative study was conducted to compare bionic flow fields based on animal and plant prototypes.First,a Corn Leaf Vein Mathematical Model(CLMM)was established by extracting structural parameters from corn leaves of two growth stages.Then the obtained CLMM and well-known Murray’s law were employed to design bionic flow fields corresponding to the plant and animal prototypes,respectively,which have been subsequently compared by numerical investigations.The results demonstrate that the flow field guided by Murray’s law outperforms the counterpart based on the structural parameters of CLMM in terms of PEMFC net output power,mass transport,water management and pressure drop,suggesting that animal circulation system is more suitable to the bionic flow field design of PEMFC than plant leaf veins.The work may also offer valuable insights into the design of other flow fields related to electrochemical energy conversion.展开更多
This study presents preliminary results of tidal-induced magnetic field signals extracted from 9 months of data collected by the Macao Science Satellite-1(MSS-1) from November 2023 to July 2024. Tidal signals were iso...This study presents preliminary results of tidal-induced magnetic field signals extracted from 9 months of data collected by the Macao Science Satellite-1(MSS-1) from November 2023 to July 2024. Tidal signals were isolated using sequential modeling techniques by subtracting non-tidal field model predictions from observed magnetic data. The extracted MSS-1 results show strong agreement with those from the Swarm and CryoSat satellites. MSS-1 effectively captures key large-scale tidal-induced magnetic anomalies, mainly due to its unique 41-degree low-inclination orbit, which provides wide coverage of local times. This finding underscores the strong potential of MSS-1 to recover high-resolution global tidal magnetic field models as more MSS-1 data become available.展开更多
Nitrate(NO_(3)^(-))accumulation and transport processes in the thick vadose zone affect the evolution of the groundwater NO_(3)^(-)content in intensive agricultural regions.Agricultural land-use change(ALUC),typically...Nitrate(NO_(3)^(-))accumulation and transport processes in the thick vadose zone affect the evolution of the groundwater NO_(3)^(-)content in intensive agricultural regions.Agricultural land-use change(ALUC),typically accompanied by substantial alterations in nitrogen fertilizer application and irrigation practices,is an important influencing factor.This study evaluated the changes in NO_(3)^(-)accumulation and transport in the deep vadose zone(DVZ,below the root zone),and the groundwater NO_(3)^(-)content associated with ALUC from grain to vegetable fields in the North China Plain(NCP).The ALUC from grain to vegetable resulted in nitrate–nitrogen(NO_(3)^(-)-N)accumulation in DVZ increased by 235.5 kg ha^(-1)m^(-1)(163.2%)in the piedmont plain and 224.9 kg ha^(-1)m^(-1)(102.7%)in the central plain,respectively.This change accelerated downward transport velocity in the DVZ(from 0.81±0.47 to 0.89±0.55 m yr^(-1)in the piedmont plain,and from 0.24±0.12 to 0.92±0.12 m yr^(-1)in the central plain)and increased NO_(3)^(-)leaching fluxes.High transport velocity and leaching fluxes resulted in chemical N-fertilizer entering the aquifer in several areas in the piedmont plain.The impact of the agricultural activity intensity changes,accompanied by the ALUC,on groundwater quantity and quality should be considered in similar regions.展开更多
With the continuous upgrading of traditional manufacturing industries and the rapid rise of emerging technology fields,the performance requirements for the permanent magnet synchronous motors(PMSMs)have become higher ...With the continuous upgrading of traditional manufacturing industries and the rapid rise of emerging technology fields,the performance requirements for the permanent magnet synchronous motors(PMSMs)have become higher and higher.The importance of fast and accurate electromagnetic thermal coupling analysis of such motors becomes more and more prominent.In view of this,the surfacemounted PMSM(SPMSM)equipped with unequally thick magnetic poles is taken as the main object and its electromagnetic thermal coupling analytical model(ETc AM)is investigated.First,the electromagnetic analytical model(EAM)is studied based on the modified subdomain method.It realizes the fast calculation of key electromagnetic characteristics.Subsequently,the 3D thermal analytical model(TAM)is developed by combining the EAM,the lumped parameter thermal network method(LPTNM),and the partial differential equation of heat flux.It realizes the fast calculation of key thermal characteristics in 3D space.Further,the information transfer channel between EAM and TAM is built with reference to the intrinsic connection between electromagnetic field and temperature field.Thereby,the novel ETcAM is proposed to realize the fast and accurate prediction of electromagnetic and temperature fields.Besides,ETcAM has a lot to commend it.One is that it well accounts for the complex structure,saturation,and heat exchange behavior.Second,it saves a lot of computer resources.It offers boundless possibilities for initial design,scheme evaluation,and optimization of motors.Finally,the validity,accuracy,and practicality of this study are verified by simulation and experiment.展开更多
Aircraft disturbs the adjacent atmospheric environment in flight,forming spatial distribution features of atmospheric density that differ from the natural background,which may potentially be utilized as tracer charact...Aircraft disturbs the adjacent atmospheric environment in flight,forming spatial distribution features of atmospheric density that differ from the natural background,which may potentially be utilized as tracer characteristics to introduce new technologies for indirectly sensing the presence of aircraft.In this paper,the concept of a long-range aircraft detection based on the atmospheric disturbance density field is proposed,and the detection mode of tomographic imaging of the scattering light of an atmospheric disturbance flow field is designed.By modeling the spatial distribution of the disturbance density field,the scattered echo signal images of active light towards the disturbance field at long distance are simulated.On this basis,the characteristics of the disturbance optical signal at the optimal detection resolution are analyzed.The results show that the atmospheric disturbance flow field of the supersonic aircraft presents circular in the light-scattering echo images.The disturbance signal can be further highlighted by differential processing of the adjacent scattering images.As the distance behind the aircraft increases,the diffusion range of the disturbance signal increases,and the signal intensity and contrast with the background decrease.Under the ground-based observation conditions of the aircraft at a height of 10000 m,a Mach number of1.6,and a detection distance of 100 km,the contrast between the disturbance signal and the back-ground was 30 d B at a distance of one time from the rear of the fuselage,and the diffusion diameter of the disturbance signal was 50 m.At a distance eight times the length of the aircraft,the contrast decreased to 10 dB,and the diameter increased to 290 m.The contrast was reduced to 3 dB at a distance nine times the length of the aircraft,and the diameter was diffused to 310 m.These results indicate the possibility of long-range aircraft detection based on the characteristics of the atmospheric density field.展开更多
In photocatalysis field,S-scheme heterojunctions show unique advantages and prospects.However,the carrier shielding effect of heterojunctions limits the separation and migration of interfacial charges.In this study,a ...In photocatalysis field,S-scheme heterojunctions show unique advantages and prospects.However,the carrier shielding effect of heterojunctions limits the separation and migration of interfacial charges.In this study,a strategy of“dynamic cascade electric fields to deplete unilaterally accumulated charges”was innovatively proposed to overcome this drawback.By modulating g-C_(3)N_(4)(CN)and Bi_(2)WO_(6)(BWO)using the polarized electric field(PEF)of spontaneously polarized ceramic(SPC),a BWO/SPC-CN composite with cascade internal electric field(IEF)and PEF was successfully constructed for efficient piezophotocatalytic degradation of recalcitrant pollutants.BWO/SPC-CN contributed to 96.8% degradation of carbamazepine,significantly surpassing BWO/CN(70.5%).BWO/SPC-CN performed excellent capacity of harvesting piezoelectric energy due to its unique three-dimensional porous nano-network structure.The PEF of SPC modulated the electronic band structure and thus strengthened the IEF of BWO/SPC-CN,providing a persistent driving force for interfacial charge migration.Moreover,SPC with a strong PEF unilaterally consumed the charges accumulated on CN under periodic piezoelectricity,weakening the shielding electric field to inhibit the recombination of electron-hole pairs.As a consequence,the dynamic cascade PEF-IEF ultimately broke the carrier shielding effect in heterojunction photocatalysis and enhanced interfacial electron transfer.This work provides reliable methods to enhance the interfacial charge transfer in heterojunction and new insights into piezo-photocatalytic mechanism.展开更多
Seepage refers to the flow of water through porous materials.This phenomenon has a crucial role in dam,slope,excavation,tunnel,and well design.Performing seepage analysis usually is a challenging task,as one must cope...Seepage refers to the flow of water through porous materials.This phenomenon has a crucial role in dam,slope,excavation,tunnel,and well design.Performing seepage analysis usually is a challenging task,as one must cope with the uncertainty associated with the parameters such as the hydraulic conductivity in the horizontal and vertical directions that drive this phenomenon.However,at the same time,the data on horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities are typically scarce in spatial resolution.In this context,so-called non-traditional approaches for uncertainty quantification(such as intervals and fuzzy variables)offer an interesting alternative to classical probabilistic methods,since they have been shown to be quite effective when limited information on the governing parameters of a phenomenon is available.Therefore,the main contribution of this study is the development of a framework for conducting seepage analysis in saturated soils,where uncertainty associated with hydraulic conductivity is characterized using fuzzy fields.This method to characterize uncertainty extends interval fields towards the domain of fuzzy numbers.In fact,it is illustrated that fuzzy fields are an effective tool for capturing uncertainties with a spatial component,since they allow one to account for available physical measurements.A case study in confined saturated soil shows that with the proposed framework,it is possible to quantify the uncertainty associated with seepage flow,exit gradient,and uplift force effectively.展开更多
Earthquakes are caused directly by the motion of the stress field,therefore,observing the stress field is significant.Experiments on the relationships among wave velocity,stress factors,and faults show that the wave v...Earthquakes are caused directly by the motion of the stress field,therefore,observing the stress field is significant.Experiments on the relationships among wave velocity,stress factors,and faults show that the wave velocity of rock media under stable stress fields corresponds one-to-one with stress factors.Therefore,the wave velocity gradient can indicate the direction of stress vector,and the gradient divergence can indicate the strength of the stress field.To verify the results,considering the limitations of wave velocity measurement in solid crustal media,two quantities,namely the apparent wave velocity and Poisson ratios relating to wave velocity,were used to refl ect the stress field state.The seismic data of the Tangshan and Luzhou regions were studied separately.The calculated apparent wave velocity and Poisson ratios were interpolated to achieve regional data gridding.The gradients and the gradient divergences of the apparent wave velocity and Poisson ratio fields in the two regions were analyzed,and it was found that their spatial distribution in the same region was the same.They are believed to refl ect the vertical projection of the stress direction vector and strength on the surface in the stress field,consistent with the experimental results.Whether it can eff ectively refl ect the stress field requires further analysis of the specific situation of the local medium and the movement mode of the stress field.展开更多
After the fabrication of magnetic resonance superconducting magnets,the magnetic field inhomogeneity needs to be accurately measured for subsequent shimming.However,conventional measurement methods are susceptible to ...After the fabrication of magnetic resonance superconducting magnets,the magnetic field inhomogeneity needs to be accurately measured for subsequent shimming.However,conventional measurement methods are susceptible to magnetic fields,have poor compatibility,and are difficult to adapt to various types of magnets.This paper proposes a new field measuring system based on a three-axis movable platform.The system utilizes non-magnetic materials and an innovative hand-wheel lifting design that can be adapted to various aperture magnets,thus obviating the necessity for electrically driven equipment and addressing safety concerns in strong magnetic fields.In addition,the measurement system offers high accuracy up to 1 mm and a wide measurable range.The fields of 3 T and 7 T magnets were mapped using the designed system with diameter of spherical volume(DSV)of 160 mm and 130 mm,respectively.Experimental results demonstrate that the magnetic field measurement system has strong compatibility and can accurately map the magnetic field at arbitrary positions,which is critical for shimming studies.展开更多
As the plasma current power in tokamak devices increases,a significant number of stray magnetic fields are generated around the equipment.These stray magnetic fields can disrupt the operation of electronic power devic...As the plasma current power in tokamak devices increases,a significant number of stray magnetic fields are generated around the equipment.These stray magnetic fields can disrupt the operation of electronic power devices,particularly transformers in switched-mode power supplies.Testing flyback converters with transformers under strong background magnetic fields highlights electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)issues for such switched-mode power supplies.This study utilizes finite element analysis software to simulate the electromagnetic environment of switched-mode power supply transformers and investigates the impact of variations in different magnetic field parameters on the performance of switched-mode power supplies under strong stray magnetic fields.The findings indicate that EMC issues are associated with transformer core saturation and can be alleviated through appropriate configurations of the core size,air gap,fillet radius,and installation direction.This study offers novel solutions for addressing EMC issues in high magnetic field environments.展开更多
In the electroslag remelting(ESR)process,it mainly relies on thermal experiments or analysis via mechanistic models to realize the physical fields simulation of the electromagnetic field and temperature field coupled ...In the electroslag remelting(ESR)process,it mainly relies on thermal experiments or analysis via mechanistic models to realize the physical fields simulation of the electromagnetic field and temperature field coupled transfer,which has the limitations of high cost,a large amount of calculating data and high computing power requirements.A novel network based on physics-informed neural network(PINN)was designed to realize the fast and high-fidelity prediction of the distribution of electromagnetic field and temperature field in ESR process.The physical laws were combined with the deep learning network through PINN,and physical constraints were embedded to achieve effective solution of partial differential equations(PDEs).PINN was used to minimize the loss function consisting of data error,physical information error and boundary condition error.The physical laws and boundary condition constraints in the ESR process were considered to maintain high PDE solution accuracy under different spatial and temporal resolutions.Automatic differentiation(Autodiff)technique and gradient descent algorithm were used to optimize the network parameters.The experimental results show that compared with the mechanistic models,PINN can effectively replace thermal experiments to realize the physical field simulation of ESR process with only a few experimental data,which can avoid the disadvantages of pure data-driven network simulation that requires a large amount of training data.Moreover,the solution of PINN has good physical interpretability and reliability of simulation results.For simulating electromagnetic field and temperature field distribution,the training time of the network is only 140 and 203 s,and the regression indicators of root mean square error can reach 12.65 and 13.76,respectively.展开更多
基金supported by State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering,China University of Mining&Technology,Beijing(Grant No.SKLGDUEK2120)。
文摘The deformation characteristics and thermal response of anchor rods are crucial for ensuring the stability and safety of surrounding rock support structures.However,existing research has predominantly concentrated on the mechanical performance of anchor rods,with limited attention to the coupled evolution of strain and temperature fields during tensile deformation.This knowledge gap hinders a comprehensive understanding of the synergistic mechanical-thermal response mechanisms in anchor rods under loading conditions.To address this limitation,the present study systematically investigated the evolution of strain and temperature fields,along with their correlation,during the test of micro-negative Poisson's ratio(NPR)and ordinary Poisson's ratio(PR)anchor rods.Digital image correlation(DIC)and infrared thermography(IRT)techniques were employed for this exploration.The uniaxial tensile tests were conducted at two different rates,and the ordinary PR anchor rod(Q235 anchor rod)was established as a control group for comparative analysis.The findings reveal that the micro-NPR anchor rod exhibit strain localization at multiple locations during the tensile process,whereas Q235 anchors show local strain concentration in only one region.The standard deviation evolution curves for both the strain and temperature field exhibit two distinct phases in the two anchor rods.The evolution patterns between these two types of curves are basically consistent.The two standard deviation curves for the micro-NPR anchor rod display a wavy increase in the second phase,while for the Q235 anchor rod,they increase steadily until the specimen is damaged.The correlation analysis reveals that the standard deviations of strain and temperature differences for both types of anchor rods are significantly correlated.These findings demonstrate the synergistic evolution mechanism of deformation and thermal response,providing a potential foundation for utilizing thermal monitoring to assess the stability of rock support structures.
基金supported by ZTE Industry-University-Institute Cooperation Funds under Grant No.IA20230921015。
文摘While neural radiance field(NeRF)methods have shown promising results in generating talking faces,existing studies primarily focus on the correlation between avatars and driving sources.However,these studies often overlook emotion modeling,resulting in the generation of emotionless or unnatural facial animations.In response,this paper introduces an audio-driven and emotion-editing dynamic NeRF(AED-NeRF)approach,designed for the real-time generation of expressive talking face avatars driven by audio inputs.Specifically,we integrate audio features into a grid-based NeRF to compensate for the lack of a deformation channel,successfully capturing lip dynamics and enabling end-to-end generation from audio-driven sources to talking face avatars.Emotion labels,comprising emotion categories and intensity levels,guide the proposed NeRF framework to implicitly model visual emotions,allowing for explicit control and editing of facial expressions.Extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments validate the effectiveness and advantages of our proposed method,demonstrating its ability to achieve real-time,photo-realistic talking face avatar generation across different audio and emotion scenarios.
基金supported by the Doctoral Research Funds for Nanchang HangKong University,China(Grant No.EA202411211)support is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘This paper introduces a framework for modeling random fields,with a particular emphasis on analyzing anisotropic spatial variability.It establishes a clear connection between the correlation function and the Kriging variogram across various anisotropic modes,providing mathematical models to enhance our understanding of random fields.A new anisotropy index,called LSAI,is introduced to quantify anisotropy based on the autocorrelation length and the orientation of the principal axes within the variogram.An LSAI value closer to one indicates a lower degree of anisotropy.The present study examines how the degree of anisotropy varies with different autocorrelation lengths and angles between the principal axes,providing valuable insights into these relationships.To improve the accuracy of parameter probability distribution estimations,this study integrates limited field test data using a Bayesian inference approach.Additionally,the Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation method is employed to develop a conditional random field(CRF)for the deformation modulus.By incorporating data from field bearing plate tests,the posterior variance data for the deformation modulus are derived.This process facilitates the construction of a detailed and reliable CRF for the deformation modulus.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.42130202(CS),42564008(YJ))the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFA1604600(CS))+2 种基金supported by the Shenzhen Technology Project(Grant no.JCYJ20241202123905008)Ningxia Natural Science Foundation(No.2024AAC03080)the International Space Science Institute(ISSI)in Bern,through ISSI International Team project#556(Cross-scale energy transfer in space plasmas).
文摘How to transform an electromagnetic field across non-inertial frames of reference is a common challenge encountered in electromagnetic space measurements and analyses.Finding clear and precise ways to evaluate transformation formulas can be difficult.This study presents results of a thorough theoretical investigation that has yielded universal transformation formulas;these transformations are successfully applied to two specific scenarios.We find that,for space plasmas,if the relative velocities of structures are significantly lower than the speed of light,Galilean transformations are suitable.The transformations presented in this paper are applicable,in low speed situations,to electromagnetic fields,electric potentials and magnetic vector potentials,and to charge density and current density,measured in various non-inertial reference frames.Truncation errors associated with these simplified transformations are calculated and shown to be acceptable.These findings have broad implications for space physics measurements and analyses.We address two key issues related to non-inertial frame transformations:first,how to derive a general formula for the rotational electric potential of planets with intrinsic magnetic fields;second,how to verify rigorously the calculation of charge density from MMS(Magnetospheric Multiscale)electrostatic field measurements.We suggest that,due to the validity of the Coulomb gauge,the Poisson equation can be applied in situations of low-speed motion,allowing MMS measurement data to be used to calculate minimal-error charge density.
基金support of the Japanese Government(Monbukagakusho)Scholarship for his studies in Japansupported by the Yamagata University YU-COE(S)program and by the Advanced Agri-food System Research Center of Yamagata University,Japan+2 种基金financially supported by a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(26310304)Yamagata University YU-COE(S)programby the Advanced Agri-food System Research Center of Yamagata University,Japan。
文摘To examine the impact of anthropogenic land reconstruction,particularly the consolidation of small terraces into larger fields,on soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)dynamics,rice yield,and its components,soil and plant samples were collected from seven newly reconstructed fields in Japanese Andosols in Tochigi,Japan.Samples were obtained from both the former low-and high-elevation sides within each field plot.During harvest season,nine rice plants were randomly selected from each plot(0.675 m^(2),comprising 3 rows and 3 hills per row),collected from a 3-m stretch along both the east(former low side)and west(former high side)ridges.Soil cores were collected from identical plots at two depths(0–15 and 15–30 cm)and combined into one composite sample per layer.Rice plant samples were air-dried for two weeks until reaching constant moisture content,after which stems and ears were separated and weighed to determine biomass,yield,yield components,and nitrogen uptake.This indicated that land reconstruction significantly affected rice yield and its components between the two sides of all field plots.SOC,TN,and their decomposition following land reconstruction showed notable changes,especially in the 15–30 cm subsurface soil layer.Additionally,grain weight demonstrated significant correlation with SOC,TN,and carbon decomposition in both the 0–15 and 15–30 cm layers,indicating that soil fertility to a depth of 30 cm was crucial for rice productivity after land reconstruction.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51975245 and 52075214)Jilin Provincial Science&Technology Department(20200201058JC and 20190303039SF)+3 种基金Key Science and Technology R&D Projects of Jilin Province(2020C023-3)Program of Jilin University Science and Technology Innovative Research Team(2020TD-03)Youth Development Program of Jilin University(2020-JCXK-22)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Designing bio-inspired flow fields holds great potential in improving the performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell(PEMFC).Two kinds of biological prototypes are widely used:plant prototype and animal prototype.It remains a question which one of these prototypes is more appropriate for the scenario of PEMFC.Here,a comparative study was conducted to compare bionic flow fields based on animal and plant prototypes.First,a Corn Leaf Vein Mathematical Model(CLMM)was established by extracting structural parameters from corn leaves of two growth stages.Then the obtained CLMM and well-known Murray’s law were employed to design bionic flow fields corresponding to the plant and animal prototypes,respectively,which have been subsequently compared by numerical investigations.The results demonstrate that the flow field guided by Murray’s law outperforms the counterpart based on the structural parameters of CLMM in terms of PEMFC net output power,mass transport,water management and pressure drop,suggesting that animal circulation system is more suitable to the bionic flow field design of PEMFC than plant leaf veins.The work may also offer valuable insights into the design of other flow fields related to electrochemical energy conversion.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42250102,42250101)the Macao Foundation and Macao Science and Technology Development Fund(0001/2019/A1)the Pre-research Project on Civil Aerospace Technologies funded by China National Space Administration(D020303)。
文摘This study presents preliminary results of tidal-induced magnetic field signals extracted from 9 months of data collected by the Macao Science Satellite-1(MSS-1) from November 2023 to July 2024. Tidal signals were isolated using sequential modeling techniques by subtracting non-tidal field model predictions from observed magnetic data. The extracted MSS-1 results show strong agreement with those from the Swarm and CryoSat satellites. MSS-1 effectively captures key large-scale tidal-induced magnetic anomalies, mainly due to its unique 41-degree low-inclination orbit, which provides wide coverage of local times. This finding underscores the strong potential of MSS-1 to recover high-resolution global tidal magnetic field models as more MSS-1 data become available.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41930865Project for Innovative Capacity Improvement in Hebei Province,No.225A4201D。
文摘Nitrate(NO_(3)^(-))accumulation and transport processes in the thick vadose zone affect the evolution of the groundwater NO_(3)^(-)content in intensive agricultural regions.Agricultural land-use change(ALUC),typically accompanied by substantial alterations in nitrogen fertilizer application and irrigation practices,is an important influencing factor.This study evaluated the changes in NO_(3)^(-)accumulation and transport in the deep vadose zone(DVZ,below the root zone),and the groundwater NO_(3)^(-)content associated with ALUC from grain to vegetable fields in the North China Plain(NCP).The ALUC from grain to vegetable resulted in nitrate–nitrogen(NO_(3)^(-)-N)accumulation in DVZ increased by 235.5 kg ha^(-1)m^(-1)(163.2%)in the piedmont plain and 224.9 kg ha^(-1)m^(-1)(102.7%)in the central plain,respectively.This change accelerated downward transport velocity in the DVZ(from 0.81±0.47 to 0.89±0.55 m yr^(-1)in the piedmont plain,and from 0.24±0.12 to 0.92±0.12 m yr^(-1)in the central plain)and increased NO_(3)^(-)leaching fluxes.High transport velocity and leaching fluxes resulted in chemical N-fertilizer entering the aquifer in several areas in the piedmont plain.The impact of the agricultural activity intensity changes,accompanied by the ALUC,on groundwater quantity and quality should be considered in similar regions.
基金supported by the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52077122。
文摘With the continuous upgrading of traditional manufacturing industries and the rapid rise of emerging technology fields,the performance requirements for the permanent magnet synchronous motors(PMSMs)have become higher and higher.The importance of fast and accurate electromagnetic thermal coupling analysis of such motors becomes more and more prominent.In view of this,the surfacemounted PMSM(SPMSM)equipped with unequally thick magnetic poles is taken as the main object and its electromagnetic thermal coupling analytical model(ETc AM)is investigated.First,the electromagnetic analytical model(EAM)is studied based on the modified subdomain method.It realizes the fast calculation of key electromagnetic characteristics.Subsequently,the 3D thermal analytical model(TAM)is developed by combining the EAM,the lumped parameter thermal network method(LPTNM),and the partial differential equation of heat flux.It realizes the fast calculation of key thermal characteristics in 3D space.Further,the information transfer channel between EAM and TAM is built with reference to the intrinsic connection between electromagnetic field and temperature field.Thereby,the novel ETcAM is proposed to realize the fast and accurate prediction of electromagnetic and temperature fields.Besides,ETcAM has a lot to commend it.One is that it well accounts for the complex structure,saturation,and heat exchange behavior.Second,it saves a lot of computer resources.It offers boundless possibilities for initial design,scheme evaluation,and optimization of motors.Finally,the validity,accuracy,and practicality of this study are verified by simulation and experiment.
文摘Aircraft disturbs the adjacent atmospheric environment in flight,forming spatial distribution features of atmospheric density that differ from the natural background,which may potentially be utilized as tracer characteristics to introduce new technologies for indirectly sensing the presence of aircraft.In this paper,the concept of a long-range aircraft detection based on the atmospheric disturbance density field is proposed,and the detection mode of tomographic imaging of the scattering light of an atmospheric disturbance flow field is designed.By modeling the spatial distribution of the disturbance density field,the scattered echo signal images of active light towards the disturbance field at long distance are simulated.On this basis,the characteristics of the disturbance optical signal at the optimal detection resolution are analyzed.The results show that the atmospheric disturbance flow field of the supersonic aircraft presents circular in the light-scattering echo images.The disturbance signal can be further highlighted by differential processing of the adjacent scattering images.As the distance behind the aircraft increases,the diffusion range of the disturbance signal increases,and the signal intensity and contrast with the background decrease.Under the ground-based observation conditions of the aircraft at a height of 10000 m,a Mach number of1.6,and a detection distance of 100 km,the contrast between the disturbance signal and the back-ground was 30 d B at a distance of one time from the rear of the fuselage,and the diffusion diameter of the disturbance signal was 50 m.At a distance eight times the length of the aircraft,the contrast decreased to 10 dB,and the diameter increased to 290 m.The contrast was reduced to 3 dB at a distance nine times the length of the aircraft,and the diameter was diffused to 310 m.These results indicate the possibility of long-range aircraft detection based on the characteristics of the atmospheric density field.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22068007).
文摘In photocatalysis field,S-scheme heterojunctions show unique advantages and prospects.However,the carrier shielding effect of heterojunctions limits the separation and migration of interfacial charges.In this study,a strategy of“dynamic cascade electric fields to deplete unilaterally accumulated charges”was innovatively proposed to overcome this drawback.By modulating g-C_(3)N_(4)(CN)and Bi_(2)WO_(6)(BWO)using the polarized electric field(PEF)of spontaneously polarized ceramic(SPC),a BWO/SPC-CN composite with cascade internal electric field(IEF)and PEF was successfully constructed for efficient piezophotocatalytic degradation of recalcitrant pollutants.BWO/SPC-CN contributed to 96.8% degradation of carbamazepine,significantly surpassing BWO/CN(70.5%).BWO/SPC-CN performed excellent capacity of harvesting piezoelectric energy due to its unique three-dimensional porous nano-network structure.The PEF of SPC modulated the electronic band structure and thus strengthened the IEF of BWO/SPC-CN,providing a persistent driving force for interfacial charge migration.Moreover,SPC with a strong PEF unilaterally consumed the charges accumulated on CN under periodic piezoelectricity,weakening the shielding electric field to inhibit the recombination of electron-hole pairs.As a consequence,the dynamic cascade PEF-IEF ultimately broke the carrier shielding effect in heterojunction photocatalysis and enhanced interfacial electron transfer.This work provides reliable methods to enhance the interfacial charge transfer in heterojunction and new insights into piezo-photocatalytic mechanism.
文摘Seepage refers to the flow of water through porous materials.This phenomenon has a crucial role in dam,slope,excavation,tunnel,and well design.Performing seepage analysis usually is a challenging task,as one must cope with the uncertainty associated with the parameters such as the hydraulic conductivity in the horizontal and vertical directions that drive this phenomenon.However,at the same time,the data on horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities are typically scarce in spatial resolution.In this context,so-called non-traditional approaches for uncertainty quantification(such as intervals and fuzzy variables)offer an interesting alternative to classical probabilistic methods,since they have been shown to be quite effective when limited information on the governing parameters of a phenomenon is available.Therefore,the main contribution of this study is the development of a framework for conducting seepage analysis in saturated soils,where uncertainty associated with hydraulic conductivity is characterized using fuzzy fields.This method to characterize uncertainty extends interval fields towards the domain of fuzzy numbers.In fact,it is illustrated that fuzzy fields are an effective tool for capturing uncertainties with a spatial component,since they allow one to account for available physical measurements.A case study in confined saturated soil shows that with the proposed framework,it is possible to quantify the uncertainty associated with seepage flow,exit gradient,and uplift force effectively.
文摘Earthquakes are caused directly by the motion of the stress field,therefore,observing the stress field is significant.Experiments on the relationships among wave velocity,stress factors,and faults show that the wave velocity of rock media under stable stress fields corresponds one-to-one with stress factors.Therefore,the wave velocity gradient can indicate the direction of stress vector,and the gradient divergence can indicate the strength of the stress field.To verify the results,considering the limitations of wave velocity measurement in solid crustal media,two quantities,namely the apparent wave velocity and Poisson ratios relating to wave velocity,were used to refl ect the stress field state.The seismic data of the Tangshan and Luzhou regions were studied separately.The calculated apparent wave velocity and Poisson ratios were interpolated to achieve regional data gridding.The gradients and the gradient divergences of the apparent wave velocity and Poisson ratio fields in the two regions were analyzed,and it was found that their spatial distribution in the same region was the same.They are believed to refl ect the vertical projection of the stress direction vector and strength on the surface in the stress field,consistent with the experimental results.Whether it can eff ectively refl ect the stress field requires further analysis of the specific situation of the local medium and the movement mode of the stress field.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52293423 and Grant No.52277031).
文摘After the fabrication of magnetic resonance superconducting magnets,the magnetic field inhomogeneity needs to be accurately measured for subsequent shimming.However,conventional measurement methods are susceptible to magnetic fields,have poor compatibility,and are difficult to adapt to various types of magnets.This paper proposes a new field measuring system based on a three-axis movable platform.The system utilizes non-magnetic materials and an innovative hand-wheel lifting design that can be adapted to various aperture magnets,thus obviating the necessity for electrically driven equipment and addressing safety concerns in strong magnetic fields.In addition,the measurement system offers high accuracy up to 1 mm and a wide measurable range.The fields of 3 T and 7 T magnets were mapped using the designed system with diameter of spherical volume(DSV)of 160 mm and 130 mm,respectively.Experimental results demonstrate that the magnetic field measurement system has strong compatibility and can accurately map the magnetic field at arbitrary positions,which is critical for shimming studies.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(No.228085ME142)the Comprehensive Research Facility for the Fusion Technology Program of China(No.20180000527301001228)the Open Fund of the Magnetic Confinement Fusion Laboratory of Anhui Province(No.2024AMF04003)。
文摘As the plasma current power in tokamak devices increases,a significant number of stray magnetic fields are generated around the equipment.These stray magnetic fields can disrupt the operation of electronic power devices,particularly transformers in switched-mode power supplies.Testing flyback converters with transformers under strong background magnetic fields highlights electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)issues for such switched-mode power supplies.This study utilizes finite element analysis software to simulate the electromagnetic environment of switched-mode power supply transformers and investigates the impact of variations in different magnetic field parameters on the performance of switched-mode power supplies under strong stray magnetic fields.The findings indicate that EMC issues are associated with transformer core saturation and can be alleviated through appropriate configurations of the core size,air gap,fillet radius,and installation direction.This study offers novel solutions for addressing EMC issues in high magnetic field environments.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274323 and 524743495)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under Grant Number GZC20240231.
文摘In the electroslag remelting(ESR)process,it mainly relies on thermal experiments or analysis via mechanistic models to realize the physical fields simulation of the electromagnetic field and temperature field coupled transfer,which has the limitations of high cost,a large amount of calculating data and high computing power requirements.A novel network based on physics-informed neural network(PINN)was designed to realize the fast and high-fidelity prediction of the distribution of electromagnetic field and temperature field in ESR process.The physical laws were combined with the deep learning network through PINN,and physical constraints were embedded to achieve effective solution of partial differential equations(PDEs).PINN was used to minimize the loss function consisting of data error,physical information error and boundary condition error.The physical laws and boundary condition constraints in the ESR process were considered to maintain high PDE solution accuracy under different spatial and temporal resolutions.Automatic differentiation(Autodiff)technique and gradient descent algorithm were used to optimize the network parameters.The experimental results show that compared with the mechanistic models,PINN can effectively replace thermal experiments to realize the physical field simulation of ESR process with only a few experimental data,which can avoid the disadvantages of pure data-driven network simulation that requires a large amount of training data.Moreover,the solution of PINN has good physical interpretability and reliability of simulation results.For simulating electromagnetic field and temperature field distribution,the training time of the network is only 140 and 203 s,and the regression indicators of root mean square error can reach 12.65 and 13.76,respectively.
